1
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Yamamoto Y, Kajiura H, Fukuchi H, Nishibu T, Fujiyama K, Kitagawa T. Reconstitution of (1→3)-β-D-glucans measurement system using recombinant Limulus polyphemus Factor G. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7463-7473. [PMID: 37882851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crab Factor G is a heterodimeric serine protease zymogen that is activated by (1→3)-β-D-glucans (BDG) from fungal cell walls. This reaction is used in diagnostic agents for deep-seated mycosis. At present, functional analysis using Factor G from Tachypleus tridentatus has been performed, and genetic information has been published, but reconstitution using recombinant proteins has not yet been achieved. In this study, we cloned the genes for Factor G α and β from Limulus polyphemus; two gene sequences were obtained for Factor G α and seven for β. The obtained L. polyphemus Factor G α was used to specifically remove BDG from the culture medium for eliminating the activator BDG. The optimal combination for each sequence was examined with BDG removal medium, and a combination was found that featured BDG-dependent activity. These results indicate that a BDG assay system using recombinant Factor G is feasible in reconstitution. This research will support future reagent development that does not require natural horseshoe crab resources. KEY POINTS: • Cloned novel Factor G α subunit and β subunit genes from L. polyphemus • Proposed a method of removing BDG without reducing culture medium performance • Identified combination of recombinant α and β subunits for BDG-dependent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Yamamoto
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukuchi
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishibu
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitagawa
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan.
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2
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Kawabata SI, Shibata T. New insights into the hemolymph coagulation cascade of horseshoe crabs initiated by autocatalytic activation of a lipopolysaccharide-sensitive zymogen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104491. [PMID: 35850280 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a chain reaction of proteolytic activation of multiple protease zymogens was first proposed to explain the blood clotting system in mammals as an enzyme cascade. In multicellular organisms, similar enzyme cascades are widely present in signal transduction and amplification systems. The initiation step of the blood coagulation cascade often consists of autocatalytic activation of the corresponding zymogens located on the surfaces of host- or foreign-derived substances at injured sites. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the concept of autocatalytic activation remains speculative. In this review, we will focus on the autocatalytic activation of prochelicerase C on the surface of lipopolysaccharide as a potential initiator of hemolymph coagulation in horseshoe crabs. Prochelicerase C is presumed to have evolved from a common complement factor in Chelicerata; thus, evolutionary insights into the hemolymph coagulation and complement systems in horseshoe crabs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Yamashita K, Takeshita N, Arita A, Shibata T, Kobayashi Y, Kawabata SI. A mutant equipped with a regenerated disulfide for the missing his loop of a serine protease zymogen in the horseshoe crab coagulation cascade. J Biochem 2021; 170:489-500. [PMID: 34037771 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide-triggered coagulation cascade in horseshoe crabs is composed of three zymogens belonging to the trypsinogen family: prochelicerase C, prochelicerase B (proB), and the proclotting enzyme (proCE). Trypsinogen-family members contain three conserved disulfides located around the active site. While it is known that proB evolutionarily lost one of the disulfides, the His-loop disulfide, the roles of the missing His-loop disulfide in proB remain unknown. Here we prepared a proB mutant, named proB-murasame, equipped with a regenerated His-loop disulfide. The activation rate by upstream α-chelicerase C for proB-murasame was indistinguishable from that for wild-type (WT) proB. The resulting protease chelicerase B-murasame exhibited an 8-fold higher kcat value for downstream proCE than WT chelicerase B, whereas the Km value of chelicerase B-murasame was equivalent to that of WT chelicerase B. WT serpins-1, -2, and -3, identified as scavengers for the cascade, had no reactivity against WT chelicerase B, whereas chelicerase B-murasame was inhibited by WT serpin-2, suggesting that WT chelicerae B may trigger as-yet-unsolved phenomena after performing its duty in the cascade. The reconstituted lipopolysaccharide-triggered cascade containing proB-murasame exhibited ∼5-fold higher CE production than that containing WT proB. ProB-murasame might be used as a high value-adding reagent for lipopolysaccharide detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamashita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeshita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Aina Arita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- LAL Research, Central Research Laboratory, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, 207-0021, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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5
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Yamashita K, Shibata T, Takahashi T, Kobayashi Y, Kawabata SI. Roles of the clip domains of two protease zymogens in the coagulation cascade in horseshoe crabs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8857-8866. [PMID: 32409575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered coagulation cascade in horseshoe crabs comprises three protease zymogens: prochelicerase C (proC), prochelicerase B (proB), and the proclotting enzyme (proCE). The presence of LPS results in autocatalytic activation of proC to α-chelicerase C, which, in turn, activates proB to chelicerase B, converting proCE to the clotting enzyme (CE). ProB and proCE contain an N-terminal clip domain, but the roles of these domains in this coagulation cascade remain unknown. Here, using recombinant proteins and kinetics and binding assays, we found that five basic residues in the clip domain of proB are required to maintain its LPS-binding activity and activation by α-chelicerase C. Moreover, an amino acid substitution at a potential hydrophobic cavity in proB's clip domain (V55A-proB) reduced both its LPS-binding activity and activation rate. WT proCE exhibited no LPS-binding activity, and the WT chelicerase B-mediated activation of a proCE variant with a substitution at a potential hydrophobic cavity (V53A-proCE) was ∼4-fold slower than that of WT proCE. The k cat/Km value of the interaction of WT chelicerase B with V53A-proCE was 7-fold lower than that of the WT chelicerase B-WT proCE interaction. The enzymatic activities of V55A-chelicerase B and V53A-CE against specific peptide substrates were indistinguishable from those of the corresponding WT proteases. In conclusion, the clip domain of proB recruits it to a reaction center composed of α-chelicerase C and LPS, where α-chelicerase C is ready to activate proB, leading to chelicerase B-mediated activation of proCE via its clip domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamashita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- LAL Research, Central Research Laboratory, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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6
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Miyagawa Y, Kikuchi K, Tsuchiya M, Adachi S. A statistical model for activation of Factor C by binding to LPS aggregates. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2019; 48:743-747. [PMID: 31630219 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Published data on Factor C activity at various LPS and Lipid A concentrations (Nakamura et al. in Eur J Biochem 176:89, 1988; Kobayashi et al. in J Biol Chem 37:25987, 2014) were rearranged to show that Factor C exhibited its maximum activity at a specific concentration of LPS. A statistical model was proposed for examining whether a single LPS molecule binding activates Factor C (monomeric activation) or dimerization of Factor C is necessary for the activation (dimeric activation). In the monomeric activation model the plots of the relative activity of Factor C against the molar ratio of LPS to Factor C were different from those in the published data. The plots in the dimeric activation model lie on a bell-shaped curve, whatever the Factor C concentration, matching the published data and indicating the appropriateness of that model. We suggest that Factor C is activated by multiple molecular interactions of Factor C with LPS aggregates on which it dimerises and that this explains why larger aggregates are less effective at activating Factor C than smaller ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyagawa
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1 Nanjo-Ohtani, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan
| | - K Kikuchi
- Faculty of Liberal Studies, National Institute of Technology Kumamoto College, 2659-2 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1102, Japan
| | - M Tsuchiya
- Microbial Solutions, Charles River, 1023 Wappoo Road, Suite 43B, Charleston, SC, 29407, USA
| | - S Adachi
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1 Nanjo-Ohtani, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan.
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7
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Barker JH, Weiss JP. Detecting lipopolysaccharide in the cytosol of mammalian cells: Lessons from MD-2/TLR4. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:127-132. [PMID: 30694581 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1118-434r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory immune responses to Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial to innate host defenses but can also contribute to pathology. How host cells sensitively detect structural features of LPS was a mystery for years, especially given that a portion of the molecule essential for its potent proinflammatory properties-lipid A-is buried in the bacterial membrane. Studies of responses to extracellular and vacuolar LPS revealed a crucial role for accessory proteins that specifically bind LPS-rich membranes and extract LPS monomers to generate a complex of LPS, MD-2, and TLR4. These insights provided means to understand better both the remarkable host sensitivity to LPS and the means whereby specific LPS structural features are discerned. More recently, the noncanonical inflammasome, consisting of caspases-4/5 in humans and caspase-11 in mice, has been demonstrated to mediate responses to LPS that has reached the host cytosol. Precisely how LPS gains access to cytosolic caspases-and in what form-is not well characterized, and understanding this process will provide crucial insights into how the noncanonical inflammasome is regulated during infection. Herein, we briefly review what is known about LPS detection by cytosolic caspases-4/5/11, focusing on lessons derived from studies of the better-characterized TLR4 system that might direct future mechanistic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Barker
- Inflammation Program and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jerrold P Weiss
- Inflammation Program and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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8
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Shibata T, Kobayashi Y, Ikeda Y, Kawabata SI. Intermolecular autocatalytic activation of serine protease zymogen factor C through an active transition state responding to lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11589-11599. [PMID: 29866883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseshoe crab hemolymph coagulation is believed to be triggered by the autocatalytic activation of serine protease zymogen factor C to the active form, α-factor C, belonging to the trypsin family, through an active transition state of factor C responding to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), designated factor C*. However, the existence of factor C* is only speculative, and its proteolytic activity has not been validated. In addition, it remains unclear whether the proteolytic cleavage of the Phe737-Ile738 bond (Phe737 site) of factor C required for the conversion to α-factor C occurs intramolecularly or intermolecularly between the factor C molecules. Here we show that the Phe737 site of a catalytic Ser-deficient mutant of factor C is LPS-dependently hydrolyzed by a Phe737 site-uncleavable mutant, clearly indicating the existence of the active transition state of factor C without cleavage of the Phe737 site. Moreover, we found the following facts using several mutants of factor C: the autocatalytic cleavage of factor C occurs intermolecularly between factor C* molecules on the LPS surface; factor C* does not exhibit intrinsic chymotryptic activity against the Phe737 site, but it may recognize a three-dimensional structure around the cleavage site; and LPS is required not only to complete the substrate-binding site and oxyanion hole of factor C* by interacting with the N-terminal region but also to allow the Phe737 site to be cleaved by inducing a conformational change around the Phe737 site or by acting as a scaffold to induce specific protein-protein interactions between factor C* molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuto Ikeda
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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9
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Abstract
In humans and other mammals, recognition of endotoxins—abundant surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria—provides a potent stimulus for induction of inflammation and mobilization of host defenses. The structurally unique lipid A region of LPS is the principal determinant of this pro-inflammatory activity. This region of LPS is normally buried within the bacterial outer membrane and aggregates of purified LPS, making even more remarkable its picomolar potency and the ability of discrete variations in lipid A structure to markedly alter the pro-inflammatory activity of LPS. Two recognition systems—MD-2/TLR4 and “LPS-sensing” cytosolic caspases—together confer LPS responsiveness at the host cell surface, within endosomes, and at sites physically accessible to the cytosol. Understanding how the lipid A of LPS is delivered and recognized at these diverse sites is crucial to understanding how the magnitude and character of the inflammatory responses are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Weiss
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason Barker
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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He Y, Wang Y, Yang F, Jiang H. Manduca sexta hemolymph protease-1, activated by an unconventional non-proteolytic mechanism, mediates immune responses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 84:23-31. [PMID: 28366787 PMCID: PMC5461656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage or pathogen invasion triggers the auto-proteolysis of an initiating serine protease (SP), rapidly leading to sequential cleavage activation of other cascade members to set off innate immune responses in insects. Recently, we presented evidence that Manduca sexta hemolymph protease-1 zymogen (proHP1) is a member of the SP system in this species, and may activate proHP6. HP6 stimulates melanization and induces antimicrobial peptide synthesis. Here we report that proHP1 adopts an active conformation (*) to carry out its function, without a requirement for proteolytic activation. Affinity chromatography using HP1 antibodies isolated from induced hemolymph the 48 kDa proHP1 and also a 90 kDa band (detected by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions) containing proHP1 and several serpins, as revealed by mass spectrometric analysis. Identification of tryptic peptides from these 90 kDa complexes included peptides from the amino-terminal regulatory part of proHP1, indicating that proHP1* was not cleaved, and that it had formed a complex with the serpins. As suicide inhibitors, serpins form SDS-stable, acyl-complexes when they are attacked by active proteases, indicating that proHP1* was catalytically active. Detection of M. sexta serpin-1, 4, 9, 13 and smaller amounts of serpin-3, 5, 6 in the complexes suggests that it is regulated by multiple serpins in hemolymph. We produced site-directed mutants of proHP1b for cleavage by bovine blood coagulation factor Xa at the designed proteolytic activation site, to generate a form of proHP1b that could be activated by Factor Xa. However, proHP1b cut by Factor Xa failed to activate proHP6 and, via HP6, proHP8 or proPAP1. This negative result is consistent with the suggestion that proHP1* is a physiological mediator of immune responses. Further research is needed to investigate the conformational change that results in conversion of proHP1 to active proHP1*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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11
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Mizumura H, Ogura N, Aketagawa J, Aizawa M, Kobayashi Y, Kawabata SI, Oda T. Genetic engineering approach to develop next-generation reagents for endotoxin quantification. Innate Immun 2016; 23:136-146. [PMID: 27913792 PMCID: PMC5302069 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916681074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial endotoxin test, which uses amebocyte lysate reagents of horseshoe crab origin, is a sensitive, reproducible and simple assay to measure endotoxin concentration. To develop sustainable raw materials for lysate reagents that do not require horseshoe crabs, three recombinant protease zymogens (factor C, derived from mammalian cells; factor B; and the proclotting enzyme derived from insect cells) were prepared using a genetic engineering technique. Recombinant cascade reagents (RCRs) were then prepared to reconstruct the reaction cascade in the amebocyte lysate reagent. The protease activity of the RCR containing recombinant factor C was much greater than that of recombinant factor C alone, indicating the efficiency of signal amplification in the cascade. Compared with the RCR containing the insect cell-derived factor C, those containing mammalian cell-derived factor C, which features different glycosylation patterns, were less susceptible to interference by the injectable drug components. The standard curve of the RCR containing mammalian cell-derived recombinant factor C had a steeper slope than the curves for those containing natural lysate reagents, suggesting a greater sensitivity to endotoxin. The present study supports the future production of recombinant reagents that do not require the use of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Mizumura
- 1 LAL Research and Development Department, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ogura
- 1 LAL Research and Development Department, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Aketagawa
- 2 LAL Marketing Group, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Aizawa
- 2 LAL Marketing Group, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- 1 LAL Research and Development Department, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Oda
- 1 LAL Research and Development Department, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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GPCRs in invertebrate innate immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Kobayashi Y, Takahashi T, Shibata T, Ikeda S, Koshiba T, Mizumura H, Oda T, Kawabata SI. Factor B Is the Second Lipopolysaccharide-binding Protease Zymogen in the Horseshoe Crab Coagulation Cascade. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19379-86. [PMID: 26109069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor B is a serine-protease zymogen in the horseshoe crab coagulation cascade, and it is the primary substrate for activated factor C, the LPS-responsive initiator of the cascade. Factor C is autocatalytically activated to α-factor C on LPS and is artificially converted to β-factor C, another activated form, by chymotrypsin. It is not known, however, whether LPS is required for the activation of factor B. Here we found that wild-type factor B expressed in HEK293S cells is activated by α-factor C, but not by β-factor C, in an LPS-dependent manner and that β-factor C loses the LPS binding activity of factor C through additional cleavage by chymotrypsin within the N-terminal LPS-binding region. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance analyses revealed that wild-type factor B binds to LPS with high affinity comparable with that of factor C, demonstrating that factor B is the second LPS-binding zymogen in the cascade. An LPS-binding site of wild-type factor B was found in the N-terminal clip domain, and the activation rate of a clip domain deletion mutant was considerably slower than that of wild-type factor B. Moreover, in the presence of LPS, Triton X-100 inhibited the activation of wild-type factor B by α-factor C. We conclude that the clip domain of factor B has an important role in localizing factor B to the surface of Gram-negative bacteria or LPS released from bacteria to initiate effective proteolytic activation by α-factor C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshio Shibata
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan and
| | | | - Takumi Koshiba
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, the Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, and
| | - Hikaru Mizumura
- the LAL Research and Development Group, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan
| | - Toshio Oda
- the LAL Research and Development Group, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Kawabata
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, the Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, and
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