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Promsut W, Yamada R, Takami S, Miyazaki N, Uemura M, Hiramatsu R, Takahashi N, Kanai Y. External genitalia phenotypes of a Mab21l1-null mouse model for cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital (COFG) syndrome. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1943-1959. [PMID: 37750449 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital (COFG) syndrome is a human genetic disease that is caused by MAB21L1 mutations. A COFG mouse model with Mab21l1-null mutation causes severe microphthalmia and fontanelle dysosteogenesis, similar to the symptoms in human patients. One of the typical symptoms is scrotal agenesis in male infants, while male Mab21l1-null mice show hypoplastic preputial glands, a rodent-specific derivative of the cranial scrotal fold. However, it is still unclear where and how MAB21Ll acts in the external genitalia in both mice and humans. Here we show that, at the neonatal stage, MAB21L1 expression in the external genitalia was restricted to two mesenchymal cell populations-underneath the scrotal and labial skin and around the preputial and clitoral glands (PG/CG). Morphometric analyses of the Mab21l1-/- pups revealed a significant reduction in the external size of the scrotum, vulva, and CG, as well as PG. In the periglandular region around PG and CG, the periglandular mesenchymal cells showed a drastic reduction in both cell density and immunoreactive signals for several extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagen I, fibronectin, and proteoglycans), together with their reduced Ki67-positive cell proliferation index. In the Mab21l1-/- PG/CG, together with reduced vascularization, the glandular epithelia displayed atrophy with discontinuous basal lamina along the basal surface and defective glycogen accumulation in their cytoplasm. Under a 5-day organ culture of the isolated PG, the Mab21l1-/- explants showed poor outgrowth and retention of the glandular structure in vitro. However, the addition of exogenous Matrigel could partially rescue such tissue-autonomous phenotypes, showing glandular morphology similar to that of the wild-type explants. These findings suggest that MAB21L1+ mesenchymal cells play a crucial role in providing nutrient ECM support for glandular outgrowth and morphogenesis in the peripheral external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryuichi Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Takami
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanae Miyazaki
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Verma S, Moreno IY, Trapp ME, Ramirez L, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Meibomian gland development: Where, when and how? Differentiation 2023; 132:41-50. [PMID: 37202278 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Meibomian gland (MG) is an indispensable adnexal structure of eye that produces meibum, an important defensive component for maintaining ocular homeostasis. Normal development and maintenance of the MGs is required for ocular health since atrophic MGs and disturbances in composition and/or secretion of meibum result in major ocular pathologies, collectively termed as Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Currently available therapies for MGD merely provide symptomatic relief and do not treat the underlying deficiency of the MGs. Hence, a thorough understanding of the timeline of MG development, maturation and aging is required for regenerative purposes along with signaling molecules & pathways controlling proper differentiation of MG lineage in mammalian eye. Understanding the factors that contribute to the development of MGs, developmental abnormalities of MGs, and changes in the quality & quantity of meibum with developing phases of MGs are essential for developing potential treatments for MGD. In this review, we compiled a timeline of events and the factors involved in the structural and functional development of MGs and the associated developmental defects of MGs during development, maturation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Isabel Y Moreno
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan E Trapp
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Ramirez
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Gao H, Liu Y, Shi Z, Zhang H, Wang M, Chen H, Li Y, Ji S, Xiang J, Pi W, Zhou L, Hong Y, Wu L, Cai A, Fu X, Sun X. A volar skin excisional wound model for in situ evaluation of multiple-appendage regeneration and innervation. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad027. [PMID: 37397511 PMCID: PMC10309083 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Promoting rapid wound healing with functional recovery of all skin appendages is the main goal of regenerative medicine. So far current methodologies, including the commonly used back excisional wound model (BEWM) and paw skin scald wound model, are focused on assessing the regeneration of either hair follicles (HFs) or sweat glands (SwGs). How to achieve de novo appendage regeneration by synchronized evaluation of HFs, SwGs and sebaceous glands (SeGs) is still challenging. Here, we developed a volar skin excisional wound model (VEWM) that is suitable for examining cutaneous wound healing with multiple-appendage restoration, as well as innervation, providing a new research paradigm for the perfect regeneration of skin wounds. Methods Macroscopic observation, iodine-starch test, morphological staining and qRT-PCR analysis were used to detect the existence of HFs, SwGs, SeGs and distribution of nerve fibres in the volar skin. Wound healing process monitoring, HE/Masson staining, fractal analysis and behavioral response assessment were performed to verify that VEWM could mimic the pathological process and outcomes of human scar formation and sensory function impairment. Results HFs are limited to the inter-footpads. SwGs are densely distributed in the footpads, scattered in the IFPs. The volar skin is richly innervated. The wound area of the VEWM at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the operation is respectively 89.17% ± 2.52%, 71.72% ± 3.79%, 55.09 % ± 4.94% and 35.74% ± 4.05%, and the final scar area accounts for 47.80% ± 6.22% of the initial wound. While the wound area of BEWM at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the operation are respectively 61.94% ± 5.34%, 51.26% ± 4.89%, 12.63% ± 2.86% and 6.14% ± 2.84%, and the final scar area accounts for 4.33% ± 2.67% of the initial wound. Fractal analysis of the post-traumatic repair site for VEWM vs human was performed: lacunarity values, 0.040 ± 0.012 vs 0.038 ± 0.014; fractal dimension values, 1.870 ± 0.237 vs 1.903 ± 0.163. Sensory nerve function of normal skin vs post-traumatic repair site was assessed: mechanical threshold, 1.05 ± 0.52 vs 4.90 g ± 0.80; response rate to pinprick, 100% vs 71.67% ± 19.92%, and temperature threshold, 50.34°C ± 3.11°C vs 52.13°C ± 3.54°C. Conclusions VEWM closely reflects the pathological features of human wound healing and can be applied for skin multiple-appendages regeneration and innervation evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huating Chen
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Shaifei Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbing Xiang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pi
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Laixian Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yiyue Hong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Aizhen Cai
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
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Cortellari M, Bionda A, Cocco R, Sechi S, Liotta L, Crepaldi P. Genomic Analysis of the Endangered Fonni's Dog Breed: A Comparison of Genomic and Phenotypic Evaluation Scores. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050818. [PMID: 36899675 PMCID: PMC10000202 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fonni's dog is an ancient Sardinian breed for livestock and property guarding. In recent years, the number of new registrations to the breeding book has slumped and, thus, this breed risks being lost forever. This work refocuses attention to the Fonni's dog, analysing its genomic makeup and comparing different phenotypical and genetic evaluation scores. Thirty Fonni's dogs were ranked by their general accordance to the breed typicality (typicality score) and to the provisional standard by official judges (judges' score). They were genotyped with a 230K SNP BeadChip and compared with 379 dogs of 24 breeds. Genomically, the Fonni's dogs placed themselves near shepherd dogs and showed a unique genetic signature, which was used to create the genomic score. This score better correlated with typicality (ρ = 0.69, p < 0.0001) than the judges' score (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.0004), which showed little variability among the included dogs. Hair texture or colour were significantly associated in the three scores. The Fonni's dog is confirmed as a well-distinguished breed, despite being selected mainly for its work abilities. The evaluation criteria used during dog expositions can be improved to increase their variability and include elements typical of the breed. The recovery of the Fonni's dog would be possible only with a shared vision between the Italian kennel club and breeders, and the support of regional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cortellari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bionda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Raffaella Cocco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari University, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Sechi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari University, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Colin-Pierre C, Untereiner V, Sockalingum GD, Ramont L, Brézillon S. Investigation of Glypican-4 and -6 by Infrared Spectral Imaging during the Hair Growth Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054291. [PMID: 36901723 PMCID: PMC10002317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of glypicans in different hair follicle (HF) compartments is still poorly understood. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) distribution in HF is classically investigated by conventional histology, biochemical analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Our previous study proposed a novel approach to assess hair histology and glypican-1 (GPC1) distribution changes in the HF at different phases of the hair growth cycle using infrared spectral imaging (IRSI). We show in the present manuscript for the first time complementary data on the distribution of glypican-4 (GPC4) and glypican-6 (GPC6) in HF at different phases of the hair growth cycle using IR imaging. Findings were supported by Western blot assays focusing on the GPC4 and GPC6 expression in HFs. Like all proteoglycan features, the glypicans are characterized by a core protein to which sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are covalently linked. Our study demonstrates the capacity of IRSI to identify the different HF tissue structures and to highlight protein, proteoglycan (PG), GAG, and sulfated GAG distribution in these structures. The comparison between anagen, catagen, and telogen phases shows the qualitative and/or quantitative evolution of GAGs, as supported by Western blot. Thus, in one analysis, IRSI can simultaneously reveal the location of proteins, PGs, GAGs and sulfated GAGs in HFs in a chemical and label-free manner. From a dermatological point of view, IRSI may constitute a promising technique to study alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Colin-Pierre
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, CNRS UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France
| | | | - Ganesh D. Sockalingum
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51097 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (G.D.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, CNRS UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
- Service Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU de Reims, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, CNRS UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (G.D.S.); (S.B.)
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Ghildiyal K, Panigrahi M, Kumar H, Rajawat D, Nayak SS, Lei C, Bhushan B, Dutt T. Selection signatures for fiber production in commercial species: A review. Anim Genet 2023; 54:3-23. [PMID: 36352515 DOI: 10.1111/age.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural fibers derived from diverse animal species have gained increased attention in recent years due to their favorable environmental effects, long-term sustainability benefits, and remarkable physical and mechanical properties that make them valuable raw materials used for textile and non-textile production. Domestication and selective breeding for the economically significant fiber traits play an imperative role in shaping the genomes and, thus, positively impact the overall productivity of the various fiber-producing species. These selection pressures leave unique footprints on the genome due to alteration in the allelic frequencies at specific loci, characterizing selective sweeps. Recent advances in genomics have enabled the discovery of selection signatures across the genome using a variety of methods. The increased demand for 'green products' manufactured from natural fibers necessitates a detailed investigation of the genomes of the various fiber-producing plant and animal species to identify the candidate genes associated with important fiber attributes such as fiber diameter/fineness, color, length, and strength, among others. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the concept of selection signature and selective sweeps, discuss the main methods used for its detection, and address the selection signature studies conducted so far in the diverse fiber-producing animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Ghildiyal
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Harshit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Regulation of stem cell fate by HSPGs: implication in hair follicle cycling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:77. [PMID: 36577752 PMCID: PMC9797564 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are part of proteoglycan family. They are composed of heparan sulfate (HS)-type glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently linked to a core protein. By interacting with growth factors and/or receptors, they regulate numerous pathways including Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. They act as inhibitor or activator of these pathways to modulate embryonic and adult stem cell fate during organ morphogenesis, regeneration and homeostasis. This review summarizes the knowledge on HSPG structure and classification and explores several signaling pathways regulated by HSPGs in stem cell fate. A specific focus on hair follicle stem cell fate and the possibility to target HSPGs in order to tackle hair loss are discussed in more dermatological and cosmeceutical perspectives.
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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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9
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Chen Z, Zhao J, Yan Y, Zhang L, Du L, Liu X, Cao M, Wang C, Tang Y, Li H. Differential distribution and genetic determination of eccrine sweat glands and hair follicles in the volar skin of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:316. [PMID: 35974330 PMCID: PMC9380334 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) and hair follicles (HFs) are the prominent skin appendages regulating human body temperature. C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats are the most commonly used model animals for studying ESGs and HFs. Previous studies have shown the distribution of ESGs and HFs in volar hindfeet of C57BL/6 mice, but there are few or no reports on the distribution of ESGs and HFs in volar forefeet of C57BL/6 mice and volar feet of SD rats. Here, we investigated the differential distribution and genetic determination of ESGs and HFs in the volar skin of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats through gross observation, iodine-starch sweat test, double staining with Nile Blue A and Oil Red O, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, double immunofluorescence staining of LIM Homeobox 2 (LHX2)/Na+-K+-ATPase α1(NKA) or LHX2/Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and qRT-PCR detection of ESG-related gene Engrailed 1 (En1) and HF-related gene LHX2. RESULTS The results showed ESGs but no HFs in the footpads of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats, both ESGs and HFs in the inter-footpads (IFPs) of C57BL/6 mice, and neither ESGs nor HFs in the IFPs of SD rats. The relative quantitative change in En1 was consistent with the differential distribution of ESGs, and the relative quantitative change of LHX2 was consistent with the differential distribution of HFs. CONCLUSION C57BL/6 mice and SD rats had their own characteristics in the distribution of ESGs and HFs in the volar skin, and researchers should choose mice or rats, and even forefeet or hindfeet as their research object according to different purposes. The study provides a basis for selection of optimal animal models to study development, wound healing and regeneration of skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Chen
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongjing Yan
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Manxiu Cao
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cangyu Wang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Wound Repair; Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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10
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Jain S, Narne VK. Auditory Profile of Children With Some Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorders. RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY ON PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5360-5.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorder is an umbrella term comprising many muscular, skeletal, metabolic, endocrinal, systemic, and immune-related diseases, which are caused due to the improper/inaccurate development of the central nervous system. Most of these disorders are highly prevalent, but some express rarely in human beings. Such disorders with least prevalence rates are known as rare neurodevelopmental disorders. The sensory system is affected in all individuals with these rare neurodevelopmental disorders, although to a varying extent. Sensory processing in terms of hearing loss is reported by many researchers in many rare neurodevelopmental disorders, but the pathophysiology of audiological findings are seldom investigated. In this chapter, the authors highlight the possible relationship between underlying cause and the resultant audiological symptoms in some of the rare neurodevelopmental disorders. Further, the research studies on the audiological profiling in such disorders are discussed.
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Zhao H, Zhu S, Guo T, Han M, Chen B, Qiao G, Wu Y, Yuan C, Liu J, Lu Z, Sun W, Wang T, Li F, Zhang Y, Hou F, Yue Y, Yang B. Whole-genome re-sequencing association study on yearling wool traits in Chinese fine-wool sheep. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6319907. [PMID: 34255028 PMCID: PMC8418636 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with yearling wool traits of fine-wool sheep for optimizing marker-assisted selection and dissection of the genetic architecture of wool traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) for yearling staple length (YSL), yearling mean fiber diameter (YFD), yearling greasy fleece weight (YGFW), and yearling clean fleece rate (YCFR) by using the whole-genome re-sequenced data (totaling 577 sheep) from the following four fine-wool sheep breeds in China: Alpine Merino sheep (AMS), Chinese Merino sheep (CMS), Qinghai fine-wool sheep (QHS), and Aohan fine-wool sheep (AHS). A total of 16 SNPs were detected above the genome-wise significant threshold (P = 5.45E-09), and 79 SNPs were located above the suggestive significance threshold (P = 5.00E-07) from the GWAS results. For YFD and YGFW traits, 7 and 9 SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 10 and 12 SNPs reached the suggestive significance threshold, respectively. For YSL and YCFR traits, none of the SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 57 SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. We recorded 14 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the genome-wise significant SNPs and 59 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the suggestive significant SNPs. Meanwhile, we used the Average Information Restricted Maximum likelihood algorithm (AI-REML) in the “HIBLUP” package to estimate the heritability and variance components of the four desired yearling wool traits. The estimated heritability values (h2) of YSL, YFD, YGFW, and YCFR were 0.6208, 0.7460, 0.6758, and 0.5559, respectively. We noted that the genetic parameters in this study can be used for fine-wool sheep breeding. The newly detected significant SNPs and the newly identified candidate genes in this study would enhance our understanding of yearling wool formation, and significant SNPs can be applied to genome selection in fine-wool sheep breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Mei Han
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Guoyan Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, 734031, China
| | - Fanwen Li
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, 734031, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Xinjiang Gongnaisi Breeding Sheep Farm, Xinyuan, 835808, China
| | - Fujun Hou
- Aohan Banner Breeding Sheep Farm, Chifeng, 024300, China
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- Corresponding author:
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Gesteira TF, Marforio TD, Mueller JW, Calvaresi M, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Structural Determinants of Substrate Recognition and Catalysis by Heparan Sulfate Sulfotransferases. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10974-10987. [PMID: 37799563 PMCID: PMC10550706 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin contain imprinted "sulfation codes", which dictate their diverse physiological and pathological functions. A group of orchestrated biosynthetic enzymes cooperate in polymerizing and modifying HS chains. The biotechnological development of enzymes that can recreate this sulfation pattern on synthetic heparin is challenging, primarily due to the paucity of quantitative data for sulfotransferase enzymes. Herein, we identified critical structural characteristics that determine substrate specificity and shed light on the catalytic mechanism of sugar sulfation of two HS sulfotransferases, 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST) and 6-O-sulfotransferase (HS6ST). Two sets of molecular clamps in HS2ST recognize appropriate substrates; these clamps flank the acceptor binding site on opposite sides. The hexuronic epimers, and not their puckers, have a critical influence on HS2ST selectivity. In contrast, HS6ST recognizes a broader range of substrates. This promiscuity is granted by a conserved tryptophan residue, W210, that positions the acceptor within the active site for catalysis by means of strong electrostatic interactions. Lysines K131 and K132 act in concert with a second tryptophan, W153, shedding water molecules from within the active site, thus providing HS6ST with a binding preference toward 2-O-sulfated substrates. QM/MM calculations provided valuable mechanistic insights into the catalytic process, identifying that the sulfation of both HS2ST and HS6ST follows a SN2-like mechanism. When they are taken together, our findings reveal the molecular basis of how these enzymes recognize different substrates and catalyze sugar sulfation, enabling the generation of enzymes that could create specific heparin epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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Maciej-Hulme ML, Dubaissi E, Shao C, Zaia J, Amaya E, Flitsch SL, Merry CLR. Selective Inhibition of Heparan Sulphate and Not Chondroitin Sulphate Biosynthesis by a Small, Soluble Competitive Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136988. [PMID: 34209670 PMCID: PMC8269443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulphate (HS), orchestrates many developmental processes. Yet its biological role has not yet fully been elucidated. Small molecule chemical inhibitors can be used to perturb HS function and these compounds provide cheap alternatives to genetic manipulation methods. However, existing chemical inhibition methods for HS also interfere with chondroitin sulphate (CS), complicating data interpretation of HS function. Herein, a simple method for the selective inhibition of HS biosynthesis is described. Using endogenous metabolic sugar pathways, Ac4GalNAz produces UDP-GlcNAz, which can target HS synthesis. Cell treatment with Ac4GalNAz resulted in defective chain elongation of the polymer and decreased HS expression. Conversely, no adverse effect on CS production was observed. The inhibition was transient and dose-dependent, affording rescue of HS expression after removal of the unnatural azido sugar. The utility of inhibition is demonstrated in cell culture and in whole organisms, demonstrating that this small molecule can be used as a tool for HS inhibition in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
| | - Eamon Dubaissi
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK;
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
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Ji S, Zhu Z, Sun X, Fu X. Functional hair follicle regeneration: an updated review. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:66. [PMID: 33594043 PMCID: PMC7886855 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) is a highly conserved sensory organ associated with the immune response against pathogens, thermoregulation, sebum production, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and wound healing. Although recent advances in lineage-tracing techniques and the ability to profile gene expression in small populations of cells have increased the understanding of how stem cells operate during hair growth and regeneration, the construction of functional follicles with cycling activity is still a great challenge for the hair research field and for translational and clinical applications. Given that hair formation and cycling rely on tightly coordinated epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, we thus review potential cell sources with HF-inducive capacities and summarize current bioengineering strategies for HF regeneration with functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifei Ji
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziying Zhu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
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Colin-Pierre C, Untereiner V, Sockalingum GD, Berthélémy N, Danoux L, Bardey V, Mine S, Jeanmaire C, Ramont L, Brézillon S. Hair Histology and Glycosaminoglycans Distribution Probed by Infrared Spectral Imaging: Focus on Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan and Glypican-1 during Hair Growth Cycle. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020192. [PMID: 33573119 PMCID: PMC7912031 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of glypicans in different hair follicle (HF) compartments and their potential roles during hair shaft growth are still poorly understood. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) distribution in HFs is classically investigated by conventional histology, biochemical analysis, and immunohistochemistry. In this report, a novel approach is proposed to assess hair histology and HSPG distribution changes in HFs at different phases of the hair growth cycle using infrared spectral imaging (IRSI). The distribution of HSPGs in HFs was probed by IRSI using the absorption region relevant to sulfation as a spectral marker. The findings were supported by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry assays focusing on the glypican-1 expression and distribution in HFs. This study demonstrates the capacity of IRSI to identify the different HF tissue structures and to highlight protein, proteoglycan (PG), glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and sulfated GAG distribution in these structures. The comparison between anagen, catagen, and telogen phases shows the qualitative and/or quantitative evolution of GAGs as supported by Western immunoblotting. Thus, IRSI can simultaneously reveal the location of proteins, PGs, GAGs, and sulfated GAGs in HFs in a reagent- and label-free manner. From a dermatological point of view, IRSI shows its potential as a promising technique to study alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Colin-Pierre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, 51097 Reims, France; (C.C.-P.); (L.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | | | - Ganesh D. Sockalingum
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51097 Reims, France;
| | - Nicolas Berthélémy
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Louis Danoux
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Vincent Bardey
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Solène Mine
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Christine Jeanmaire
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 54425 Pulnoy, France; (N.B.); (L.D.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, 51097 Reims, France; (C.C.-P.); (L.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
- CHU de Reims, Service Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, 51097 Reims, France; (C.C.-P.); (L.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
- Correspondence:
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Anatriello Dos Santos C, Westin AT, Perecin FAMC, Simão JCL, Faria FM, Frade MAC. A Case of Linear Alopecia of the Scalp. Skin Appendage Disord 2020; 6:389-392. [PMID: 33313058 DOI: 10.1159/000510854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Anatriello Dos Santos
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Telles Westin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda André Martins Cruz Perecin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lopes Simão
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesca Maia Faria
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kasza I, Adler D, Nelson DW, Eric Yen CL, Dumas S, Ntambi JM, MacDougald OA, Hernando D, Porter WP, Best FA, Alexander CM. Evaporative cooling provides a major metabolic energy sink. Mol Metab 2019; 27:47-61. [PMID: 31302039 PMCID: PMC6717770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elimination of food calories as heat could help redress the excess accumulation of metabolic energy exhibited as obesity. Prior studies have focused on the induction of thermogenesis in beige and brown adipose tissues as the application of this principle, particularly because the β-adrenergic environment associated with thermogenic activation has been shown to have positive health implications. The counterpoint to this strategy is the regulation of heat loss; we propose that mammals with inefficient heat conservation will require more thermogenesis to maintain body temperature. Methods Surface temperature thermography and rates of trans-epidermal water loss were integrated to profile the total heat transfer of genetically-engineered and genetically variable mice. Results These data were incorporated with energy expenditure data to generate a biophysical profile to test the significance of increased rates of evaporative cooling. Conclusions We show that mouse skins vary considerably in their heat retention properties, whether because of naturally occurring variation (SKH-1 mice), or genetic modification of the heat-retaining lipid lamellae (SCD1, DGAT1 or Agouti Ay obese mice). In particular, we turn attention to widely different rates of evaporative cooling as the result of trans-epidermal water loss; higher rates of heat loss by evaporative cooling leads to increased demand for thermogenesis. We speculate that this physiology could be harnessed to create an energy sink to assist with strategies aimed at treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Doug Adler
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C-L Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sabrina Dumas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Fred A Best
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
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19
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Structural basis of oligosaccharide processing by glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases. Glycobiology 2019; 28:885-897. [PMID: 29878110 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated polysaccharide that plays a key role in morphogenesis, physiology and pathogenesis. The biosynthesis of HS takes place in the Golgi apparatus by a group of enzymes that polymerize, epimerize and sulfate the sugar chain. This biosynthetic process introduces varying degrees of sulfate substitution, which are tightly regulated and directly dictate binding specificity to different cytokines, morphogens and growth factors. Here, we report the use of molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of substrate recognition of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfotransferases, N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase and 2-O-sulfotransferase to the HS chain during the biosynthetic process. We performed multiple simulations of the binding of the sulfotransferase domains to both the HS oligosaccharide substrate and sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Analysis of extended simulations provide detailed and useful insights into the atomic interactions that are at work during oligosaccharide processing. The fast information matching method was used to detect the enzyme global dynamics and to predict the pairwise contact of residues responsible for GAG-enzyme binding and unbinding. The correlation between HS displacement and the location of the modified GAG chain were calculated, indicating a possible route for HS and heparin during sulfotransferase processing. Our data also show sulfotransferases contain a conserved interspaced positively charged amino acid residues that form a patch which controls the protein-GAG binding equilibrium. Together, our findings provide further understanding on the fine-tuned complex mechanism of GAG biosynthesis. Our findings can also be extrapolated to other systems for calculating rates of protein-GAG binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio,100 - 6o andar, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Ectopic Sebaceous Glands in the Hair Follicle Matrix: Case Reports and Literature Review of this Embryogenic Anomaly. Cureus 2018; 10:e3605. [PMID: 30680266 PMCID: PMC6338400 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair embryogenesis is a complex process. The development of this skin appendage originates from both ectoderm and mesoderm layers. Multiple signaling pathways and regulation are required for proper hair formation. However, anomalies occasionally arise, such as ectopic sebaceous glands in the hair follicle matrix. Two men who demonstrate this developmental anomaly are reported and the characteristics of individuals in whom this aberration in hair follicle maturation has occurred are reviewed. In addition, the anatomy of the hair follicle is summarized and the embryologic features of hair morphogenesis are discussed. The occurrence of hair follicle matrix ectopic sebaceous glands is an observation of intellectual intrigue for which the pathogenesis and clinical implications remain to be determined.
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Monteiro AF, Saraiva Gil F, Rato M, Osório T, Tavares E. An extremely rare association of multiple familial trichoepitheliomas and hereditary multiple osteochondromas. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:e157-e159. [PMID: 30246361 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Monteiro
- Dermatovenereology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPE, Santarém, Portugal
| | | | - Margarida Rato
- Dermatovenereology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPE, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Tomás Osório
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo, EPE - Hospital José Joaquim Fernandes, Beja, Portugal
| | - Ermelindo Tavares
- Dermatovenereology Department, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal
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Dynamic Expression of Genes Involved in Proteoglycan/Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism during Skin Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9873471. [PMID: 30228991 PMCID: PMC6136507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9873471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are important for cell signaling and therefore for proper embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Expressions of genes involved in proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism and of genes coding for growth factors known to bind GAGs were analyzed during skin development by microarray analysis and real time quantitative PCR. GAG related genes were organized in six categories based on their role in GAG homeostasis, viz. (1) production of precursor molecules, (2) production of core proteins, (3) synthesis of the linkage region, (4) polymerization, (5) modification, and (6) degradation of the GAG chain. In all categories highly dynamic up- and downregulations were observed during skin development, including differential expression of GAG modifying isoenzymes, core proteins, and growth factors. In two mice models, one overexpressing heparanase and one lacking C5 epimerase, differential expression of only few genes was observed. Data show that during skin development a highly dynamic and complex expression of GAG-associated genes occurs. This likely reflects quantitative and qualitative changes in GAGs/proteoglycans, including structural fine tuning, which may be correlated with growth factor handling.
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Deng J, Chen M, Liu Z, Song Y, Sui T, Lai L, Li Z. The disrupted balance between hair follicles and sebaceous glands in Hoxc13-ablated rabbits. FASEB J 2018; 33:1226-1234. [PMID: 30125135 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800928rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pure hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia 9 (ECTD-9) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutation of HOXC13 and is characterized by hypotrichosis and nail dystrophy in humans. Unlike patients with ECTD-9, Hoxc13-mutated mice and pigs do not faithfully recapitulate the phenotype of hypotrichosis, so there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanism of Hoxc13-mediated hypotrichosis in animal models and clinically. Here, the homozygous Hoxc13-/- rabbits showed complete loss of hair on the head and dorsum, whereas hypotrichosis in the limbs and tail were determined in the Hoxc13-/- rabbits. In addition, reduced hair follicles (HFs) while the enlarged and increased number of sebaceous glands (SGs) were also found in the Hoxc13-/- rabbits, showing that the disrupted balance between HFs and SGs may respond to hypotrichosis of ECTD-9 in an animal model and clinically. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that Hoxc13-/- rabbits can be used as a model for human ECTD-9, especially to understand the pathologic mechanism of hypotrichosis. Moreover, the disrupted balance between HFs and SGs, especially in the Hoxc13-/- rabbits, can be used as an ideal animal model for dermatology ailments, such as acne and hypotrichosis, in preclinical studies.-Deng, J., Chen, M., Liu, Z., Song, Y., Sui, T., Lai, L., Li, Z. The disrupted balance between hair follicles and sebaceous glands in Hoxc13-ablated rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Deng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Sharma A, Rudra D. Emerging Functions of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29887862 PMCID: PMC5989423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and establish peripheral tolerance. Tregs not only maintain the tone and tenor of an immune response by dominant tolerance but, in recent years, have also been identified as key players in resolving tissue inflammation and as mediators of tissue healing. Apart from being diverse in their origin (thymic and peripheral) and location (lymphoid and tissue resident), Tregs are also phenotypically heterogeneous as per the orientation of ongoing immune response. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Treg biology in general, and non-lymphoid and tissue-resident Tregs in particular. We elaborate upon well-known visceral adipose tissue, colon, skin, and tumor-infiltrating Tregs and newly identified tissue Treg populations as in lungs, skeletal muscle, placenta, and other tissues. Our attempt is to differentiate Tregs based on distinctive properties of their location, origin, ligand specificity, chemotaxis, and specific suppressive mechanisms. Despite ever expanding roles in maintaining systemic homeostasis, Tregs are employed by large varieties of tumors to dampen antitumor immunity. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of Treg biology in the context of inflammation can be instrumental in effectively managing tissue transplantation, autoimmunity, and antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
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Chermnykh E, Kalabusheva E, Vorotelyak E. Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Epidermal Stem Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041003. [PMID: 29584689 PMCID: PMC5979429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells reside within the specific anatomic location, called niche, which is a microenvironment that interacts with stem cells to regulate their fate. Regulation of many important processes, including maintenance of stem cell quiescence, self-renewal, and homeostasis, as well as the regulation of division and differentiation, are common functions of the stem cell niche. As it was shown in multiple studies, extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes a lot to stem cell niches in various tissues, including that of skin. In epidermis, ECM is represented, primarily, by a highly specialized ECM structure, basement membrane (BM), which separates the epidermal and dermal compartments. Epidermal stem cells contact with BM, but when they lose the contact and migrate to the overlying layers, they undergo terminal differentiation. When considering all of these factors, ECM is of fundamental importance in regulating epidermal stem cells maintenance, proper mobilization, and differentiation. Here, we summarize the remarkable progress that has recently been made in the research of ECM role in regulating epidermal stem cell fate, paying special attention to the hair follicle stem cell niche. We show that the destruction of ECM components impairs epidermal stem cell morphogenesis and homeostasis. A deep understanding of ECM molecular structure as well as the development of in vitro system for stem cell maintaining by ECM proteins may bring us to developing new approaches for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Chermnykh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Kalabusheva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Yndriago L, Izeta A. Shh… Sweat gland in progress! Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:548-549. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yndriago
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Bioengineering Area; Instituto Biodonostia; Hospital Universitario Donostia; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Bioengineering Area; Instituto Biodonostia; Hospital Universitario Donostia; San Sebastián Spain
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Tsunenaga M. Heparanase Inhibitors Facilitate the Assembly of the Basement Membrane in Artificial Skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:113-122. [PMID: 27853671 PMCID: PMC5070419 DOI: 10.2174/2211542005666160725154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin plays an important role in maintaining a healthy epidermis and dermis, and repeated damage to the skin can destabilize the skin and accelerate the aging process. Skin-equivalent models are suitable for studying the reconstruction of the basement membrane and its contribution to epidermal homeostasis because they lack the basement membrane and show abnormal expression of epidermal differentiation markers. By using these models, it has been shown that reconstruction of the basement membrane is enhanced not only by supplying basement membrane components, but also by inhibiting proteinases such as urokinase and matrix metalloproteinase. Although matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors assist in the reconstruction of the basement membrane structure, their action is not sufficient to promote its functional recovery. However, heparanase inhibitors stabilize the heparan sulfate chains of perlecan (a heparan sulfate proteoglycan) and promote the regulation of heparan sulfate binding growth factors in the basement membrane. Heparan sulfate promotes effective protein-protein interactions, thereby facilitating the assembly of type VII collagen anchoring fibrils and elastin-associated microfibrils. Using both matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and heparanase inhibitors, the basement membrane in a skin-equivalent model comes close to recapitulating the structure and function of an in vivo basement membrane. Therefore, by using an appropriate dermis model and suitable protease inhibitors, it may be possible to produce skin-equivalent models that are more similar to natural skin
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunenaga
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
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Coulson-Thomas VJ. The role of heparan sulphate in development: the ectodermal story. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:213-29. [PMID: 27385054 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) is ubiquitously expressed and is formed of repeating glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid units which are generally highly sulphated. HS is found in tissues bound to proteins forming HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) which are present on the cell membrane or in the extracellular matrix. HSPGs influence a variety of biological processes by interacting with physiologically important proteins, such as morphogens, creating storage pools, generating morphogen gradients and directly mediating signalling pathways, thereby playing vital roles during development. This review discusses the vital role HS plays in the development of tissues from the ectodermal lineage. The ectodermal layer differentiates to form the nervous system (including the spine, peripheral nerves and brain), eye, epidermis, skin appendages and tooth enamel.
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The heparan sulphate deficient Hspg2 exon 3 null mouse displays reduced deposition of TGF-β1 in skin compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:365-74. [PMID: 27098652 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This was an observational study where we examined the role of perlecan HS on the deposition of TGF-β1 in C57BL/6 and Hspg2(∆3-/∆3-) perlecan exon 3 null mouse skin. Despite its obvious importance in skin repair and tissue homeostasis no definitive studies have immunolocalised TGF-β1 in skin in WT or Hspg2(∆3-/∆3-) perlecan exon 3 null mice. Vertical parasagittal murine dorsal skin from 3, 6 and 12 week old C57BL/6 and Hspg2(∆3-/∆3-) mice were fixed in neutral buffered formalin, paraffin embedded and 4 μm sections stained with Mayers haematoxylin and eosin (H & E). TGF-β1 was immunolocalised using a rabbit polyclonal antibody, heat retrieval and the Envision NovaRED detection system. Immunolocalisation of TGF-β1 differed markedly in C57BL/6 and Hspg2(∆3-/∆3-) mouse skin, ablation of exon 3 of Hspg2 resulted in a very severe reduction in the deposition of TGF-β1 in skin 3-12 weeks postnatally. The reduced deposition of TGF-β1 observed in the present study would be expected to impact detrimentally on the remodelling and healing capacity of skin in mutant mice compounding on the poor wound-healing properties already reported for perlecan exon 3 null mice due to an inability to signal with FGF-2 and promote angiogenic repair processes. TGF-β1 also has cell mediated effects in tissue homeostasis and matrix stabilisation a reduction in TGF-β1 deposition would therefore be expected to detrimentally impact on skin homeostasis in the perlecan mutant mice.
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Coulson-Thomas VJ, Coulson-Thomas YM, Gesteira TF, Kao WWY. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Mechanisms by Which Mesenchymal Stem Cells Suppress the Immune System. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:121-34. [PMID: 26804815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of fibroblast-like multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs possess a unique ability to exert suppressive and regulatory effects on both adaptive and innate immunity in an autologous and allogeneic manner. A vital step in stem cell transplantation is overcoming the potential graft-versus-host disease, which is a limiting factor to transplantation success. Given that MSCs attain powerful differentiation capabilities and also present immunosuppressive properties, which enable them to survive host immune rejection, MSCs are of great interest. Due to their ability to differentiate into different cell types and to suppress and modulate the immune system, MSCs are being developed for treating a plethora of diseases, including immune disorders. Moreover, in recent years, MSCs have been genetically engineered to treat and sometimes even cure some diseases, and the use of MSCs for cell therapy presents new perspectives for overcoming tissue rejection. In this review, we discuss the potential extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms that underlie MSCs' unique ability to modulate inflammation, and both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Coulson-Thomas VJ, Chang SH, Yeh LK, Coulson-Thomas YM, Yamaguchi Y, Esko J, Liu CY, Kao W. Loss of corneal epithelial heparan sulfate leads to corneal degeneration and impaired wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3004-14. [PMID: 26024086 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly modified glycosaminoglycan (GAG) bound to a core protein to form heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are vital in many cellular processes ranging from development to adult physiology, as well as in disease, through interactions with various protein ligands. This study aimed to elucidate the role of HS in corneal epithelial homeostasis and wound healing. METHODS An inducible quadruple transgenic mouse model was generated to excise Ext1 and Ndst1, which encode the critical HS chain elongation enzyme and N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, respectively, in keratin 14-positive cells upon doxycycline induction. RESULTS EXT(Δ/ΔCEpi) mice (deletion of Ext1 in corneal epithelium) induced at P20 presented progressive thinning of the corneal epithelium with a significant loss in the number of epithelial layers by P55. EXT(Δ/ΔCEpi) mice presented tight junction disruption, loss of cell-basement membrane adhesion complexes, and impaired wound healing. Interestingly, EXT(Δ/ΔCEpi) and NDST(Δ/ΔCEpi) mice presented an increase in cell proliferation, which was assayed by both Ki67 staining and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation. Moreover, EXT(Δ/ΔCEpi) mice presented compromised epithelial stratification 7 days after a debridement wound. The conditional knockout of HS from keratocytes using the keratocan promoter led to no corneal abnormalities or any disruption in wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Corneal epithelial cells require HS for maintaining corneal homeostasis, and the loss of epithelial HS leads to both impaired wound healing and impaired corneal stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Linko, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Winston Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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