1
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Mayfield JM, Hitefield NL, Czajewski I, Vanhye L, Holden L, Morava E, van Aalten DMF, Wells L. O-GlcNAc Transferase Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (OGT-CDG): Potential mechanistic targets revealed by evaluating the OGT interactome. J Biol Chem 2024:107599. [PMID: 39059494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for the post-translational modification O-GlcNAc on thousands of target nucleocytoplasmic proteins. To date, nine variants of OGT that segregate with OGT Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (OGT-CDG) have been reported and characterized. Numerous additional variants have been associated with OGT-CDG, some of which are currently undergoing investigation. This disorder primarily presents with global developmental delay and intellectual disability (ID), alongside other variable neurological features and subtle facial dysmorphisms in patients. Several hypotheses aim to explain the etiology of OGT-CDG, with a prominent hypothesis attributing the pathophysiology of OGT-CDG to mutations segregating with this disorder disrupting the OGT interactome. The OGT interactome consists of thousands of proteins, including substrates as well as interactors that require noncatalytic functions of OGT. A key aim in the field is to identify which interactors and substrates contribute to the primarily neural-specific phenotype of OGT-CDG. In this review, we will discuss the heterogenous phenotypic features of OGT-CDG seen clinically, the variable biochemical effects of mutations associated with OGT-CDG, and the use of animal models to understand this disorder. Furthermore, we will discuss how previously identified OGT interactors causal for ID provide mechanistic targets for investigation that could explain the dysregulated gene expression seen in OGT-CDG models. Identifying shared or unique altered pathways impacted in OGT-CDG patients will provide a better understanding of the disorder as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Mayfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30605, United States of America
| | - Naomi L Hitefield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30605, United States of America
| | - Ignacy Czajewski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lotte Vanhye
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Laura Holden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30605, United States of America
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, DK.
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30605, United States of America.
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2
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Saxena S, Nabel CS, Seay TW, Patel PS, Kawale AS, Crosby CR, Tigro H, Oh E, Vander Heiden MG, Hata AN, Suo Z, Zou L. Unprocessed genomic uracil as a source of DNA replication stress in cancer cells. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2036-2052.e7. [PMID: 38688279 PMCID: PMC11162326 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Alterations of bases in DNA constitute a major source of genomic instability. It is believed that base alterations trigger base excision repair (BER), generating DNA repair intermediates interfering with DNA replication. Here, we show that genomic uracil, a common type of base alteration, induces DNA replication stress (RS) without being processed by BER. In the absence of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG), genomic uracil accumulates to high levels, DNA replication forks slow down, and PrimPol-mediated repriming is enhanced, generating single-stranded gaps in nascent DNA. ATR inhibition in UNG-deficient cells blocks the repair of uracil-induced gaps, increasing replication fork collapse and cell death. Notably, a subset of cancer cells upregulates UNG2 to suppress genomic uracil and limit RS, and these cancer cells are hypersensitive to co-treatment with ATR inhibitors and drugs increasing genomic uracil. These results reveal unprocessed genomic uracil as an unexpected source of RS and a targetable vulnerability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Saxena
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Nabel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Turner W Seay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Parasvi S Patel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ajinkya S Kawale
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R Crosby
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helene Tigro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Eugene Oh
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zucai Suo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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Treadway CJ, Boyer JA, Yang S, Yang H, Liu M, Li Z, Cheng M, Marzluff WF, Ye D, Xiong Y, Baldwin AS, Zhang Q, Brown NG. Using NMR to Monitor TET-Dependent Methylcytosine Dioxygenase Activity and Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:15-21. [PMID: 38193366 PMCID: PMC11075173 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The active removal of DNA methylation marks is governed by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes (TET1-3), which iteratively oxidize 5-methycytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5hmC), and then 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). TET proteins are frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies or inactivated in solid tumors. These methylcytosine dioxygenases are α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent and are, therefore, sensitive to metabolic homeostasis. For example, TET2 is activated by vitamin C (VC) and inhibited by specific oncometabolites. However, understanding the regulation of the TET2 enzyme by different metabolites and its activity remains challenging because of limitations in the methods used to simultaneously monitor TET2 substrates, products, and cofactors during catalysis. Here, we measure TET2-dependent activity in real time using NMR. Additionally, we demonstrate that in vitro activity of TET2 is highly dependent on the presence of VC in our system and is potently inhibited by an intermediate metabolite of the TCA cycle, oxaloacetate (OAA). Despite these opposing effects on TET2 activity, the binding sites of VC and OAA on TET2 are shared with αKG. Overall, our work suggests that NMR can be effectively used to monitor TET2 catalysis and illustrates how TET activity is regulated by metabolic and cellular conditions at each oxidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton J. Treadway
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Joshua A Boyer
- Department. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Shiyue Yang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Hui Yang
- Molecular & Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Molecular & Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Present address: Plexium, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Meng Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - William F. Marzluff
- Department. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dan Ye
- Molecular & Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Present address: Cullgen, Inc., 12730 High Bluff Drive, San Diego, CA, 92130, United States
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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4
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Zhang XJ, Han BB, Shao ZY, Yan R, Gao J, Liu T, Jin ZY, Lai W, Xu ZM, Wang CH, Zhang F, Gu C, Wang Y, Wang H, Walsh CP, Guo F, Xu GL, Du YR. Auto-suppression of Tet dioxygenases protects the mouse oocyte genome from oxidative demethylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:42-53. [PMID: 38177668 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation plays a vital role in repressing retrotransposons, and such derepression is linked with developmental failure, tumorigenesis and aging. DNA methylation patterns are formed by precisely regulated actions of DNA methylation writers (DNA methyltransferases) and erasers (TET, ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases). However, the mechanisms underlying target-specific oxidation of 5mC by TET dioxygenases remain largely unexplored. Here we show that a large low-complexity domain (LCD), located in the catalytic part of Tet enzymes, negatively regulates the dioxygenase activity. Recombinant Tet3 lacking LCD is shown to be hyperactive in converting 5mC into oxidized species in vitro. Endogenous expression of the hyperactive Tet3 mutant in mouse oocytes results in genome-wide 5mC oxidation. Notably, the occurrence of aberrant 5mC oxidation correlates with a consequent loss of the repressive histone mark H3K9me3 at ERVK retrotransposons. The erosion of both 5mC and H3K9me3 causes ERVK derepression along with upregulation of their neighboring genes, potentially leading to the impairment of oocyte development. These findings suggest that Tet dioxygenases use an intrinsic auto-regulatory mechanism to tightly regulate their enzymatic activity, thus achieving spatiotemporal specificity of methylome reprogramming, and highlight the importance of methylome integrity for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Bin Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yang Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Gu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (RU069) and Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (RU069) and Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ya-Rui Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Dupas T, Lauzier B, McGraw S. O-GlcNAcylation: the sweet side of epigenetics. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38093337 PMCID: PMC10720106 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones display a wide variety of post-translational modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These epigenetic modifications can influence chromatin structure and function without altering the DNA sequence. Histones can also undergo post-translational O-GlcNAcylation, a rather understudied modification that plays critical roles in almost all biological processes and is added and removed by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase and O-GlcNAcase, respectively. This review provides a current overview of our knowledge of how O-GlcNAcylation impacts the histone code both directly and by regulating other chromatin modifying enzymes. This highlights the pivotal emerging role of O-GlcNAcylation as an essential epigenetic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dupas
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard‑Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du Thorax, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Serge McGraw
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard‑Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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6
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Smith ENL, Chandanathil M, Millis RM. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Obesity: Broadening Our Understanding of the Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e47875. [PMID: 37899888 PMCID: PMC10612994 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Now recognized as more than just the result of overeating or the consumption of poor-quality foods, obesity is understood to be a multifactorial disease, strongly correlated with a variety of environment-gene interactions. In addressing the complex public health issue of obesity, medical practitioners, along with their allied healthcare counterparts, face the challenge of reducing its prevalence by utilizing and sharing with patients the current, yet incomplete, scientific knowledge concerning the disease. While continued research is required to strengthen direct cause-effect relationships, substantial evidence links post-translational modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications of several candidate "obesity" genes to the predilection for obesity. Additional evidence supports the influence of maternal diet during the gestational period, individual diet, and other lifestyle and genetic factors in obesity. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current information concerning epigenetic modifications that appear to support, or result from, the development of obesity. Such mechanisms may serve as therapeutic targets for developing novel prevention and/or treatment strategies for obesity or as epigenetic biomarkers for monitoring recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N L Smith
- Graduate Studies, American University of Antigua, St. Johns, ATG
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7
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Halawani D, Wang Y, Ramakrishnan A, Estill M, He X, Shen L, Friedel RH, Zou H. Circadian clock regulator Bmal1 gates axon regeneration via Tet3 epigenetics in mouse sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5165. [PMID: 37620297 PMCID: PMC10449865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons after peripheral axotomy involves reconfiguration of gene regulatory circuits to establish regenerative gene programs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, through an unbiased survey, we show that the binding motif of Bmal1, a central transcription factor of the circadian clock, is enriched in differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) of mouse DRG after peripheral lesion. By applying conditional deletion of Bmal1 in neurons, in vitro and in vivo neurite outgrowth assays, as well as transcriptomic profiling, we demonstrate that Bmal1 inhibits axon regeneration, in part through a functional link with the epigenetic factor Tet3. Mechanistically, we reveal that Bmal1 acts as a gatekeeper of neuroepigenetic responses to axonal injury by limiting Tet3 expression and restricting 5hmC modifications. Bmal1-regulated genes not only concern axon growth, but also stress responses and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, we uncover an epigenetic rhythm of diurnal oscillation of Tet3 and 5hmC levels in DRG neurons, corresponding to time-of-day effect on axon growth potential. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that targeting Bmal1 enhances axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Halawani
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang X. TET (Ten-eleven translocation) family proteins: structure, biological functions and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:297. [PMID: 37563110 PMCID: PMC10415333 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins (TETs), specifically, TET1, TET2 and TET3, can modify DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) iteratively to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxycytosine (5caC), and then two of these intermediates (5fC and 5caC) can be excised and return to unmethylated cytosines by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Because DNA methylation and demethylation play an important role in numerous biological processes, including zygote formation, embryogenesis, spatial learning and immune homeostasis, the regulation of TETs functions is complicated, and dysregulation of their functions is implicated in many diseases such as myeloid malignancies. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that TET2 is able to catalyze the hydroxymethylation of RNA to perform post-transcriptional regulation. Notably, catalytic-independent functions of TETs in certain biological contexts have been identified, further highlighting their multifunctional roles. Interestingly, by reactivating the expression of selected target genes, accumulated evidences support the potential therapeutic use of TETs-based DNA methylation editing tools in disorders associated with epigenetic silencing. In this review, we summarize recent key findings in TETs functions, activity regulators at various levels, technological advances in the detection of 5hmC, the main TETs oxidative product, and TETs emerging applications in epigenetic editing. Furthermore, we discuss existing challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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9
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Arroyo M, Cardoso CM, Hastert FD. In situ Quantification of Cytosine Modification Levels in Heterochromatic Domains of Cultured Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4716. [PMID: 37497462 PMCID: PMC10366683 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications of DNA, and especially cytosine, play a crucial role in regulating basic cellular processes and thereby the overall cellular metabolism. Their levels change during organismic and cellular development, but especially also in pathogenic aberrations such as cancer. Levels of respective modifications are often addressed in bulk by specialized mass spectrometry techniques or by employing dedicated ChIP-seq protocols, with the latter giving information about the sequence context of the modification. However, to address modification levels on a single cell basis, high- or low-content microscopy techniques remain the preferred methodology. The protocol presented here describes a straightforward method to detect and quantify different DNA modifications in human cell lines, which can also be adapted to other cultured mammalian cell types. To this end, cells are immunostained against two different cytosine modifications in combination with DNA counterstaining. Image acquisition takes place on a confocal microscopy system. A semi-automated analysis pipeline helps to gather data in a fast and reliable fashion. The protocol is comparatively simple, fast, and cost effective. By employing methodologies that are often well established in most molecular biology laboratories, many researchers are able to apply the described protocol straight away in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arroyo
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cristina M. Cardoso
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian D. Hastert
- Department of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
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10
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Shin H, Leung A, Costello KR, Senapati P, Kato H, Moore RE, Lee M, Lin D, Tang X, Pirrotte P, Bouman Chen Z, Schones DE. Inhibition of DNMT1 methyltransferase activity via glucose-regulated O-GlcNAcylation alters the epigenome. eLife 2023; 12:e85595. [PMID: 37470704 PMCID: PMC10390045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA methyltransferase activity of DNMT1 is vital for genomic maintenance of DNA methylation. We report here that DNMT1 function is regulated by O-GlcNAcylation, a protein modification that is sensitive to glucose levels, and that elevated O-GlcNAcylation of DNMT1 from high glucose environment leads to alterations to the epigenome. Using mass spectrometry and complementary alanine mutation experiments, we identified S878 as the major residue that is O-GlcNAcylated on human DNMT1. Functional studies in human and mouse cells further revealed that O-GlcNAcylation of DNMT1-S878 results in an inhibition of methyltransferase activity, resulting in a general loss of DNA methylation that preferentially occurs at partially methylated domains (PMDs). This loss of methylation corresponds with an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis. These results establish O-GlcNAcylation of DNMT1 as a mechanism through which the epigenome is regulated by glucose metabolism and implicates a role for glycosylation of DNMT1 in metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Shin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Kevin R Costello
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Parijat Senapati
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Roger E Moore
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center DuarteDuarteUnited States
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Dimitri Lin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center DuarteDuarteUnited States
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixUnited States
| | - Zhen Bouman Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
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11
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Ayodeji SA, Bao B, Teslow EA, Polin LA, Dyson G, Bollig-Fischer A, Fehl C. Hyperglycemia and O-GlcNAc transferase activity drive a cancer stem cell pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:102. [PMID: 37231419 PMCID: PMC10210312 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced glucose metabolism is a feature of most tumors, but downstream functional effects of aberrant glucose flux are difficult to mechanistically determine. Metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes have a hyperglycemia component and are correlated with elevated pre-menopausal cancer risk for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, determining pathways for hyperglycemic disease-coupled cancer risk remains a major unmet need. One aspect of cellular sugar utilization is the addition of the glucose-derived protein modification O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) via the single human enzyme that catalyzes this process, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). The data in this report implicate roles of OGT and O-GlcNAc within a pathway leading to cancer stem-like cell (CSC) expansion. CSCs are the minor fraction of tumor cells recognized as a source of tumors as well as fueling metastatic recurrence. The objective of this study was to identify a novel pathway for glucose-driven expansion of CSC as a potential molecular link between hyperglycemic conditions and CSC tumor risk factors. METHODS We used chemical biology tools to track how a metabolite of glucose, GlcNAc, became linked to the transcriptional regulatory protein tet-methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) as an O-GlcNAc post-translational modification in three TNBC cell lines. Using biochemical approaches, genetic models, diet-induced obese animals, and chemical biology labeling, we evaluated the impact of hyperglycemia on CSC pathways driven by OGT in TNBC model systems. RESULTS We showed that OGT levels were higher in TNBC cell lines compared to non-tumor breast cells, matching patient data. Our data identified that hyperglycemia drove O-GlcNAcylation of the protein TET1 via OGT-catalyzed activity. Suppression of pathway proteins by inhibition, RNA silencing, and overexpression confirmed a mechanism for glucose-driven CSC expansion via TET1-O-GlcNAc. Furthermore, activation of the pathway led to higher levels of OGT production via feed-forward regulation in hyperglycemic conditions. We showed that diet-induced obesity led to elevated tumor OGT expression and O-GlcNAc levels in mice compared to lean littermates, suggesting relevance of this pathway in an animal model of the hyperglycemic TNBC microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data revealed a mechanism whereby hyperglycemic conditions activated a CSC pathway in TNBC models. This pathway can be potentially targeted to reduce hyperglycemia-driven breast cancer risk, for instance in metabolic diseases. Because pre-menopausal TNBC risk and mortality are correlated with metabolic diseases, our results could lead to new directions including OGT inhibition for mitigating hyperglycemia as a risk factor for TNBC tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed A Ayodeji
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Emily A Teslow
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lisa A Polin
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Greg Dyson
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Aliccia Bollig-Fischer
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Charlie Fehl
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, USA.
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12
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Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification performed by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. O-GlcNAcylation is generally believed to act as a metabolic integrator in numerous signalling pathways. The stoichiometry of this modification is tightly controlled throughout all stages of development, with both hypo/hyper O-GlcNAcylation resulting in broad defects. In this Primer, we discuss the role of O-GlcNAcylation in developmental processes from stem cell maintenance and differentiation to cell and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Czajewski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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13
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Hains AE, Uppal S, Cao JZ, Salwen HR, Applebaum MA, Cohn SL, Godley LA. MYCN and HIF-1 directly regulate TET1 expression to control 5-hmC gains and enhance neuroblastoma cell migration in hypoxia. Epigenetics 2022; 17:2056-2074. [PMID: 35942521 PMCID: PMC9665154 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven-Translocation 5-methylcytosine dioxygenases 1-3 (TET1-3) convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), using oxygen as a co-substrate. Contrary to expectations, hypoxia induces 5-hmC gains in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (NB) cells via upregulation of TET1. Here, we show that MYCN directly controls TET1 expression in normoxia, and in hypoxia, HIF-1 augments TET1 expression and TET1 protein stability. Through gene-editing, we identify two MYCN and HIF-1 binding sites within TET1 that regulate gene expression. Bioinformatic analyses of 5-hmC distribution and RNA-sequencing data from hypoxic cells implicate hypoxia-regulated genes important for cell migration, including CXCR4. We show that hypoxic cells lacking the two MYCN/HIF-1 binding sites within TET1 migrate slower than controls. Treatment of MYCN-amplified NB cells with a CXCR4 antagonist results in slower migration under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that inclusion of a CXCR4 antagonist into NB treatment regimens could be beneficial for children with MYCN-amplified NBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia E. Hains
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sakshi Uppal
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Z. Cao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen R. Salwen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Applebaum
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan L. Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucy A. Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Zhao P, Malik S. The phosphorylation to acetylation/methylation cascade in transcriptional regulation: how kinases regulate transcriptional activities of DNA/histone-modifying enzymes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 35659740 PMCID: PMC9164400 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors directly regulate gene expression by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, involving the dynamic alterations of chromatin structure and the formation of a complex with different kinds of cofactors, like DNA/histone modifying-enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, and cell cycle factors. Despite the significance of transcription factors, it remains unclear to determine how these cofactors are regulated to cooperate with transcription factors, especially DNA/histone modifying-enzymes. It has been known that DNA/histone modifying-enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications. And the most common and important modification is phosphorylation. Even though various DNA/histone modifying-enzymes have been classified and partly explained how phosphorylated sites of these enzymes function characteristically in recent studies. It still needs to find out the relationship between phosphorylation of these enzymes and the diseases-associated transcriptional regulation. Here this review describes how phosphorylation affects the transcription activity of these enzymes and other functions, including protein stability, subcellular localization, binding to chromatin, and interaction with other proteins.
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15
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Arroyo M, Hastert FD, Zhadan A, Schelter F, Zimbelmann S, Rausch C, Ludwig AK, Carell T, Cardoso MC. Isoform-specific and ubiquitination dependent recruitment of Tet1 to replicating heterochromatin modulates methylcytosine oxidation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5173. [PMID: 36056023 PMCID: PMC9440122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of the epigenetic DNA mark 5-methylcytosine by Tet dioxygenases is an established route to diversify the epigenetic information, modulate gene expression and overall cellular (patho-)physiology. Here, we demonstrate that Tet1 and its short isoform Tet1s exhibit distinct nuclear localization during DNA replication resulting in aberrant cytosine modification levels in human and mouse cells. We show that Tet1 is tethered away from heterochromatin via its zinc finger domain, which is missing in Tet1s allowing its targeting to these regions. We find that Tet1s interacts with and is ubiquitinated by CRL4(VprBP). The ubiquitinated Tet1s is then recognized by Uhrf1 and recruited to late replicating heterochromatin. This leads to spreading of 5-methylcytosine oxidation to heterochromatin regions, LINE 1 activation and chromatin decondensation. In summary, we elucidate a dual regulation mechanism of Tet1, contributing to the understanding of how epigenetic information can be diversified by spatio-temporal directed Tet1 catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arroyo
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian D. Hastert
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany ,grid.425396.f0000 0001 1019 0926Section AIDS and newly emerging pathogens, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zhadan
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Schelter
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Zimbelmann
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cathia Rausch
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany ,grid.16008.3f0000 0001 2295 9843Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Anne K. Ludwig
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Present Address: Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M. Cristina Cardoso
- grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Stolz P, Mantero AS, Tvardovskiy A, Ugur E, Wange LE, Mulholland CB, Cheng Y, Wierer M, Enard W, Schneider R, Bartke T, Leonhardt H, Elsässer SJ, Bultmann S. TET1 regulates gene expression and repression of endogenous retroviruses independent of DNA demethylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8491-8511. [PMID: 35904814 PMCID: PMC9410877 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine (5mC)) is critical for genome stability and transcriptional regulation in mammals. The discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins catalyze the oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) revolutionized our perspective on the complexity and regulation of DNA modifications. However, to what extent the regulatory functions of TET1 can be attributed to its catalytic activity remains unclear. Here, we use genome engineering and quantitative multi-omics approaches to dissect the precise catalytic vs. non-catalytic functions of TET1 in murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Our study identifies TET1 as an essential interaction hub for multiple chromatin modifying complexes and a global regulator of histone modifications. Strikingly, we find that the majority of transcriptional regulation depends on non-catalytic functions of TET1. In particular, we show that TET1 is critical for the establishment of H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 at endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) and their silencing that is independent of its canonical role in DNA demethylation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this repression of ERVs depends on the interaction between TET1 and SIN3A. In summary, we demonstrate that the non-catalytic functions of TET1 are critical for regulation of gene expression and the silencing of endogenous retroviruses in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stolz
- Faculty of Biology and Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Angelo Salazar Mantero
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet 17165 Stockholm, Sweden, Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Tvardovskiy
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Enes Ugur
- Faculty of Biology and Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Lucas E Wange
- Faculty of Biology, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christopher B Mulholland
- Faculty of Biology and Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Yuying Cheng
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet 17165 Stockholm, Sweden, Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Wierer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Faculty of Biology, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Till Bartke
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Faculty of Biology and Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet 17165 Stockholm, Sweden, Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Faculty of Biology and Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
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17
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Joshi K, Liu S, Breslin S J P, Zhang J. Mechanisms that regulate the activities of TET proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:363. [PMID: 35705880 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases consists of three members, TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three TET enzymes have Fe+2 and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase activities, catalyzing the 1st step of DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and further oxidize 5hmC to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Gene knockout studies demonstrated that all three TET proteins are involved in the regulation of fetal organ generation during embryonic development and normal tissue generation postnatally. TET proteins play such roles by regulating the expression of key differentiation and fate-determining genes via (1) enzymatic activity-dependent DNA methylation of the promoters and enhancers of target genes; and (2) enzymatic activity-independent regulation of histone modification. Interacting partner proteins and post-translational regulatory mechanisms regulate the activities of TET proteins. Mutations and dysregulation of TET proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, specifically cancers. Here, we summarize the research on the interaction partners and post-translational modifications of TET proteins. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these partner proteins and modifications regulate TET functioning and target gene expression. Such information will help in the design of medications useful for targeted therapy of TET-mutant-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Joshi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Shanhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Post-translational modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a process referred to as O-GlcNAcylation, occurs on a vast variety of proteins. Mounting evidence in the past several decades has clearly demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is a unique and ubiquitous modification. Reminiscent of a code, protein O-GlcNAcylation functions as a crucial regulator of nearly all cellular processes studied. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the developments in our understanding of myriad protein substrates modified by O-GlcNAcylation from a systems perspective. Specifically, we provide a comprehensive survey of O-GlcNAcylation in multiple species studied, including eukaryotes (e.g., protists, fungi, plants, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, murine, and human), prokaryotes, and some viruses. We evaluate features (e.g., structural properties and sequence motifs) of O-GlcNAc modification on proteins across species. Given that O-GlcNAcylation functions in a species-, tissue-/cell-, protein-, and site-specific manner, we discuss the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation on human proteins. We focus particularly on several classes of relatively well-characterized human proteins (including transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and E3 ubiquitin-ligases), with representative O-GlcNAc site-specific functions presented. We hope the systems view of the great endeavor in the past 35 years will help demystify the O-GlcNAc code and lead to more fascinating studies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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19
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Lejart A, Zentout S, Chapuis C, D'Augustin O, Smith R, Salbert G, Huet S. The N-terminal domain of TET1 promotes the formation of dense chromatin regions refractory to transcription. Chromosoma 2022; 131:47-58. [PMID: 35235010 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
TET (ten-eleven translocation) enzymes initiate active cytosine demethylation via the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine. TET1 is composed of a C-terminal domain, which bears the catalytic activity of the enzyme, and a N-terminal region that is less well characterized except for the CXXC domain responsible for the targeting to CpG islands. While cytosine demethylation induced by TET1 promotes transcription, this protein also interacts with chromatin-regulating factors that rather silence this process, the coordination between these two opposite functions of TET1 being unclear. In the present work, we uncover a new function of the N-terminal part of the TET1 protein in the regulation of the chromatin architecture. This domain of the protein promotes the establishment of a compact chromatin architecture displaying reduced exchange rate of core histones and partial dissociation of the histone linker. This chromatin reorganization process, which does not rely on the CXXC domain, is associated with a global shutdown of transcription and an increase in heterochromatin-associated histone epigenetic marks. Based on these findings, we propose that the dense chromatin organization generated by the N-terminal domain of TET1 could contribute to restraining the transcription enhancement induced by the DNA demethylation activity of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lejart
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Siham Zentout
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Chapuis
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ostiane D'Augustin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CEA, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Salbert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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20
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Besaratinia A, Caceres A, Tommasi S. DNA Hydroxymethylation in Smoking-Associated Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2657. [PMID: 35269796 PMCID: PMC8910185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) was first detected in mammalian DNA five decades ago. However, it did not take center stage in the field of epigenetics until 2009, when ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was found to oxidize 5-methylcytosine to 5-hmC, thus offering a long-awaited mechanism for active DNA demethylation. Since then, a remarkable body of research has implicated DNA hydroxymethylation in pluripotency, differentiation, neural system development, aging, and pathogenesis of numerous diseases, especially cancer. Here, we focus on DNA hydroxymethylation in smoking-associated carcinogenesis to highlight the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potentials of this epigenetic mark. We describe the significance of 5-hmC in DNA demethylation, the importance of substrates and cofactors in TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation, the regulation of TETs and related genes (isocitrate dehydrogenases, fumarate hydratase, and succinate dehydrogenase), the cell-type dependency and genomic distribution of 5-hmC, and the functional role of 5-hmC in the epigenetic regulation of transcription. We showcase examples of studies on three major smoking-associated cancers, including lung, bladder, and colorectal cancers, to summarize the current state of knowledge, outstanding questions, and future direction in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (A.C.); (S.T.)
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21
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Dissecting TET2 Regulatory Networks in Blood Differentiation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030830. [PMID: 35159097 PMCID: PMC8834528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone marrow disorders such as leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes are characterized by abnormal healthy blood cells production and function. Uncontrolled growth and impaired differentiation of white blood cells hinder the correct development of healthy cells in the bone marrow. One of the most frequent alterations that appear to initiate this deregulation and persist in leukemia patients are mutations in epigenetic regulators such as TET2. This review summarizes the latest molecular findings regarding TET2 functions in hematopoietic cells and their potential implications in blood cancer origin and evolution. Our goal was to encompass and interlink up-to-date discoveries of the convoluted TET2 functional network to provide a more precise overview of the leukemic burden of this protein. Abstract Cytosine methylation (5mC) of CpG is the major epigenetic modification of mammalian DNA, playing essential roles during development and cancer. Although DNA methylation is generally associated with transcriptional repression, its role in gene regulation during cell fate decisions remains poorly understood. DNA demethylation can be either passive or active when initiated by TET dioxygenases. During active demethylation, transcription factors (TFs) recruit TET enzymes (TET1, 2, and 3) to specific gene regulatory regions to first catalyze the oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and subsequently to higher oxidized cytosine derivatives. Only TET2 is frequently mutated in the hematopoietic system from the three TET family members. These mutations initially lead to the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compartment expansion, eventually evolving to give rise to a wide range of blood malignancies. This review focuses on recent advances in characterizing the main TET2-mediated molecular mechanisms that activate aberrant transcriptional programs in blood cancer onset and development. In addition, we discuss some of the key outstanding questions in the field.
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22
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Sun L, Lv S, Song T. O-GlcNAcylation links oncogenic signals and cancer epigenetics. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 35201498 PMCID: PMC8777512 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalent dysregulation of epigenetic modifications plays a pivotal role in cancer. Targeting epigenetic abnormality is a new strategy for cancer therapy. Understanding how conventional oncogenic factors cause epigenetic abnormality is of great basic and translational value. O-GlcNAcylation is a protein modification which affects physiology and pathophysiology. In mammals, O-GlcNAcylation is catalyzed by one single enzyme OGT and removed by one single enzyme OGA. O-GlcNAcylation is affected by the availability of the donor, UDP-GlcNAc, generated by the serial enzymatic reactions in the hexoamine biogenesis pathway (HBP). O-GlcNAcylation regulates a wide spectrum of substrates including many proteins involved in epigenetic modification. Like epigenetic modifications, abnormality of O-GlcNAcylation is also common in cancer. Studies have revealed substantial impact on HBP enzymes and OGT/OGA by oncogenic signals. In this review, we will first summarize how oncogenic signals regulate HBP enzymes, OGT and OGA in cancer. We will then integrate this knowledge with the up to date understanding how O-GlcNAcylation regulates epigenetic machinery. With this, we propose a signal axis from oncogenic signals through O-GlcNAcylation dysregulation to epigenetic abnormality in cancer. Further elucidation of this axis will not only advance our understanding of cancer biology but also provide new revenues towards cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Suli Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tanjing Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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23
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Writing and erasing O-GlcNAc from target proteins in cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2891-2901. [PMID: 34783346 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a widespread reversible modification on nucleocytoplasmic proteins that plays an important role in many biochemical processes and is highly relevant to numerous human diseases. The O-GlcNAc modification has diverse functional impacts on individual proteins and glycosites, and methods for editing this modification on substrates are essential to decipher these functions. Herein, we review recent progress in developing methods for O-GlcNAc regulation, with a focus on methods for editing O-GlcNAc with protein- and site-selectivity in cells. The applications, advantages, and limitations of currently available strategies for writing and erasing O-GlcNAc and future directions are also discussed. These emerging approaches to manipulate O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells will greatly accelerate the development of functional studies and enable therapeutic interventions in the O-GlcNAc field.
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24
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Chen YF, Zhu JJ, Li J, Ye XS. O-GlcNAcylation increases PYGL activity by promoting phosphorylation. Glycobiology 2021; 32:101-109. [PMID: 34939084 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that links metabolism with signal transduction. High O-GlcNAcylation appears to be the general characteristic of cancer cells. It promotes the invasion, metastasis, proliferation and survival of tumor cells, and alters many metabolic pathways. Glycogen metabolism increases in a wide variety of tumors, suggesting that it is an important aspect of cancer pathophysiology. Herein we focused on the O-GlcNAcylation of liver glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), an important catabolism enzyme in the glycogen metabolism pathway. PYGL expressed in both HEK 293 T and HCT116 were modified by O-GlcNAc. And both PYGL O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of Ser15 (pSer15) were decreased under glucose and insulin, while increased under glucagon and Na2S2O4 (hypoxia) conditions. Then, we identified the major O-GlcNAcylation site to be Ser430, and demonstrated that pSer15 and Ser430 O-GlcNAcylation were mutually reinforced. Lastly, we found that Ser430 O-GlcNAcylation was fundamental for PYGL activity. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation of PYGL positively regulated pSer15 and therefore its enzymatic activity. Our results provided another molecular insight into the intricate post-translational regulation network of PYGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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25
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Zhang C, Zhong T, Li Y, Li X, Yuan X, Liu L, Wu W, Wu J, Wu Y, Liang R, Xie X, Kang C, Liu Y, Lai Z, Xiao J, Tang Z, Jin R, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Q, Sun Z, Zhong J. The hepatic AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis regulates glucose homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:70672. [PMID: 34738906 PMCID: PMC8592569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) is involved in multiple biological functions in cell development, differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Tet1 deficient mice display the defects of murine glucose metabolism. However, the role of TET1 in metabolic homeostasis keeps unknown. Here, our finding demonstrates that hepatic TET1 physically interacts with silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) via its C-terminal and activates its deacetylase activity, further regulating the acetylation-dependent cellular translocalization of transcriptional factors PGC-1α and FOXO1, resulting in the activation of hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression that includes PPARGC1A, G6PC, and SLC2A4. Importantly, the hepatic gluconeogenic gene activation program induced by fasting is inhibited in Tet1 heterozygous mice livers. The adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators metformin or AICAR-two compounds that mimic fasting-elevate hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression dependent on in turn activation of the AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis. Collectively, our study identifies TET1 as a SIRT1 coactivator and demonstrates that the AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis represents a potential mechanism or therapeutic target for glucose metabolism or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chuanchuan Kang
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhonghong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhixian Tang
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Riqun Jin
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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26
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Wang X, Rosikiewicz W, Sedkov Y, Martinez T, Hansen BS, Schreiner P, Christensen J, Xu B, Pruett-Miller SM, Helin K, Herz HM. PROSER1 mediates TET2 O-GlcNAcylation to regulate DNA demethylation on UTX-dependent enhancers and CpG islands. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/1/e202101228. [PMID: 34667079 PMCID: PMC8548262 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PROSER1 promotes the interaction between TET2 and the glycosyltransferase OGT to regulate TET2 O-GlcNAcylation and stability on genomic elements that depend on the activity of the MLL3/4 complexes. DNA methylation at enhancers and CpG islands usually leads to gene repression, which is counteracted by DNA demethylation through the TET protein family. However, how TET enzymes are recruited and regulated at these genomic loci is not fully understood. Here, we identify TET2, the glycosyltransferase OGT and a previously undescribed proline and serine rich protein, PROSER1 as interactors of UTX, a component of the enhancer-associated MLL3/4 complexes. We find that PROSER1 mediates the interaction between OGT and TET2, thus promoting TET2 O-GlcNAcylation and protein stability. In addition, PROSER1, UTX, TET1/2, and OGT colocalize on many genomic elements genome-wide. Loss of PROSER1 results in lower enrichment of UTX, TET1/2, and OGT at enhancers and CpG islands, with a concomitant increase in DNA methylation and transcriptional down-regulation of associated target genes and increased DNA hypermethylation encroachment at H3K4me1-predisposed CpG islands. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PROSER1 acts as a more general regulator of OGT activity by controlling O-GlcNAcylation of multiple other chromatin signaling pathways. Taken together, this study describes for the first time a regulator of TET2 O-GlcNAcylation and its implications in mediating DNA demethylation at UTX-dependent enhancers and CpG islands and supports an important role for PROSER1 in regulating the function of various chromatin-associated proteins via OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wojciech Rosikiewicz
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yurii Sedkov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tanner Martinez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Baranda S Hansen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Schreiner
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jesper Christensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre and The Novo Nordisk Foundation for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre and The Novo Nordisk Foundation for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cell Biology Program and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Martin Herz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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27
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Qin W, Scicluna BP, van der Poll T. The Role of Host Cell DNA Methylation in the Immune Response to Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696280. [PMID: 34394088 PMCID: PMC8358789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cells undergo complex transcriptional reprogramming upon infection. Epigenetic changes play a key role in the immune response to bacteria, among which DNA modifications that include methylation have received much attention in recent years. The extent of DNA methylation is well known to regulate gene expression. Whilst historically DNA methylation was considered to be a stable epigenetic modification, accumulating evidence indicates that DNA methylation patterns can be altered rapidly upon exposure of cells to changing environments and pathogens. Furthermore, the action of proteins regulating DNA methylation, particularly DNA methyltransferases and ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases, may be modulated, at least in part, by bacteria. This review discusses the principles of DNA methylation, and recent insights about the regulation of host DNA methylation during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhai Qin
- Center of Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center of Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Traube FR, Özdemir D, Sahin H, Scheel C, Glück AF, Geserich AS, Oganesian S, Kostidis S, Iwan K, Rahimoff R, Giorgio G, Müller M, Spada F, Biel M, Cox J, Giera M, Michalakis S, Carell T. Redirected nuclear glutamate dehydrogenase supplies Tet3 with α-ketoglutarate in neurons. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4100. [PMID: 34215750 PMCID: PMC8253819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tet3 is the main α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenase in neurons that converts 5-methyl-dC into 5-hydroxymethyl-dC and further on to 5-formyl- and 5-carboxy-dC. Neurons possess high levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-dC that further increase during neural activity to establish transcriptional plasticity required for learning and memory functions. How αKG, which is mainly generated in mitochondria as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is made available in the nucleus has remained an unresolved question in the connection between metabolism and epigenetics. We show that in neurons the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts glutamate into αKG in an NAD+-dependent manner, is redirected to the nucleus by the αKG-consumer protein Tet3, suggesting on-site production of αKG. Further, glutamate dehydrogenase has a stimulatory effect on Tet3 demethylation activity in neurons, and neuronal activation increases the levels of αKG. Overall, the glutamate dehydrogenase-Tet3 interaction might have a role in epigenetic changes during neural plasticity. α-ketoglutarate (αKG) is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is required in the nucleus for genomic DNA demethylation by Tet3. Here, the authors show that the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts glutamate to αKG, is redirected from the mitochondria to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska R Traube
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dilara Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanife Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Scheel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea F Glück
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna S Geserich
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Oganesian
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Iwan
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René Rahimoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Grazia Giorgio
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Spada
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Bray JK, Dawlaty MM, Verma A, Maitra A. Roles and Regulations of TET Enzymes in Solid Tumors. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:635-646. [PMID: 33468438 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms governing the methylome profile of tumor suppressors and oncogenes have expanded with the discovery of oxidized states of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes are a family of dioxygenases that iteratively catalyze 5mC oxidation and promote cytosine demethylation, thereby creating a dynamic global and local methylation landscape. While the catalytic function of TET enzymes during stem cell differentiation and development have been well studied, less is known about the multifaceted roles of TET enzymes during carcinogenesis. This review outlines several tiers of TET regulation and overviews how TET deregulation promotes a cancer phenotype. Defining the tissue-specific and context-dependent roles of TET enzymes will deepen our understanding of the epigenetic perturbations that promote or inhibit carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Bray
- Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Dick A, Chen A. The role of TET proteins in stress-induced neuroepigenetic and behavioural adaptations. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100352. [PMID: 34189192 PMCID: PMC8220100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, critical, non-redundant roles of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenase enzymes have been identified in the brain during developmental and postnatal stages. Specifically, TET-mediated active demethylation, involving the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and subsequent oxidative derivatives, is dynamically regulated in response to environmental stimuli such as neuronal activity, learning and memory processes, and stressor exposure. Such changes may therefore perpetuate stable and dynamic transcriptional patterns within neuronal populations required for neuroplasticity and behavioural adaptation. In this review, we will highlight recent evidence supporting a role of TET protein function and active demethylation in stress-induced neuroepigenetic and behavioural adaptations. We further explore potential mechanisms by which TET proteins may mediate both the basal and pathological embedding of stressful life experiences within the brain of relevance to stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Dick
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- The Ruhman Family Laboratory for Research on the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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De Dieuleveult M, Bizet M, Colin L, Calonne E, Bachman M, Li C, Stancheva I, Miotto B, Fuks F, Deplus R. The chromatin remodelling protein LSH/HELLS regulates the amount and distribution of DNA hydroxymethylation in the genome. Epigenetics 2021; 17:422-443. [PMID: 33960278 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1917152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) leading to a dynamic epigenetic state of DNA that can influence transcription and chromatin organization. While TET proteins interact with complexes involved in transcriptional repression and activation, the overall understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in TET-mediated regulation of gene expression still remains limited. Here, we show that TET proteins interact with the chromatin remodelling protein lymphoid-specific helicase (LSH/HELLS) in vivo and in vitro. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) knock out of Lsh leads to a significant reduction of 5-hydroxymethylation amount in the DNA. Whole genome sequencing of 5hmC in wild-type versus Lsh knock-out MEFs and ESCs showed that in absence of Lsh, some regions of the genome gain 5hmC while others lose it, with mild correlation with gene expression changes. We further show that differentially hydroxymethylated regions did not completely overlap with differentially methylated regions indicating that changes in 5hmC distribution upon Lsh knock-out are not a direct consequence of 5mC decrease. Altogether, our results suggest that LSH, which interacts with TET proteins, contributes to the regulation of 5hmC levels and distribution in MEFs and ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud De Dieuleveult
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Université De Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Cnrs, PARIS, France
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Colin
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bachman
- Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Chao Li
- , Max Born Crescent, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Irina Stancheva
- , Max Born Crescent, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université De Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Cnrs, PARIS, France
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachel Deplus
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc Cycling Regulate Gene Transcription: Emerging Roles in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071666. [PMID: 33916244 PMCID: PMC8037238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (PTM) linking nutrient flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) to gene transcription. Mounting experimental and clinical data implicates aberrant O-GlcNAcylation in the development and progression of cancer. Herein, we discuss how alteration of O-GlcNAc-regulated transcriptional mechanisms leads to atypical gene expression in cancer. We discuss the challenges associated with studying O-GlcNAc function and present several new approaches for studies of O-GlcNAc-regulated transcription. Abstract O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a single sugar post-translational modification (PTM) of intracellular proteins linking nutrient flux through the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) to the control of cis-regulatory elements in the genome. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is associated with the development, progression, and alterations in gene expression in cancer. O-GlcNAc cycling is defined as the addition and subsequent removal of the modification by O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) provides a novel method for cells to regulate various aspects of gene expression, including RNA polymerase function, epigenetic dynamics, and transcription factor activity. We will focus on the complex relationship between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of the RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) pre-initiation complex and the regulation of the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNAP II via the synchronous actions of OGT, OGA, and kinases. Additionally, we discuss how O-GlcNAcylation of TATA-box binding protein (TBP) alters cellular metabolism. Next, in a non-exhaustive manner, we will discuss the current literature on how O-GlcNAcylation drives gene transcription in cancer through changes in transcription factor or chromatin remodeling complex functions. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges associated with studying O-GlcNAcylation and present several new approaches for studying O-GlcNAc regulated transcription that will advance our understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc in cancer.
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Nutrient regulation of the flow of genetic information by O-GlcNAcylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:867-880. [PMID: 33769449 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is actively added to and removed from thousands of intracellular proteins. As a PTM, O-GlcNAcylation tunes the functions of a protein in various ways, such as enzymatic activity, transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, intermolecular interactions, and degradation. Its regulatory roles often interplay with the phosphorylation of the same protein. Governed by 'the Central Dogma', the flow of genetic information is central to all cellular activities. Many proteins regulating this flow are O-GlcNAc modified, and their functions are tuned by the cycling sugar. Herein, we review the regulatory roles of O-GlcNAcylation on the epigenome, in DNA replication and repair, in transcription and in RNA processing, in protein translation and in protein turnover.
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TETology: Epigenetic Mastermind in Action. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1701-1726. [PMID: 33694104 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is a well-explored epigenetic modification mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are considered "methylation writers"; cytosine methylation is a reversible process. The process of removal of methyl groups from DNA remained unelucidated until the discovery of ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins which are now considered "methylation editors." TET proteins are a family of Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent 5-methyl cytosine dioxygenases-they convert 5-methyl cytosine to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, and to further oxidized derivatives. In humans, there are three TET paralogs with tissue-specific expression, namely TET1, TET2, and TET3. Among the TETs, TET2 is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells where it plays a pleiotropic role. The paralogs also differ in their structure and DNA binding. TET2 lacks the CXXC domain which mediates DNA binding in the other paralogs; thus, TET2 requires interactions with other proteins containing DNA-binding domains for effectively binding to DNA to bring about the catalysis. In addition to its role as methylation editor of DNA, TET2 also serves as methylation editor of RNA. Thus, TET2 is involved in epigenetics as well as epitranscriptomics. TET2 mutations have been found in various malignant hematological disorders like acute myeloid leukemia, and non-malignant hematological disorders like myelodysplastic syndromes. Increasing evidence shows that TET2 plays an important role in the non-hematopoietic system as well. Hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma are some non-hematological malignancies in which a role of TET2 has been implicated. Loss of TET2 is also associated with atherosclerotic vascular lesions and endometriosis. The current review elaborates on the role of structure, catalysis, physiological functions, pathological alterations, and methods to study TET2, with specific emphasis on epigenomics and epitranscriptomics.
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Bartoccetti M, van der Veer BK, Luo X, Khoueiry R, She P, Bajaj M, Xu J, Janiszewski A, Thienpont B, Pasque V, Koh KP. Regulatory Dynamics of Tet1 and Oct4 Resolve Stages of Global DNA Demethylation and Transcriptomic Changes in Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2150-2169.e9. [PMID: 32075734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) involves the reactivation of endogenous pluripotency genes and global DNA demethylation, but temporal resolution of these events using existing markers is limited. Here, we generate murine transgenic lines harboring reporters for the 5-methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet1 and for Oct4. By monitoring dual reporter fluorescence during pluripotency entry, we identify a sequential order of Tet1 and Oct4 activation by proximal and distal regulatory elements. Full Tet1 activation marks an intermediate stage that accompanies predominantly repression of somatic genes, preceding full Oct4 activation, and distinguishes two waves of global DNA demethylation that target distinct genomic features but are uncoupled from transcriptional changes. Tet1 knockout shows that TET1 contributes to both waves of demethylation and activates germline regulatory genes in reprogramming intermediates but is dispensable for Oct4 reactivation. Our dual reporter system for time-resolving pluripotency entry thus refines the molecular roadmap of iPSC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bartoccetti
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard K van der Veer
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinlong Luo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pinyi She
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Janiszewski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kian Peng Koh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Chen J, Dong X, Cheng X, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Li Q, Huang X, Wang M, Li L, Guo W, Sun B, Shu Q, Yi W, Li X. Ogt controls neural stem/progenitor cell pool and adult neurogenesis through modulating Notch signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108905. [PMID: 33789105 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ogt catalyzed O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc) plays an important function in diverse biological processes and diseases. However, the roles of Ogt in regulating neurogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Ogt deficiency or depletion in adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSPCs) leads to the diminishment of the aNSPC pool and aberrant neurogenesis and consequently impairs cognitive function in adult mice. RNA sequencing reveals that Ogt deficiency alters the transcription of genes relating to cell cycle, neurogenesis, and neuronal development. Mechanistic studies show that Ogt directly interacts with Notch1 and catalyzes the O-GlcNAc modification of Notch TM/ICD fragment. Decreased O-GlcNAc modification of TM/ICD increases the binding of E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to TM/ICD and promotes its degradation. Itch knockdown rescues neurogenic defects induced by Ogt deficiency in vitro and in vivo. Our findings reveal the essential roles and mechanisms of Ogt and O-GlcNAc modification in regulating mammalian neurogenesis and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Chen
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiaoxue Dong
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xuejun Cheng
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058; The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qian Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Weixiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Wen Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058; The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China.
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Garcia-Outeiral V, de la Parte C, Fidalgo M, Guallar D. The Complexity of TET2 Functions in Pluripotency and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:630754. [PMID: 33537318 PMCID: PMC7848104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.630754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) is a crucial driver of cell fate outcomes in a myriad of biological processes, including embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. TET2 catalyzes the demethylation of 5-methylcytosine on DNA, affecting transcriptional regulation. New exciting research has provided evidence for TET2 catalytic activity in post-transcriptional regulation through RNA hydroxymethylation. Here we review the current understanding of TET2 functions on both DNA and RNA, and the influence of these chemical modifications in normal development and pluripotency contexts, highlighting TET2 versatility in influencing genome regulation and cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garcia-Outeiral
- Stem Cells and Human Diseases Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina de la Parte
- Epitranscriptomics and Ageing Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Stem Cells and Human Diseases Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diana Guallar
- Epitranscriptomics and Ageing Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tsiouplis NJ, Bailey DW, Chiou LF, Wissink FJ, Tsagaratou A. TET-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation in Immune Cell Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623948. [PMID: 33520997 PMCID: PMC7843795 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and further oxidation products in DNA. The oxidized methylcytosines (oxi-mCs) facilitate DNA demethylation and are also novel epigenetic marks. TET loss-of-function is strongly associated with cancer; TET2 loss-of-function mutations are frequently observed in hematological malignancies that are resistant to conventional therapies. Importantly, TET proteins govern cell fate decisions during development of various cell types by activating a cell-specific gene expression program. In this review, we seek to provide a conceptual framework of the mechanisms that fine tune TET activity. Then, we specifically focus on the multifaceted roles of TET proteins in regulating gene expression in immune cell development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas James Tsiouplis
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Wesley Bailey
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Center of Translational Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lilly Felicia Chiou
- University of North Carolina Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fiona Jane Wissink
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ageliki Tsagaratou
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Center of Translational Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Department of Genetics, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Sheikh MA, Emerald BS, Ansari SA. Stem cell fate determination through protein O-GlcNAcylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100035. [PMID: 33154167 PMCID: PMC7948975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic and adult stem cells possess the capability of self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. The intricate balance between self-renewal and differentiation is governed by developmental signals and cell-type-specific gene regulatory mechanisms. A perturbed intra/extracellular environment during lineage specification could affect stem cell fate decisions resulting in pathology. Growing evidence demonstrates that metabolic pathways govern epigenetic regulation of gene expression during stem cell fate commitment through the utilization of metabolic intermediates or end products of metabolic pathways as substrates for enzymatic histone/DNA modifications. UDP-GlcNAc is one such metabolite that acts as a substrate for enzymatic mono-glycosylation of various nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins on serine/threonine amino acid residues, a process termed protein O-GlcNAcylation. The levels of GlcNAc inside the cells depend on the nutrient availability, especially glucose. Thus, this metabolic sensor could modulate gene expression through O-GlcNAc modification of histones or other proteins in response to metabolic fluctuations. Herein, we review evidence demonstrating how stem cells couple metabolic inputs to gene regulatory pathways through O-GlcNAc-mediated epigenetic/transcriptional regulatory mechanisms to govern self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation programs. This review will serve as a primer for researchers seeking to better understand how O-GlcNAc influences stemness and may catalyze the discovery of new stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Kołodziej-Wojnar P, Borkowska J, Wicik Z, Domaszewska-Szostek A, Połosak J, Cąkała-Jakimowicz M, Bujanowska O, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Alterations in the Genomic Distribution of 5hmC in In Vivo Aged Human Skin Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010078. [PMID: 33374812 PMCID: PMC7794952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a functionally active epigenetic modification. We analyzed whether changes in DNA 5-hydroxymethylation are an element of age-related epigenetic drift. We tested primary fibroblast cultures originating from individuals aged 22-35 years and 74-94 years. Global quantities of methylation-related DNA modifications were estimated by the dot blot and colorimetric methods. Regions of the genome differentially hydroxymethylated with age (DHMRs) were identified by hMeDIP-seq and the MEDIPS and DiffBind algorithms. Global levels of DNA modifications were not associated with age. We identified numerous DHMRs that were enriched within introns and intergenic regions and most commonly associated with the H3K4me1 histone mark, promoter-flanking regions, and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding sites. However, only seven DHMRs were identified by both algorithms and all of their settings. Among them, hypo-hydroxymethylated DHMR in the intron of Rab Escort Protein 1 (CHM) coexisted with increased expression in old cells, while increased 5-hydroxymethylation in the bodies of Arginine and Serine Rich Protein 1 (RSRP1) and Mitochondrial Poly(A) Polymerase (MTPAP) did not change their expression. These age-related differences were not associated with changes in the expression of any of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes or their activity. In conclusion, the distribution of 5hmC in DNA of in vivo aged human fibroblasts underwent age-associated modifications. The identified DHMRs are, likely, marker changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kołodziej-Wojnar
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Joanna Borkowska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Anna Domaszewska-Szostek
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Jacek Połosak
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Olga Bujanowska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.W.); (A.D.-S.); (J.P.); (M.C.-J.); (O.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6086410
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Mulholland CB, Nishiyama A, Ryan J, Nakamura R, Yiğit M, Glück IM, Trummer C, Qin W, Bartoschek MD, Traube FR, Parsa E, Ugur E, Modic M, Acharya A, Stolz P, Ziegenhain C, Wierer M, Enard W, Carell T, Lamb DC, Takeda H, Nakanishi M, Bultmann S, Leonhardt H. Recent evolution of a TET-controlled and DPPA3/STELLA-driven pathway of passive DNA demethylation in mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5972. [PMID: 33235224 PMCID: PMC7686362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA demethylation is a unique feature of mammalian development and naïve pluripotent stem cells. Here, we describe a recently evolved pathway in which global hypomethylation is achieved by the coupling of active and passive demethylation. TET activity is required, albeit indirectly, for global demethylation, which mostly occurs at sites devoid of TET binding. Instead, TET-mediated active demethylation is locus-specific and necessary for activating a subset of genes, including the naïve pluripotency and germline marker Dppa3 (Stella, Pgc7). DPPA3 in turn drives large-scale passive demethylation by directly binding and displacing UHRF1 from chromatin, thereby inhibiting maintenance DNA methylation. Although unique to mammals, we show that DPPA3 alone is capable of inducing global DNA demethylation in non-mammalian species (Xenopus and medaka) despite their evolutionary divergence from mammals more than 300 million years ago. Our findings suggest that the evolution of Dppa3 facilitated the emergence of global DNA demethylation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Mulholland
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Atsuya Nishiyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Joel Ryan
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ryohei Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Merve Yiğit
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ivo M Glück
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Trummer
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Weihua Qin
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael D Bartoschek
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Franziska R Traube
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edris Parsa
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Enes Ugur
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miha Modic
- The Francis Crick Institute and UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Aishwarya Acharya
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul Stolz
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Department of Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Wierer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Department of Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Konzman D, Abramowitz LK, Steenackers A, Mukherjee MM, Na HJ, Hanover JA. O-GlcNAc: Regulator of Signaling and Epigenetics Linked to X-linked Intellectual Disability. Front Genet 2020; 11:605263. [PMID: 33329753 PMCID: PMC7719714 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.605263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular identity in multicellular organisms is maintained by characteristic transcriptional networks, nutrient consumption, energy production and metabolite utilization. Integrating these cell-specific programs are epigenetic modifiers, whose activity is often dependent on nutrients and their metabolites to function as substrates and co-factors. Emerging data has highlighted the role of the nutrient-sensing enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) as an epigenetic modifier essential in coordinating cellular transcriptional programs and metabolic homeostasis. OGT utilizes the end-product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to modify proteins with O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). The levels of the modification are held in check by the O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Studies from model organisms and human disease underscore the conserved function these two enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling play in transcriptional regulation, cellular plasticity and mitochondrial reprogramming. Here, we review these findings and present an integrated view of how O-GlcNAc cycling may contribute to cellular memory and transgenerational inheritance of responses to parental stress. We focus on a rare human genetic disorder where mutant forms of OGT are inherited or acquired de novo. Ongoing analysis of this disorder, OGT- X-linked intellectual disability (OGT-XLID), provides a window into how epigenetic factors linked to O-GlcNAc cycling may influence neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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43
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang N, Zhang K, Dou T, Cao Y, Liu Y, Li K, Hao X, Xie X, Li W, Ren Y, Zhang J. Proteomic profiling and genome-wide mapping of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins reveal an O-GlcNAc-regulated genotoxic stress response. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5898. [PMID: 33214551 PMCID: PMC7678849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc modification plays critical roles in regulating the stress response program and cellular homeostasis. However, systematic and multi-omics studies on the O-GlcNAc regulated mechanism have been limited. Here, comprehensive data are obtained by a chemical reporter-based method to survey O-GlcNAc function in human breast cancer cells stimulated with the genotoxic agent adriamycin. We identify 875 genotoxic stress-induced O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCPs), including 88 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (OCTFs), subsequently map their genomic loci, and construct a comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming network. Notably, genotoxicity-induced O-GlcNAc enhances the genome-wide interactions of OCPs with chromatin. The dynamic binding switch of hundreds of OCPs from enhancers to promoters is identified as a crucial feature in the specific transcriptional activation of genes involved in the adaptation of cancer cells to genotoxic stress. The OCTF nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) is found to be a key response regulator in O-GlcNAc-modulated cellular homeostasis. These results provide a valuable clue suggesting that OCPs act as stress sensors by regulating the expression of various genes to protect cancer cells from genotoxic stress. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is involved in regulating gene expression and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, the authors develop a chemical reporter-based strategy for the proteomic profiling and genome-wide mapping of genotoxic stress-induced O-GlcNAcylated chromatin-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Health, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Keren Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Health, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongyi Dou
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xinya Hao
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xueqin Xie
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Wenli Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Health, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China.
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44
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Li HJ, Wang Y, Li BX, Yang Y, Guan F, Pang XC, Li X. Roles of ten-eleven translocation family proteins and their O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylated forms in cancer development. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:1. [PMID: 33240407 PMCID: PMC7681232 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family of which three mammalian TET proteins have been discovered so far, catalyze the sequential oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine which serve an important role in embryonic development and tumor progression. O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is a reversible post-translational modification known to serve important roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis especially in hematopoietic malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. O-GlcNAcylation activity requires only two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). OGT catalyzes attachment of GlcNAc sugar to serine, threonine and cytosine residues in proteins, while OGA hydrolyzes O-GlcNAc attached to proteins. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated that TETs can be O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, with consequent alteration of TET activity and stability. The present review focuses on the cellular, biological and biochemical functions of TET and its O-GlcNAcylated form and proposes a model of the role of TET/OGT complex in regulation of target proteins during cancer development. In addition, the present review provides directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Hematology Institute, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Hematology Institute, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Chen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Hematology Institute, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Hematology Institute, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
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45
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The function and regulation of TET2 in innate immunity and inflammation. Protein Cell 2020; 12:165-173. [PMID: 33085059 PMCID: PMC7895883 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TET2, a member of ten-eleven translocation (TET) family as α-ketoglutarate- and Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), has been widely recognized to be an important regulator for normal hematopoiesis especially myelopoiesis. Mutation and dysregulation of TET2 contribute to the development of multiple hematological malignancies. Recent studies reveal that TET2 also plays an important role in innate immune homeostasis by promoting DNA demethylation or independent of its enzymatic activity. Here, we focus on the functions of TET2 in the initiation and resolution of inflammation through epigenetic regulation and signaling network. In addition, we highlight regulation of TET2 at various molecular levels as well as the correlated inflammatory diseases, which will provide the insight to intervene in the pathological process caused by TET2 dysregulation.
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46
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Fan S, Wang J, Yu G, Rong F, Zhang D, Xu C, Du J, Li Z, Ouyang G, Xiao W. TET is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the PHD-pVHL pathway to reduce DNA hydroxymethylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16299-16313. [PMID: 32963106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors are heterodimeric transcription factors that play a crucial role in a cell's ability to adapt to low oxygen. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) acts as a master regulator of HIF activity, and its targeting of prolyl hydroxylated HIF-α for proteasomal degradation under normoxia is thought to be a major mechanism for pVHL tumor suppression and cellular response to oxygen. Whether pVHL regulates other targets through a similar mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we identify TET2/3 as novel targets of pVHL. pVHL induces proteasomal degradation of TET2/3, resulting in reduced global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Conserved proline residues within the LAP/LAP-like motifs of these two proteins are hydroxylated by the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHD2/EGLN1 and PHD3/EGLN3), which is prerequisite for pVHL-mediated degradation. Using zebrafish as a model, we determined that global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels are enhanced in vhl-null, egln1a/b-double-null, and egln3-null embryos. Therefore, we reveal a novel function for the PHD-pVHL pathway in regulating TET protein stability and activity. These data extend our understanding of how TET proteins are regulated and provide new insight into the mechanisms of pVHL in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangjing Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Distinct and stage-specific contributions of TET1 and TET2 to stepwise cytosine oxidation in the transition from naive to primed pluripotency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12066. [PMID: 32694513 PMCID: PMC7374584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine DNA bases can be methylated by DNA methyltransferases and subsequently oxidized by TET proteins. The resulting 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) are considered demethylation intermediates as well as stable epigenetic marks. To dissect the contributions of these cytosine modifying enzymes, we generated combinations of Tet knockout (KO) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and systematically measured protein and DNA modification levels at the transition from naive to primed pluripotency. Whereas the increase of genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels during exit from pluripotency correlated with an upregulation of the de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B, the subsequent oxidation steps turned out to be far more complex. The strong increase of oxidized cytosine bases (5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC) was accompanied by a drop in TET2 levels, yet the analysis of KO cells suggested that TET2 is responsible for most 5fC formation. The comparison of modified cytosine and enzyme levels in Tet KO cells revealed distinct and differentiation-dependent contributions of TET1 and TET2 to 5hmC and 5fC formation arguing against a processive mechanism of 5mC oxidation. The apparent independent steps of 5hmC and 5fC formation suggest yet to be identified mechanisms regulating TET activity that may constitute another layer of epigenetic regulation.
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48
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Walsh SW, Nugent WH, Al Dulaimi M, Washington SL, Dacha P, Strauss JF. Proteases Activate Pregnancy Neutrophils by a Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Pathway: Epigenetic Implications for Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:2115-2127. [PMID: 32542542 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We tested a novel hypothesis that elevated levels of proteases in the maternal circulation of preeclamptic women activate neutrophils due to their pregnancy-specific expression of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). Plasma was collected longitudinally from normal pregnant and preeclamptic women and analyzed for MMP-1 and neutrophil elastase. Neutrophils were isolated for culture and confocal microscopy. Omental fat was collected for immunohistochemistry. Circulating proteases were significantly elevated in preeclampsia. Confocal microscopy revealed that tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), a DNA de-methylase, and p65 subunit of NF-κB were strongly localized to the nucleus of untreated neutrophils of preeclamptic women, but in untreated neutrophils of normal pregnant women they were restricted to the cytosol. Treatment of normal pregnancy neutrophils with proteases activated PAR-1, leading to activation of RhoA kinase (ROCK), which triggered translocation of TET2 and p65 from the cytosol into the nucleus, mimicking the nuclear localization in neutrophils of preeclamptic women. IL-8, an NF-κB-regulated gene, increased in association with TET2 and p65 nuclear localization. Co-treatment with inhibitors of PAR-1 or ROCK prevented nuclear translocation and IL-8 did not increase. Treatment of preeclamptic pregnancy neutrophils with inhibitors emptied the nucleus of TET2 and p65, mimicking the cytosolic localization of normal pregnancy neutrophils. Expression of PAR-1 and TET2 were markedly increased in omental fat vessels and neutrophils of preeclamptic women. We conclude that elevated levels of circulating proteases in preeclamptic women activate neutrophils due to their pregnancy-specific expression of PAR-1 and speculate that TET2 DNA de-methylation plays a role in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Walsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA.
| | - William H Nugent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Marwah Al Dulaimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Sonya L Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Phoebe Dacha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
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49
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Kampa-Schittenhelm KM, Haverkamp T, Bonin M, Tsintari V, Bühring HJ, Haeusser L, Blumenstock G, Dreher ST, Ganief T, Akmut F, Illing B, Mau-Holzmann UA, Bonzheim I, Schleicher E, Vogel W, Schittenhelm MM. Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102678. [PMID: 32272438 PMCID: PMC7139116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy – now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (−)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. Methods Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. Findings In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. Most intriguingly, overriding of the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts is validated in vivo following two patients treated with dronabinol. Interpretation In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. Funding Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS).
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kampa-Schittenhelm
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - M Bonin
- Microarray Genechip Facility Tübingen and Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Germany
| | - V Tsintari
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - H J Bühring
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Haeusser
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Blumenstock
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - S T Dreher
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Ganief
- Proteome Center Tübingen at the University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Akmut
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Illing
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - U A Mau-Holzmann
- University Hospital Tübingen, Division of Cytogenetics, Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Germany
| | - I Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology at the University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Diabetology, Endokrinology, Nephrology, Germany
| | - W Vogel
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M M Schittenhelm
- University Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Hematology, Oncology, clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, BB West, Rooms 585-587, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Clinic of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen (KSSG), Switzerland
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Rao VK, Swarnaseetha A, Tham GH, Lin WQ, Han BB, Benoukraf T, Xu GL, Ong CT. Phosphorylation of Tet3 by cdk5 is critical for robust activation of BRN2 during neuronal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1225-1238. [PMID: 31807777 PMCID: PMC7026633 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tet3 regulates the dynamic balance between 5-methylcyotsine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA during brain development and homeostasis. However, it remains unclear how its functions are modulated in a context-dependent manner during neuronal differentiation. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) phosphorylates Tet3 at the highly conserved serine 1310 and 1379 residues within its catalytic domain, changing its in vitro dioxygenase activity. Interestingly, when stably expressed in Tet1, 2, 3 triple-knockout mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), wild-type Tet3 induces higher level of 5hmC and concomitant expression of genes associated with neurogenesis whereas phosphor-mutant (S1310A/S1379A) Tet3 causes elevated 5hmC and expression of genes that are linked to metabolic processes. Consistent with this observation, Tet3-knockout mouse ESCs rescued with wild-type Tet3 have higher level of 5hmC at the promoter of neuron-specific gene BRN2 when compared to cells that expressed phosphor-mutant Tet3. Wild-type and phosphor-mutant Tet3 also exhibit differential binding affinity to histone variant H2A.Z. The differential 5hmC enrichment and H2A.Z occupancy at BRN2 promoter is correlated with higher gene expression and more efficient neuronal differentiation of ESCs that expressed wild-type Tet3. Taken together, our results suggest that cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Tet3 is required for robust activation of neuronal differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Rao
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Adusumalli Swarnaseetha
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Guo-Hong Tham
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Wei-Qi Lin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Bin-Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Touati Benoukraf
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chin-Tong Ong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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