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Anikeeva N, Steblyanko M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Buggert M, Betts MR, Sykulev Y. The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6436. [PMID: 36307445 PMCID: PMC9616955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells. To uncover the reasons of gradually diminished potency of CD8 T cells from people living with HIV, here we expose the T cells to planar lipid bilayers containing ligands for T-cell receptor and a T-cell integrins and analyze the cellular morphology, dynamics of synaptic interface formation and patterns of the cellular degranulation. We find a large fraction of phenotypically naive T cells from chronically infected people are capable to form mature synapse with focused degranulation, a signature of a differentiated T cells. Further, differentiation of aberrant naive T cells may lead to the development of anomalous effector T cells undermining their capacity to control HIV and other pathogens that could be contained otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Present Address: Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Betts
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Departments of Immunology and Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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2
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Grewal RK, Das J. Spatially resolved in silico modeling of NKG2D signaling kinetics suggests a key role of NKG2D and Vav1 Co-clustering in generating natural killer cell activation. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010114. [PMID: 35584138 PMCID: PMC9154193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells provide key resistance against viral infections and tumors. A diverse set of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) interact with cognate ligands presented by target host cells, where integration of dueling signals initiated by the ligand-NKR interactions determines NK cell activation or tolerance. Imaging experiments over decades have shown micron and sub-micron scale spatial clustering of activating and inhibitory NKRs. The mechanistic roles of these clusters in affecting downstream signaling and activation are often unclear. To this end, we developed a predictive in silico framework by combining spatially resolved mechanistic agent based modeling, published TIRF imaging data, and parameter estimation to determine mechanisms by which formation and spatial movements of activating NKG2D microclusters affect early time NKG2D signaling kinetics in a human cell line NKL. We show co-clustering of NKG2D and the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 in NKG2D microclusters plays a dominant role over ligand (ULBP3) rebinding in increasing production of phospho-Vav1(pVav1), an activation marker of early NKG2D signaling. The in silico model successfully predicts several scenarios of inhibition of NKG2D signaling and time course of NKG2D spatial clustering over a short (~3 min) interval. Modeling shows the presence of a spatial positive feedback relating formation and centripetal movements of NKG2D microclusters, and pVav1 production offers flexibility towards suppression of activating signals by inhibitory KIR ligands organized in inhomogeneous spatial patterns (e.g., a ring). Our in silico framework marks a major improvement in developing spatiotemporal signaling models with quantitatively estimated model parameters using imaging data. Natural Killer cells are lymphocytes of our innate immunity and provide important resistance against viral infections and tumors. NK cells scan the local environment with diverse activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) and remain tolerized or lyse target cells expressing cognate ligands to NKRs. NKRs have been found to form micron sized clusters (or microclusters) as they interact with cognate ligands, and mechanisms regarding how the formation and movements of these microclusters influence NK cell signaling and activation, specifically related to activating NKRs, are often unclear. To this end, we develop a predictive spatially resolved early-time NK cell signaling model to study the interplay between membrane-proximal biochemical signaling events and the kinetics of microclusters of activating NKG2D and inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptors. We used published TIRF imaging data to validate our in silico models and estimate model parameters. Predictions from multiple in silico models are tested against a variety of data obtained from published imaging experiments and immunoassays. Our analysis suggests co-clustering of NKG2D and the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 in the microclusters plays a major role in enhancing downstream activating signals. The developed framework can be extended to describe spatiotemporal signaling for other activating NKRs including CD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Kaur Grewal
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Efficient killing of tumor cells by CAR-T cells demands engagement of a larger number of CARs as opposed to TCRs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101033. [PMID: 34371020 PMCID: PMC8452787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although CAR T cells are widely used to treat cancer, efficiency of CAR-T cell cytolytic responses has not been carefully examined. We engineered CAR specific for HMW-MAA (high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen) and evaluated potency of CD8+ CAR-T cells to release cytolytic granules and to kill tissue-derived melanoma cells, which express different levels of HMW-MAA. CAR T cells efficiently killed melanoma cells expressing high level of HMW-MAA, but not melanoma cells with lower levels of HMW-MAA. The same melanoma cells presenting significantly lower level of stimulatory peptide-MHC ligand were readily lysed by T cells transduced with genes encoding α,β-TCR specific for the peptide-MHC ligand. The data suggest that higher level of targeted molecules is required to engage a larger number of CARs than TCRs to induce efficient cytolytic granule release and destruction of melanoma cells. Understanding the difference in molecular mechanisms controlling activation thresholds of CAR- versus TCR-mediated responses will contribute to improving efficiency of CAR T cells required to eliminate solid tumors presenting low levels of targeted molecules.
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4
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Santoni G, Amantini C, Santoni M, Maggi F, Morelli MB, Santoni A. Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688918. [PMID: 34335592 PMCID: PMC8320435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a main subset of innate lymphocytes that contribute to host immune protection against viruses and tumors by mediating target cell killing and secreting a wide array of cytokines. Their functions are finely regulated by a balance between activating and inhibitory receptors and involve also adhesive interactions. Mechanotransduction is the process in which physical forces sensed by mechanosensors are translated into chemical signaling. Herein, we report findings on the involvement of this mechanism that is mainly mediated by actin cytoskeleton, in the regulation of NK cell adhesion, migration, tissue infiltration and functions. Actin represents the structural basis for NK cell immunological synapse (NKIS) and polarization of secretory apparatus. NK-target cell interaction involves the formation of both uropods and membrane nanotubes that allow target cell interaction over long distances. Actin retrograde flow (ARF) regulates NK cell signaling and controls the equilibrium between activation versus inhibition. Activating NKIS is associated with rapid lamellipodial ARF, whereas lower centripetal actin flow is present during inhibitory NKIS where β actin can associate with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Overall, a better knowledge of mechanotransduction might represent a future challenge: Realization of nanomaterials tailored for NK cells, would be important to translate in vitro studies in in vivo new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Federica Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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5
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Verron Q, Forslund E, Brandt L, Leino M, Frisk TW, Olofsson PE, Önfelt B. NK cells integrate signals over large areas when building immune synapses but require local stimuli for degranulation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/684/eabe2740. [PMID: 34035142 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune synapses are large-scale, transient molecular assemblies that serve as platforms for antigen presentation to B and T cells and for target recognition by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The formation of an immune synapse is a tightly regulated, stepwise process in which the cytoskeleton, cell surface receptors, and intracellular signaling proteins rearrange into supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs). We generated artificial immune synapses (AIS) consisting of synthetic and natural ligands for the NK cell-activating receptors LFA-1 and CD16 by microcontact printing the ligands into circular-shaped SMAC structures. Live-cell imaging and analysis of fixed human NK cells in this reductionist system showed that the spatial distribution of activating ligands influenced the formation, stability, and outcome of NK cell synapses. Whereas engagement of LFA-1 alone promoted synapse initiation, combined engagement of LFA-1 and CD16 was required for the formation of mature synapses and degranulation. Organizing LFA-1 and CD16 ligands into donut-shaped AIS resulted in fewer long-lasting, symmetrical synapses compared to dot-shaped AIS. NK cells spreading evenly over either AIS shape exhibited similar arrangements of the lytic machinery. However, degranulation only occurred in regions containing ligands that therefore induced local signaling, suggesting the existence of a late checkpoint for degranulation. Our results demonstrate that the spatial organization of ligands in the synapse can affect its outcome, which could be exploited by target cells as an escape mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Verron
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Forslund
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Brandt
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Leino
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas W Frisk
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Olofsson
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Bouti P, Webbers SDS, Fagerholm SC, Alon R, Moser M, Matlung HL, Kuijpers TW. β2 Integrin Signaling Cascade in Neutrophils: More Than a Single Function. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619925. [PMID: 33679708 PMCID: PMC7930317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most prevalent leukocytes in the human body. They have a pivotal role in the innate immune response against invading bacterial and fungal pathogens, while recent emerging evidence also demonstrates their role in cancer progression and anti-tumor responses. The efficient execution of many neutrophil effector responses requires the presence of β2 integrins, in particular CD11a/CD18 or CD11b/CD18 heterodimers. Although extensively studied at the molecular level, the exact signaling cascades downstream of β2 integrins still remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we focus mainly on inside-out and outside-in signaling of these two β2 integrin members expressed on neutrophils and describe differences between various neutrophil stimuli with respect to integrin activation, integrin ligand binding, and the pertinent differences between mouse and human studies. Last, we discuss how integrin signaling studies could be used to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting β2 integrins and the intracellular signaling cascade in neutrophils in several, among other, inflammatory conditions in which neutrophil activity should be dampened to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Bouti
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven D S Webbers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Moser
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Lee JW, Lee IH, Iimura T, Kong SW. Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy. Bone Res 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33568650 PMCID: PMC7875961 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized to their tissue-specific microenvironments, activated by various inflammatory signals and modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Osteoclasts and microglia are distinct tissue-resident cells of the macrophage lineage in bone and brain that are responsible for pathological changes in osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), respectively. Osteoporosis is more frequently observed in individuals with AD compared to the prevalence in general population. Diagnosis of AD is often delayed until underlying pathophysiological changes progress and cause irreversible damages in structure and function of brain. As such earlier diagnosis and intervention of individuals at higher risk would be indispensable to modify clinical courses. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon that a genetic variant affects multiple traits and the genetic correlation between two traits could suggest a shared molecular mechanism. In this review, we discuss that the Pyk2-mediated actin polymerization pathway in osteoclasts and microglia in bone and brain, respectively, is the horizontal pleiotropic mediator of shared risk factors for osteoporosis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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8
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Nikolopoulou PA, Koufaki MA, Kostourou V. The Adhesome Network: Key Components Shaping the Tumour Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 33573141 PMCID: PMC7866493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the conventional perception of solid tumours as mere masses of cancer cells, advanced cancer research focuses on the complex contributions of tumour-associated host cells that are known as "tumour microenvironment" (TME). It has been long appreciated that the tumour stroma, composed mainly of blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), define the tumour architecture and influence cancer cell properties. Besides soluble cues, that mediate the crosstalk between tumour and stroma cells, cell adhesion to ECM arises as a crucial determinant in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how adhesome, the intracellular protein network formed at cell adhesions, regulate the TME and control malignancy. The role of adhesome extends beyond the physical attachment of cells to ECM and the regulation of cytoskeletal remodelling and acts as a signalling and mechanosensing hub, orchestrating cellular responses that shape the tumour milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 34 Fleming Str., 16672 Vari-Athens, Greece; (P.A.N.); (M.A.K.)
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9
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Chen X, Anderson LJ, Rostad CA, Ding L, Lai L, Mulligan M, Rouphael N, Natrajan MS, McCracken C, Anderson EJ. Development and optimization of a Zika virus antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. J Immunol Methods 2020; 488:112900. [PMID: 33075363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has become a global public health issue due to its teratogenicity and ability to cause Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Although anti-ZIKV envelope protein neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection, the non-neutralizing function of ZIKV antibodies including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is incompletely understood. To study the role of ADCC antibodies during ZIKV infections, we generated a stably transfected, dual-reporter target cell line with inducible expression of a chimeric ZIKV prM-E protein on the cell surface as the target cell for the assay. By using this assay, nine of ten serum samples from ZIKV-infected patients had >20% ADCC killing of target cells, whereas none of the 12 healthy control sera had >10% ADCC killing. We also observed a time-dependent ADCC response in 2 patients with Zika. This demonstrates that this assay can detect ZIKV ADCC with high sensitivity and specificity, which could be useful for measurement of ADCC responses to ZIKV infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingmei Ding
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and NYU Langone Vaccine Center, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark Mulligan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and NYU Langone Vaccine Center, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muktha S Natrajan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Jaumouillé V, Waterman CM. Physical Constraints and Forces Involved in Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1097. [PMID: 32595635 PMCID: PMC7304309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Gunesch JT, Dixon AL, Ebrahim TAM, Berrien-Elliott MM, Tatineni S, Kumar T, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Fehniger TA, Mace EM. CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2. eLife 2020; 9:e57346. [PMID: 32510326 PMCID: PMC7358009 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are defined as CD56+CD3-. Despite its ubiquitous expression on human NK cells the role of CD56 (NCAM) in human NK cell cytotoxic function has not been defined. In non-immune cells, NCAM can induce signaling, mediate adhesion, and promote exocytosis through interactions with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we demonstrate that deletion of CD56 on the NK92 cell line leads to impaired cytotoxic function. CD56-knockout (KO) cells fail to polarize during immunological synapse (IS) formation and have severely impaired exocytosis of lytic granules. Phosphorylation of the FAK family member Pyk2 at tyrosine 402 is decreased in NK92 CD56-KO cells, demonstrating a functional link between CD56 and signaling in human NK cells. Cytotoxicity, lytic granule exocytosis, and the phosphorylation of Pyk2 are rescued by the reintroduction of CD56. These data highlight a novel functional role for CD56 in stimulating exocytosis and promoting cytotoxicity in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amera L Dixon
- Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tasneem AM Ebrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Barnard CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Patel KR, Roberts JT, Barb AW. Multiple Variables at the Leukocyte Cell Surface Impact Fc γ Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:223. [PMID: 30837990 PMCID: PMC6382684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) expressed on the surface of human leukocytes bind clusters of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to induce a variety of responses. Many therapeutic antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies prevent or treat infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmune disorders by binding FcγRs, thus there is a need to fully define the variables that impact antibody-induced mechanisms to properly evaluate candidate therapies and design new intervention strategies. A multitude of factors influence the IgG-FcγR interaction; one well-described factor is the differential affinity of the six distinct FcγRs for the four human IgG subclasses. However, there are several other recently described factors that may prove more relevant for disease treatment. This review covers recent reports of several aspects found at the leukocyte membrane or outside the cell that contribute to the cell-based response to antibody-coated targets. One major focus is recent reports covering post-translational modification of the FcγRs, including asparagine-linked glycosylation. This review also covers the organization of FcγRs at the cell surface, and properties of the immune complex. Recent technical advances provide high-resolution measurements of these often-overlooked variables in leukocyte function and immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jacob T Roberts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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14
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Anikeeva N, Fischer NO, Blanchette CD, Sykulev Y. Extent of MHC Clustering Regulates Selectivity and Effectiveness of T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:591-597. [PMID: 30541879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC proteins that present peptide ligands for recognition by TCR form nanoscale clusters on the cell membrane of APCs. How the extent of MHC clustering controls productive TCR engagement and TCR-mediated signaling has not been systematically studied. To evaluate the role of MHC clustering, we exploited nanoscale discoidal membrane mimetics (nanolipoprotein particles) to capture and present peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands at various densities. We examined the binding of these model membrane clusters to the surface of live human CD8+ T cells and the subsequent triggering of intracellular signaling. The data demonstrate that the proximity of pMHC ligands, high association rate of CD8-MHC interactions, and relatively long lifetime of cognate TCR-pMHC complexes emerge as essential parameters, explaining the significance of MHC clustering. Rapid rebinding of CD8 to MHC suggests a dual role of CD8 in facilitating the T cells' hunt for a rare foreign pMHC ligand and the induction of rapid T cell response. Thus, our findings provide a new understanding of how MHC clustering influences multivalent interactions of pMHC ligands with CD8 and TCR on live T cells that regulate Ag recognition, kinetics of intracellular signaling, and the selectivity and efficiency of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
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15
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Rossy J, Laufer JM, Legler DF. Role of Mechanotransduction and Tension in T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2638. [PMID: 30519239 PMCID: PMC6251326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell migration from blood to, and within lymphoid organs and tissue, as well as, T cell activation rely on complex biochemical signaling events. But T cell migration and activation also take place in distinct mechanical environments and lead to drastic morphological changes and reorganization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. In this review we discuss how adhesion proteins and the T cell receptor act as mechanosensors to translate these mechanical contexts into signaling events. We further discuss how cell tension could bring a significant contribution to the regulation of T cell signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Buggert M, Betts MR, Sykulev Y. Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue. J Vis Exp 2018:58143. [PMID: 30102290 PMCID: PMC6126586 DOI: 10.3791/58143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Steblyanko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University;
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17
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Buggert M, Nguyen S, McLane LM, Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Paquin-Proulx D, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Noyan K, Reuter MA, Demers K, Sandberg JK, Eller MA, Streeck H, Jansson M, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Canaday DH, Naji A, Wherry EJ, Robb ML, Deeks SG, Reyes-Teran G, Sykulev Y, Karlsson AC, Betts MR. Limited immune surveillance in lymphoid tissue by cytolytic CD4+ T cells during health and HIV disease. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006973. [PMID: 29652923 PMCID: PMC5919077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells subsets have a wide range of important helper and regulatory functions in the immune system. Several studies have specifically suggested that circulating effector CD4+ T cells may play a direct role in control of HIV replication through cytolytic activity or autocrine β-chemokine production. However, it remains unclear whether effector CD4+ T cells expressing cytolytic molecules and β-chemokines are present within lymph nodes (LNs), a major site of HIV replication. Here, we report that expression of β-chemokines and cytolytic molecules are enriched within a CD4+ T cell population with high levels of the T-box transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). This effector population is predominately found in peripheral blood and is limited in LNs regardless of HIV infection or treatment status. As a result, CD4+ T cells generally lack effector functions in LNs, including cytolytic capacity and IFNγ and β-chemokine expression, even in HIV elite controllers and during acute/early HIV infection. While we do find the presence of degranulating CD4+ T cells in LNs, these cells do not bear functional or transcriptional effector T cell properties and are inherently poor to form stable immunological synapses compared to their peripheral blood counterparts. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cell cytolytic function, phenotype, and programming in the peripheral blood is dissociated from those characteristics found in lymphoid tissues. Together, these data challenge our current models based on blood and suggest spatially and temporally dissociated mechanisms of viral control in lymphoid tissues. CD4+ T cells have classically been divided into different subsets based on their different abilities to help and regulate specific parts of the immune system. Recent work in the HIV field has demonstrated that HIV-specific CD4+ T cells with unique effector functions, such as cytolytic activity and β-chemokine production, can play a direct role in control of HIV replication. However, HIV infection is generally considered to be a disease centered in lymphoid tissues, where unique CD4+ T helper cell subsets are present to orchestrate the maturation and priming of adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify that two specific transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, mark cytolytic and β-chemokine producing CD4+ T cells. While this effector CD4+ T cell population is part of immunosurveillance mechanisms in blood, we find that lymph nodes largely lack this effector population–independent of HIV infection or disease progression status. These results indicate that current effector CD4+ T cell mediated correlates of HIV control are limited to blood and not representative of potential correlates of control in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura M. McLane
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kajsa Noyan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Korey Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
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18
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Wang H, Luo J, Carlton C, McGinnis LK, Kinsey WH. Sperm-oocyte contact induces outside-in signaling via PYK2 activation. Dev Biol 2017; 428:52-62. [PMID: 28527703 PMCID: PMC5539980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is a multi-step process that begins with plasma membrane interactions that enable sperm - oocyte binding followed by fusion of the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes. Once membrane fusion has occurred, sperm incorporation involves actin remodeling events within the oocyte cortex that allow the sperm head to penetrate the cortical actin layer and gain access to the ooplasm. Despite the significance for reproduction, the control mechanisms involved in gamete binding, fusion, and sperm incorporation are poorly understood. While it is known that proline - rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2 or PTK2b) kinase activity plays an important role in fertilization, its specific function has not been addressed. The present study made use of a zona-free mouse oocyte fertilization assay to investigate the relationship between PYK2 activity and sperm - oocyte binding and fusion, as well as localized changes in actin polymerization and sperm incorporation. In this assay, the majority of bound sperm had no apparent effect on the oocyte and only a few became incorporated into the ooplasm. However, a subset of bound sperm were associated with a localized response in which PYK2 was recruited to the oocyte cortex where it frequently co-localized with a ring or disk of f-actin. The frequency of sperm-oocyte binding sites that exhibited this actin response was reduced in pyk2-/- oocytes and the pyk2-/- oocytes proved less efficient at incorporating sperm, indicating that this protein kinase may have an important role in sperm incorporation. The response of PYK2 to sperm-oocyte interaction appeared unrelated to gamete fusion since PYK2 was recruited to sperm - binding sites under conditions where sperm - oocyte fusion was prevented and since PYK2 suppression or ablation did not prevent sperm - oocyte fusion. While a direct correlation between the PYK2 response in the oocyte and the successful incorporation of individual bound sperm remains to be established, these findings suggest a model in which the oocyte is not a passive participant in fertilization, but instead responds to sperm contact by localized PYK2 signaling that promotes actin remodeling events required to physically incorporate the sperm head into the ooplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jinping Luo
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Applied StemCell Inc., Milpitas, CA 95035, USA
| | - Carol Carlton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lynda K McGinnis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - William H Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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19
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Cheung SMS, Ostergaard HL. Pyk2 Controls Integrin-Dependent CTL Migration through Regulation of De-Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1945-56. [PMID: 27456486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is required for T cell adhesion to ICAM-1; however, the mechanism by which it regulates adhesion remains unexplored. Pyk2 function in murine CTL clones and activated ex vivo CD8(+) T cells was disrupted by pharmacological inhibition, knockdown of expression with small interfering RNA, or expression of the dominant-negative C-terminal domain. We found that Pyk2 is not absolutely required for adhesion of CTL to ICAM-1, but rather delays the initial adhesion. Disruption of Pyk2 function caused cells to display an unusual elongated appearance after 1 h on ICAM-1, consistent with abnormally strong adhesion. Furthermore, the random mobility of CTL on ICAM-1 was severely compromised using all three methods of disrupting Pyk2 function. Live-cell imaging studies revealed that the decreased migration is the result of a defect in the detachment from ICAM-1 at the trailing edge when Pyk2 function is inhibited. Examination of Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation in normal polarized cells demonstrated that Pyk2 phosphorylated at Y579 and Y580 preferentially localizes to the leading edge, whereas Y881-phosphorylated Pyk2 is enriched at the trailing edge, suggesting that the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 is spatially regulated in migrating CTL. Additionally, inhibition of Pyk2 caused cells to form multiple LFA-1-rich tails at the trailing edge, most likely resulting from a defect in LFA-1 release required for forward movement. Our results show that Pyk2 contributes to CTL migration by regulating detachment of CTL at the trailing edge, which could explain why Pyk2 is important for chemotactic and migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheung
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Hanne L Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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