1
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Marzoog BA. Transcription Factors in Brain Regeneration: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Target. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:46-61. [PMID: 38444255 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501279977231210170231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors play a crucial role in providing identity to each cell population. To maintain cell identity, it is essential to balance the expression of activator and inhibitor transcription factors. Cell plasticity and reprogramming offer great potential for future therapeutic applications, as they can regenerate damaged tissue. Specific niche factors can modify gene expression and differentiate or transdifferentiate the target cell to the required fate. Ongoing research is being carried out on the possibilities of transcription factors in regenerating neurons, with neural stem cells (NSCs) being considered the preferred cells for generating new neurons due to their epigenomic and transcriptome memory. NEUROD1/ASCL1, BRN2, MYTL1, and other transcription factors can induce direct reprogramming of somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, into neurons. However, the molecular biology of transcription factors in reprogramming and differentiation still needs to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
- World-Class Research Center, Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare», I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Ji R, Ji Y, Wu Y, Ding X, Shang Z, Liu X, Li W, Guo J, Wang J, Cheng X, Qin J, Tian M, Jin G, Zhang X. Lama2 And Samsn1 Mediate the Effects of Brn4 on Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:7284986. [PMID: 37091532 PMCID: PMC10118897 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7284986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Brn4 exhibits vital roles in the embryonic development of the neural tube, inner ear, pancreas islet, and neural stem cell differentiation. Our previous studies have shown that Brn4 promotes neuronal differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). However, its mechanism is still unclear. Here, starting from the overlapping genes between RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results, we explored the downstream target genes that mediate Brn4-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. There were 16 genes at the intersection of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq, among which the Lama2 and Samsn1 levels can be upregulated by Brn4, and the combination between their promoters and Brn4 was further determined using ChIP and dual luciferase reporter gene assays. EdU incorporation, cell cycle analysis, and CCK-8 assay indicated that Lama2 and Samsn1 mediated the inhibitory effect of Brn4 on the proliferation of hippocampal NSCs. Immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR, and Western blot suggested that Lama2 and Samsn1 mediated the promoting effect of Brn4 on the differentiation of hippocampal NSCs into neurons. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Brn4 binds to the promoters of Lama2 and Samsn1, and they partially mediate the regulation of Brn4 on the proliferation inhibition and neuronal differentiation promotion of hippocampal NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xunrui Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruijie Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaya Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiuyu Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiying Shang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meiling Tian
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Central Lab, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng 224002, China
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3
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Chen M, Wang X, Li C, Lan T, Wei Y, Tang C, Zhou X, Zhou R, Rosa A, Zheng X, Ang S, Zhang K, Zou Q, Lai L. Inducible motor neuron differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells in vivo. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13319. [PMID: 35943218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is one of the promising treatment strategies for motor neuron diseases (MNDs). However, the inefficiency in committed differentiation of NPCs in vivo limits its application. Here, we tried to establish a potential therapeutic strategy for MNDs by in vivo directional differentiation of hiPSCs engineered with motor neuron (MN) specific transcription factors and Tet-On system. MATERIALS AND METHODS We engineered hiPSCs with three MN-specific transcription factors and Tet-On system. The engineered cells were directly transplanted into immunodeficient mice through subcutaneous, intra-spinal cord and intracerebroventricular injections. Following doxycycline (Dox) induction, teratoma formation, and motor MN differentiation were evaluated. RESULTS We generated genetically engineered hiPSCs, in which the expression of Ngn2, Isl1, and Lhx3 was controlled by a drug-inducible transgenic system. These cells showed normal pluripotency and proliferative capacity, and were able to directionally differentiate into mature motor neurons (MNs) and NPCs with high efficiency in spinal cords and cerebral lateral ventricles under the induction of Dox. The grafts showed long-term survival in the recipient mice without formation of teratoma. CONCLUSIONS The induced mature MNs and NPCs were expected to replace the damaged endogenous MNs directly, and play a role of de novo stem cell stock for long-term neuron damage repair, respectively. Therefore, in vivo directional differentiation of the hiPSCs engineered with MN-specific transcription factors and Tet-On system via Dox induction could be a potential therapeutic strategy for MNDs with high efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Renping Zhou
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Xi Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Song Ang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
| | - Qingjian Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China
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4
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Oh SI, Jeong H, Park HS, Choi KA, Hwang I, Lee J, Cho J, Hong S. Activation of CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling induces conversion of immortalised embryonic kidney cells into cancer stem-like cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 48:1303-1313. [PMID: 33150801 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1841783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in the growth and progression of several types of human cancer. The technology to derive and establish CSCs in vitro could be a critical tool for understanding cancer and developing new therapeutic targets. In this study, we derived expandable CD15+ induced CSCs (iCSCs) from immortalised 293FT human epithelial cells by co-culture with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as feeder cells in vitro. The iCSCs converted through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition program acquired mesenchymal traits, the expression of stem cell markers, and epigenetic changes. Moreover, the iCSCs not only efficiently formed tumorspheres in vitro but also initiated tumours in immunocompromised mice injected with only 10 of the iCSCs. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 by the iCSCs resulted in the activation of the Fut4 gene through CXCR4/ERK/ELK-1-signalling pathways and the maintenance of the iCSCs in the undifferentiated state through CXCR4/AKT/STAT3-signalling. These findings suggest that immortalised 293FT cells may acquire potential oncogenicity through molecular and cellular alteration processes in microenvironments using BM-MSCs, and could represent a valuable in vitro model as a cancer stem cell surrogate for studying the pathophysiological properties of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ick Oh
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Jeong
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Public Health Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Soo Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Choi
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik Hwang
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Public Health Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Vasan L, Park E, David LA, Fleming T, Schuurmans C. Direct Neuronal Reprogramming: Bridging the Gap Between Basic Science and Clinical Application. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681087. [PMID: 34291049 PMCID: PMC8287587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct neuronal reprogramming is an innovative new technology that involves the conversion of somatic cells to induced neurons (iNs) without passing through a pluripotent state. The capacity to make new neurons in the brain, which previously was not achievable, has created great excitement in the field as it has opened the door for the potential treatment of incurable neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries such as stroke. These neurological disorders are associated with frank neuronal loss, and as new neurons are not made in most of the adult brain, treatment options are limited. Developmental biologists have paved the way for the field of direct neuronal reprogramming by identifying both intrinsic cues, primarily transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, and extrinsic cues, including growth factors and other signaling molecules, that induce neurogenesis and specify neuronal subtype identities in the embryonic brain. The striking observation that postmitotic, terminally differentiated somatic cells can be converted to iNs by mis-expression of TFs or miRNAs involved in neural lineage development, and/or by exposure to growth factors or small molecule cocktails that recapitulate the signaling environment of the developing brain, has opened the door to the rapid expansion of new neuronal reprogramming methodologies. Furthermore, the more recent applications of neuronal lineage conversion strategies that target resident glial cells in situ has expanded the clinical potential of direct neuronal reprogramming techniques. Herein, we present an overview of the history, accomplishments, and therapeutic potential of direct neuronal reprogramming as revealed over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy Vasan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eunjee Park
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Ajay David
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Zhang L, Cao H, Tao H, Yang J, Gong W, Hu Q. Effect of the interference with DRP1 expression on the biological characteristics of glioma stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:696. [PMID: 33986860 PMCID: PMC8111867 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a model of glioma stem cells (GSCs) was established and combined with molecular targeting drugs in order to observe its inhibitory effect on the proliferation and biological characteristics of GSCs, with the aim of providing a potential target for the treatment of glioma. On the basis of a relatively classical induction strategy with neuron induction medium, a large number of GSC-like cells in good condition and globular growth were amplified in vitro, which had the potential to differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes/glioma cells. It was observed that the interference with dynamin-related protein 1 expression using Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial mitotic inhibitor, at the optimal concentration, decreased the expression level of stem cell-associated genes, inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in GSCs. The present study provided an experimental basis for a novel strategy of cancer treatment with tumor stem cells as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Huimei Cao
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tao
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jijuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Qikuan Hu
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Basic Medical School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
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7
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Jin G, Zhang X. Research progress of the transcription factor Brn4 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:179. [PMID: 33398372 PMCID: PMC7809911 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain 4 (Brn4) is a transcription factor belonging to the POU3 family, and it is important for the embryonic development of the neural tube, inner ear and pancreas. In addition, it serves a crucial role in neural stem cell differentiation and reprogramming. The present review aimed to summarize the chromosomal location, species homology, protein molecular structure and tissue distribution of Brn4, in addition to its biological processes, with the aim of providing a reference of its structure and function for further studies, and its potential use as a gene therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xunrui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226008, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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8
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Yavarpour-Bali H, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Shojaei A. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells into neurons: A novel and promising strategy for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109820. [PMID: 31743695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glial activation is a common pathological process of the central nervous system (CNS) in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several approaches have been used to reduce the number of activated astrocytes and microglia in damaged areas. In recent years, various kinds of fully differentiated cells have been successfully reprogrammed to a desired type of cell in lesion areas. Interestingly, internal glial cells, including astrocytes and NG2 positive cells, were efficiently converted to neuroblasts and neurons by overexpression of some transcription factors (TFs) or microRNAs (miRNAs). Notably, some specific subtypes of neurons have been achieved by in vivo reprogramming and the resulting neurons were successfully integrated into local neuronal circuits. Furthermore, somatic cells from AD patients have been converted to functional neurons. Although direct reprogramming of a patient's own internal cells has revolutionized regenerative medicine, but there are some major obstacles that should be examined before using these induced cells in clinical therapies. In the present review article, we aim to discuss the current studies on in vitro and in vivo reprogramming of somatic cells to neurons using TFs, miRNAs or small molecules in healthy and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Flitsch LJ, Brüstle O. Evolving principles underlying neural lineage conversion and their relevance for biomedical translation. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31559012 PMCID: PMC6743253 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18926.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific and technological advances of the past decade have shed light on the mechanisms underlying cell fate acquisition, including its transcriptional and epigenetic regulation during embryonic development. This knowledge has enabled us to purposefully engineer cell fates
in vitro by manipulating expression levels of lineage-instructing transcription factors. Here, we review the state of the art in the cell programming field with a focus on the derivation of neural cells. We reflect on what we know about the mechanisms underlying fate changes in general and on the degree of epigenetic remodeling conveyed by the distinct reprogramming and direct conversion strategies available. Moreover, we discuss the implications of residual epigenetic memory for biomedical applications such as disease modeling and neuroregeneration. Finally, we cover recent developments approaching cell fate conversion in the living brain and define questions which need to be addressed before cell programming can become an integral part of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine Wesphalia, 53127, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine Wesphalia, 53127, Germany
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10
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Porterfield V. Neural Progenitor Cell Derivation Methodologies for Drug Discovery Applications. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 18:89-95. [PMID: 31090435 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are being used to model brain disorders across the continuum of neurodevelopment, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disease allowing for the mechanistic unraveling of the neurological disease state. Subsequently, there is a diverse array of cell model systems that can be used for target validation, pharmacodynamic endpoint development, and high-throughput/content assay development and screening. However, to successfully model neurological disorders with iPSCs, the disease-relevant neuron must be first identified, and it is critical to have the appropriate neuronal progenitor cell derivation and neuron differentiation protocols available to produce desired neuronal phenotypes. Moreover, special considerations are necessary if adaptation to high-throughput/content assay systems is anticipated. Discussed here are the three-dimensional embryoid body-neural rosette and two-dimensional monolayer methodologies to derive iPS neural progenitor cells and neurons with a specific focus on cortical neurons. Outlined are some of the commonalities, advantages, and disadvantages associated with both methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Porterfield
- Stem Cell Core Facility, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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11
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Daekee K, Mi-Jung H, Minjun J, Hee-Jin A, Kwang-Won S, Kyung-Sun K. Generation of Genetically Stable Human Direct-Conversion-Derived Neural Stem Cells Using Quantity Control of Proto-oncogene Expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:388-397. [PMID: 30731320 PMCID: PMC6365637 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As the human lifespan has increased due to developments in medical technology, the number of patients with neurological diseases has rapidly increased. Therefore, studies on effective treatments for neurological diseases are becoming increasingly important. To perform these studies, it is essential to obtain a large number of patient-derived neural cells. The purpose of the present study was to establish a technology that allows the high-efficiency generation of genetically stable, direct-conversion-derived neural stem cells (dcNSCs) through the expression of a new combination of reprogramming factors, including a proto-oncogene. Specifically, human c-MYC proto-oncogene and the human SOX2 gene were overexpressed in a precisely controlled manner in various human somatic cells. As a result, the direct conversion into multipotent dcNSCs occurred only when the cells were treated with an MOI of 1 of hc-MYC proto-oncogene and hSOX2 retrovirus. When MOIs of 5 or 10 were utilized, distinct results were obtained. In addition, the pluripotency was bypassed during this process. Notably, as the MOI used to treat the cells increased, expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is typically a reprogramming hurdle, increased proportionately. Interestingly, p53 was genetically stable in dcNSCs generated through direct conversion into a low p53 expression state. In the present study, generation of genetically stable dcNSCs using direct conversion was optimized by precisely controlling the overexpression of a proto-oncogene. This method could be utilized in future studies, such as in vitro drug screening using generated dcNSCs. In addition, this method could be effectively utilized in studies on direct conversion into other types of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Daekee
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Han Mi-Jung
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Minjun
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ahn Hee-Jin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seo Kwang-Won
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kang Kyung-Sun
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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12
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A stably self-renewing adult blood-derived induced neural stem cell exhibiting patternability and epigenetic rejuvenation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4047. [PMID: 30279449 PMCID: PMC6168501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that induced neurons (iNs), but not induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons, largely preserve age-associated traits. Here, we report on the extent of preserved epigenetic and transcriptional aging signatures in directly converted induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Employing restricted and integration-free expression of SOX2 and c-MYC, we generated a fully functional, bona fide NSC population from adult blood cells that remains highly responsive to regional patterning cues. Upon conversion, low passage iNSCs display a profound loss of age-related DNA methylation signatures, which further erode across extended passaging, thereby approximating the DNA methylation age of isogenic iPSC-derived neural precursors. This epigenetic rejuvenation is accompanied by a lack of age-associated transcriptional signatures and absence of cellular aging hallmarks. We find iNSCs to be competent for modeling pathological protein aggregation and for neurotransplantation, depicting blood-to-NSC conversion as a rapid alternative route for both disease modeling and neuroregeneration. Induced neurons, but not induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons, preserve age-related traits. Here, the authors demonstrate that blood-derived induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), despite lacking a pluripotency transit, lose age-related signatures.
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13
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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14
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Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into neural stem cells by single non-neural progenitor transcription factor Ptf1a. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2865. [PMID: 30030434 PMCID: PMC6054649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) reprogrammed from somatic cells have great potentials in cell replacement therapies and in vitro modeling of neural diseases. Direct conversion of fibroblasts into iNSCs has been shown to depend on a couple of key neural progenitor transcription factors (TFs), raising the question of whether such direct reprogramming can be achieved by non-neural progenitor TFs. Here we report that the non-neural progenitor TF Ptf1a alone is sufficient to directly reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into self-renewable iNSCs capable of differentiating into functional neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and improving cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models when transplanted. The reprogramming activity of Ptf1a depends on its Notch-independent interaction with Rbpj which leads to subsequent activation of expression of TF genes and Notch signaling required for NSC specification, self-renewal, and homeostasis. Together, our data identify a non-canonical and safer approach to establish iNSCs for research and therapeutic purposes. Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) using transcription factors expressed in neural progenitors. Here the authors show that Ptf1a, which is normally expressed in postmitotic neurons, can reprogram fibroblasts to iNSCs through Notch independent interaction with Rbpj.
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15
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Adult Neural Stem Cells: Basic Research and Production Strategies for Neurorestorative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4835491. [PMID: 29760724 PMCID: PMC5901847 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4835491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over many decades, constructing genetically and phenotypically stable lines of neural stem cells (NSC) for clinical purposes with the aim of restoring irreversibly lost functions of nervous tissue has been one of the major goals for multiple research groups. The unique ability of stem cells to maintain their own pluripotent state even in the adult body has made them into the choice object of study. With the development of the technology for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct transdifferentiation of somatic cells into the desired cell type, the initial research approaches based on the use of allogeneic NSCs from embryonic or fetal nervous tissue are gradually becoming a thing of the past. This review deals with basic molecular mechanisms for maintaining the pluripotent state of embryonic/induced stem and reprogrammed somatic cells, as well as with currently existing reprogramming strategies. The focus is on performing direct reprogramming while bypassing the stage of iPSCs which is known for genetic instability and an increased risk of tumorigenesis. A detailed description of various protocols for obtaining reprogrammed neural cells used in the therapy of the nervous system pathology is also provided.
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16
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Neural Stem Cells Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Models of CNS Injury. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:89-102. [PMID: 30209655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from differentiated cells by different reprogramming techniques, by introducing specific transcription factors responsible for pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells can serve as an excellent source for differentiated neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPs). Several methods and protocols are utilized to create a robust number of NSCs/NPs without jeopardizing the safety issues required for in vivo applications. A variety of disease-specific iPS cells have been used to study nervous system diseases. In this chapter, we will focus on some of the derivation and differentiation approaches and the application of iPS-NPs in the treatment of spinal cord injury and stroke.
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17
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Wang K, Jin Q, Ruan D, Yang Y, Liu Q, Wu H, Zhou Z, Ouyang Z, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Zhang Q, Peng J, Lai C, Fan N, Liang Y, Lan T, Li N, Wang X, Wang X, Fan Y, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG, Liu P, Li X, Lai L. Cre-dependent Cas9-expressing pigs enable efficient in vivo genome editing. Genome Res 2017; 27:2061-2071. [PMID: 29146772 PMCID: PMC5741047 DOI: 10.1101/gr.222521.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite being time-consuming and costly, generating genome-edited pigs holds great promise for agricultural, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. To further facilitate genome editing in pigs, we report here establishment of a pig line with Cre-inducible Cas9 expression that allows a variety of ex vivo genome editing in fibroblast cells including single- and multigene modifications, chromosome rearrangements, and efficient in vivo genetic modifications. As a proof of principle, we were able to simultaneously inactivate five tumor suppressor genes (TP53, PTEN, APC, BRCA1, and BRCA2) and activate one oncogene (KRAS), achieved by delivering Cre recombinase and sgRNAs, which caused rapid lung tumor development. The efficient genome editing shown here demonstrates that these pigs can serve as a powerful tool for dissecting in vivo gene functions and biological processes in a temporal manner and for streamlining the production of genome-edited pigs for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qin Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Degong Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Qishuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Han Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Bentian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Chengdan Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Nana Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Ting Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Nan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht 3584CX, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht 3584CX, the Netherlands
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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18
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Playne R, Connor B. Understanding Parkinson's Disease through the Use of Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:151-169. [PMID: 28083784 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of somatic cell reprogramming offers exciting new possibilities for the study and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reprogramming technology offers the ability to untangle the diverse contributing risk factors for PD, such as ageing, genetics and environmental toxins. In order to gain novel insights into such a complex disease, cell-based models of PD should represent, as closely as possible, aged human dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. However, the generation of high yields of functionally mature, authentic ventral midbrain dopamine (vmDA) neurons has not been easy to achieve. Furthermore, ensuring cells represent aged rather than embryonic neurons has presented a significant challenge. To date, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received much attention for modelling PD. Nonetheless, direct reprogramming strategies (either to a neuronal or neural stem/progenitor fate) represent a valid alternative that are yet to be extensively explored. Direct reprogramming is faster and more efficient than iPS cell reprogramming, and appears to conserve age-related markers. At present, however, protocols aiming to derive authentic, mature vmDA neurons by direct reprogramming of adult human somatic cells are sorely lacking. This review will discuss the strategies that have been employed to generate vmDA neurons and their potential for the study and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Playne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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19
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López-León M, Outeiro TF, Goya RG. Cell reprogramming: Therapeutic potential and the promise of rejuvenation for the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:168-181. [PMID: 28903069 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease being the most conspicuous examples. Within this context, the absence of efficacious therapies for most age-related brain pathologies has increased the interest in regenerative medicine. In particular, cell reprogramming technologies have ushered in the era of personalized therapies that not only show a significant potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases but also promise to make biological rejuvenation feasible. We will first review recent evidence supporting the emerging view that aging is a reversible epigenetic phenomenon. Next, we will describe novel reprogramming approaches that overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of conventional induced-pluripotent-stem-cell technology. One of the alternative approaches, lineage reprogramming, consists of the direct conversion of one adult cell type into another by transgenic expression of multiple lineage-specific transcription factors (TF). Another strategy, termed pluripotency factor-mediated direct reprogramming, uses universal TF to generate epigenetically unstable intermediates able to differentiate into somatic cell types in response to specific differentiation factors. In the third part we will review studies showing the potential relevance of the above approaches for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela López-León
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rodolfo G Goya
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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20
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Shahbazi E, Mirakhori F, Ezzatizadeh V, Baharvand H. Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced neural stem cells. Methods 2017; 133:21-28. [PMID: 28939501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that defined sets of exogenous factors (chemical and/or biochemical) can convert human and mouse somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Considering the self-renewal and multi-potential differentiation capabilities of iNSCs, generation of these cells has considerably enhanced cell therapy for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. These cells can also serve as models for investigation of the mechanism(s) underlying neurodegenerative diseases and as an asset in drug discovery. Meanwhile, using the process of direct conversion/transdifferentiation, by bypassing pluripotent state and consequently reducing tumorigenesis and genetic instability risks, establishment of several desired cells are feasible. In this review, we describe the pros and cons of different methods employed to directly reprogram somatic cells to iNSCs along with the progress of iNSCs applications and the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mirakhori
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Choi KA, Hong S. Induced neural stem cells as a means of treatment in Huntington's disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1333-1343. [PMID: 28792249 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1365133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by chorea, dementia, and depression caused by progressive nerve cell degeneration, which is triggered by expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (Htt) gene. Currently, there is no cure for this disease, nor is there an effective medicine available to delay or improve the physical, mental, and behavioral severities caused by it. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the use of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) by direct conversion technology, which offers great advantages as a therapeutic cell type to treat HD. Expert opinion: Cell conversion of somatic cells into a desired stem cell type is one of the most promising treatments for HD because it could be facilitated for the generation of patient-specific neural stem cells. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have a powerful potential for differentiation into neurons, but they may cause teratoma formation due to an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell after transplantation Therefore, direct conversion of somatic cells into iNSCs is a promising alternative technology in regenerative medicine and the iNSCs may be provided as a therapeutic cell source for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Choi
- a School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- a School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea
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22
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Soleimani T, Falsafi N, Fallahi H. Dissection of Regulatory Elements During Direct Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Neurons. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3158-3170. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Soleimani
- Bioinformatics LabDepartment of BiologySchool of SciencesRazi UniversityKermanshahIran
| | - Nafiseh Falsafi
- Bioinformatics LabDepartment of BiologySchool of SciencesRazi UniversityKermanshahIran
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Bioinformatics LabDepartment of BiologySchool of SciencesRazi UniversityKermanshahIran
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23
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Yaqubi M, Mohammadnia A, Wee P. Concerns on "Dissection of Regulatory Elements During Direct Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Neurons" Paper. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:243-246. [PMID: 28585697 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Yaqubi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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24
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Fallahi H, Soleimani T, Falsafi N. Dissection of Regulatory Elements During Direct Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Neurons. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2470-2473. [PMID: 28467635 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Fallahi
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soleimani
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Falsafi
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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25
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Mohammadnia A, Yaqubi M, Wee P. Common Gene Expression Patterns in the Generation of Induced Neurons From Fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:237-239. [PMID: 28467644 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we analyzed ten gene expression data sets including RNA-sequencing and microarray experiment data during the direct reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts to induced neurons and found common gene expression pattern across all data sets for this conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ping Wee
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Khazaei M, Ahuja CS, Fehlings MG. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 4:152. [PMID: 28154814 PMCID: PMC5243807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common cause of mortality and neurological morbidity. Although progress had been made in the last decades in medical, surgical, and rehabilitation treatments for SCI, the outcomes of these approaches are not yet ideal. The use of cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI is very promising. Cell therapies for the treatment of SCI are limited by several translational road blocks, including ethical concerns in relation to cell sources. The use of iPSCs is particularly attractive, given that they provide an autologous cell source and avoid the ethical and moral considerations of other stem cell sources. In addition, different cell types, that are applicable to SCI, can be created from iPSCs. Common cell sources used for reprogramming are skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, CD34+ cells, cord blood cells and adipose stem cells. Different cell types have different genetic and epigenetic considerations that affect their reprogramming efficiencies. Furthermore, in SCI the iPSCs can be differentiated to neural precursor cells, neural crest cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and even mesenchymal stromal cells. These can produce functional recovery by replacing lost cells and/or modulating the lesion microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khazaei
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher S Ahuja
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Yang H, Zhang L, An J, Zhang Q, Liu C, He B, Hao DJ. MicroRNA-Mediated Reprogramming of Somatic Cells into Neural Stem Cells or Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1587-1600. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Recent approaches and challenges in iPSCs: modeling and cell-based therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:457-64. [PMID: 26812864 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies for different neurodegenerative disorders has placed huge burdens on society. To overcome the restricted capacity of the central nervous system for regeneration, the promising alternative would be to use stem cells for more effective treatment of chronic degenerative and inflammatory neurological conditions and also of acute neuronal damage and from injuries or cerebrovascular diseases. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by the ectopic expression of specific transcription factors has provided the regenerative medicine field with a new tool for investigating and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This technology provides an alternative to traditional approaches, such as nuclear transfer and somatic cell fusion using embryonic stem cells. However, due to a problem in standardization of certain reprogramming techniques and systems research, the induced pluripotent stem cell-based technology is still in its infancy. The present paper is aimed at a brief review of the current status in modeling and cell-based therapies for AD.
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29
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Shen T, Pu J, Si X, Ye R, Zhang B. An update on potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease based on pathogenic mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:711-22. [PMID: 27138872 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1179112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, of which the pathogenesis remains essentially unknown. Current therapeutic strategies help manage signs and symptoms but have no effect in disease modification. Over the past several decades, scientists have devoted a lot of effort to clarifying the pathological mechanism and searching for new targets for Parkinson's disease treatment. AREAS COVERED Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Commentary: Illustrated in this review are newly found discoveries and evidence that contribute to the understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenic mechanism. Also discussed are potential therapeutic strategies that are being studied, including disease-modifying and genetically mediated small molecule compounds, cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies, immunization strategies and anti-diabetic therapy, which may be very promising therapeutic methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jiali Pu
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong Ye
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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30
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Petersen GF, Strappe PM. Generation of diverse neural cell types through direct conversion. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:32-46. [PMID: 26981169 PMCID: PMC4766249 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of neurological disorders is the loss of critical populations of cells that the body is unable to replace, thus there has been much interest in identifying methods of generating clinically relevant numbers of cells to replace those that have been damaged or lost. The process of neural direct conversion, in which cells of one lineage are converted into cells of a neural lineage without first inducing pluripotency, shows great potential, with evidence of the generation of a range of functional neural cell types both in vitro and in vivo, through viral and non-viral delivery of exogenous factors, as well as chemical induction methods. Induced neural cells have been proposed as an attractive alternative to neural cells derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, with prospective roles in the investigation of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disease modelling, drug screening, and cellular replacement for regenerative medicine applications, however further investigations into improving the efficacy and safety of these methods need to be performed before neural direct conversion becomes a clinically viable option. In this review, we describe the generation of diverse neural cell types via direct conversion of somatic cells, with comparison against stem cell-based approaches, as well as discussion of their potential research and clinical applications.
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31
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Conversion of embryonic stem cells into extraembryonic lineages by CRISPR-mediated activators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19648. [PMID: 26782778 PMCID: PMC4726097 DOI: 10.1038/srep19648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas9 technique has opened a new perspective on readily editing specific genes. When combined with transcription activators, it can precisely manipulate endogenous gene expression. Here, we enhanced the expression of endogenous Cdx2 and Gata6 genes by CRISPR-mediated activators, thus mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were directly converted into two extraembryonic lineages, i.e., typical trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and extraembryonic endoderm cells (XENCs), which exhibited characters of TSC or XENC derived from the blastocyst extraembryonic lineages such as cell morphology, specific gene expression, and differentiation ability in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that the cell fate can be effectively manipulated by directly activating of specific endogenous gene expression with CRISPR-mediated activator.
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32
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Rackham OJL, Firas J, Fang H, Oates ME, Holmes ML, Knaupp AS, Suzuki H, Nefzger CM, Daub CO, Shin JW, Petretto E, Forrest ARR, Hayashizaki Y, Polo JM, Gough J. A predictive computational framework for direct reprogramming between human cell types. Nat Genet 2016; 48:331-5. [PMID: 26780608 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation, the process of converting from one cell type to another without going through a pluripotent state, has great promise for regenerative medicine. The identification of key transcription factors for reprogramming is currently limited by the cost of exhaustive experimental testing of plausible sets of factors, an approach that is inefficient and unscalable. Here we present a predictive system (Mogrify) that combines gene expression data with regulatory network information to predict the reprogramming factors necessary to induce cell conversion. We have applied Mogrify to 173 human cell types and 134 tissues, defining an atlas of cellular reprogramming. Mogrify correctly predicts the transcription factors used in known transdifferentiations. Furthermore, we validated two new transdifferentiations predicted by Mogrify. We provide a practical and efficient mechanism for systematically implementing novel cell conversions, facilitating the generalization of reprogramming of human cells. Predictions are made available to help rapidly further the field of cell conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J L Rackham
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jaber Firas
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hai Fang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt E Oates
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Melissa L Holmes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anja S Knaupp
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan (ceased to exist as of 1 April 2013 owing to reorganization).,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carsten O Daub
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan (ceased to exist as of 1 April 2013 owing to reorganization).,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jay W Shin
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan (ceased to exist as of 1 April 2013 owing to reorganization).,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan (ceased to exist as of 1 April 2013 owing to reorganization).,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Japan
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Gough
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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33
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A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7909176. [PMID: 26839567 PMCID: PMC4709917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7909176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neurons in vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaiting in vitro disease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
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34
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Epigenomic Reprogramming of Adult Cardiomyocyte-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17686. [PMID: 26657817 PMCID: PMC4677315 DOI: 10.1038/srep17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that mammalian adult cardiomyocytes (ACMs) are terminally-differentiated and are unable to proliferate. Recently, using a bi-transgenic ACM fate mapping mouse model and an in vitro culture system, we demonstrated that adult mouse cardiomyocytes were able to dedifferentiate into cardiac progenitor-like cells (CPCs). However, little is known about the molecular basis of their intrinsic cellular plasticity. Here we integrate single-cell transcriptome and whole-genome DNA methylation analyses to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation and cell cycle reentry of mouse ACMs. Compared to parental cardiomyocytes, dedifferentiated mouse cardiomyocyte-derived CPCs (mCPCs) display epigenomic reprogramming with many differentially-methylated regions, both hypermethylated and hypomethylated, across the entire genome. Correlated well with the methylome, our transcriptomic data showed that the genes encoding cardiac structure and function proteins are remarkably down-regulated in mCPCs, while those for cell cycle, proliferation, and stemness are significantly up-regulated. In addition, implantation of mCPCs into infarcted mouse myocardium improves cardiac function with augmented left ventricular ejection fraction. Our study demonstrates that the cellular plasticity of mammalian cardiomyocytes is the result of a well-orchestrated epigenomic reprogramming and a subsequent global transcriptomic alteration.
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35
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Partial Dedifferentiation of Murine Radial Glia-Type Neural Stem Cells by Brn2 and c-Myc Yields Early Neuroepithelial Progenitors. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:1476-83. [PMID: 26555748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct cell conversion developed into an important paradigm for generating cells with enhanced differentiation capability. We combined a transcription-factor-based cell fate conversion strategy with the use of pharmacological compounds to derive early neuroepithelial progenitor cells from developmentally more restricted radial glia-type neural stem cells. By combining the small molecules CHIR99021, Tranylcypromine, SB431542 and valproic acid with viral transduction of the transcription factor c-Myc and the POU domain transcription factor Brn2, we dedifferentiated radial glia-type neural stem cells into an early neuroepithelial progenitor cell state within 6 days. Reverse transcription PCR analyses showed a rapid down-regulation of the radial glia markers Olig2 and Vimentin during conversion, whereas the neuroepithelial markers Dach1 and Sox1 were fastly up-regulated. Furthermore, a switch from N-Cadherin to E-Cadherin indicates a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The differentiation of cells converted by Brn2/c-Myc yielded smooth muscle actin- and Peripherin-positive cells in addition to the neuronal marker TUJ1 and cells that are positive for the glial marker GFAP. This differentiation potential suggests that the applied reprogramming strategy induced an early neuroepithelial cell population, which might resemble cells of the neural border or even more primitive neuroepithelial cells.
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36
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Mozafari S, Laterza C, Roussel D, Bachelin C, Marteyn A, Deboux C, Martino G, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Skin-derived neural precursors competitively generate functional myelin in adult demyelinated mice. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3642-56. [PMID: 26301815 DOI: 10.1172/jci80437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPS-derived) neural precursor cells may represent the ideal autologous cell source for cell-based therapy to promote remyelination and neuroprotection in myelin diseases. So far, the therapeutic potential of reprogrammed cells has been evaluated in neonatal demyelinating models. However, the repair efficacy and safety of these cells has not been well addressed in the demyelinated adult CNS, which has decreased cell plasticity and scarring. Moreover, it is not clear if these induced pluripotent-derived cells have the same reparative capacity as physiologically committed CNS-derived precursors. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of CNS-derived and skin-derived neural precursors in culture and following engraftment in murine models of adult spinal cord demyelination. Grafted induced neural precursors exhibited a high capacity for survival, safe integration, migration, and timely differentiation into mature bona fide oligodendrocytes. Moreover, grafted skin-derived neural precursors generated compact myelin around host axons and restored nodes of Ranvier and conduction velocity as efficiently as CNS-derived precursors while outcompeting endogenous cells. Together, these results provide important insights into the biology of reprogrammed cells in adult demyelinating conditions and support use of these cells for regenerative biomedicine of myelin diseases that affect the adult CNS.
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37
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Tian C, Li Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Chen D, Liu J, Deng X, Sun L, Anderson K, Qi X, Li Y, Lee Mosley R, Chen X, Huang J, Zheng JC. Selective Generation of Dopaminergic Precursors from Mouse Fibroblasts by Direct Lineage Conversion. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224135 PMCID: PMC4519786 DOI: 10.1038/srep12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons is a key pathological event of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Limited adult dopaminergic neurogenesis has led to novel therapeutic strategies such as transplantation of dopaminergic precursors (DPs). However, this strategy is currently restrained by a lack of cell source, the tendency for the DPs to become a glial-restricted state, and the tumor formation after transplantation. Here, we demonstrate the direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts into induced DPs (iDPs) by ectopic expression of Brn2, Sox2 and Foxa2. Besides expression with neural progenitor markers and midbrain genes including Corin, Otx2 and Lmx1a, the iDPs were restricted to dopaminergic neuronal lineage upon differentiation. After transplantation into MPTP-lesioned mice, iDPs differentiated into DA neurons, functionally alleviated the motor deficits, and reduced the loss of striatal DA neuronal axonal termini. Importantly, no iDPs-derived astroctyes and neoplasia were detected in mouse brains after transplantation. We propose that the iDPs from direct reprogramming provides a safe and efficient cell source for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Tian
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yuju Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Jinxu Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xiaobei Deng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kristi Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xinrui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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38
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Meyer S, Wörsdörfer P, Günther K, Thier M, Edenhofer F. Derivation of Adult Human Fibroblasts and their Direct Conversion into Expandable Neural Progenitor Cells. J Vis Exp 2015:e52831. [PMID: 26275015 DOI: 10.3791/52831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides fascinating prospects for the derivation of autologous transplants that circumvent histocompatibility barriers. However, progression through a pluripotent state and subsequent complete differentiation into desired lineages remains a roadblock for the clinical translation of iPSC technology because of the associated neoplastic potential and genomic instability. Recently, we and others showed that somatic cells cannot only be converted into iPSCs but also into different types of multipotent somatic stem cells by using defined factors, thereby circumventing progression through the pluripotent state. In particular, the direct conversion of human fibroblasts into induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) heralds the possibility of a novel autologous cell source for various applications such as cell replacement, disease modeling and drug screening. Here, we describe the isolation of adult human primary fibroblasts by skin biopsy and their efficient direct conversion into iNPCs by timely restricted expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, as well as c-Myc. Sox2-positive neuroepithelial colonies appear after 17 days of induction and iNPC lines can be established efficiently by monoclonal isolation and expansion. Precise adjustment of viral multiplicity of infection and supplementation of leukemia inhibitory factor during the induction phase represent critical factors to achieve conversion efficiencies of up to 0.2%. Thus far, patient-specific iNPC lines could be expanded for more than 12 passages and uniformly display morphological and molecular features of neural stem/progenitor cells, such as the expression of Nestin and Sox2. The iNPC lines can be differentiated into neurons and astrocytes as judged by staining against TUJ1 and GFAP, respectively. In conclusion, we report a robust protocol for the derivation and direct conversion of human fibroblasts into stably expandable neural progenitor cells that might provide a cellular source for biomedical applications such as autologous neural cell replacement and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn
| | | | | | - Marc Thier
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn;
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39
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Sproul AA. Being human: The role of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine and humanizing Alzheimer's disease models. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 43-44:54-65. [PMID: 26101165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the capacity to revolutionize medicine by allowing the generation of functional cell types such as neurons for cell replacement therapy. However, the more immediate impact of PSCs on treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will be through improved human AD model systems for mechanistic studies and therapeutic screening. This review will first briefly discuss different types of PSCs and genome-editing techniques that can be used to modify PSCs for disease modeling or for personalized medicine. This will be followed by a more in depth analysis of current AD iPSC models and a discussion of the need for more complex multicellular models, including cell types such as microglia. It will finish with a discussion on current clinical trials using PSC-derived cells and the long-term potential of such strategies for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Sproul
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Induced neural stem/precursor cells for fundamental studies and potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:589-600. [PMID: 26077704 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that defined sets of exogenous factors are sufficient to convert rodent and human somatic cells directly into induced neural stem cells or neural precursor cells (iNSCs/iNPCs). The process of transdifferentiation bypasses the step of a pluripotent state and reduces the risk of tumorigenesis and genetic instability while retaining the self-renewing capacity. This iNSC/iNPC technology has fueled much excitement in regenerative medicine, as these cells can be differentiated into target cells for re placement therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Patients' somatic cell-derived iNSCs/iNPCs have also been proposed to serve as disease models with potential value in both fundamental studies and clinical applications. This review focuses on the mechanisms, techniques, and app lications of iNSCs/iNPCs from a series of related studies, as well as further efforts in designing novel strategies using iNSC/iNPC technology and its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Comparative analysis of the expression of surface markers on fibroblasts and fibroblast-like cells isolated from different human tissues. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:537-43. [PMID: 25708341 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of 20 surface markers was analyzed in cultures of mesenchymal stromal cells of the umbilical cord, fibroblasts from adult and fetal human skin, and fibroblast-like cells of fetal liver was analyzed by fl ow cytometry. The studied cultures did not express hemopoietic cells markers, but were positive for CD73, CD90, and CD105 markers recommended by the International Society of Cell Therapy for the identification of the multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Fetal liver fibroblast-like cells were positive for CD54; this marker was absent in skin fibroblast cultures, but was expressed by umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Further study of these cells revealed a minor subpopulation of cells co-expressing CD24 and CD90 or CD24 and CD54. We hypothesized that these cells probably participate in epithelial mesenchymal transition.
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Welzel G, Seitz D, Schuster S. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) can be used as a large-scale method for establishing zebrafish neuronal cell cultures. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7959. [PMID: 25609542 PMCID: PMC4302367 DOI: 10.1038/srep07959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell cultures offer a crucial tool to mechanistically analyse regeneration in the nervous system. Despite the increasing importance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an in vivo model in neurobiological and biomedical research, in vitro approaches to the nervous system are lagging far behind and no method is currently available for establishing enriched neuronal cell cultures. Here we show that magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) can be used for the large-scale generation of neuronal-restricted progenitor (NRP) cultures from embryonic zebrafish. Our findings provide a simple and semi-automated method that is likely to boost the use of neuronal cell cultures as a tool for the mechanistic dissection of key processes in neuronal regeneration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Welzel
- 1] Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany [2] Friedrich-Baur BioMed Center, 95448 Bayreuth
| | - Daniel Seitz
- 1] Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany [2] Friedrich-Baur BioMed Center, 95448 Bayreuth
| | - Stefan Schuster
- 1] Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany [2] Friedrich-Baur BioMed Center, 95448 Bayreuth
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The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges. J Clin Med 2014; 4:37-65. [PMID: 26237017 PMCID: PMC4470238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma causing long-lasting disability. Although advances have occurred in the last decade in the medical, surgical and rehabilitative treatments of SCI, the therapeutic approaches are still not ideal. The use of cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI is promising, particularly since it can target cell replacement, neuroprotection and regeneration. Cell therapies for treating SCI are limited due to several translational roadblocks, including ethical and practical concerns regarding cell sources. The use of iPSCs has been particularly attractive, since they avoid the ethical and moral concerns that surround other stem cells. Furthermore, various cell types with potential for application in the treatment of SCI can be created from autologous sources using iPSCs. For applications in SCI, the iPSCs can be differentiated into neural precursor cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neural crest cells and mesenchymal stromal cells that can act by replacing lost cells or providing environmental support. Some methods, such as direct reprogramming, are being investigated to reduce tumorigenicity and improve reprogramming efficiencies, which have been some of the issues surrounding the use of iPSCs clinically to date. Recently, iPSCs have entered clinical trials for use in age-related macular degeneration, further supporting their promise for translation in other conditions, including SCI.
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Castaño J, Menendez P, Bruzos-Cidon C, Straccia M, Sousa A, Zabaleta L, Vazquez N, Zubiarrain A, Sonntag KC, Ugedo L, Carvajal-Vergara X, Canals JM, Torrecilla M, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Giorgetti A. Fast and efficient neural conversion of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1118-31. [PMID: 25458894 PMCID: PMC4264063 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons obtained directly from human somatic cells hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Available protocols rely on overexpression of transcription factors using integrative vectors and are often slow, complex, and inefficient. We report a fast and efficient approach for generating induced neural cells (iNCs) directly from human hematopoietic cells using Sendai virus. Upon SOX2 and c-MYC expression, CD133-positive cord blood cells rapidly adopt a neuroepithelial morphology and exhibit high expansion capacity. Under defined neurogenic culture conditions, they express mature neuronal markers and fire spontaneous action potentials that can be modulated with neurotransmitters. SOX2 and c-MYC are also sufficient to convert peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNCs. However, the conversion process is less efficient and resulting iNCs have limited expansion capacity and electrophysiological activity upon differentiation. Our study demonstrates rapid and efficient generation of iNCs from hematopoietic cells while underscoring the impact of target cells on conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Cristina Bruzos-Cidon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Lorea Zabaleta
- Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Vazquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Amaia Zubiarrain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Wu J, Sheng C, Liu Z, Jia W, Wang B, Li M, Fu L, Ren Z, An J, Sang L, Song G, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Zhang YA. Lmx1a enhances the effect of iNSCs in a PD model. Stem Cell Res 2014; 14:1-9. [PMID: 25460246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lmx1a plays a central role in the specification of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which potentially could be employed as a key factor for trans-differentiation to DA neurons. In our previous study, we have converted somatic cells directly into neural stem cell-like cells, namely induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which further can be differentiated into subtypes of neurons and glia in vitro. In the present study, we continued to test whether these iNSCs have therapeutic effects when transplanted into a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), especially when Lmx1a was introduced into these iNSCs under a Nestin enhancer. iNSCs that over-expressed Lmx1a (iNSC-Lmx1a) gave rise to an increased yield of dopaminergic neurons and secreted a higher level of dopamine in vitro. When transplanted into mouse models of PD, both groups of mice showed decreased ipsilateral rotations; yet mice that received iNSC-Lmx1a vs. iNSC-GFP exhibited better recovery. Although few iNSCs survived 11weeks after transplantation, the improved motor performance in iNSC-Lmx1a group did correlate with a greater tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) signal abundance in the lesioned area of striatum, suggesting that iNSCs may have worked through a non-autonomous manner to enhance the functions of remaining endogenous dopaminergic neurons in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongfeng Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Jia
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lisi Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gongru Song
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Y Alex Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Granule neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) receive their primary inputs from the cortex and are known to be continuously generated throughout adult life. Ongoing integration of newborn neurons into the existing hippocampal neural circuitry provides enhanced neuroplasticity, which plays a crucial role in learning and memory; deficits in this process have been associated with cognitive decline under neuropathological conditions. In this Primer, we summarize the developmental principles that regulate the process of DG neurogenesis and discuss recent advances in harnessing these developmental cues to generate DG granule neurons from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X Yu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lopez-Leon M, Reggiani PC, Herenu CB, Goya RG. Regenerative Medicine for the Aging Brain. ENLIVEN. JOURNAL OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 1:1-9. [PMID: 25699290 PMCID: PMC4330563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, cholinergic and dopaminergic (DA) neurons are among the cells most susceptible to the deleterious effects of age. Thus, the basal forebrain cholinergic system is known to undergo moderate neurodegenerative changes during normal aging as well as severe atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Parkinson's disease (PD), a degeneration of nigro-striatal DA neurons is the most conspicuous reflection of the vulnerability of DA neurons to age. In this context, cell reprogramming offers novel therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of these devastating diseases. In effect, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells demonstrated that adult mammalian cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the overexpression of a few embryonic transcription factors (TF). This discovery fundamentally widened the research horizon in the fields of disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Although it is possible to re-differentiate iPSCs to specific somatic cell types, the tumorigenic potential of contaminating iPSCs that failed to differentiate, increases the risk for clinical application of somatic cells generated by this procedure. Therefore, reprogramming approaches that bypass the pluripotent stem cell state are being explored. A method called lineage reprogramming has been recently documented. It consists of the direct conversion of one adult cell type into another by transgenic expression of multiple lineage-specific TF or microRNAs. Another approach, termed direct reprogramming, features several advantages such as the use of universal TF system and the ability to generate a rejuvenated multipotent progenitor cell population, able to differentiate into specific cell types in response to a specific differentiation factors. These novel approaches offer a new promise for the treatment of pathologies associated with the loss of specific cell types as for instance, nigral DA neurons (in PD) or basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the early stages of AD. The above topics are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo G. Goya
- Corresponding author: Rodolfo G. Goya, INIBIOLP Faculty of Medicine, UNLP, CC 455 1900 La Plata Argentina Tel: (54-221) 425-6735;
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