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Prakasam G, Iqbal MA, Srivastava A, Bamezai RNK, Singh RK. HPV18 oncoproteins driven expression of PKM2 reprograms HeLa cell metabolism to maintain aerobic glycolysis and viability. Virusdisease 2022; 33:223-235. [PMID: 36277414 PMCID: PMC9481809 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cellular immortalization and malignant transformation has illustrated an indispensable role of viral E6/E7-oncoproteins. However, the impact of viral-oncoproteins on the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells remains ambiguous. We showed silencing of HPV18-encoded E6/E7-oncoprotein significantly reduced glucose consumption, lactate production, ATP level and viability. Silencing of HPV18-encoded E6/E7 in HeLa cells significantly down-regulated expression and activity of HK1, HK2, LDHA, and LDHB. Interestingly, there was an increased pyruvate kinase activity due to switch in expression from PKM2 isoform to PKM1. The switch in favor of alternatively spliced isoform PKM1, was regulated by viral-E6/E7-oncoprotein by inhibiting the c-Myc/hnRNP-axis. Further, the near absence of the PKM1 protein despite an adequate amount of PKM1 mRNA in HeLa cells was due to its proteasomal degradation. Our results suggests HPV18-encoded E6/E7 driven preferential expression of PKM2 is essential to support aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00776-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Prakasam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Rameshwar N. K. Bamezai
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Delhi School of Public Health, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
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2
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Gao F, Zhang X, Wang S, Zheng L, Sun Y, Wang G, Song Z, Bao Y. TSP50 promotes the Warburg effect and hepatocyte proliferation via regulating PKM2 acetylation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:517. [PMID: 34016961 PMCID: PMC8138007 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignancy. Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50), a newly identified oncogene, has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its role in tumor cell metabolism remains unclear. To investigate this issue, LC-MS/MS was employed to identify TSP50-binding proteins and pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a known key enzyme of aerobic glycolysis, was identified as a novel binding partner of TSP50. Further studies suggested that TSP50 promoted aerobic glycolysis in HCC cells by maintaining low pyruvate kinase activity of the PKM2. Mechanistically, TSP50 promoted the Warburg effect by increasing PKM2 K433 acetylation level and PKM2 acetylation site (K433R) mutation remarkably abrogated the TSP50-induced aerobic glycolysis, cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Our findings indicate that TSP50-mediated low PKM2 pyruvate kinase activity is an important determinant for Warburg effect in HCC cells and provide a mechanistic link between TSP50 and tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongli Bao
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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3
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Puckett DL, Alquraishi M, Chowanadisai W, Bettaieb A. The Role of PKM2 in Metabolic Reprogramming: Insights into the Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1171. [PMID: 33503959 PMCID: PMC7865720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a key regulator in glycolysis through the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate. Pyruvate kinase exists in various isoforms that can exhibit diverse biological functions and outcomes. The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) controls cell progression and survival through the regulation of key signaling pathways. In cancer cells, the dimer form of PKM2 predominates and plays an integral role in cancer metabolism. This predominance of the inactive dimeric form promotes the accumulation of phosphometabolites, allowing cancer cells to engage in high levels of synthetic processing to enhance their proliferative capacity. PKM2 has been recognized for its role in regulating gene expression and transcription factors critical for health and disease. This role enables PKM2 to exert profound regulatory effects that promote cancer cell metabolism, proliferation, and migration. In addition to its role in cancer, PKM2 regulates aspects essential to cellular homeostasis in non-cancer tissues and, in some cases, promotes tissue-specific pathways in health and diseases. In pursuit of understanding the diverse tissue-specific roles of PKM2, investigations targeting tissues such as the kidney, liver, adipose, and pancreas have been conducted. Findings from these studies enhance our understanding of PKM2 functions in various diseases beyond cancer. Therefore, there is substantial interest in PKM2 modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple conditions. Indeed, a vast plethora of research has focused on identifying therapeutic strategies for targeting PKM2. Recently, targeting PKM2 through its regulatory microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) has gathered increasing interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to highlight recent advancements in PKM2 research, with a focus on PKM2 regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs and their subsequent physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter L. Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutrition, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
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4
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Digging deeper through glucose metabolism and its regulators in cancer and metastasis. Life Sci 2020; 264:118603. [PMID: 33091446 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism enzymes and transporters play major role in cancer development and metastasis. In this study, we discuss glucose metabolism, transporters, receptors, hormones, oncogenes and tumor suppressors which interact with glucose metabolism and we try to discuss their major role in cancer development and cancer metabolism. We try to highlight the. Metabolic changes in cancer and metastasis upregulation of glycolysis is observed in many primary and metastatic cancers and aerobic glycolysis is the most favorable mechanism for glucose metabolism in cancer cells, and it is a kind of evolutionary change. The question that is posed at this juncture is: Can we use aerobic glycolysis phenotype and enzymes beyond this mechanism in estimating cancer prognosis and metastasis? Lactate is a metabolite of glucose metabolism and it is a key player in cancer and metastasis in both normoxic and hypoxic condition so lactate dehydrogenase can be a good prognostic biomarker. Furthermore, monocarboxylic transporter which is the main lactate transporter can be good target in therapeutic studies. Glycolysis enzymes are valuable enzymes in cancer and metastasis diagnosis and can be used as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Designing a diagnostic and prognostic profile for cancer metastasis seems to be possible base on glycolysis enzymes and glucose transporters. Also, glucose metabolism enzymes and agents can give us a clear vision in estimating cancer metastasis. We can promote a panel of genes that detect genetic changes in glucose metabolism agents to diagnose cancer metastasis.
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Iqbal MA, Chattopadhyay S, Siddiqui FA, Ur Rehman A, Siddiqui S, Prakasam G, Khan A, Sultana S, Bamezai RN. Silibinin induces metabolic crisis in triple-negative breast cancer cells by modulating EGFR-MYC-TXNIP axis: potential therapeutic implications. FEBS J 2020; 288:471-485. [PMID: 32356386 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer with limited treatment modalities and poor prognosis. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer is considered a hallmark of therapeutic relevance. Here, we report disruption of metabolic reprogramming in TNBC cells by silibinin via modulation of EGFR-MYC-TXNIP signaling. Metabolic assays combined with LC-MS-based metabolomics revealed inhibition of glycolysis and other key biosynthetic pathways by silibinin, to induce metabolic catastrophe in TNBC cells. Silibinin-induced metabolic suppression resulted in decreased cell biomass, proliferation, and stem cell properties. Mechanistically, we identify EGFR-MYC-TXNIP as an important regulator of TNBC metabolism and mediator of inhibitory effects of silibinin. Highlighting the clinical relevance of our observations, the analysis of METABRIC dataset revealed deregulation of EGFR-MYC-TXNIP axis in TNBC and association of EGFRhigh -MYChigh -TXNIPlow signature with aggressive glycolytic metabolism and poor disease-specific and metastasis-free survival. Importantly, combination treatment of silibinin or 2-deoxyglucose (glycolysis inhibitor) with paclitaxel synergistically inhibited proliferation of TNBC cells. Together, our results highlight the importance of EGFR-MYC-TXNIP axis in regulating TNBC metabolism, demonstrate the anti-TNBC activity of silibinin, and argue in favor of targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of TNBC, at least in combination with mainstay chemotherapeutic drugs, to effectively treat TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpi Chattopadhyay
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Farid Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi, Biocity, Finland
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, India
| | - Shumaila Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Gopinath Prakasam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
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Phenotypic selection with an intrabody library reveals an anti-apoptotic function of PKM2 requiring Mitofusin-1. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2004413. [PMID: 31181072 PMCID: PMC6586363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins control a decisive apoptotic event: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). To discover MOMP-regulating proteins, we expressed a library of intracellular single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) (“intrabodies”) and selected for those rescuing cells from apoptosis induced by BimS (the short isoform of Bim). One anti-apoptotic intrabody, intrabody 5 (IB5), recognized pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which is expressed in cancer cells. PKM2 deletion ablated this clonogenic rescue; thus, IB5 activated a latent cytoprotective function of PKM2. This resulted not from pyruvate kinase activity per se but rather from the formation of an active tetrameric conformation of PKM2. A stably tetrameric PKM2 mutant, K422R, promoted cell survival even in the absence of IB5, and IB5 further increased survival. Mitochondria isolated from IB5-expressing cells were relatively resistant to MOMP in vitro. In cells, IB5 expression up-regulated Mitofusin-1 (Mfn1) and increased mitochondrial length. Importantly, Mfn1 deficiency abrogated IB5’s cytoprotective effect. PKM2’s anti-apoptotic function could help explain its preferential expression in human cancer. Proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family regulate a common form of cell death known as apoptosis. Typically, these proteins function in apoptosis by controlling the formation of large pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). While many proteins that regulate apoptosis have been identified over the years, some may still be unknown. Here, we used an unbiased approach in which we first expressed in cultured tumor cells a library of intracellular single-chain antibodies termed “intrabodies.” We then selected for intrabodies that allowed cells to evade apoptosis. We identified pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), a major glycolytic enzyme that has been linked to cancer development, as the specific target of one such anti-apoptotic intrabody. We showed that the PKM2-specific intrabody promoted cell survival not by neutralizing its target but rather by activating an anti-apoptotic function of PKM2. While this cell survival function of PKM2 was not related to changes in the levels of Bcl-2 family proteins or to effects on the enzymatic activity of PKM2, we found that cell survival requires the increased expression of a MOM protein, Mitofusin-1 (Mfn1), known to regulate mitochondrial fusion. We conclude that this cell survival function of PKM2 could contribute to a role in cancer progression for this protein.
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7
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Chen TJ, Wang HJ, Liu JS, Cheng HH, Hsu SC, Wu MC, Lu CH, Wu YF, Wu JW, Liu YY, Kung HJ, Wang WC. Mutations in the PKM2 exon-10 region are associated with reduced allostery and increased nuclear translocation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:105. [PMID: 30911680 PMCID: PMC6420622 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PKM2 is a key metabolic enzyme central to glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. Multiple stimuli regulate PKM2's activity through allosteric modulation and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, PKM2 can partner with KDM8, an oncogenic demethylase and enter the nucleus to serve as a HIF1α co-activator. Yet, the mechanistic basis of the exon-10 region in allosteric regulation and nuclear translocation remains unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structures and kinetic coupling constants of exon-10 tumor-related mutants (H391Y and R399E), showing altered structural plasticity and reduced allostery. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed increased interaction with KDM8 for H391Y, R399E, and G415R. We also found a higher degree of HIF1α-mediated transactivation activity, particularly in the presence of KDM8. Furthermore, overexpression of PKM2 mutants significantly elevated cell growth and migration. Together, PKM2 exon-10 mutations lead to structure-allostery alterations and increased nuclear functions mediated by KDM8 in breast cancer cells. Targeting the PKM2-KDM8 complex may provide a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Jan Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053 Taiwan
| | - Jai-Shin Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053 Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chen Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Wen Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053 Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis Cancer Centre, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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8
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Siddiqui FA, Prakasam G, Chattopadhyay S, Rehman AU, Padder RA, Ansari MA, Irshad R, Mangalhara K, Bamezai RNK, Husain M, Ali SM, Iqbal MA. Curcumin decreases Warburg effect in cancer cells by down-regulating pyruvate kinase M2 via mTOR-HIF1α inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8323. [PMID: 29844464 PMCID: PMC5974195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect is an emerging hallmark of cancer cells with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as its key regulator. Curcumin is an extensively-studied anti-cancer compound, however, its role in affecting cancer metabolism remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that curcumin inhibits glucose uptake and lactate production (Warburg effect) in a variety of cancer cell lines by down-regulating PKM2 expression, via inhibition of mTOR-HIF1α axis. Stable PKM2 silencing revealed that PKM2 is required for Warburg effect and proliferation of cancer cells. PKM2 over-expression abrogated the effects of curcumin, demonstrating that inhibition of Warburg effect by curcumin is PKM2-mediated. High PKM2 expression correlated strongly with poor overall survival in cancer, suggesting the requirement of PKM2 in cancer progression. The study unravels novel PKM2-mediated inhibitory effect of curcumin on metabolic capacities of cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study linking curcumin with PKM2-driven cancer glycolysis, thus, providing new perspectives into the mechanism of its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Gopinath Prakasam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shilpi Chattopadhyay
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rayees Ahmad Padder
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Afaque Ansari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kailash Mangalhara
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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9
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Pkm2 can enhance pluripotency in ESCs and promote somatic cell reprogramming to iPSCs. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84276-84284. [PMID: 29137422 PMCID: PMC5663594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is one of the most important common characteristics in both cancer cells and stem cells. Metabolism switch has been discovered as an important early event in the process of reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). As a rate limiting kinase in glycolysis, Pkm2 has been reported playing critical roles in many tumors, yet its role in stem cells and iPSCs induction is poorly defined. In the present study, we showed that Pkm2 is a predominant pyruvate kinase in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and its expression increases many pluripotent genes. During somatic cell reprogramming, up-regulation of Pkm2 can be observed and over-expression of Pkm2 can facilitate iPSCs induction, while Pkm1 or a mutant form of Pkm2 (Pkm2K422R) showed no enhancement role in iPSCs induction. Therefore, our data demonstrated that Pkm2 enhances the pluripotency maintenance in ESCs and promotes the pluripotency acquisition during somatic cell reprogramming.
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10
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Dong G, Mao Q, Xia W, Xu Y, Wang J, Xu L, Jiang F. PKM2 and cancer: The function of PKM2 beyond glycolysis. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1980-1986. [PMID: 26998110 PMCID: PMC4774429 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells and is used by cancer cells for growth and survival. Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2) is a limiting glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the final step in glycolysis, which is key in tumor metabolism and growth. The present review discusses the expression and regulation of PKM2, and reports the dominant role that PKM2 plays in glycolysis to achieve the nutrient demands of cancer cell proliferation. In addition, the present study discusses the non-metabolic function of PKM2, and its role as a coactivator and protein kinase, which contributes to tumorigenesis. Furthermore, conflicting studies concerning the role of PKM2 as a therapeutic target are reviewed. The improved understanding of PKM2 may provide a noval approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Qixing Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China; The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China; The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Youtao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China; The First Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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11
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Wang P, Sun C, Zhu T, Xu Y. Structural insight into mechanisms for dynamic regulation of PKM2. Protein Cell 2015; 6:275-287. [PMID: 25645022 PMCID: PMC4383751 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate and plays an important role in cancer metabolism. Here, we show that post-translational modifications and a patient-derived mutation regulate pyruvate kinase activity of PKM2 through modulating the conformation of the PKM2 tetramer. We determined crystal structures of human PKM2 mutants and proposed a "seesaw" model to illustrate conformational changes between an inactive T-state and an active R-state tetramers of PKM2. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that PKM2(Y105E) (phosphorylation mimic of Y105) decreases pyruvate kinase activity by inhibiting FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)-induced R-state formation, and PKM2(K305Q) (acetylation mimic of K305) abolishes the activity by hindering tetramer formation. K422R, a patient-derived mutation of PKM2, favors a stable, inactive T-state tetramer because of strong intermolecular interactions. Our study reveals the mechanism for dynamic regulation of PKM2 by post-translational modifications and a patient-derived mutation and provides a structural basis for further investigation of other modifications and mutations of PKM2 yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chang Sun
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of System Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China,
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13
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Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism is a key feature of cancer cells. The pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform, which is commonly upregulated in many human cancers, has been recently shown to play a crucial role in metabolism reprogramming, gene transcription and cell cycle progression. In this Cell Science at a glance article and accompanying poster, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PKM2 expression, enzymatic activity, metabolic functions and subcellular location. We highlight the instrumental role of the non-metabolic functions of PKM2 in tumorigenesis and evaluate the potential to target PKM2 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of System Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Li Z, Yang P, Li Z. The multifaceted regulation and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:285-96. [PMID: 25064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis to maintain the increased anabolic requirements for cell proliferation. It is widely accepted that specific expression of the M2 type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in tumor cells contributes to this aerobic glycolysis phenotype. To date, researchers have uncovered myriad forms of functional regulation for PKM2, which confers a growth advantage on the tumor cells to enable them to adapt to various microenvironmental signals. Here the richness of our understanding on the modulations and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression is reviewed, and some new insights into the paradoxical expression and functional differences of PKM2 in distinct cancer types are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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15
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Singh RK, Srivastava A, Kalaiarasan P, Manvati S, Chopra R, Bamezai RNK. mtDNA germ line variation mediated ROS generates retrograde signaling and induces pro-cancerous metabolic features. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6571. [PMID: 25300428 PMCID: PMC4192639 DOI: 10.1038/srep06571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
mtDNA non-synonymous germ line variation (G10398A; p.A114T) has remained equivocal with least mechanistic understanding in showing an association with cancer. This has necessitated showing in-vitro how an over-expression within mitochondria of either of the variants produces higher intracellular ROS, resulting in differential anchorage dependent and independent growth. Both these features were observed to be relatively higher in ND3:114T variant. An elevated amount of intracellular carbonylated proteins and a reduced activity of a key glycolytic enzyme, Pyruvate kinase M2, along with high glucose uptake and lactate production were other pro-cancerous features observed. The retrograde signaling through surplus ROS was generated by post-ND3 over-expression regulated nuclear gene expression epigenetically, involving selectively the apoptotic-DDR-pathways. The feature of ND3 over-expression, inducing ROS mediated pro-cancerous features in the cells in in vitro, was replicated in a pilot study in a limited number of sporadic breast tumors, suggesting the importance of mitochondrial germ-line variant(s) in enabling the cells to acquire pro-cancerous features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar Singh
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Archita Srivastava
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ponnusamy Kalaiarasan
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakriyal, Katra, Jammu &Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Siddharth Manvati
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakriyal, Katra, Jammu &Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Rupali Chopra
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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16
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Abstract
Pyruvate kinase converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, catalyzing the rate-limiting step of glycolysis. The M1 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (PKM1) is found in adult tissues; whereas, PKM2 is a splicesome variant found in embryonic and cancer cells. PKM2 expression in malignant cells is a result of the tumor microenvironment and is responsible for maintaining a glycolytic phenotype. PKM2 has other nonmetabolic functions in malignant cells, including transcriptional coactivation and protein kinase activity. PKM2 activators have antitumor properties by inducing tetramerization of two PKM2 dimers causing PKM2 to function like PKM1. Restoring PKM2 to PKM1-like levels of activity causes reversal of the Warburg effect in cancer cells. PKM2 activators have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Warner
- Tolero Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2975 W Executive Parkway, Suite 320, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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17
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Iqbal MA, Gupta V, Gopinath P, Mazurek S, Bamezai RNK. Pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer: an updated assessment. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2685-92. [PMID: 24747424 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by high glycolytic rates to support energy regeneration and anabolic metabolism, along with the expression of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). The latter catalyzes the last step of glycolysis and reprograms the glycolytic flux to feed the special metabolic demands of proliferating cells. Besides, PKM2 has moonlight functions, such as gene transcription, favoring cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role played by the low-activity-dimeric PKM2 in tumor progression, supported by the identification of mutations which result in the down-regulation of its activity and tumorigenesis in a nude mouse model. This review discusses PKM2 regulation and the benefits it confers to cancer cells. Further, conflicting views on PKM2's role in cancer, its therapeutic relevance and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Askandar Iqbal
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibhor Gupta
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasam Gopinath
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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