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Hu J, Wu J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Mo L, Liu L, Liu S, Ou C, He Y. Hypoxia enhances autophagy level of human sperms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8465. [PMID: 38605082 PMCID: PMC11009268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oxygen sensing and autophagy in human sperms was explored in this study. Health semen and asthenozoospermia (astheno) semen were incubated with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) interferents, i.e., lificiguat (YC-1) or cobalt chloride (CoCl2), respectively. Label-free quantitative proteomic technology was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in human semen under the hypoxia condition. Selected proteins were detected with ELISA. It was found that the autophagy levels of sperm in the YC-1 + health group or CoCl2 + astheno group increased while the vitality decreased. A total of 17, 34 and 35 differentially expressed proteins were observed in the Astheno group, the YC-1 + health group and the CoCl2 + astheno group, respectively. These proteins were primarily associated with protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, Th17 cell differentiation, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, HIF-1 signaling pathway, biosynthesis of amino acids, and carbon metabolism. The expression levels of protein HIF-1α, LC3B, histone H4, cathepsin L and ENO1 changed significantly in the groups. The study suggests that hypoxia can increase sperm autophagy level and reduce their vitality through HIF-1 signaling pathway and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis signaling pathway. Furthermore, proteins histone H4, cathepsin L, glutathione synthetase and ENO1 are proposed as potential biomarkers of autophagy and vitality in asthenozoospermia sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiwei Wu
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinge Liu
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Linfeng Mo
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
- Medicine and Health Science College, Guangzhou Huashang Vocational College, Guangzhou, 511300, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangzhao Liu
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengxue Liu
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Yiwu Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoyan Ou
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yonghua He
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
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2
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Lee FS. Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway proteins in high-altitude mammals. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:79-92. [PMID: 38036336 PMCID: PMC10841901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans and other mammals inhabit hypoxic high-altitude locales. In many of these species, genes under positive selection include ones in the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway. One is PHD2 (EGLN1), which encodes for a key oxygen sensor. Another is HIF2A (EPAS1), which encodes for a PHD2-regulated transcription factor. Recent studies have provided insights into mechanisms for these high-altitude alleles. These studies have (i) shown that selection can occur on nonconserved, unstructured regions of proteins, (ii) revealed that high altitude-associated amino acid substitutions can have differential effects on protein-protein interactions, (iii) provided evidence for convergent evolution by different molecular mechanisms, and (iv) suggested that mutations in different genes can complement one another to produce a set of adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Zhao Y, Xiong W, Li C, Zhao R, Lu H, Song S, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Shi B, Ge J. Hypoxia-induced signaling in the cardiovascular system: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:431. [PMID: 37981648 PMCID: PMC10658171 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From the research history and milestone events related to hypoxia in cardiovascular development and diseases, The "hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) switch" can be observed from both temporal and spatial perspectives, encompassing the occurrence and progression of hypoxia (gradual decline in oxygen concentration), the acute and chronic manifestations of hypoxia, and the geographical characteristics of hypoxia (natural selection at high altitudes). Furthermore, hypoxia signaling pathways are associated with natural rhythms, such as diurnal and hibernation processes. In addition to innate factors and natural selection, it has been found that epigenetics, as a postnatal factor, profoundly influences the hypoxic response and progression within the cardiovascular system. Within this intricate process, interactions between different tissues and organs within the cardiovascular system and other systems in the context of hypoxia signaling pathways have been established. Thus, it is the time to summarize and to construct a multi-level regulatory framework of hypoxia signaling and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases for developing more therapeutic targets and make reasonable advancements in clinical research, including FDA-approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials, to guide future clinical practice in the field of hypoxia signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaofu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ranzun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Delamare M, Le Roy A, Pacault M, Schmitt L, Garrec C, Maaziz N, Myllykoski M, Rimbert A, Karaghiannis V, Aral B, Catherwood M, Airaud F, Mansour-Hendili L, Hoogewijs D, Peroni E, Idriss S, Lesieur V, Caillaud A, Si-Tayeb K, Chariau C, Gaignerie A, Rab M, Haferlach T, Meggendorfer M, Bézieau S, Benetti A, Casadevall N, Hirsch P, Rose C, Wemeau M, Galacteros F, Cassinat B, Bellosillo B, Bento C, Van Wijk R, Petrides PE, Randi ML, McMullin MF, Koivunen P, Girodon F, Gardie B. Characterization of genetic variants in the EGLN1/PHD2 gene identified in a European collection of patients with erythrocytosis. Haematologica 2023; 108:3068-3085. [PMID: 37317877 PMCID: PMC10620589 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.282913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary erythrocytosis is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by an excess of red blood cell production. Here we describe a European collaborative study involving a collection of 2,160 patients with erythrocytosis sequenced in ten different laboratories. We focused our study on the EGLN1 gene and identified 39 germline missense variants including one gene deletion in 47 probands. EGLN1 encodes the PHD2 prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a major inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor. We performed a comprehensive study to evaluate the causal role of the identified PHD2 variants: (i) in silico studies of localization, conservation, and deleterious effects; (ii) analysis of hematologic parameters of carriers identified in the UK Biobank; (iii) functional studies of the protein activity and stability; and (iv) a comprehensive study of PHD2 splicing. Altogether, these studies allowed the classification of 16 pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutants in a total of 48 patients and relatives. The in silico studies extended to the variants described in the literature showed that a minority of PHD2 variants can be classified as pathogenic (36/96), without any differences from the variants of unknown significance regarding the severity of the developed disease (hematologic parameters and complications). Here, we demonstrated the great value of federating laboratories working on such rare disorders in order to implement the criteria required for genetic classification, a strategy that should be extended to all hereditary hematologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Delamare
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université PSL, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Amandine Le Roy
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université PSL, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Mathilde Pacault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes
| | - Loïc Schmitt
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université PSL, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Céline Garrec
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes
| | - Nada Maaziz
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Dijon, Dijon
| | - Matti Myllykoski
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. 90014 Oulu
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Valéna Karaghiannis
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université PSL, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Bernard Aral
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Dijon, Dijon
| | | | | | - Lamisse Mansour-Hendili
- Département de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Pharmacologie, Génétique Médicale AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, IMRB Equipe Pirenne, Laboratoire d'excellence LABEX GRex, Créteil
| | - David Hoogewijs
- Section of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH"
| | - Edoardo Peroni
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro
| | - Salam Idriss
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Valentine Lesieur
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Karim Si-Tayeb
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes
| | - Caroline Chariau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, BioCore, FR-44000, Nantes
| | - Anne Gaignerie
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, BioCore, FR-44000, Nantes
| | - Minke Rab
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | | | | | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes
| | - Andrea Benetti
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua
| | - Nicole Casadevall
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, SIRIC CURAMUS, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, 75012, Paris
| | - Pierre Hirsch
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, SIRIC CURAMUS, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, 75012, Paris
| | - Christian Rose
- Service d'onco-hématologie, Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital, Boulevard de Belfort, Université Catholique de Lille, Univ. Nord de France, F-59000 Lille
| | - Mathieu Wemeau
- Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, Lille Hospital, 59000 Lille
| | - Frédéric Galacteros
- Département de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Pharmacologie, Génétique Médicale AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Red Cell Disease Referral Center-UMGGR, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil
| | - Bruno Cassinat
- Université Paris Cité, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Paris
| | | | - Celeste Bento
- Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; CIAS, University of Coimbra
| | - Richard Van Wijk
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | - Petro E Petrides
- Hematology Oncology Center and Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical School, Munich
| | - Maria Luigia Randi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua
| | - Mary Frances McMullin
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast N.Ireland; Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. 90014 Oulu
| | - François Girodon
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France; Inserm U1231, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex
| | - Betty Gardie
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université PSL, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex
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5
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Jorgensen K, Song D, Weinstein J, Garcia OA, Pearson LN, Inclán M, Rivera-Chira M, León-Velarde F, Kiyamu M, Brutsaert TD, Bigham AW, Lee FS. High-Altitude Andean H194R HIF2A Allele Is a Hypomorphic Allele. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad162. [PMID: 37463421 PMCID: PMC10370452 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 10,000 years, Andeans have resided at high altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen challenges human survival. Recent studies have provided evidence for positive selection acting in Andeans on the HIF2A (also known as EPAS1) locus, which encodes for a central transcription factor of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. However, the precise mechanism by which this allele might lead to altitude-adaptive phenotypes, if any, is unknown. By analyzing whole genome sequencing data from 46 high-coverage Peruvian Andean genomes, we confirm evidence for positive selection acting on HIF2A and a unique pattern of variation surrounding the Andean-specific single nucleotide variant (SNV), rs570553380, which encodes for an H194R amino acid substitution in HIF-2α. Genotyping the Andean-associated SNV rs570553380 in a group of 299 Peruvian Andeans from Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4,338 m), reveals a positive association with increased fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, a marker of nitric oxide biosynthesis. In vitro assays show that the H194R mutation impairs binding of HIF-2α to its heterodimeric partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. A knockin mouse model bearing the H194R mutation in the Hif2a gene displays decreased levels of hypoxia-induced pulmonary Endothelin-1 transcripts and protection against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. We conclude the Andean H194R HIF2A allele is a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Jorgensen
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daisheng Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julien Weinstein
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Obed A Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurel N Pearson
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - María Inclán
- División de. Estudios Políticos, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Maria Rivera-Chira
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Fabiola León-Velarde
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Melisa Kiyamu
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021698. [PMID: 36675214 PMCID: PMC9866500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential to optimize hypoxic acclimatization for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of HAIs. This review aims to link outcomes of molecular mechanisms to either adverse effects of acute high-altitude/hypoxia exposure or the developing tolerance with acclimatization. After summarizing systemic physiological responses to acute high-altitude exposure, the associated acclimatization, and the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various HAIs, the article focuses on molecular adjustments and maladjustments during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude/hypoxia. Pivotal modifying mechanisms include molecular responses orchestrated by transcription factors, most notably hypoxia inducible factors, and reciprocal effects on mitochondrial functions and REDOX homeostasis. In addition, discussed are genetic factors and the resultant proteomic profiles determining these hypoxia-modifying mechanisms culminating in successful high-altitude acclimatization. Lastly, the article discusses practical considerations related to the molecular aspects of acclimatization and altitude training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, FR-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense Research & Development Organization(DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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7
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Song D, Peng K, Palmer BE, Lee FS. The ribosomal chaperone NACA recruits PHD2 to cotranslationally modify HIF-α. EMBO J 2022; 41:e112059. [PMID: 36219563 PMCID: PMC9670199 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2)-catalyzed modification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α is a key event in oxygen sensing. We previously showed that the zinc finger of PHD2 binds to a Pro-Xaa-Leu-Glu (PXLE) motif. Here, we show that the zinc finger binds to this motif in the ribosomal chaperone nascent polypeptide complex-α (NACA). This recruits PHD2 to the translation machinery to cotranslationally modify HIF-α. Importantly, this cotranslational modification is enhanced by a translational pause sequence in HIF-α. Mice with a knock-in Naca gene mutation that abolishes the PXLE motif display erythrocytosis, a reflection of HIF pathway dysregulation. In addition, human erythrocytosis-associated mutations in the zinc finger of PHD2 ablate interaction with NACA. Tibetans, who have adapted to the hypoxia of high altitude, harbor a PHD2 variant that we previously showed displays a defect in zinc finger binding to p23, a PXLE-containing HSP90 cochaperone. We show here that Tibetan PHD2 maintains interaction with NACA, thereby showing differential interactions with PXLE-containing proteins and providing an explanation for why Tibetans are not predisposed to erythrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisheng Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kai Peng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Chime BiologicsWuhanChina
| | - Bradleigh E Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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8
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Salminen A. Mutual antagonism between aryl hydrocarbon receptor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (AhR/HIF-1α) signaling: Impact on the aging process. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110445. [PMID: 35988806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ambient oxygen level, many environmental toxins, and the rays of ultraviolet light (UV) provide a significant risk for the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. The aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) represent a complex sensor system not only for environmental toxins and UV radiation but also for many endogenous ligands, e.g., L-tryptophan metabolites. The AhR signaling system is evolutionarily conserved and AhR homologs existed as many as 600 million years ago. The ancient atmosphere demanded the evolution of an oxygen-sensing system, i.e., hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) and their prolyl hydroxylase regulators (PHD). Given that both signaling systems have important roles in embryogenesis, it seems that they have been involved in the evolution of multicellular organisms. The evolutionary origin of the aging process is unknown although it is most likely associated with the evolution of multicellularity. Intriguingly, there is compelling evidence that while HIF-1α signaling extends the lifespan, that of AhR promotes many age-related degenerative processes, e.g., it increases oxidative stress, inhibits autophagy, promotes cellular senescence, and aggravates extracellular matrix degeneration. In contrast, HIF-1α signaling stimulates autophagy, inhibits cellular senescence, and enhances cell proliferation. Interestingly, there is a clear antagonism between the AhR and HIF-1α signaling pathways. For instance, (i) AhR and HIF-1α factors heterodimerize with the same factor, ARNT/HIF-1β, leading to their competition for DNA-binding, (ii) AhR and HIF-1α signaling exert antagonistic effects on autophagy, and (iii) co-chaperone p23 exhibits specific functions in the signaling of AhR and HIF-1α factors. One might speculate that it is the competition between the AhR and HIF-1α signaling pathways that is a driving force in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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9
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Tsai JL, Chen CH, Wu MJ, Tsai SF. New Approaches to Diabetic Nephropathy from Bed to Bench. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040876. [PMID: 35453626 PMCID: PMC9031931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). DN-related ESKD has the worst prognosis for survival compared with other causes. Due to the complex mechanisms of DN and the heterogeneous presentations, unmet needs exist for the renal outcome of diabetes mellitus. Clinical evidence for treating DN is rather solid. For example, the first Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline was published in October 2020: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. In December of 2020, the International Society of Nephrology published 60 (+1) breakthrough discoveries in nephrology. Among these breakthroughs, four important ones after 1980 were recognized, including glomerular hyperfiltration theory, renal protection by renin-angiotensin system inhibition, hypoxia-inducible factor, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Here, we present a review on the pivotal and new mechanisms of DN from the implications of clinical studies and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Tsai
- Division of Family Medicine, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- Division of Family Medicine, Cheng Ching Rehabilitation Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (M.-J.W.)
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (M.-J.W.)
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Feng Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (M.-J.W.)
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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10
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Alcantara-Zapata DE, Llanos AJ, Nazzal C. High altitude exposure affects male reproductive parameters: Could it also affect the prostate?†. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:385-396. [PMID: 34725677 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living at high altitudes and living with prostatic illness are two different conditions closely related to a hypoxic environment. People at high altitudes exposed to acute, chronic, or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia turn on several mechanisms at the system, cellular and molecular level to cope with oxygen atmosphere scarcity maintaining the oxygen homeostasis. This exposure affects the whole organism and function of many systems, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive. On the other hand, malignant prostate is related to the scarcity of oxygen in the tissue microenvironment due to its low availability and high consumption due to the swift cell proliferation rates. Based on the literature, this similarity in the oxygen scarcity suggests that hypobaric hypoxia, and other common factors between these two conditions, could be involved in the aggravation of the pathological prostatic status. However, there is still a lack of evidence in the association of this disease in males at high altitudes. This review aims to examine the possible mechanisms that hypobaric hypoxia might negatively add to the pathological prostate function in males who live and work at high altitudes. More profound investigations of hypobaric hypoxia's direct action on the prostate could help understand this exposure's effect and prevent worse prostate illness impact in males at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aníbal J Llanos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Internacional de Estudios Andinos (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Nazzal
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Faculty of Medicine. University of Chile
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11
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Bhattacharya S, Shrimali NM, Mohammad G, Koul PA, Prchal JT, Guchhait P. Gain-of-function Tibetan PHD2 D4E;C127S variant suppresses monocyte function: A lesson in inflammatory response to inspired hypoxia. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103418. [PMID: 34102396 PMCID: PMC8190441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously described an evolutionarily selected Tibetan prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2D4E;C127S) variant that degrades the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFα) more efficiently and protects these highlanders from hypoxia-triggered elevation in haemoglobin concentration. High altitude is known to cause acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in a section of rapidly ascending non-acclimatised lowlanders. These morbidities are often accompanied by inflammatory response and exposure to hypobaric hypoxia is presumed to be the principal causative agent. We have investigated whether PHD2D4E;C127S variant is associated with prevention of hypoxia-mediated inflammatory milieu in Tibetan highlanders and therefore identify a potential target to regulate inflammation. Methods We genotyped the Tibetans using DNA isolated from whole blood. Thereafter immunophenotying was performed on PBMCs from homozygous PHD2D4E;C127S and PHD2WT individuals using flow cytometry. RNA isolated from these individuals was used to evaluate the peripheral level of important transcripts associated with immune as well as hypoxia response employing the nCounter technology. The ex-vivo findings were validated by generating monocytic cell lines (U937 cell line) expressing PHD2D4E;C127S and PHD2WT variants post depletion of endogenous PHD2. We had also collected whole blood samples from healthy travellers and travellers afflicted with AMS and HAPE to evaluate the significance of our ex-vivo and in vitro findings. Hereafter, we also attempted to resolve hypoxia-triggered inflammation in vitro as well as in vivo by augmenting the function of PHD2 using alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG), a co-factor of PHD2. Findings We report that homozygous PHD2D4E;C127S highlanders harbour less inflammatory and patrolling monocytes in circulation as compared to Tibetan PHD2WT highlanders. In response to in vitro hypoxia, secretion of IL6 and IL1β from PHD2D4E;C127S monocytes, and their chemotactic response compared to the PHD2WT are compromised, corresponding to the down-modulated expression of related signalling molecules RELA, JUN, STAT1, ATF2 and CXCR4. We verified these functional outcomes in monocytic U937 cell line engineered to express PHD2D4E;C127S and confirmed the down-modulation of the signalling molecules at protein level under hypoxia. In contrast, non-Tibetan sojourners with AMS and HAPE at high altitude (3,600 m above sea level) displayed significant increase in these inflammatory parameters. Our data henceforth underline the role of gain-of-function of PHD2 as the rate limiting factor to harness hyper-activation of monocytes in hypoxic environment. Therefore upon pre-treatment with αKG, we observed diminished inflammatory response of monocytes in vitro and reduction in leukocyte infiltration to the lungs in mice exposed to normobaric hypoxia. Interpretation Our report suggests that gain-of-function PHD2 D4E;C127S variant can therefore protect against inflammation elicited by hypobaric hypoxia. Augmentation of PHD2 activity therefore may be an important method to alleviate inflammatory response to inspired hypoxia. Funding This study is supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Bhattacharya
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India; School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Orissa, India
| | - Nishith M Shrimali
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine & Huntsman Cancer Center and George E. Wahlin Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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12
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Storz JF. High-Altitude Adaptation: Mechanistic Insights from Integrated Genomics and Physiology. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2677-2691. [PMID: 33751123 PMCID: PMC8233491 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Population genomic analyses of high-altitude humans and other vertebrates have identified numerous candidate genes for hypoxia adaptation, and the physiological pathways implicated by such analyses suggest testable hypotheses about underlying mechanisms. Studies of highland natives that integrate genomic data with experimental measures of physiological performance capacities and subordinate traits are revealing associations between genotypes (e.g., hypoxia-inducible factor gene variants) and hypoxia-responsive phenotypes. The subsequent search for causal mechanisms is complicated by the fact that observed genotypic associations with hypoxia-induced phenotypes may reflect second-order consequences of selection-mediated changes in other (unmeasured) traits that are coupled with the focal trait via feedback regulation. Manipulative experiments to decipher circuits of feedback control and patterns of phenotypic integration can help identify causal relationships that underlie observed genotype–phenotype associations. Such experiments are critical for correct inferences about phenotypic targets of selection and mechanisms of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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13
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High-altitude deer mouse hypoxia-inducible factor-2α shows defective interaction with CREB-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100461. [PMID: 33639161 PMCID: PMC8024697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mammalian species have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude. Recent genomic studies have identified evidence for natural selection of genes and associated genetic changes in these species. A major gap in our knowledge is an understanding of the functional significance, if any, of these changes. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) live at both low and high altitudes in North America, providing an opportunity to identify functionally important genetic changes. High-altitude deer mice show evidence of natural selection on the Epas1 gene, which encodes for hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (Hif-2α), a central transcription factor of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. An SNP encoding for a T755M change in the Hif-2α protein is highly enriched in high-altitude deer mice, but its functional significance is unknown. Here, using coimmunoprecipitation and transcriptional activity assays, we show that the T755M mutation produces a defect in the interaction of Hif-2α with the transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein. This results in a loss of function because of decreased transcriptional activity. Intriguingly, the effect of this mutation depends on the amino acid context. Interchanges between methionine and threonine at the corresponding position in house mouse (Mus musculus) Hif-2α are without effects on CREB-binding protein binding. Furthermore, transfer of a set of deer mouse–specific Hif-2α amino acids to house mouse Hif-2α is sufficient to confer sensitivity of house mouse Hif-2α to the T755M substitution. These findings provide insight into high-altitude adaptation in deer mice and evolution at the Epas1 locus.
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14
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Abstract
Population genomic studies of humans and other animals at high altitude have generated many hypotheses about the genes and pathways that may have contributed to hypoxia adaptation. Future advances require experimental tests of such hypotheses to identify causal mechanisms. Studies to date illustrate the challenge of moving from lists of candidate genes to the identification of phenotypic targets of selection, as it can be difficult to determine whether observed genotype-phenotype associations reflect causal effects or secondary consequences of changes in other traits that are linked via homeostatic regulation. Recent work on high-altitude models such as deer mice has revealed both plastic and evolved changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic traits that contribute to aerobic performance capacity in hypoxia, and analyses of tissue-specific transcriptomes have identified changes in regulatory networks that mediate adaptive changes in physiological phenotype. Here we synthesize recent results and discuss lessons learned from studies of high-altitude adaptation that lie at the intersection of genomics and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA;
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA;
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15
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The population genomics of adaptive loss of function. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:383-395. [PMID: 33574599 PMCID: PMC7878030 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries of adaptive gene knockouts and widespread losses of complete genes have in recent years led to a major rethink of the early view that loss-of-function alleles are almost always deleterious. Today, surveys of population genomic diversity are revealing extensive loss-of-function and gene content variation, yet the adaptive significance of much of this variation remains unknown. Here we examine the evolutionary dynamics of adaptive loss of function through the lens of population genomics and consider the challenges and opportunities of studying adaptive loss-of-function alleles using population genetics models. We discuss how the theoretically expected existence of allelic heterogeneity, defined as multiple functionally analogous mutations at the same locus, has proven consistent with empirical evidence and why this impedes both the detection of selection and causal relationships with phenotypes. We then review technical progress towards new functionally explicit population genomic tools and genotype-phenotype methods to overcome these limitations. More broadly, we discuss how the challenges of studying adaptive loss of function highlight the value of classifying genomic variation in a way consistent with the functional concept of an allele from classical population genetics.
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16
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Richalet JP. [Adaption to chronic hypoxaemia by populations living at high altitude]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:395-403. [PMID: 33541755 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Permanent life at high altitude induces important physiological stresses linked to the exposure to chronic hypoxia. Various strategies have been adopted by diverse populations living in the Andes, Tibet or East Africa. The main mechanism is an increase in red blood cell production, more marked in Andeans than in Tibetans or Ethiopians. Other changes are observed in the cardiovascular or respiratory systems, as well as in the utero-placental circulation. Sometimes, a de-adaptation process to hypoxia develops, when erythrocytosis becomes excessive and leads to haematological, vascular and cerebral complications (Monge's disease or chronic mountain sickness). Pulmonary hypertension may also appear. Therapeutic options are available but not sufficiently used. Genetic studies have recently been undertaken to try to better understand the evolution of the human genome in populations living in various high altitude regions of the world, as well as the genetic risk factors for chronic diseases. A new model has appeared, intermittent chronic hypoxia, due to the development of economic activities (mainly mining) in desert regions of the Altiplano.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Richalet
- Laboratoire « Hypoxie & Poumon », UMR Inserm U1272, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord 13, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny cedex, France.
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17
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Chanana N, Palmo T, Newman JH, Pasha MAQ. Vascular homeostasis at high-altitude: role of genetic variants and transcription factors. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020913475. [PMID: 33282179 PMCID: PMC7682230 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020913475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude pulmonary edema occurs most frequently in non-acclimatized low landers on exposure to altitude ≥2500 m. High-altitude pulmonary edema is a complex condition that involves perturbation of signaling pathways in vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, anti-diuretics, and vascular growth factors. Genetic variations are instrumental in regulating these pathways and evidence is accumulating for a role of epigenetic modification in hypoxic responses. This review focuses on the crosstalk between high-altitude pulmonary edema-associated genetic variants and transcription factors, comparing high-altitude adapted and high-altitude pulmonary edema-afflicted subjects. This approach might ultimately yield biomarker information both to understand and to design therapies for high-altitude adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chanana
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Tsering Palmo
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - John H Newman
- Pulmonary Circulation Center, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M A Qadar Pasha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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18
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Reply to Liu et al.: The Andean EGLN1 adaptive allele could be a loss of function variant that increases HIF1-α in skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29286-29287. [PMID: 33109724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012199117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Dzhalilova D, Makarova O. Differences in Tolerance to Hypoxia: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular-Biological Characteristics. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E428. [PMID: 33080959 PMCID: PMC7603118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in the development of many infectious, inflammatory, and tumor diseases. The predisposition to such disorders is mostly provided by differences in basic tolerance to oxygen deficiency, which we discuss in this review. Except the direct exposure of different-severity hypoxia in decompression chambers or in highland conditions, there are no alternative methods for determining organism tolerance. Due to the variability of the detection methods, differences in many parameters between tolerant and susceptible organisms are still not well-characterized, but some of them can serve as biomarkers of susceptibility to hypoxia. At the moment, several potential biomarkers in conditions after hypoxic exposure have been identified both in experimental animals and humans. The main potential biomarkers are Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1, Heat-Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), and NO. Due to the different mechanisms of various high-altitude diseases, biomarkers may not be highly specific and universal. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct research on hypoxia susceptibility biomarkers. Moreover, it is important to develop a method for the evaluation of organisms' basic hypoxia tolerance without the necessity of any oxygen deficiency exposure. This can contribute to new personalized medicine approaches' development for diagnostics and the treatment of inflammatory and tumor diseases, taking into account hypoxia tolerance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzhuliia Dzhalilova
- Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Research Institute of Human Morphology’, Moscow 117418, Russia;
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20
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Singhal NS, Bai M, Lee EM, Luo S, Cook KR, Ma DK. Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrel neural progenitor cells. eLife 2020; 9:55578. [PMID: 33050999 PMCID: PMC7671683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms in nature have evolved mechanisms to tolerate severe hypoxia or ischemia, including the hibernation-capable Arctic ground squirrel (AGS). Although hypoxic or ischemia tolerance in AGS involves physiological adaptations, little is known about the critical cellular mechanisms underlying intrinsic AGS cell resilience to metabolic stress. Through cell survival-based cDNA expression screens in neural progenitor cells, we identify a genetic variant of AGS Atp5g1 that confers cell resilience to metabolic stress. Atp5g1 encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Ectopic expression in mouse cells and CRISPR/Cas9 base editing of endogenous AGS loci revealed causal roles of one AGS-specific amino acid substitution in mediating cytoprotection by AGS ATP5G1. AGS ATP5G1 promotes metabolic stress resilience by modulating mitochondrial morphological change and metabolic functions. Our results identify a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 from a mammalian hibernator that critically contributes to intrinsic cytoprotection against metabolic stress. When animals hibernate, they lower their body temperature and metabolism to conserve the energy they need to withstand cold harsh winters. One such animal is the Arctic ground squirrel, an extreme hibernator that can drop its body temperatures to below 0°C. This hibernation ability means the cells of Arctic ground squirrels can survive severe shortages of blood and oxygen. But, it is unclear how their cells are able to endure this metabolic stress. To answer this question, Singhal, Bai et al. studied the cells of Arctic ground squirrels for unique features that might make them more durable to stress. Examining the genetic code of these resilient cells revealed that Arctic ground squirrels may have a variant form of a protein called ATP5G1. This protein is found in a cellular compartment called the mitochondria, which is responsible for supplying energy to the rest of the cell and therefore plays an important role in metabolic processes. Singhal, Bai et al. found that when this variant form of ATP5G1 was introduced into the cells of mice, their mitochondria was better at coping with stress conditions, such as low oxygen, low temperature and poisoning. Using a gene editing tool to selectively substitute some of the building blocks, also known as amino acids, that make up the ATP5G1 protein revealed that improvements to the mitochondria were caused by switching specific amino acids. However, swapping these amino acids, which presumably affects the role of ATP5G1, did not completely remove the cells’ resilience to stress. This suggests that variants of other genes and proteins may also be involved in providing protection. These findings provide the first evidence of a protein variant that is responsible for protecting cells during the metabolic stress conditions caused by hibernation. The approach taken by Singhal, Bai et al. could be used to identify and study other proteins that increase resilience to metabolic stress. These findings could help develop new treatments for diseases caused by a limited blood supply to human organs, such as a stroke or heart attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel S Singhal
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Meirong Bai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Evan M Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shuo Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kayleigh R Cook
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, United States
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21
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Pamenter ME, Hall JE, Tanabe Y, Simonson TS. Cross-Species Insights Into Genomic Adaptations to Hypoxia. Front Genet 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32849780 PMCID: PMC7387696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over millions of years, vertebrate species populated vast environments spanning the globe. Among the most challenging habitats encountered were those with limited availability of oxygen, yet many animal and human populations inhabit and perform life cycle functions and/or daily activities in varying degrees of hypoxia today. Of particular interest are species that inhabit high-altitude niches, which experience chronic hypobaric hypoxia throughout their lives. Physiological and molecular aspects of adaptation to hypoxia have long been the focus of high-altitude populations and, within the past decade, genomic information has become increasingly accessible. These data provide an opportunity to search for common genetic signatures of selection across uniquely informative populations and thereby augment our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptations to hypoxia. In this review, we synthesize the available genomic findings across hypoxia-tolerant species to provide a comprehensive view of putatively hypoxia-adaptive genes and pathways. In many cases, adaptive signatures across species converge on the same genetic pathways or on genes themselves [i.e., the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway). However, specific variants thought to underlie function are distinct between species and populations, and, in most cases, the precise functional role of these genomic differences remains unknown. Efforts to standardize these findings and explore relationships between genotype and phenotype will provide important clues into the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of physiological adaptations to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yuuka Tanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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22
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Abstract
Tibetans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude and display a distinctive suite of physiologic adaptations, including augmented hypoxic ventilatory response and resistance to pulmonary hypertension. Genome-wide studies have consistently identified compelling genetic signatures of natural selection in two genes of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway, PHD2 and HIF2A The product of the former induces the degradation of the product of the latter. Key issues regarding Tibetan PHD2 are whether it is a gain-of-function or loss-of-function allele, and how it might contribute to high-altitude adaptation. Tibetan PHD2 possesses two amino acid changes, D4E and C127S. We previously showed that in vitro, Tibetan PHD2 is defective in its interaction with p23, a cochaperone of the HSP90 pathway, and we proposed that Tibetan PHD2 is a loss-of-function allele. Here, we report that additional PHD2 mutations at or near Asp-4 or Cys-127 impair interaction with p23 in vitro. We find that mice with the Tibetan Phd2 allele display augmented hypoxic ventilatory response, supporting this loss-of-function proposal. This is phenocopied by mice with a mutation in p23 that abrogates the PHD2:p23 interaction. Hif2a haploinsufficiency, but not the Tibetan Phd2 allele, ameliorates hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular systolic pressure. The Tibetan Phd2 allele is not associated with hemoglobin levels in mice. We propose that Tibetans possess genetic alterations that both activate and inhibit selective outputs of the HIF pathway to facilitate successful adaptation to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude.
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Hall JE, Lawrence ES, Simonson TS, Fox K. Seq-ing Higher Ground: Functional Investigation of Adaptive Variation Associated With High-Altitude Adaptation. Front Genet 2020; 11:471. [PMID: 32528523 PMCID: PMC7247851 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human populations at high altitude exhibit both unique physiological responses and strong genetic signatures of selection thought to compensate for the decreased availability of oxygen in each breath of air. With the increased availability of genomic information from Tibetans, Andeans, and Ethiopians, much progress has been made to elucidate genetic adaptations to chronic hypoxia that have occurred throughout hundreds of generations in these populations. In this perspectives piece, we discuss specific hypoxia-pathway variants that have been identified in high-altitude populations and methods for functional investigation, which may be used to determine the underlying causal factors that afford adaptation to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elijah S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Keolu Fox
- Department of Anthropology and Global Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Li J, Yuan H, Xu H, Zhao H, Xiong N. Hypoxic Cancer-Secreted Exosomal miR-182-5p Promotes Glioblastoma Angiogenesis by Targeting Kruppel-like Factor 2 and 4. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1218-1231. [PMID: 32366676 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor and has a complex molecular profile. Hypoxia plays a critical role during tumor progression and in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes released by tumor cells contain informative nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids involved in the interaction between cancer and stromal cells, thus leading to TME remodeling. Accumulating evidence indicates that exosomes play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia affects tumor angiogenesis via exosomes derived from tumor cells remains largely unknown. In our study, we found that, compared with the parental cells under normoxic conditions, the GBM cells produced more exosomes, and miR-182-5p was significantly upregulated in the exosomes from GBM cells under hypoxic conditions. Exosomal miR-182-5p directly suppressed its targets Kruppel-like factor 2 and 4, leading to the accumulation of VEGFR, thus promoting tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, exosome-mediated miR-182-5p also inhibited tight junction-related proteins (such as ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5), thus enhancing vascular permeability and tumor transendothelial migration. Knockdown of miR-182-5p reduced angiogenesis and tumor proliferation. Interestingly, we found elevated levels circulating miR-182-5p in patient blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples, and its expression level was inversely related to the prognosis. IMPLICATIONS: Overall, our data clarify the diagnostic and prognostic value of tumor-derived exosome-mediated miR-182-5p and reveal the distinctive cross-talk between tumor cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells mediated by tumor-derived exosomes that modulate tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Hypoxic-inflammatory responses under acute hypoxia: In Vitro experiments and prospective observational expedition trial. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031034. [PMID: 32033172 PMCID: PMC7037641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway and HIF-target genes allow adaptation to hypoxia and are associated with reduced incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Little is known about HIF-pathways in conjunction with inflammation or exercise stimuli under acute hypobaric hypoxia in non-acclimatized individuals. We therefore tested the hypotheses that (1) both hypoxic and inflammatory stimuli induce hypoxic-inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro, (2) similar results are seen in vivo under hypobaric hypoxia, and (3) induction of HIF-dependent genes is associated with AMS in 11 volunteers. In vitro, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated under hypoxic (10%/5% O2) or inflammatory (CD3/CD28) conditions. In vivo, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), C-X-C Chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), and C-C Chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR-2) mRNA expression, cytokines and receptors were analyzed under normoxia (520 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), hypobaric hypoxia (3883 m a.s.l.) before/after exercise, and after 24 h under hypobaric hypoxia. In vitro, isolated hypoxic (p = 0.004) or inflammatory (p = 0.006) stimuli induced IL-1β mRNA expression. CCR-2 mRNA expression increased under hypoxia (p = 0.005); CXCR-4 mRNA expression remained unchanged. In vivo, cytokines, receptors, and IL-1β, CCR-2 and CXCR-4 mRNA expression increased under hypobaric hypoxia after 24 h (all p ≤ 0.05). Of note, proinflammatory IL-1β and CXCR-4 mRNA expression changes were associated with symptoms of AMS. Thus, hypoxic-inflammatory pathways are differentially regulated, as combined hypoxic and exercise stimulus was stronger in vivo than isolated hypoxic or inflammatory stimulation in vitro.
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Vettukattil JJ. Target Oxygen Levels and Critical Care of the Newborn. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020; 16:2-5. [PMID: 31622221 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666191016094828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite our growing experience in the medical care of extremely preterm infants and critically ill neonates, there are serious gaps in the understanding and clinical application of the adaptive physiology of the newborn. Neonatal physiology is often misinterpreted and considered similar to that of adult physiology. The human psyche has been seriously influenced, both from an evolutionary and survival point of view, by the cause and effect of hypoxemia which is considered as a warning sign of impending death. Within this context, it is unimaginable for even the highly trained professionals to consider saturation as low as 65% as acceptable. However, all available data suggests that newborns can thrive in a hypoxemic environment as they are conditioned to withstand extreme low saturations in the fetal environment. An approach utilizing the benefits of the hypoxic conditioning would prompt the practice of optimal targeted oxygen saturation range in the clinical management of the newborn. Our current understanding of cyanotic congenital heart disease and the physiology of single ventricle circulation, where oxygen saturation in mid 70s is acceptable, is supported by clinical and animal studies. This article argues the need to challenge our current acceptable target oxygen saturation in the newborn and provides the reasoning behind accepting lower target oxygen levels in the critically ill newborn. Challenging the current practice is expected to open a debate paving the way to understand the risks of high target oxygen levels in the newborn compared with the benefits of permissive hypoxia in avoiding the associated morbidity and mortality of oxygen radical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Vettukattil
- Congenital Heart Center, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
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Bhandari S, Cavalleri GL. Population History and Altitude-Related Adaptation in the Sherpa. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1116. [PMID: 31555147 PMCID: PMC6722185 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first ascent of Mount Everest by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary in 1953 brought global attention to the Sherpa people and human performance at altitude. The Sherpa inhabit the Khumbu Valley of Nepal, and are descendants of a population that has resided continuously on the Tibetan plateau for the past ∼25,000 to 40,000 years. The long exposure of the Sherpa to an inhospitable environment has driven genetic selection and produced distinct adaptive phenotypes. This review summarizes the population history of the Sherpa and their physiological and genetic adaptation to hypoxia. Genomic studies have identified robust signals of positive selection across EPAS1, EGLN1, and PPARA, that are associated with hemoglobin levels, which likely protect the Sherpa from altitude sickness. However, the biological underpinnings of other adaptive phenotypes such as birth weight and the increased reproductive success of Sherpa women are unknown. Further studies are required to identify additional signatures of selection and refine existing Sherpa-specific adaptive phenotypes to understand how genetic factors have underpinned adaptation in this population. By correlating known and emerging signals of genetic selection with adaptive phenotypes, we can further reveal hypoxia-related biological mechanisms of adaptation. Ultimately this work could provide valuable information regarding treatments of hypoxia-related illnesses including stroke, heart failure, lung disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Bhandari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Musunuru K, Bernstein D, Cole FS, Khokha MK, Lee FS, Lin S, McDonald TV, Moskowitz IP, Quertermous T, Sankaran VG, Schwartz DA, Silverman EK, Zhou X, Hasan AAK, Luo XZJ. Functional Assays to Screen and Dissect Genomic Hits: Doubling Down on the National Investment in Genomic Research. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e002178. [PMID: 29654098 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health have made substantial investments in genomic studies and technologies to identify DNA sequence variants associated with human disease phenotypes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has been at the forefront of these commitments to ascertain genetic variation associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep diseases and related clinical traits. Genome-wide association studies, exome- and genome-sequencing studies, and exome-genotyping studies of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded epidemiological and clinical case-control studies are identifying large numbers of genetic variants associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep phenotypes. However, investigators face challenges in identification of genomic variants that are functionally disruptive among the myriad of computationally implicated variants. Studies to define mechanisms of genetic disruption encoded by computationally identified genomic variants require reproducible, adaptable, and inexpensive methods to screen candidate variant and gene function. High-throughput strategies will permit a tiered variant discovery and genetic mechanism approach that begins with rapid functional screening of a large number of computationally implicated variants and genes for discovery of those that merit mechanistic investigation. As such, improved variant-to-gene and gene-to-function screens-and adequate support for such studies-are critical to accelerating the translation of genomic findings. In this White Paper, we outline the variety of novel technologies, assays, and model systems that are making such screens faster, cheaper, and more accurate, referencing published work and ongoing work supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's R21/R33 Functional Assays to Screen Genomic Hits program. We discuss priorities that can accelerate the impressive but incomplete progress represented by big data genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.).
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Frank S Lee
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Shin Lin
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Thomas V McDonald
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - David A Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Ahmed A K Hasan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Xiao-Zhong James Luo
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
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Heinrich EC, Wu L, Lawrence ES, Cole AM, Anza-Ramirez C, Villafuerte FC, Simonson TS. Genetic variants at the EGLN1 locus associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans are absent or found at low frequency in highland Andeans. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:171-176. [PMID: 30719713 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
EGLN1 encodes the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) that serves as an oxygen-sensitive regulator of HIF activity. The EGLN1 locus exhibits a signature of positive selection in Tibetan and Andean populations and is associated with hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans. Recent reports provide evidence for functional roles of protein-coding variants within the first exon of EGLN1 (rs186996510, rs12097901) that are linked to an adaptive signal in Tibetans, yet whether these same variants are present and contribute to adaptation in Andean highlanders is unknown. We determined the frequencies of these adaptive Tibetan alleles in Quechua Andeans resident at high altitude (4,350 m) in addition to individuals of Nepali ancestry resident at sea level. The rs186996510 C (minor) allele previously found at high frequency in Tibetans is absent in Andean (G: 100%) and rare among Nepali (C: 11.8%, G: 88.2%) cohorts. The minor G allele of rs12097901 is found at similarly low frequencies in Andeans (G: 12.7%, C: 87.3%) and Nepalis (G: 23.5%, C: 76.5%) compared to Tibetans. These results suggest that adaptation involving EGLN1 in Andeans involves different mechanisms than those described in Tibetans. The precise Andean adaptive variants remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Heinrich
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lu Wu
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Elijah S Lawrence
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amy M Cole
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cecilia Anza-Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Tatum S Simonson
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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31
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Congenital and evolutionary modulations of hypoxia sensing and their erythroid phenotype. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Convergent evolution on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway genes EGLN1 and EPAS1 in high-altitude ducks. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 122:819-832. [PMID: 30631144 PMCID: PMC6781116 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During periods of reduced O2 supply, the most profound changes in gene expression are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors that play a key role in cellular responses to low-O2 tension. Using target-enrichment sequencing, we tested whether variation in 26 genes in the HIF signaling pathway was associated with high altitude and therefore corresponding O2 availability in three duck species that colonized the Andes from ancestral low-altitude habitats in South America. We found strong support for convergent evolution in the case of two of the three duck species with the same genes (EGLN1, EPAS1), and even the same exons (exon 12, EPAS1), exhibiting extreme outliers with a high probability of directional selection in the high-altitude populations. These results mirror patterns of adaptation seen in human populations, which showed mutations in EPAS1, and transcriptional regulation differences in EGLN1, causing changes in downstream target transactivation, associated with a blunted hypoxic response.
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Fratantonio D, Cimino F, Speciale A, Virgili F. Need (more than) two to Tango: Multiple tools to adapt to changes in oxygen availability. Biofactors 2018; 44:207-218. [PMID: 29485192 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a fundamental element for the life of a large number of living organisms allowing an efficient energetic utilization of substrates. Organisms relying on oxygen evolved complex structures for oxygen delivery and biochemical machineries dealing with its safe utilization and the ability to overcome the potentially harmful consequences of changes in oxygen availability. On fact, cells composing complex Eukaryotic organisms are set to live within an optimum narrow range of oxygen, quite specific for each cell type. Minute modifications of oxygen availability, either positive or negative, induce the expression of specific genes, the major actors of this responses being the transcription factors HIF and Nrf2 that control the attempt to cope with low oxygen (hypoxia) or to either high oxygen or to an oxygen "overflow," respectively. This review describes the interaction between these two transcription factors and their interaction with the transcription factor NF-κB acting as a pivotal determinant of final cell response. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(3):207-218, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fratantonio
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Food and Nutrition Research Centre (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
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34
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Bi J, Hu B, Wang J, Liu X, Zheng J, Wang D, Xiao W. Beluga whale pVHL enhances HIF-2α activity via inducing HIF-2α proteasomal degradation under hypoxia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42272-42287. [PMID: 28178687 PMCID: PMC5522066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic mammals, such as cetaceans experience various depths, with accordingly diverse oxygenation, thus, cetaceans have developed adaptations for hypoxia, but mechanisms underlying this tolerance to low oxygen are unclear. Here we analyzed VHL and HIF-2α, in the hypoxia signaling pathway. Variations in VHL are greater than HIF-2α between cetaceans and terrestrial mammals, and beluga whale VHL (BW-VHL) promotes HIF-2α degradation under hypoxia. BW-VHL catalyzes BW-HIF-2α to form K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains mainly at the lysine 429 of BW-HIF-2α (K429) and induces BW-HIF-2α for proteasomal degradation. W100 within BW-VHL is a key site for BW-VHL functionally and BW-VHL enhances transcriptional activity of BW-HIF-2α under hypoxia. Our data therefore reveal that BW-VHL has a unique function that may contribute to hypoxic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Bi
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Hsp90 Co-chaperone p23 contributes to dopaminergic mitochondrial stress via stabilization of PHD2: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:166-173. [PMID: 29471019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock factor 90 (hsp90) complex has long been associated with neuropathological phenotypes linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) and its inhibition is neuroprotective in disease models. Hsp90 is conventionally believed to act by suppressing induction of hsp70. Here, we report a novel hsp70-independent mechanism by which Hsp90 may also contribute to PD-associated neuropathology. We previously reported that inhibition of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) in conjunction with increases in hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) results in protection of vulnerable dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (DAergic SNpc) neurons in in vitro and in vivo models of PD. We discovered an increased interaction between PHD2 and the p23:Hsp90 chaperone complex in response to mitochondrial stress elicited by the mitochondrial neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) within cultured DAergic cells. Genetic p23 knockdown was found to result in decreases in steady-state PHD2 protein and activity and reduced susceptibility to MPP+ neurotoxicity. Administration of the p23 inhibitor gedunin was also neuroprotective in these cells as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. Our data suggests that mitochondrial stress-mediated elevations in PHD2 interaction with the p23-hsp90 complex have detrimental effects on the survival of DAergic neurons, while p23 inhibition is neuroprotective. We propose that neurotoxic effects are tied to enhanced PHD2 stabilization by the hsp90-p23 chaperone complex that is abrogated by p23 inhibition. This demonstrates a novel connection between two independent pathways previously linked to PD, hsp90 and PHD2-HIF1α, which could have important implications for here-to-fore unexplored mechanisms underlying PD neuropathology.
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Wang S, Zeng H, Xie XJ, Tao YK, He X, Roman RJ, Aschner JL, Chen JX. Loss of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in vascular endothelium increases pericyte coverage and promotes pulmonary arterial remodeling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58848-58861. [PMID: 27613846 PMCID: PMC5312280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a leading cause of heart failure. Although pulmonary endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the progression of the PAH, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The HIF-α hydroxylase system is a key player in the regulation of vascular remodeling. Knockout of HIF-2α has been reported to cause pulmonary hypertension. The present study examined the role of endothelial cell specific prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) in the development of PAH and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The PHD2f/f mouse was crossbred with VE-Cadherin-Cre promoter mouse to generate an endothelial specific PHD2 knockout (Cdh5-Cre-PHD2ECKO) mouse. Pulmonary arterial pressure and the size of the right ventricle was significantly elevated in the PHD2ECKO mice relative to the PHD2f/f controls. Knockout of PHD2 in EC was associated with vascular remodeling, as evidenced by an increase in pulmonary arterial media to lumen ratio and number of muscularized arterioles. The pericyte coverage and vascular smooth muscle cells were also significantly increased in the PA. The increase in vascular pericytes was associated with elevated expression of fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1). Moreover, perivascular interstitial fibrosis of pulmonary arteries was significantly increased in the PHD2ECKO mice. Mechanistically, knockout of PHD2 in EC increased the expression of Notch3 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in the lung tissue. We conclude that the expression of PHD2 in endothelial cells plays a critical role in preventing pulmonary arterial remodeling in mice. Increased Notch3/TGF-β signaling and excessive pericyte coverage may be contributing to the development of PAH following deletion of endothelial PHD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang J, Zhang D, Du J, Zhou C, Li Z, Liu X, Ouyang G, Xiao W. Tet1 facilitates hypoxia tolerance by stabilizing the HIF-α proteins independent of its methylcytosine dioxygenase activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 45:12700-12714. [PMID: 29036334 PMCID: PMC5727443 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the requirement of oxygen (O2) to produce energy, aerobic organisms developed mechanisms to protect themselves against a shortage of oxygen in both acute status and chronic status. To date, how organisms tolerate acute hypoxia and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identify that Tet1, one member of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of methylcytosine dioxygenases, is required for hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish and mice. Tet1-null zebrafish and mice are more sensitive to hypoxic conditions compared with their wild-type siblings. We demonstrate that Tet1 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) and enhances HIF-α transcription activity independent of its enzymatic activity. In addition, we show that Tet1 modulates HIF-2α and HIF-1α through different mechanisms. Tet1 competes with prolyl hydroxylase protein 2 (PHD2) to bind to HIF-2α, resulting in a reduction of HIF-2α hydroxylation by PHD2. For HIF-1α, however, Tet1 has no effect on HIF-1α hydroxylation, but rather it appears to stabilize the C-terminus of HIF-1α by affecting lysine site modification. Furthermore, we found that Tet1 enhances rather than prevents poly-ubiquitination on HIF-α. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of Tet1 independent of its methylcytosine dioxygenase activity in hypoxia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430072, PR China.,The Key laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
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38
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Moore LG. Human Genetic Adaptation to High Altitudes: Current Status and Future Prospects. QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH 2017; 461:4-13. [PMID: 29375239 PMCID: PMC5784843 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether human populations have adapted genetically to high altitude has been of interest since studies began there in the early 1900s. Initially there was debate as to whether genetic adaptation to high altitude has taken place based, in part, on disciplinary orientation and the sources of evidence being considered. Studies centered on short-term responses, termed acclimatization, and the developmental changes occurring across lifetimes. A paradigm shift occurred with the advent of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) technologies and statistical methods for detecting evidence of natural selection, resulting in an exponential rise in the number of publications reporting genetic adaptation. Reviewed here are the various kinds of evidence by which adaptation to high altitude has been assessed and which have led to widespread acceptance of the idea that genetic adaptation to high altitude has occurred. While methodological and other challenges remain for determining the specific gene or genes involved and the physiological mechanisms by which they are exerting their effects, considerable progress has been realized as shown by recent studies in Tibetans, Andeans and Ethiopians. Further advances are anticipated with the advent of new statistical methods, whole-genome sequencing and other molecular techniques for finer-scale genetic mapping, and greater intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration to identify the functional consequences of the genes or gene regions implicated and the time scales involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora CO (formerly of the Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO)
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39
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Julian CG. Epigenomics and human adaptation to high altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1362-1370. [PMID: 28819001 PMCID: PMC6157641 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00351.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, major technological and analytical advancements have propelled efforts toward identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern human adaptation to high altitude. Despite remarkable progress with respect to the identification of adaptive genomic signals that are strongly associated with the "hypoxia-tolerant" physiological characteristics of high-altitude populations, many questions regarding the fundamental biological processes underlying human adaptation remain unanswered. Vital to address these enduring questions will be determining the role of epigenetic processes, or non-sequence-based features of the genome, that are not only critical for the regulation of transcriptional responses to hypoxia but heritable across generations. This review proposes that epigenomic processes are involved in shaping patterns of adaptation to high altitude by influencing adaptive potential and phenotypic variability under conditions of limited oxygen supply. Improved understanding of the interaction between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors holds great promise to provide deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying human adaptive potential, and clarify its implications for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G Julian
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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40
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High-altitude adaptation in humans: from genomics to integrative physiology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1269-1282. [PMID: 28951950 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About 1.2 to 33% of high-altitude populations suffer from Monge's disease or chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Number of factors such as age, sex, and population of origin (older, male, Andean) contribute to the percentage reported from a variety of samples. It is estimated that there are around 83 million people who live at altitudes > 2500 m worldwide and are at risk for CMS. In this review, we focus on a human "experiment in nature" in various high-altitude locations in the world-namely, Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian populations that have lived under chronic hypoxia conditions for thousands of years. We discuss the adaptive as well as mal-adaptive changes at the genomic and physiological levels. Although different genes seem to be involved in adaptation in the three populations, we can observe convergence at genetic and signaling, as well as physiological levels. What is important is that we and others have shown that lessons learned from the genes mined at high altitude can be helpful in better understanding and treating diseases that occur at sea level. We discuss two such examples: EDNRB and SENP1 and their role in cardiac tolerance and in the polycythemic response, respectively.
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41
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Martini C, Bédard M, Lavigne P, Denault JB. Characterization of Hsp90 Co-Chaperone p23 Cleavage by Caspase-7 Uncovers a Peptidase–Substrate Interaction Involving Intrinsically Disordered Regions. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5099-5111. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Martini
- Department
of Pharmacology-Physiology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mikaël Bédard
- Department
of Pharmacology-Physiology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Department
of Pharmacology-Physiology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Denault
- Department
of Pharmacology-Physiology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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42
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Moore LG. Measuring high-altitude adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1371-1385. [PMID: 28860167 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitudes (>8,000 ft or 2,500 m) provide an experiment of nature for measuring adaptation and the physiological processes involved. Studies conducted over the past ~25 years in Andeans, Tibetans, and, less often, Ethiopians show varied but distinct O2 transport traits from those of acclimatized newcomers, providing indirect evidence for genetic adaptation to high altitude. Short-term (acclimatization, developmental) and long-term (genetic) responses to high altitude exhibit a temporal gradient such that, although all influence O2 content, the latter also improve O2 delivery and metabolism. Much has been learned concerning the underlying physiological processes, but additional studies are needed on the regulation of blood flow and O2 utilization. Direct evidence of genetic adaptation comes from single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome scans and whole genome sequencing studies that have identified gene regions acted upon by natural selection. Efforts have begun to understand the connections between the two with Andean studies on the genetic factors raising uterine blood flow, fetal growth, and susceptibility to Chronic Mountain Sickness and Tibetan studies on genes serving to lower hemoglobin and pulmonary arterial pressure. Critical for future studies will be the selection of phenotypes with demonstrable effects on reproductive success, the calculation of actual fitness costs, and greater inclusion of women among the subjects being studied. The well-characterized nature of the O2 transport system, the presence of multiple long-resident populations, and relevance for understanding hypoxic disorders in all persons underscore the importance of understanding how evolutionary adaptation to high altitude has occurred.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Variation in O2 transport characteristics among Andean, Tibetan, and, when available, Ethiopian high-altitude residents supports the existence of genetic adaptations that improve the distribution of blood flow to vital organs and the efficiency of O2 utilization. Genome scans and whole genome sequencing studies implicate a broad range of gene regions. Future studies are needed using phenotypes of clear relevance for reproductive success for determining the mechanisms by which naturally selected genes are acting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna G Moore
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Lanikova L, Reading NS, Hu H, Tashi T, Burjanivova T, Shestakova A, Siwakoti B, Thakur BK, Pun CB, Sapkota A, Abdelaziz S, Feng BJ, Huff CD, Hashibe M, Prchal JT. Evolutionary selected Tibetan variants of HIF pathway and risk of lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11739-11747. [PMID: 28036300 PMCID: PMC5355300 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetans existed in high altitude for ~25 thousand years and have evolutionary selected unique haplotypes assumed to be beneficial to hypoxic adaptation. EGLN1/PHD2 and EPAS1/HIF-2α, both crucial components of hypoxia sensing, are the two best-established loci contributing to high altitude adaptation. The co-adapted Tibetan-specific haplotype encoding for PHD2:p.[D4E/C127S] promotes increased HIF degradation under hypoxic conditions. The Tibetan-specific 200 kb EPAS1 haplotype introgressed from an archaic human population related to Denisovans which underwent evolutionary decay; however, the functional variant(s) responsible for high-altitude adaptation at EPAS1/HIF-2α have not yet been identified. Since HIF modulates the behavior of cancer cells, we hypothesized that these Tibetan selected genomic variants may modify cancer risk predisposition. Here, we ascertained the frequencies of EGLN1D4E/C127S and EGLN1C127S variants and ten EPAS1/HIF-2α variants in lung cancer patients and controls in Nepal, whose population consists of people with Indo-Aryan origin and Tibetan-related Mongoloid origin. We observed a significant association between the selected Tibetan EGLN1/PHD2 haplotype and lung cancer (p=0.0012 for D4E, p=0.0002 for C127S), corresponding to a two-fold increase in lung cancer risk. We also observed a two-fold or greater increased risk for two of the ten EPAS1/HIF-2α variants, although the association was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (p=0.12). Although these data cannot address the role of these genetic variants on lung cancer initiation or progression, we conclude that some selected Tibetan variants are strongly associated with a modified risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lanikova
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Scott Reading
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tsewang Tashi
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tatiana Burjanivova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Shestakova
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bhola Siwakoti
- B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | | | - Chin Bahadur Pun
- B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, and University of Maryland College Park School of Public Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Abdelaziz
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bing-Jian Feng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology and 1st Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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44
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Peng Y, Cui C, He Y, Ouzhuluobu, Zhang H, Yang D, Zhang Q, Bianbazhuoma, Yang L, He Y, Xiang K, Zhang X, Bhandari S, Shi P, Yangla, Dejiquzong, Baimakangzhuo, Duojizhuoma, Pan Y, Cirenyangji, Baimayangji, Gonggalanzi, Bai C, Bianba, Basang, Ciwangsangbu, Xu S, Chen H, Liu S, Wu T, Qi X, Su B. Down-Regulation of EPAS1 Transcription and Genetic Adaptation of Tibetans to High-Altitude Hypoxia. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:818-830. [PMID: 28096303 PMCID: PMC5400376 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetans are well adapted to the hypoxic environments at high altitude, yet the molecular mechanism of this adaptation remains elusive. We reported comprehensive genetic and functional analyses of EPAS1, a gene encoding hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) with the strongest signal of selection in previous genome-wide scans of Tibetans. We showed that the Tibetan-enriched EPAS1 variants down-regulate expression in human umbilical endothelial cells and placentas. Heterozygous EPAS1 knockout mice display blunted physiological responses to chronic hypoxia, mirroring the situation in Tibetans. Furthermore, we found that the Tibetan version of EPAS1 is not only associated with the relatively low hemoglobin level as a polycythemia protectant, but also is associated with a low pulmonary vasoconstriction response in Tibetans. We propose that the down-regulation of EPAS1 contributes to the molecular basis of Tibetans’ adaption to high-altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chaoying Cui
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Yaoxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ouzhuluobu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Deying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qu Zhang
- Perspective Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Bianbazhuoma
- The Municipal People's Hospital of Lhasa, Lhasa, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Sushil Bhandari
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yangla
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Dejiquzong
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Baimakangzhuo
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Duojizhuoma
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Yongyue Pan
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Cirenyangji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Baimayangji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Gonggalanzi
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Caijuan Bai
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Bianba
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
| | - Basang
- People's Hospital of Dangxiong County, Dangxiong, China
| | - Ciwangsangbu
- People's Hospital of Dangxiong County, Dangxiong, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Center for Computational Genomics, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, China
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45
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Abstract
High-altitude environments present a range of biochemical and physiological challenges for organisms through decreases in oxygen, pressure, and temperature relative to lowland habitats. Protein-level adaptations to hypoxic high-altitude conditions have been identified in multiple terrestrial endotherms; however, comparable adaptations in aquatic ectotherms, such as fishes, have not been as extensively characterized. In enzyme proteins, cold adaptation is attained through functional trade-offs between stability and activity, often mediated by substitutions outside the active site. Little is known whether signaling proteins [e.g., G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)] exhibit natural variation in response to cold temperatures. Rhodopsin (RH1), the temperature-sensitive visual pigment mediating dim-light vision, offers an opportunity to enhance our understanding of thermal adaptation in a model GPCR. Here, we investigate the evolution of rhodopsin function in an Andean mountain catfish system spanning a range of elevations. Using molecular evolutionary analyses and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, we provide evidence for cold adaptation in RH1. We find that unique amino acid substitutions occur at sites under positive selection in high-altitude catfishes, located at opposite ends of the RH1 intramolecular hydrogen-bonding network. Natural high-altitude variants introduced into these sites via mutagenesis have limited effects on spectral tuning, yet decrease the stability of dark-state and light-activated rhodopsin, accelerating the decay of ligand-bound forms. As found in cold-adapted enzymes, this phenotype likely compensates for a cold-induced decrease in kinetic rates-properties of rhodopsin that mediate rod sensitivity and visual performance. Our results support a role for natural variation in enhancing the performance of GPCRs in response to cold temperatures.
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Hu H, Petousi N, Glusman G, Yu Y, Bohlender R, Tashi T, Downie JM, Roach JC, Cole AM, Lorenzo FR, Rogers AR, Brunkow ME, Cavalleri G, Hood L, Alpatty SM, Prchal JT, Jorde LB, Robbins PA, Simonson TS, Huff CD. Evolutionary history of Tibetans inferred from whole-genome sequencing. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006675. [PMID: 28448578 PMCID: PMC5407610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The indigenous people of the Tibetan Plateau have been the subject of much recent interest because of their unique genetic adaptations to high altitude. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Tibetan EPAS1 haplotype is involved in high altitude-adaptation and originated in an archaic Denisovan-related population. We sequenced the whole-genomes of 27 Tibetans and conducted analyses to infer a detailed history of demography and natural selection of this population. We detected evidence of population structure between the ancestral Han and Tibetan subpopulations as early as 44 to 58 thousand years ago, but with high rates of gene flow until approximately 9 thousand years ago. The CMS test ranked EPAS1 and EGLN1 as the top two positive selection candidates, and in addition identified PTGIS, VDR, and KCTD12 as new candidate genes. The advantageous Tibetan EPAS1 haplotype shared many variants with the Denisovan genome, with an ancient gene tree divergence between the Tibetan and Denisovan haplotypes of about 1 million years ago. With the exception of EPAS1, we observed no evidence of positive selection on Denisovan-like haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nayia Petousi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Glusman
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ryan Bohlender
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tsewang Tashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and George E. Wahlin Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Downie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jared C. Roach
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amy M. Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felipe R. Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and George E. Wahlin Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Rogers
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Brunkow
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gianpiero Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sama M. Alpatty
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Josef T. Prchal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and George E. Wahlin Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lynn B. Jorde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chad D. Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hsu YL, Hung JY, Chang WA, Lin YS, Pan YC, Tsai PH, Wu CY, Kuo PL. Hypoxic lung cancer-secreted exosomal miR-23a increased angiogenesis and vascular permeability by targeting prolyl hydroxylase and tight junction protein ZO-1. Oncogene 2017; 36:4929-4942. [PMID: 28436951 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a critical role during the evolution of malignant cells and tumour microenvironment (TME).Tumour-derived exosomes contain informative microRNAs involved in the interaction of cancer and stromal cells, thus contributing to tissue remodelling of tumour microenvironment. This study aims to clarify how hypoxia affects tumour angiogenesis through exosomes shed from lung cancer cells. Lung cancer cells produce more exosomes under hypoxic conditions than do parental cells under normoxic conditions. miR-23a was significantly upregulated in exosomes from lung cancer under hypoxic conditions. Exosomal miR-23a directly suppressed its target prolyl hydroxylase 1 and 2 (PHD1 and 2), leading to the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) in endothelial cells. Consequently, hypoxic lung cancer cells enhanced angiogenesis by exosomes derived from hypoxic cancer under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In addition, exosomal miR-23a also inhibits tight junction protein ZO-1, thereby increasing vascular permeability and cancer transendothelial migration. Inhibition of miR-23a by inhibitor administration decreased angiogenesis and tumour growth in a mouse model. Furthermore, elevated levels of circulating miR-23a are found in the sera of lung cancer patients, and miR-23a levels are positively correlated with proangiogenic activities. Taken together, our study reveals the clinical relevance and prognostic value of cancer-derived exosomal miR-23a under hypoxic conditions, and investigates a unique intercellular communication, mediated by cancer-derived exosomes, which modulates tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J-Y Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - W-A Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-S Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P-H Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P-L Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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48
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Liu X, Cai X, Hu B, Mei Z, Zhang D, Ouyang G, Wang J, Zhang W, Xiao W. Forkhead Transcription Factor 3a (FOXO3a) Modulates Hypoxia Signaling via Up-regulation of the von Hippel-Lindau Gene (VHL). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25692-25705. [PMID: 27777301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO3a, a member of the forkhead homeobox type O (FOXO) family of transcriptional factors, regulates cell survival in response to DNA damage, caloric restriction, and oxidative stress. The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene encodes a component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates hypoxia-inducible factor α degradation under aerobic conditions, thus acting as one of the key regulators of hypoxia signaling. However, whether FOXO3a impacts cellular hypoxia stress remains unknown. Here we show that FOXO3a directly binds to the VHL promoter and up-regulates VHL expression. Using a zebrafish model, we confirmed the up-regulation of vhl by foxo3b, an ortholog of mammalian FOXO3a Furthermore, by employing the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, we deleted foxo3b in zebrafish and determined that expression of hypoxia-inducible genes was affected under hypoxia. Moreover, foxo3b-null zebrafish exhibited impaired acute hypoxic tolerance, resulting in death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, by modulating hypoxia-inducible factor activity via up-regulation of VHL, FOXO3a (foxo3b) plays an important role in survival in response to hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Bo Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Zhichao Mei
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Dawei Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Gang Ouyang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and .,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Hurst JH. William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza receive the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3628-3638. [PMID: 27620538 DOI: 10.1172/jci90055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Gassmann NN, van Elteren HA, Goos TG, Morales CR, Rivera-Ch M, Martin DS, Cabala Peralta P, Passano Del Carpio A, Aranibar Machaca S, Huicho L, Reiss IKM, Gassmann M, de Jonge RCJ. Pregnancy at high altitude in the Andes leads to increased total vessel density in healthy newborns. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:709-15. [PMID: 27445300 PMCID: PMC5142254 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00561.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing human fetus is able to cope with the physiological reduction in oxygen supply occurring in utero. However, it is not known if microvascularization of the fetus is augmented when pregnancy occurs at high altitude. Fifty-three healthy term newborns in Puno, Peru (3,840 m) were compared with sea-level controls. Pre- and postductal arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was determined. Cerebral and calf muscle regional tissue oxygenation was measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Skin microcirculation was noninvasively measured using incident dark field imaging. Pre- and postductal SpO2 in Peruvian babies was 88.1 and 88.4%, respectively, which was 10.4 and 9.7% lower than in newborns at sea level (P < 0.001). Cerebral and regional oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the Peruvian newborns (cerebral: 71.0 vs. 74.9%; regional: 68.5 vs. 76.0%, P < 0.001). Transcutaneously measured total vessel density in the Peruvian newborns was 14% higher than that in the newborns born at sea level (29.7 vs. 26.0 mm/mm(2); P ≤ 0.001). This study demonstrates that microvascular vessel density in neonates born to mothers living at high altitude is higher than that in neonates born at sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norina N Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo A van Elteren
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G Goos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia R Morales
- Laboratory of Adaptation to High Altitude, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Rivera-Ch
- Laboratory of Adaptation to High Altitude, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru; Center of Research for Integral and Sustainable Development (CIDIS), UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, Univesity College London Hospital (UCLH) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luis Huicho
- Center of Research for Integral and Sustainable Development (CIDIS), UPCH, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Medicine, UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Rogier C J de Jonge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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