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Zhang M, Xu T, Tong D, Li S, Yu X, Liu B, Jiang L, Liu K. Research advances in endometriosis-related signaling pathways: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114909. [PMID: 37210898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EM) is characterized by the existence of endometrial mucosa outside the uterine cavity, which causesinfertility, persistent aches, and a decline in women's quality of life. Both hormone therapies and nonhormone therapies, such as NSAIDs, are ineffective, generic categories of EM drugs. Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition, yet it shares a number of features with cancer cells, including immune evasion, survival, adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Several endometriosis-related signaling pathways are comprehensively reviewed in this article, including E2, NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, YAP, Wnt/β-catenin, Rho/ROCK, TGF-β, VEGF, NO, iron, cytokines and chemokines. To find and develop novel medications for the treatment of EM, it is essential to implicitly determine the molecular pathways that are disordered during EM development. Additionally, research on the shared pathways between EM and tumors can provide hypotheses or suggestions for endometriosis therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Deming Tong
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Siman Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Boya Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Kuiran Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Cross interactions between Apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1189-1204. [PMID: 36817952 PMCID: PMC9932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.
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Loss of small GTPase Rab7 activation in prion infection negatively affects a feedback loop regulating neuronal cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102883. [PMID: 36623732 PMCID: PMC9926124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and infectious neurodegenerative diseases that occur in humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein PrPc into the infectious isoform PrPSc. PrPSc accumulates mostly in endolysosomal vesicles of prion-infected cells, eventually causing neurodegeneration. In response to prion infection, elevated cholesterol levels and a reduction in membrane-attached small GTPase Rab7 have been observed in neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the molecular events causing an impaired Rab7 membrane attachment and the potential mechanistic link with elevated cholesterol levels in prion infection. We demonstrate that prion infection is associated with reduced levels of active Rab7 (Rab7.GTP) in persistently prion-infected neuronal cell lines, primary cerebellar granular neurons, and neurons in the brain of mice with terminal prion disease. In primary cerebellar granular neurons, levels of active Rab7 were increased during the very early stages of the prion infection prior to a significant decrease concomitant with PrPSc accumulation. The reduced activation of Rab7 in prion-infected neuronal cell lines is also associated with its reduced ubiquitination status, decreased interaction with its effector RILP, and altered lysosomal positioning. Consequently, the Rab7-mediated trafficking of low-density lipoprotein to lysosomes is delayed. This results in an impaired feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis leading to an increase in cholesterol levels. Notably, transient overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of Rab7 rescues the delay in the low-density lipoprotein trafficking, hence reducing cholesterol levels and attenuating PrPSc propagation, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the loss of Rab7.GTP and elevated cholesterol levels.
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4
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Cholesterol and its reciprocal association with prion infection. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:235-246. [PMID: 35821439 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are incurable, infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect both humans and animals. The pathogenesis of prion disease involves the misfolding of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, to a disease-causing conformation, PrPSc, in the brain. The exact mechanism of conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is not clear; however, there are numerous studies supporting that this process of misfolding requires the association of PrPC with lipid raft domains of the plasma membrane. An increase in the cellular cholesterol content with prion infection has been observed in both in vivo and in vitro studies. As cholesterol is critical for the formation of lipid rafts, on the one hand, this increase may be related to, or aiding in, the process of prion conversion. On the other hand, increased cholesterol levels may affect neuronal viability. Here, we discuss current literature on the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of elevated neuronal cholesterol in prion infection and advancements in prion disease therapeutics targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis.
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Large-scale lipidomic profiling identifies novel potential biomarkers for prion diseases and highlights lipid raft-related pathways. Vet Res 2021; 52:105. [PMID: 34289911 PMCID: PMC8296529 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies induced by the abnormally-folded prion protein (PrPSc), which is derived from the normal prion protein (PrPC). Previous studies have reported that lipid rafts play a pivotal role in the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc, and several therapeutic strategies targeting lipids have led to prolonged survival times in prion diseases. In addition, phosphatidylethanolamine, a glycerophospholipid member, accelerated prion disease progression. Although several studies have shown that prion diseases are significantly associated with lipids, lipidomic analyses of prion diseases have not been reported thus far. We intraperitoneally injected phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or ME7 mouse prions into mice and sacrificed them at different time points (3 and 7 months) post-injection. To detect PrPSc in the mouse brain, we carried out western blotting analysis of the left hemisphere of the brain. To identify potential novel lipid biomarkers, we performed lipid extraction on the right hemisphere of the brain and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to analyze the lipidomic profiling between non-infected mice and prion-infected mice. Finally, we analyzed the altered lipid-related pathways by a lipid pathway enrichment analysis (LIPEA). We identified a total of 43 and 75 novel potential biomarkers at 3 and 7 months in prion-infected mice compared to non-infected mice, respectively. Among these novel potential biomarkers, approximately 75% of total lipids are glycerophospholipids. In addition, altered lipids between the non-infected and prion-infected mice were related to sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor-related pathways. In the present study, we found novel potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of prion disease. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first large-scale lipidomic profiling in prion diseases.
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Oral administration of repurposed drug targeting Cyp46A1 increases survival times of prion infected mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:58. [PMID: 33795005 PMCID: PMC8017635 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal, infectious, and incurable neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious isoform (PrPSc). In humans, there are sporadic, genetic and infectious etiologies, with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) being the most common form. Currently, no treatment is available for prion diseases. Cellular cholesterol is known to impact prion conversion, which in turn results in an accumulation of cholesterol in prion-infected neurons. The major elimination of brain cholesterol is achieved by the brain specific enzyme, cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). Cyp46A1 converts cholesterol into 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, a membrane-permeable molecule that exits the brain. We have demonstrated for the first time that Cyp46A1 levels are reduced in the brains of prion-infected mice at advanced disease stage, in prion-infected neuronal cells and in post-mortem brains of sCJD patients. We have employed the Cyp46A1 activator efavirenz (EFV) for treatment of prion-infected neuronal cells and mice. EFV is an FDA approved anti-HIV medication effectively crossing the blood brain barrier and has been used for decades to chronically treat HIV patients. EFV significantly mitigated PrPSc propagation in prion-infected cells while preserving physiological PrPC and lipid raft integrity. Notably, oral administration of EFV treatment chronically at very low dosage starting weeks to months after intracerebral prion inoculation of mice significantly prolonged the lifespan of animals. In summary, our results suggest that Cyp46A1 as a novel therapeutic target and that its activation through repurposing the anti-retroviral medication EFV might be valuable treatment approach for prion diseases.
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Ditiatkovski M, Mukhamedova N, Dragoljevic D, Hoang A, Low H, Pushkarsky T, Fu Y, Carmichael I, Hill AF, Murphy AJ, Bukrinsky M, Sviridov D. Modification of lipid rafts by extracellular vesicles carrying HIV-1 protein Nef induces redistribution of amyloid precursor protein and Tau, causing neuronal dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13377-13392. [PMID: 32732283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are a frequent outcome of HIV infection. Effective treatment of HIV infection has reduced the rate of progression and severity but not the overall prevalence of HANDs, suggesting ongoing pathological process even when viral replication is suppressed. In this study, we investigated how HIV-1 protein Nef secreted in extracellular vesicles (exNef) impairs neuronal functionality. ExNef were rapidly taken up by neural cells in vitro, reducing the abundance of ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and thus cholesterol efflux and increasing the abundance and modifying lipid rafts in neuronal plasma membranes. ExNef caused a redistribution of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau to lipid rafts and increased the abundance of these proteins, as well as of Aβ42 ExNef further potentiated phosphorylation of Tau and activation of inflammatory pathways. These changes were accompanied by neuronal functional impairment. Disruption of lipid rafts with cyclodextrin reversed the phenotype. Short-term treatment of C57BL/6 mice with either purified recombinant Nef or exNef similarly resulted in reduced abundance of ABCA1 and elevated abundance of APP in brain tissue. The abundance of ABCA1 in brain tissue of HIV-infected human subjects diagnosed with HAND was lower, and the abundance of lipid rafts was higher compared with HIV-negative individuals. Levels of APP and Tau in brain tissue correlated with the abundance of Nef. Thus, modification of neuronal cholesterol trafficking and of lipid rafts by Nef may contribute to early stages of neurodegeneration and pathogenesis in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anh Hoang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hann Low
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ying Fu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irena Carmichael
- Department of Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Louisiana Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Louisiana Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Bukrinsky MI, Mukhamedova N, Sviridov D. Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:601-610. [PMID: 31615838 PMCID: PMC7193957 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, solid regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, are essential parts of a cell. Functionally, lipid rafts present a platform that facilitates interaction of cells with the outside world. However, the unique properties of lipid rafts required to fulfill this function at the same time make them susceptible to exploitation by pathogens. Many steps of pathogen interaction with host cells, and sometimes all steps within the entire lifecycle of various pathogens, rely on host lipid rafts. Such steps as binding of pathogens to the host cells, invasion of intracellular parasites into the cell, the intracellular dwelling of parasites, microbial assembly and exit from the host cell, and microbe transfer from one cell to another all involve lipid rafts. Interaction also includes modification of lipid rafts in host cells, inflicted by pathogens from both inside and outside the cell, through contact or remotely, to advance pathogen replication, to utilize cellular resources, and/or to mitigate immune response. Here, we provide a systematic overview of how and why pathogens interact with and exploit host lipid rafts, as well as the consequences of this interaction for the host, locally and systemically, and for the microbe. We also raise the possibility of modulation of lipid rafts as a therapeutic approach against a variety of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC 20037
| | | | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia. mailto:
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9
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Comorbidities of HIV infection: role of Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality. AIDS 2020; 34:1-13. [PMID: 31789888 PMCID: PMC6903377 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has dramatically changed the outcome of HIV infection, turning it from a death sentence to a manageable chronic disease. However, comorbidities accompanying HIV infection, such as metabolic and cardio-vascular diseases, as well as cognitive impairment, persist despite successful virus control by combination antiretroviral therapy and pose considerable challenges to clinical management of people living with HIV. These comorbidities involve a number of pathological processes affecting a variety of different tissues and cells, making it challenging to identify a common cause(s) that would link these different diseases to HIV infection. In this article, we will present evidence that impairment of cellular cholesterol metabolism may be a common factor driving pathogenesis of HIV-associated comorbidities. Potential implications for therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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10
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Structural Consequences of Copper Binding to the Prion Protein. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080770. [PMID: 31349611 PMCID: PMC6721516 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion, or PrPSc, is the pathological isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and it is the etiological agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) affecting humans and animal species. The most relevant function of PrPC is its ability to bind copper ions through its flexible N-terminal moiety. This review includes an overview of the structure and function of PrPC with a focus on its ability to bind copper ions. The state-of-the-art of the role of copper in both PrPC physiology and in prion pathogenesis is also discussed. Finally, we describe the structural consequences of copper binding to the PrPC structure.
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11
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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is able to manipulate host lipid metabolism and accumulate cholesterol within macrophages. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:44-53. [PMID: 30831227 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic wasting disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Closely related pathogenic mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis are capable of altering host lipid metabolism, highlighting the need to explore the role of lipid metabolism contributing to intracellular survival. This study aimed to identify whether MAP is able to manipulate host lipid metabolic pathways and accumulate host cholesterol during early infection. Macrophages were exposed to four different MAP strains and non-pathogenic M. phlei for up to 72 h, with changes to lipid metabolism examined using fluorescent microscopy and gene expression. MAP-infected macrophages displayed strain-dependent differences to intracellular cholesterol levels during early infection, however showed similarly increased intracellular cholesterol at later timepoints. Gene expression revealed that MAP strains similarly activate the host immune response in a conserved manner compared to M. phlei. MAP significantly upregulated host genes associated with lipid efflux and endocytosis. Moreover, lipid biosynthesis genes were differentially regulated in a strain-dependent manner following MAP infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MAP manipulates host lipid metabolism during early infection, however the extent of these modulations are strain-dependent. These findings reflect a conserved pathway contributing to intracellular MAP survival.
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De Carvalho Neto EG, Gomes MF, De Oliveira M, Guete MIN, Santos IP, Monteiro MD, Stelzer FG, Kowacs F, Barea LM. The worst is yet to come: probable sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a well-controlled HIV patient. Prion 2019; 13:156-159. [PMID: 31405318 PMCID: PMC6746544 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1648985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of probable sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the setting of well-controlled HIV and discuss whether exist, in fact, HIV-related factors that may predispose to the development of prion disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third report of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euripedes Gomes De Carvalho Neto
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ferreira Gomes
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina De Oliveira
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maryuris Isabel Niño Guete
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iuri Pereira Santos
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Damiani Monteiro
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Kowacs
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liselotte Menke Barea
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Wang W, Nakashima KI, Hirai T, Inoue M. Neuroprotective effect of naturally occurring RXR agonists isolated from Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. on amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J Nat Med 2018; 73:154-162. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The development of multiple cell culture models of prion infection over the last two decades has led to a significant increase in our understanding of how prions infect cells. In particular, new techniques to distinguish exogenous from endogenous prions have allowed us for the first time to look in depth at the earliest stages of prion infection through to the establishment of persistent infection. These studies have shown that prions can infect multiple cell types, both neuronal and nonneuronal. Once in contact with the cell, they are rapidly taken up via multiple endocytic pathways. After uptake, the initial replication of prions occurs almost immediately on the plasma membrane and within multiple endocytic compartments. Following this acute stage of prion replication, persistent prion infection may or may not be established. Establishment of a persistent prion infection in cells appears to depend upon the achievement of a delicate balance between the rate of prion replication and degradation, the rate of cell division, and the efficiency of prion spread from cell to cell. Overall, cell culture models have shown that prion infection of the cell is a complex and variable process which can involve multiple cellular pathways and compartments even within a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette A Priola
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States.
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15
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Sviridov D, Mukhamedova N. Cdc42 - A tryst between host cholesterol metabolism and infection. Small GTPases 2018; 9:237-241. [PMID: 27580266 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1223533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to an important connection between pathogenesis of intracellular infections and host cholesterol metabolism. In our study we demonstrated that human cytomegalovirus exploits host small GTPase Cdc42 to hijack cellular cholesterol efflux pathway. It appears that the virus uses host machinery to stimulate cholesterol efflux by modifying lipid rafts and altering properties of plasma membrane, but the altered pathway is controlled by the viral protein US28 instead of the host ATP binding cassette transporter A1. We speculate that virus-controlled remodeling of plasma membrane facilitates immune evasion, exocytosis of viral proteins and cell-to-cell transmission of human cytomegalovirus. These mechanisms may be not unique for the cytomegalovirus and subverting reverse cholesterol transport pathway may be a generic mechanism used by pathogens to alter properties of host plasma membrane adapting it for their purposes-to hide and disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- a Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia
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16
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Binot C, Chouard CH. Neurodegenerative diseases, infectious pathologies and liquid crystals: Hypothesis of a common information vector involving a multidisciplinary approach. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:540-554. [PMID: 29555421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The existence of an information vector common to very different pathologies is the hypothesis of one of us, the argumentation and discussion of which we present here. It is a mesomorphic state of material called liquid crystal. The liquid-ordered (Lo) phase, made up of membrane rafts mediated by cholesterol, lies at the center of our concept. This mesophase is either preexistent and then modified by the pathogenic process, or initiated by the latter. The most notable disorders involved are Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Charcot and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, flu-like illnesses and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), although this list may well be extended to include other anisotropic, birefringent amyloid proteinopathies, which have properties compatible with those of liquid crystals. Incidentally, numerous conventional infectious pathologies can also induce a mesomorphic state in cell membranes. It has already been established that mesophases contain the chemical information transmitted from the intramolecular microscopic level, where covalent bonds are applied. Information is then transmitted at the intermolecular macroscopic level, where it is made up of informed, self-organized collections. Electrostatic interactions, coordination of metallic ions, van der Waals forces and donor-acceptor interactions of hydrogen bonding all come into play. These reactions are produced notably in the nanodomains enriched by cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipids in the cell membrane are where the phase separations favoring elastic hydrodynamic instabilities conducive to the Lo phase take place. In addition, perturbations of the mesomorphic states of membrane rafts due, for example, to lipid dysfunction-even mild ones-with an intracerebral or generalized location could bring about a displacement of thermodynamic equilibrium favoring the initiation and progression of the pathologies under consideration here. Indeed, the most recent work has rendered our hypothesis highly probable. Moreover, our hypothesis is supported by medical and biological observations arising essentially from biophysics and widely documented in the literature. Thus, these facts expand the number of diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives that could be evoked and perhaps even demand exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Binot
- Bureau privé, rue de Terre-Neuve, 17410 Saint-Martin-de-Ré, France
| | - C-H Chouard
- Académie de médecine, 10, boulevard Flandrin, 75116 Paris, France.
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17
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Luo G, Wang W, Wu Q, Lu Y, Su T, Gu N, Li K, Wang J, Du R, Zhao X, Li X, Fan R, Zhang H, Nie Y, Zhou X, Shi Y, Liang J, Wang X, Fan D. MGr1-Antigen/37 kDa laminin receptor precursor promotes cellular prion protein induced multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71630-71641. [PMID: 29069734 PMCID: PMC5641077 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC), the infective agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is thought to be related to several cellular physiological and physiopathological processes. We have previously reported that PrPC participates in multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer. As the salient ligand molecule of PrP for participating in internalization and propagation of the scrapie form of prion protein (PrPSc), 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor protein (37LRP) shared the same gene coding sequence of MGr1-Ag, another protein previously found to be involved in multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer in our lab. In the present study, we explored whether MGr1-Ag/37LRP contributed to PrPC mediated multi-drug-resistance in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical staining showed similar expression patterns of MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer tissue serial sections. Western blot and immunohistochemistry also demonstrated correlative expression of MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer cell lines. Interaction between MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues were verified by immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, knockdown of MGr1-Ag/37LRP significantly attenuated PrPC induced multi-drug-resistance by sensitizing drug-induced apoptosis through inhibition of AKT activation. In conclusion, MGr1-Ag/37LRP may interact with PrPC and promote the PrPC induced multi-drug-resistance in gastric cancer through PI3K/AKT pathway. The current study elucidates the mechanism of how PrPC triggers intracellular signaling cascade resulting in multi-drug-resistance phenotype and provides a novel candidate molecular target against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Babi MA, Kraft BD, Sengupta S, Peterson H, Orgel R, Wegermann Z, Lugogo NL, Luedke MW. Related or not? Development of spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient with chronic, well-controlled HIV: A case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2016; 4:2050313X16672153. [PMID: 27781099 PMCID: PMC5066582 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x16672153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a novel case of a rare disease: spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient with well-controlled HIV. We explore the relationship between spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and HIV. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old man with long-standing, well-controlled HIV infection presented with 3 months of progressive, subacute neurocognitive decline. His symptoms included conceptual apraxia, apathy, memory impairment, and gait disturbance, and were initially attributed to depressive "pseudo-dementia." Unfortunately, the patient's symptoms rapidly progressed and he ultimately succumbed to his illness. Autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis of spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. DISCUSSION This case highlights spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as a rare terminal illness in the setting of well-controlled chronic HIV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with chronic and previously well-controlled HIV infection dying from a prion disease. Despite the very different epidemiology and pathophysiology of HIV and spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, this case does raise questions of whether certain host genetic factors could predispose to both conditions, albeit currently, there is no clear causal link between HIV and spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Alain Babi
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryan D Kraft
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sweta Sengupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haley Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Orgel
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary Wegermann
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Njira L Lugogo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew W Luedke
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
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Mukhamedova N, Hoang A, Cui HL, Carmichael I, Fu Y, Bukrinsky M, Sviridov D. Small GTPase ARF6 Regulates Endocytic Pathway Leading to Degradation of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2292-2303. [PMID: 27758770 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) is the principal protein responsible for cellular cholesterol efflux. Abundance and functionality of ABCA1 is regulated both transcriptionally and post-translationally, with endocytosis of ABCA1 being an important element of post-translational regulation. Functional ABCA1 resides on the plasma membrane but can be internalized and either degraded or recycled back to the plasma membrane. The interaction between the degradative and recycling pathways determines the abundance of ABCA1 and may contribute to the efflux of intracellular cholesterol. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we show that the principal pathway responsible for the internalization of ABCA1 leading to its degradation in macrophages is ARF6-dependent endocytic pathway. This pathway was predominant in the regulation of ABCA1 abundance and efflux of plasma membrane cholesterol. Conversely, the efflux of intracellular cholesterol was predominantly controlled by ARF6-independent pathways, and inhibition of ARF6 shifted ABCA1 into recycling endosomes enhancing efflux of intracellular cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ARF6-dependent pathway is the predominant route responsible for the ABCA1 internalization and degradation, whereas ARF6-independent endocytic pathways may contribute to ABCA1 recycling and efflux of intracellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigora Mukhamedova
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Anh Hoang
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Huanhuan L Cui
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Irena Carmichael
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Ying Fu
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.)
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- From the Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (N.M., A.H., H.L.C., I.C., Y.F., D.S.); Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.L.C.); and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (M.B.).
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20
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Shim SY, Karri S, Law S, Schatzl HM, Gilch S. Prion infection impairs lysosomal degradation capacity by interfering with rab7 membrane attachment in neuronal cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21658. [PMID: 26865414 PMCID: PMC4749993 DOI: 10.1038/srep21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles which cause fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. They consist of a mostly β-sheeted aggregated isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPc). Prions replicate autocatalytically in neurons and other cell types by inducing conformational conversion of PrPc into PrPSc. Within neurons, PrPSc accumulates at the plasma membrane and in vesicles of the endocytic pathway. To better understand the mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction and death it is critical to know the impact of PrPSc accumulation on cellular pathways. We have investigated the effects of prion infection on endo-lysosomal transport. Our study demonstrates that prion infection interferes with rab7 membrane association. Consequently, lysosomal maturation and degradation are impaired. Our findings indicate a mechanism induced by prion infection that supports stable prion replication. We suggest modulation of endo-lysosomal vesicle trafficking and enhancement of lysosomal maturation as novel targets for the treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Shim
- Dept. of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Srinivasarao Karri
- Dept. of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sampson Law
- Dept. of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Dept. of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Dept. of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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21
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Dall'Ara P, Iulini B, Botto L, Filipe J, Martino PA, Pintore MD, Gazzuola P, Mazza M, Dagrada M, Ingravalle F, Casalone C, Palestini P, Poli G. Diets with different lipid contents do not modify the neuronal membrane lipid raft profile in a scrapie murine model. Life Sci 2016; 144:226-33. [PMID: 26655166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), the localization of the prion protein in the neuronal membrane lipid rafts (LR) seems to play a role in sustaining the protein misfolding. Changes in membrane properties, due to altered lipid composition, affect their organization and interaction between lipids and protein therein, and consequently also membrane resident protein functionality; dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), gangliosides and cholesterol seem to influence these processes. AIMS In this work, the influence of administration of different feed, able to change the composition of lipid membrane, on the clinical progression of prion disease was studied. MAIN METHODS The activity of three diets (hyperlipidic with 6% fats; hypolipidic with 0.1% fats; and purified with 4% fats) was tested in CD1 mouse model experimentally infected with RML scrapie strain. Presence and distribution of typical central nervous system (CNS) lesions and deposits of PrP(sc) were evaluated by histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of lipids was performed in homogenate and insoluble brain fraction of the neuronal membrane rich in LR. KEY FINDINGS Results show that a diet with a different lipid level has not a significant role in the development of the scrapie disease. All infected mice fed with different diets died in the same time span. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and neuropathological analyses of the infected brains did not show significant differences between animals subjected to different diets. SIGNIFICANCE Independently of the diet, the infection induced a significant modification of the lipid composition in homogenates, and a less noticeable one in insoluble brain fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Iulini
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Pintore
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Gazzuola
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Dagrada
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giorgio Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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22
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Vilette D, Laulagnier K, Huor A, Alais S, Simoes S, Maryse R, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Andreoletti O, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Leblanc P. Efficient inhibition of infectious prions multiplication and release by targeting the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4409-27. [PMID: 26047659 PMCID: PMC11113226 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles of endosomal origin present in biological fluids. Exosomes may serve as shuttles for amyloidogenic proteins, notably infectious prions, and may participate in their spreading in vivo. To explore the significance of the exosome pathway on prion infectivity and release, we investigated the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and the need for ceramide, both involved in exosome biogenesis. Silencing of HRS-ESCRT-0 subunit drastically impairs the formation of cellular infectious prion due to an altered trafficking of cholesterol. Depletion of Tsg101-ESCRT-I subunit or impairment of the production of ceramide significantly strongly decreases infectious prion release. Together, our data reveal that ESCRT-dependent and -independent pathways can concomitantly regulate the exosomal secretion of infectious prion, showing that both pathways operate for the exosomal trafficking of a particular cargo. These data open up a new avenue to regulate prion release and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France.
| | - Karine Laulagnier
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
- Inserm, U836, Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, UCBL, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Romao Maryse
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France.
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23
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Hamanaka T, Nishizawa K, Sakasegawa Y, Teruya K, Doh-ura K. Structure-activity analysis and antiprion mechanism of isoprenoid compounds. Virology 2015; 486:63-70. [PMID: 26402376 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prion strain-specific mechanism by which normal prion protein is converted to abnormal prion protein remains largely unknown. This study found that insect juvenile hormone III reduced abnormal prion protein levels only in cells infected with the RML prion. We conducted a structure-activity analysis using juvenile hormone III biosynthetic intermediates in the isoprenoid pathway. Both farnesol and geranylgeraniol, the most potent inhibitors of abnormal prion protein formation, behaved in an RML prion-dependent fashion. Neither of them modified cellular and cell surface prion protein levels. Events downstream of this pathway include cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation. However, neither of these isoprenoid compounds modified lipid raft microdomains and cellular cholesterol levels and neither affected the representative prenylated protein expression levels of prenylation pathways. Therefore, these isoprenoid compounds are a new class of prion strain-dependent antiprion compounds. They are useful for exploring strain-specific prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Hamanaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishizawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakasegawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doh-ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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24
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Cholesterol balance in prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Viruses 2014; 6:4505-35. [PMID: 25419621 PMCID: PMC4246236 DOI: 10.3390/v6114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative disorders of humans and animals. They are characterized by the accumulation of PrPSc, an aberrantly folded isoform of the cellular prion protein PrPC, in the brains of affected individuals. PrPC is a cell surface glycoprotein attached to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor. Specifically, it is associated with lipid rafts, membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and sphinoglipids. It has been established that inhibition of endogenous cholesterol synthesis disturbs lipid raft association of PrPC and prevents PrPSc accumulation in neuronal cells. Additionally, prion conversion is reduced upon interference with cellular cholesterol uptake, endosomal export, or complexation at the plasma membrane. Altogether, these results demonstrate on the one hand the importance of cholesterol for prion propagation. On the other hand, growing evidence suggests that prion infection modulates neuronal cholesterol metabolism. Similar results were reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD): whereas amyloid β peptide formation is influenced by cellular cholesterol, levels of cholesterol in the brains of affected individuals increase during the clinical course of the disease. In this review, we summarize commonalities of alterations in cholesterol homeostasis and discuss consequences for neuronal function and therapy of prion diseases and AD.
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25
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Anderson SR, Lee I, Ebeling C, Stephenson DA, Schweitzer KM, Baxter D, Moon TM, LaPierre S, Jaques B, Silvius D, Wegner M, Hood LE, Carlson G, Gunn TM. Disrupted SOX10 function causes spongiform neurodegeneration in gray tremor mice. Mamm Genome 2014; 26:80-93. [PMID: 25399070 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the gray tremor (gt) mutation have a pleiotropic phenotype that includes pigmentation defects, megacolon, whole body tremors, sporadic seizures, hypo- and dys-myelination of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, vacuolation of the CNS, and early death. Vacuolation similar to that caused by prions was originally reported to be transmissible, but subsequent studies showed the inherited disease was not infectious. The gt mutation mapped to distal mouse chromosome 15, to the same region as Sox10, which encodes a transcription factor with essential roles in neural crest survival and differentiation. As dominant mutations in mouse or human SOX10 cause white spotting and intestinal aganglionosis, we screened the Sox10 coding region for mutations in gt/gt DNA. An adenosine to guanine transversion was identified in exon 2 that changes a highly conserved glutamic acid residue in the SOX10 DNA binding domain to glycine. This mutant allele was not seen in wildtype mice, including the related GT/Le strain, and failed to complement a Sox10 null allele. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of genes involved in myelin lipid biosynthesis pathways in gt/gt brains. Knockout mice for some of these genes develop CNS vacuolation and/or myelination defects, suggesting that their down-regulation may contribute to these phenotypes in gt mutants and could underlie the neurological phenotypes associated with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy-central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy-Waardenburg syndrome-Hirschsprung disease, caused by mutations in human SOX10.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pathogens of different taxa, from prions to protozoa, target cellular cholesterol metabolism to advance their own development and to impair host immune responses, but also causing metabolic complications, for example, atherosclerosis. This review describes recent findings of how pathogens do it. RECENT FINDINGS A common theme in interaction between pathogens and host cholesterol metabolism is pathogens targeting lipid rafts of the host plasma membrane. Many intracellular pathogens use rafts as an entry gate, taking advantage of the endocytic machinery and high abundance of outward-looking molecules that can be used as receptors. At the same time, disruption of the rafts' functional capacity, achieved by the pathogens through a number of various means, impairs the ability of the host to generate immune response, thus helping pathogen to thrive. Pathogens cannot synthesize cholesterol, and salvaging host cholesterol helps pathogens build advanced cholesterol-containing membranes and assembly platforms. Impact on cholesterol metabolism is not limited to the infected cells; proteins and microRNAs secreted by infected cells affect lipid metabolism systemically. SUMMARY Given an essential role that host cholesterol metabolism plays in pathogen development, targeting this interaction may be a viable strategy to fight infections, as well as metabolic complications of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Dmitri Sviridov, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Phone: +61385321363,
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Hirsch TZ, Hernandez-Rapp J, Martin-Lannerée S, Launay JM, Mouillet-Richard S. PrP(C) signalling in neurons: from basics to clinical challenges. Biochimie 2014; 104:2-11. [PMID: 24952348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein PrP(C) was identified over twenty-five years ago as the normal counterpart of the scrapie prion protein PrP(Sc), itself the main if not the sole component of the infectious agent at the root of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). PrP(C) is a ubiquitous cell surface protein, abundantly expressed in neurons, which constitute the targets of PrP(Sc)-mediated toxicity. Converging evidence have highlighted that neuronal, GPI-anchored PrP(C) is absolutely required for prion-induced neuropathogenesis, which warrants investigating into the normal function exerted by PrP(C) in a neuronal context. It is now well-established that PrP(C) can serve as a cell signalling molecule, able to mobilize transduction cascades in response to interactions with partners. This function endows PrP(C) with the capacity to participate in multiple neuronal processes, ranging from survival to synaptic plasticity. A diverse array of data have allowed to shed light on how this function is corrupted by PrP(Sc). Recently, amyloid Aβ oligomers, whose accumulation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), were shown to similarly instigate toxic events by deviating PrP(C)-mediated signalling. Here, we provide an overview of the various signal transduction cascades ascribed to PrP(C) in neurons, summarize how their subversion by PrP(Sc) or Aβ oligomers contributes to TSE or AD neuropathogenesis and discuss the ensuing clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Sud 11, ED419 Biosigne, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, Fondation FondaMental, INSERM U942 Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France; Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France.
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