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HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021148. [PMID: 36674659 PMCID: PMC9867265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimerization, sulfation). Variable heparan sulfate chain lengths and sequences within the heparan sulfate chains provide structural diversity generating interactive oligosaccharide binding motifs with a diverse range of extracellular ligands and cellular receptors providing instructional cues over cellular behaviour and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of essential physiological processes in development, health, and disease. heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate-PGs are integral components of the specialized glycocalyx surrounding cells. Heparan sulfate is the most heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan, in terms of its sequence and biosynthetic modifications making it a difficult molecule to fully characterize, multiple ligands also make an elucidation of heparan sulfate functional properties complicated. Spatio-temporal presentation of heparan sulfate sulfate groups is an important functional determinant in tissue development and in cellular control of wound healing and extracellular remodelling in pathological tissues. The regulatory properties of heparan sulfate are mediated via interactions with chemokines, chemokine receptors, growth factors and morphogens in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, tissue remodelling, wound healing, immune regulation, inflammation, and tumour development. A greater understanding of these HS interactive processes will improve therapeutic procedures and prognoses. Advances in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sequencing, computational analytical carbohydrate algorithms and advanced software for the evaluation of molecular docking of heparan sulfate with its molecular partners are now available. These advanced analytic techniques and artificial intelligence offer predictive capability in the elucidation of heparan sulfate conformational effects on heparan sulfate-ligand interactions significantly aiding heparan sulfate therapeutics development.
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Otsuka T, Kan HM, Mason TD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Overexpression of NDST1 Attenuates Fibrotic Response in Murine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:787-798. [PMID: 35920108 PMCID: PMC9836701 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) hold tremendous potential for treating diseases and repairing damaged tissues. Heparan sulfate (HS) plays various roles in cellular signaling mechanisms. The importance of HS in stem cell function has been reported and well documented. However, there has been little progress in using HS for therapeutic purposes. We focused on one of the sulfotransferases, NDST1, which influences overall HS chain extent and sulfation pattern, with the expectation to enhance stem cell function by increasing the N-sulfation level. We herein performed transfections of a green fluorescent protein-vector control and NDST1-vector into mouse ADSCs to evaluate stem cell functions. Overexpression of NDST1 suppressed the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. There was no pronounced effect observed on the stemness, inflammatory gene expression, nor any noticeable effect in adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Under the tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation, NDST1 overexpression induced several chemokine productions that attract neutrophils and macrophages. Finally, we identified an antifibrotic response in ADSCs overexpressing NDST1. This study provides a foundation for the evaluation of HS-related effects in ADSCs undergoing ex vivo gene manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ho-Man Kan
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Timothy D. Mason
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Siegel RJ, Singh AK, Panipinto PM, Shaikh FS, Vinh J, Han SU, Kenney HM, Schwarz EM, Crowson CS, Khuder SA, Khuder BS, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Extracellular sulfatase-2 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis and mediates the TNF-α-induced inflammatory activation of synovial fibroblasts. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1185-1195. [PMID: 36068294 PMCID: PMC9508225 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular sulfatase-2 (Sulf-2) influences receptor-ligand binding and subsequent signaling by chemokines and growth factors, yet Sulf-2 remains unexplored in inflammatory cytokine signaling in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we characterized Sulf-2 expression in RA and investigated its potential role in TNF-α-induced synovial inflammation using primary human RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Sulf-2 expression was significantly higher in serum and synovial tissues from patients with RA and in synovium and serum from hTNFtg mice. RNA sequencing analysis of TNF-α-stimulated RASFs showed that Sulf-2 siRNA modulated ~2500 genes compared to scrambled siRNA. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of RNA sequencing data identified Sulf-2 as a primary target in fibroblasts and macrophages in RA. Western blot, ELISA, and qRT‒PCR analyses confirmed that Sulf-2 knockdown reduced the TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, CAD11, PDPN, CCL5, CX3CL1, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Signaling studies identified the protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways as key in the TNF-α-mediated induction of proteins related to cellular adhesion and invasion. Knockdown of Sulf-2 abrogated TNF-α-induced RASF proliferation. Sulf-2 knockdown with siRNA and inhibition by OKN-007 suppressed the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ and JNK, thereby suppressing the nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κBp65 in human RASFs. Interestingly, Sulf-2 expression positively correlated with the expression of TNF receptor 1, and coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the binding of these two proteins, suggesting they exhibit crosstalk in TNF-α signaling. This study identified a novel role of Sulf-2 in TNF-α signaling and the activation of RA synoviocytes, providing the rationale for evaluating the therapeutic targeting of Sulf-2 in preclinical models of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby J Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Anil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Panipinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Farheen S Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Judy Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Sang U Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - H Mark Kenney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia S Crowson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Basil S Khuder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Wang J, Liu J, Dong Q, An Y, Su J, Xie H, Sun B, Liu J. The Influence of Heparan Sulfate on Breast Amyloidosis and the Toxicity of the Pre-fibrils Formed by β-casein. Protein J 2022; 41:543-549. [PMID: 35962883 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) as a mediator is usually involved in both inflammation and fibrosis. Besides, pre-fibrils are the intermediates of amyloid fibrils that usually cause cell death and tissue damage, like the amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson disease and islet amyloid polypeptide in type II diabetes mellitus. However, the related study was involved rarely in breast. Therefore, the combing technologies including hematoxylin-eosin staining and thioflavin S staining were used to investigate the influence of HS on breast amyloidosis. To further study the toxicity of the pre-fibrils formed by β-casein on the HC11 cells and the breast mammary gland, the combing technologies including pentamer formyl thiophene acetic acid fluorescence analysis, MTT assay, Annexin V/PI staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed. The results demonstrated that HS, acted as an endogenous molecule, induced the inflammation and amyloid fibril formation at the same time, and there was a close relationship between inflammation and fibrosis of breast. In addition, the pre-fibrils formed by β-casein were toxic because they induced the death and apoptosis of HC11 cells, as well as the inflammation of mammary gland of rats. Therefore, the early examination and identify of the pre-fibrils in the breast were worth considering to prevent the disease development, and it was interesting to explore the HS mimetics to impair the breast amyloidosis and attenuate the inflammatory response in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Qinghai Dong
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hongliu Xie
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China.
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Krull CM, Rife J, Klamer B, Purmessur D, Walter BA. Pericellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Role in regulating the biosynthetic response of nucleus pulposus cells to osmotic loading. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1209. [PMID: 35783912 PMCID: PMC9238280 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Daily physiologic loading causes fluctuations in hydration of the intervertebral disc (IVD); thus, the embedded cells experience cyclic alterations to their osmotic environment. These osmotic fluctuations have been described as a mechanism linking mechanics and biology, and have previously been shown to promote biosynthesis in chondrocytes. However, this phenomenon has yet to be fully interrogated in the IVD. Additionally, the specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the cells, the pericellular matrix (PCM), transduces the biophysical signals that cells ultimately experience. While it is known that the PCM is altered in disc degeneration, whether it disrupts normal osmotic mechanotransduction has yet to be determined. Thus, our objectives were to assess: (1) whether dynamic osmotic conditions stimulate biosynthesis in nucleus pulposus cells, and (2) whether pericellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) modulate the biosynthetic response to osmotic loading. Methods Bovine nucleus pulposus cells isolated with retained PCM were encapsulated in 1.5% alginate beads and treated with or without heparinase III, an enzyme that degrades the pericellular HSPGs. Beads were subjected to 1 h of daily iso-osmotic, hyper-osmotic, or hypo-osmotic loading for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. At each timepoint the total amount of extracellular and pericellular sGAG/DNA were quantified. Additionally, whether osmotic loading triggered alterations to HSPG sulfation was assessed via immunohistochemistry for the heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfertransferase 1 (HS6ST1) enzyme. Results Osmotic loading significantly influenced sGAG/DNA accumulation with a hyper-osmotic change promoting the greatest sGAG/DNA accumulation in the pericellular region compared with iso-osmotic conditions. Heparanase-III treatment significantly reduced extracellular sGAG/DNA but pericellular sGAG was not affected. HS6ST1 expression was not affected by osmotic loading. Conclusion Results suggest that hyper-osmotic loading promotes matrix synthesis and that modifications to HSPGs directly influence the metabolic responses of cells to osmotic fluctuations. Collectively, results suggest degeneration-associated modifications to pericellular HSPGs may contribute to the altered mechanobiology observed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Krull
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jordan Rife
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Brett Klamer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
- Spine Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
- Spine Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Heparan Sulfate in Animal Models: Its Biosynthesis and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041963. [PMID: 35216081 PMCID: PMC8876164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan that plays a key role in a variety of biological functions in neurology, skeletal development, immunology, and tumor metastasis. Biosynthesis of HS is initiated by a link of xylose to Ser residue of HS proteoglycans, followed by the formation of a linker tetrasaccharide. Then, an extension reaction of HS disaccharide occurs through polymerization of many repetitive units consisting of iduronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Subsequently, several modification reactions take place to complete the maturation of HS. The sulfation positions of N-, 2-O-, 6-O-, and 3-O- are all mediated by specific enzymes that may have multiple isozymes. C5-epimerization is facilitated by the epimerase enzyme that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. Once these enzymatic reactions have been completed, the desulfation reaction further modifies HS. Apart from HS biosynthesis, the degradation of HS is largely mediated by the lysosome, an intracellular organelle with acidic pH. Mucopolysaccharidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the body associated with neuronal, skeletal, and visceral disorders. Genetically modified animal models have significantly contributed to the understanding of the in vivo role of these enzymes. Their role and potential link to diseases are also discussed.
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El Masri R, Crétinon Y, Gout E, Vivès RR. HS and Inflammation: A Potential Playground for the Sulfs? Front Immunol 2020; 11:570. [PMID: 32318065 PMCID: PMC7147386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide abundantly found in extracellular matrices and cell surfaces. HS participates in major cellular processes, through its ability to bind and modulate a wide array of signaling proteins. HS/ligand interactions involve saccharide domains of specific sulfation pattern. Assembly of such domains is orchestrated by a complex biosynthesis machinery and their structure is further regulated at the cell surface by post-synthetic modifying enzymes. Amongst them, extracellular sulfatases of the Sulf family catalyze the selective removal of 6-O-sulfate groups, which participate in the binding of many proteins. As such, increasing interest arose on the regulation of HS biological properties by the Sulfs. However, studies of the Sulfs have so far been essentially restricted to the fields of development and tumor progression. The aim of this review is to survey recent data of the literature on the still poorly documented role of the Sulfs during inflammation, and to widen the perspectives for the study of this intriguing regulatory mechanism toward new physiopathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana El Masri
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Yoann Crétinon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Romain R Vivès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Synthesis Is Dysregulated in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:632-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ferreras L, Moles A, Situmorang GR, El Masri R, Wilson IL, Cooke K, Thompson E, Kusche-Gullberg M, Vivès RR, Sheerin NS, Ali S. Heparan sulfate in chronic kidney diseases: Exploring the role of 3-O-sulfation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:839-848. [PMID: 30794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main feature of chronic kidney disease is the development of renal fibrosis. Heparan Sulfate (HS) is involved in disease development by modifying the function of growth factors and cytokines and creating chemokine gradients. In this context, we aimed to understand the function of HS sulfation in renal fibrosis. Using a mouse model of renal fibrosis, we found that total HS 2-O-sulfation was increased in damaged kidneys, whilst, tubular staining of HS 3-O-sulfation was decreased. The expression of HS modifying enzymes significantly correlated with the development of fibrosis with HS3ST1 demonstrating the strongest correlation. The pro-fibrotic factors TGFβ1 and TGFβ2/IL1β significantly downregulated HS3ST1 expression in both renal epithelial cells and renal fibroblasts. To determine the implication of HS3ST1 in growth factor binding and signalling, we generated an in vitro model of renal epithelial cells overexpressing HS3ST1 (HKC8-HS3ST1). Heparin Binding EGF like growth factor (HB-EGF) induced rapid, transient STAT3 phosphorylation in control HKC8 cells. In contrast, a prolonged response was demonstrated in HKC8-HS3ST1 cells. Finally, we showed that both HS 3-O-sulfation and HB-EGF tubular staining were decreased with the development of fibrosis. Taken together, these data suggest that HS 3-O-sulfation is modified in fibrosis and highlight HS3ST1 as an attractive biomarker of fibrosis progression with a potential role in HB-EGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreras
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gerhard R Situmorang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rana El Masri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Imogen L Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katie Cooke
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emily Thompson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marion Kusche-Gullberg
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Neil S Sheerin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Simi Ali
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Furini G, Verderio EAM. Spotlight on the Transglutaminase 2-Heparan Sulfate Interaction. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E5. [PMID: 30621228 PMCID: PMC6359630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-4 (Sdc4) especially, have been suggested as potential partners of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in kidney and cardiac fibrosis, metastatic cancer, neurodegeneration and coeliac disease. The proposed role for HSPGs in the trafficking of TG2 at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been linked to the fibrogenic action of TG2 in experimental models of kidney fibrosis. As the TG2-HSPG interaction is largely mediated by the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans, in the past few years a number of studies have investigated the affinity of TG2 for HS, and the TG2 heparin binding site has been mapped with alternative outlooks. In this review, we aim to provide a compendium of the main literature available on the interaction of TG2 with HS, with reference to the pathological processes in which extracellular TG2 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
- BiGeA, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Aoki S, Saito-Hakoda A, Yoshikawa T, Shimizu K, Kisu K, Suzuki S, Takagi K, Mizumoto S, Yamada S, van Kuppevelt TH, Yokoyama A, Matsusaka T, Sato H, Ito S, Sugawara A. The reduction of heparan sulphate in the glomerular basement membrane does not augment urinary albumin excretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33:26-33. [PMID: 28992095 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) is present in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and is thought to play a major role in the glomerular charge barrier. Reductions and structural alterations of HSPG are observed in different types of kidney diseases accompanied by proteinuria. However, their causal relations remain unknown. Methods We generated podocyte-specific exostosin-like 3 gene (Extl3) knockout mice (Extl3KO) using a Cre-loxP recombination approach. A reduction of HSPG was expected in the GBM of these mice, because EXTL3 is involved in its synthesis. Mice were separated into three groups, according to the loads on the glomeruli: a high-protein diet group, a high-protein and high-sodium diet group and a hyperglycaemic group induced by streptozotocin treatment in addition to maintenance on a high-protein and high-sodium diet. The urinary albumin:creatinine ratio was measured at 7, 11, 15 and 19 weeks of age. Renal histology was also investigated. Results Podocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase was detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, immunofluorescent staining demonstrated a significant reduction of HSPG in the GBM. Electron microscopy showed irregularities in the GBM and effacement of the foot processes in Extl3KO. The values of the urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were within the range of microalbuminuria in all groups and did not significantly differ between the control mice and Extl3KO. Conclusions The reduction of HSPG in the GBM did not augment urinary albumin excretion. HSPG's anionic charge appears to contribute little to the glomerular charge barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Aoki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito-Hakoda
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijyo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijyo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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13
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Swart M, Troeberg L. Effect of Polarization and Chronic Inflammation on Macrophage Expression of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Biosynthesis Enzymes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:9-27. [PMID: 30205019 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418798770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on immune cells have the ability to bind to and regulate the bioactivity more than 400 bioactive protein ligands, including many chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. This makes them important regulators of the phenotype and behavior of immune cells. Here we review how HS biosynthesis in macrophages is regulated during polarization and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, by analyzing published micro-array data and mechanistic studies in this area. We describe that macrophage expression of many HS biosynthesis and core proteins is strongly regulated by macrophage polarization, and that these expression patterns are recapitulated in chronic inflammation. Such changes in HS biosynthetic enzyme expression are likely to have a significant impact on the phenotype of macrophages in chronic inflammatory diseases by altering their interactions with chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Wakefield D, Bartee M, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Burgin M, Borges C, Zheng D, Ergle K, Muppala V, Morshed S, Rand K, Clapp W, Proudfoot A, Lucas A. Selective Deletion of Heparan Sulfotransferase Enzyme, Ndst1, in Donor Endothelial and Myeloid Precursor Cells Significantly Decreases Acute Allograft Rejection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13433. [PMID: 30194334 PMCID: PMC6128922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early damage to transplanted organs initiates excess inflammation that can cause ongoing injury, a leading cause for late graft loss. The endothelial glycocalyx modulates immune reactions and chemokine-mediated haptotaxis, potentially driving graft loss. In prior work, conditional deficiency of the glycocalyx-modifying enzyme N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1f/f TekCre+) reduced aortic allograft inflammation. Here we investigated modification of heparan sulfate (HS) and chemokine interactions in whole-organ renal allografts. Conditional donor allograft Ndst1 deficiency (Ndst1−/−; C57Bl/6 background) was compared to systemic treatment with M-T7, a broad-spectrum chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) inhibitor. Early rejection was significantly reduced in Ndst1−/− kidneys engrafted into wildtype BALB/c mice (Ndst1+/+) and comparable to M-T7 treatment in C57Bl/6 allografts (P < 0.0081). M-T7 lost activity in Ndst1−/− allografts, while M-T7 point mutants with modified GAG-chemokine binding displayed a range of anti-rejection activity. CD3+ T cells (P < 0.0001), HS (P < 0.005) and CXC chemokine staining (P < 0.012), gene expression in NFκB and JAK/STAT pathways, and HS and CS disaccharide content were significantly altered with reduced rejection. Transplant of donor allografts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency exhibit significantly reduced acute rejection, comparable to systemic chemokine-GAG inhibition. Modified disaccharides in engrafted organs correlate with reduced rejection. Altered disaccharides in engrafted organs provide markers for rejection with potential to guide new therapeutic approaches in allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dara Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meeyong Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Ergle
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vishnu Muppala
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sufi Morshed
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Clapp
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Lucas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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15
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Hijmans RS, Shrestha P, Sarpong KA, Yazdani S, el Masri R, de Jong WHA, Navis G, Vivès RR, van den Born J. High sodium diet converts renal proteoglycans into pro-inflammatory mediators in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178940. [PMID: 28594849 PMCID: PMC5464595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary sodium aggravates renal disease by affecting blood pressure and by its recently shown pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects. Moreover, pro-inflammatory modification of renal heparan sulfate (HS) can induce tissue remodeling. We aim to investigate if high sodium intake in normotensive rats converts renal HS into a pro-inflammatory phenotype, able to bind more sodium and orchestrate inflammation, fibrosis and lymphangiogenesis. METHODS Wistar rats received a normal diet for 4 weeks, or 8% NaCl diet for 2 or 4 weeks. Blood pressure was monitored, and plasma, urine and tissue collected. Tissue sodium was measured by flame spectroscopy. Renal HS and tubulo-interstitial remodeling were studied by biochemical, immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR approaches. RESULTS High sodium rats showed a transient increase in blood pressure (week 1; p<0.01) and increased sodium excretion (p<0.05) at 2 and 4 weeks compared to controls. Tubulo-interstitial T-cells, myofibroblasts and mRNA levels of VCAM1, TGF-β1 and collagen type III significantly increased after 4 weeks (all p<0.05). There was a trend for increased macrophage infiltration and lymphangiogenesis (both p = 0.07). Despite increased dermal sodium over time (p<0.05), renal concentrations remained stable. Renal HS of high sodium rats showed increased sulfation (p = 0.05), increased L-selectin binding to HS (p<0,05), and a reduction of sulfation-sensitive anti-HS mAbs JM403 (p<0.001) and 10E4 (p<0.01). Hyaluronan expression increased under high salt conditions (p<0.01) without significant changes in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan versican. Statistical analyses showed that sodium-induced tissue remodeling responses partly correlated with observed HS changes. CONCLUSION We show that high salt intake by healthy normotensive rats convert renal HS into high sulfated pro-inflammatory glycans involved in tissue remodeling events, but not in increased sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryanne S. Hijmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Pragyi Shrestha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kwaku A. Sarpong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saleh Yazdani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rana el Masri
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilhelmina H. A. de Jong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romain R. Vivès
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Talsma DT, Daha MR, van den Born J. The bittersweet taste of tubulo-interstitial glycans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:611-619. [PMID: 28407128 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, interesting work was published by Farrar et al. [1] showing the interaction of fucosylated glycoproteins on stressed tubular epithelial cells with collectin-11 leading to complement activation via the lectin route of complement. This elegant work stimulated us to evaluate the dark side (bittersweet taste) of tubulo-interstitial glycans in kidney tissue damage. As will be discussed, glycans not only initiate tubular complement activation but also orchestrate tubulo-interstitial leucocyte recruitment and growth factor responses. In this review we restrict ourselves to tubulo-interstitial damage mainly by proteinuria, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and transplantation, and we discuss the involvement of endothelial and tubular glycans in atypical and Escherichia coli-mediated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. As will be seen, fucosylated, mannosylated, galactosylated and sialylated oligosaccharide structures along with glycosaminoglycans comprise the most important glycans related to kidney injury pathways. Up to now, therapeutic interventions in these glycan-mediated injury pathways are underexplored and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditmer T Talsma
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans and altered structure of heparan sulfate in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 83:27-38. [PMID: 27974233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that may play a role in remodelling processes by influencing critical mediators such as growth factors. We hypothesize that GAGs may be altered in IPF and that this contribute to create a pro-fibrotic environment. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the fine structure of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) and hyaluronan (HA) in lung samples from IPF patients and from control subjects. GAGs in lung samples from severe IPF patients and donor lungs were analyzed with HPLC. HS was assessed by immunohistochemistry and collagen was quantified as hydroxyproline content. The total amount of HS, CS/DS and HA was increased in IPF lungs but there was no significant difference in the total collagen content. We found a relative increase in total sulfation of HS due to increment of 2-O, 6-O and N-sulfation and a higher proportion of sulfation in CS/DS. Highly sulfated HS was located in the border zone between denser areas and more normal looking alveolar parenchyma in basement membranes of blood vessels and airways, that were immuno-positive for perlecan, as well as on the cell surface of spindle-shaped cells in the alveolar interstitium. These findings show for the first time that both the amount and structure of glycosaminoglycans are altered in IPF. These changes may contribute to the tissue remodelling in IPF by altering growth factor retention and activity, creating a pro-fibrotic ECM landscape.
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18
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The "in and out" of glucosamine 6-O-sulfation: the 6th sense of heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:285-298. [PMID: 27812771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides essentially rely on their ability to bind and modulate a multitude of protein ligands. These interactions involve internal oligosaccharide sequences defined by their sulfation patterns. Amongst these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS contributes significantly to the polysaccharide structural diversity and is critically involved in the binding of many proteins. HS 6-O-sulfation is catalyzed by 6-O-sulfotransferases (6OSTs) during biosynthesis, and it is further modified by the post-synthetic action of 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs), two enzyme families that remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present review is to summarize the contribution of 6-O-sulfates in HS structure/function relationships and to discuss the present knowledge on the complex mechanisms regulating HS 6-O-sulfation.
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19
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Sikora AS, Hellec C, Carpentier M, Martinez P, Delos M, Denys A, Allain F. Tumour-necrosis factor-α induces heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase 1 (Sulf-1) expression in fibroblasts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:57-65. [PMID: 27693418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs) have emerged recently as critical regulators of many physiological and pathological processes. By removing 6-O-sulfates from specific HS sequences, they modulate the activities of a variety of growth factors and morphogens, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1. However, little is known about the functions of Sulfs in inflammation. Tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays an important role in regulating the behaviour of fibroblasts. In this study, we examined the effect of this inflammatory cytokine on the expression of Sulfs in human MRC-5 fibroblasts. Compositional analysis of HS from TNF-α-treated cells showed a strong reduction in the amount of the trisulfated UA2S-GlcNS6S disaccharide, which suggested a selective reaction of 6-O-desulfation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that TNF-α increased Sulf-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, via a mechanism involving NF-ĸB, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. In addition, we confirmed that cell stimulation with TNF-α was accompanied by the secretion of an active form of Sulf-1. To study the function of Sulf- 1, we examined the responses induced by FGF-1. We showed that ERK1/2 activation and cell proliferation were markedly reduced in TNF-α-treated MRC-5 cells compared with untreated cells. Silencing the expression of Sulf-1 by RNA interference restored the responses induced by FGF-1, which indicated that TNF-α-mediated induction of the sulfatase indeed resulted in alterations of HS biological properties. Taken together, our results indicate that Sulf-1 is responsive to TNF-α stimulation and may function as an autocrine regulator of fibroblast expansion in the course of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Sikora
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Charles Hellec
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Carpentier
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Martinez
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maxime Delos
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Agnès Denys
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France.
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21
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Lensen JFM, van der Vlag J, Versteeg EMM, Wetzels JFM, van den Heuvel LPWJ, Berden JHM, van Kuppevelt TH, Rops ALWMM. Differential Expression of Specific Dermatan Sulfate Domains in Renal Pathology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134946. [PMID: 26322947 PMCID: PMC4556443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS), also known as chondroitin sulfate (CS)-B, is a member of the linear polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The expression of CS/DS and DS proteoglycans is increased in several fibrotic renal diseases, including interstitial fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, mesangial sclerosis and nephrosclerosis. Little, however, is known about structural alterations in DS in renal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal expression of two different DS domains in renal transplant rejection and glomerular pathologies. DS expression was evaluated in normal renal tissue and in kidney biopsies obtained from patients with acute interstitial or vascular renal allograft rejection, patients with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA), and from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous glomerulopathy (MGP) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using our unique specific anti-DS antibodies LKN1 and GD3A12. Expression of the 4/2,4-di-O-sulfated DS domain recognized by antibody LKN1 was decreased in the interstitium of transplant kidneys with IF/TA, which was accompanied by an increased expression of type I collagen, decorin and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), while its expression was increased in the interstitium in FSGS, MGP and SLE. Importantly, all patients showed glomerular LKN1 staining in contrast to the controls. Expression of the IdoA-Gal-NAc4SDS domain recognized by GD3A12 was similar in controls and patients. Our data suggest a role for the DS domain recognized by antibody LKN1 in renal diseases with early fibrosis. Further research is required to delineate the exact role of different DS domains in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost F. M. Lensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. M. Versteeg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F. M. Wetzels
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jo H. M. Berden
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L. W. M. M. Rops
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ferreras L, Sheerin NS, Kirby JA, Ali S. Mechanisms of Renal Graft Chronic Injury and Progression to Interstitial Fibrosis. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-015-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Reine TM, Kolseth IBM, Meen AJ, Lindahl JP, Jenssen TG, Reinholt FP, Zaia J, Shao C, Hartmann A, Kolset SO. Effects of restoring normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes on inflammatory profile and renal extracellular matrix structure after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107:46-53. [PMID: 25467621 PMCID: PMC4324617 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease with simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) or kidney transplants alone (KA) were recruited 9-12 years post transplantation. We investigated differences between these groups with regard to inflammatory parameters and long-term structural changes in kidneys. METHODS Blood samples were analyzed by ELISA and multiplex for chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases. Kidney graft biopsies were analyzed by electron microscopy for glomerular basement membrane thickness. Heparan- and chondroitin sulfate disaccharide structures were determined by size exclusion chromatography mass-spectrometry. RESULTS The SPK and the KA group had average glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.8% (40 mmol/mol) and 8.6% (70 mmol/mol) respectively. SPK recipients also had 16.2% lower body mass index (BMI) and 46.4% lower triglyceride levels compared with KA recipients, compatible with an improved metabolic profile in the SPK group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were lower in the SPK group. In kidney graft biopsies of the KA-patients an 81.2% increase in average glomerular basement membrane thickness was observed, accompanied by alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan structure. In addition to a decrease in 6-O-sulfated disaccharides, an increase in non-N-sulfated disaccharides with a corresponding slight decrease in N-sulfation was found in kidney biopsies from hyperglycemic patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with end stage renal disease subjected to KA transplantation showed impaired inflammatory profile, increased thickness of basement membranes and distinct changes in heparan sulfate structures compared with SPK recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Marita Reine
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Astri Jeanette Meen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Petter Lindahl
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Geir Jenssen
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Finn Per Reinholt
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders Hartmann
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Olav Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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