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Buck HV, Torre OM, Leser JM, Gould NR, Ward CW, Stains JP. Nitric oxide contributes to rapid sclerostin protein loss following mechanical load. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 727:150315. [PMID: 38950493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In response to mechanical loading of bone, osteocytes produce nitric oxide (NO•) and decrease sclerostin protein expression, leading to an increase in bone mass. However, it is unclear whether NO• production and sclerostin protein loss are mechanistically linked, and, if so, the nature of their hierarchical relationship within an established mechano-transduction pathway. Prior work showed that following fluid-shear stress (FSS), osteocytes produce NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species, inducing calcium (Ca2+) influx. Increased intracellular Ca2+ results in calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation, which regulates the lysosomal degradation of sclerostin protein. Here, we extend our discoveries, identifying NO• as a regulator of sclerostin degradation downstream of mechano-activated CaMKII. Pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in Ocy454 osteocyte-like cells prevented FSS-induced sclerostin protein loss. Conversely, short-term treatment with a NO• donor in Ocy454 cells or isolated murine long bones was sufficient to induce the rapid decrease in sclerostin protein abundance, independent of changes in Sost gene expression. Ocy454 cells express all three NOS genes, and transfection with siRNAs targeting eNOS/Nos3 was sufficient to prevent FSS-induced loss of sclerostin protein, while siRNAs targeting iNOS/Nos2 mildly blunted the loss of sclerostin but did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, siRNAs targeting both eNOS/Nos3 and iNOS/Nos2 prevented FSS-induced NO• production. Together, these data show iNOS/Nos2 and eNOS/Nos3 are the primary producers of FSS-dependent NO•, and that NO• is necessary and sufficient for sclerostin protein control. Further, selective inhibition of elements within this sclerostin-controlling mechano-transduction pathway indicated that NO• production occurs downstream of CaMKII activation. Targeting Camk2d and Camk2g with siRNA in Ocy454 cells prevented NO• production following FSS, indicating that CaMKII is needed for NO• production. However, NO• donation (1min) resulted in a significant increase in CaMKII activation, suggesting that NO• may have the ability to tune CaMKII response. Together, these data support that CaMKII is necessary for, and may be modulated by NO•, and that the interaction of these two signals is involved in the control of sclerostin protein abundance, consistent with a role in bone anabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather V Buck
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Olivia M Torre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicole R Gould
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Palmier M, Maître M, Doat H, Lesté-Lasserre T, Maurel DB, Boiziau C. Osteocyte gene expression analysis in mouse bone: optimization of a laser-assisted microdissection protocol. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae078. [PMID: 39045129 PMCID: PMC11264292 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Among bone cells, osteocytes are the most abundant, but also the most challenging to study because they are located inside a dense mineralized matrix. Due to their involvement in bone homeostasis, diverse tools are needed to understand their roles in bone physiology and pathology. This work was aimed at establishing a laser-assisted microdissection protocol to isolate osteocytes and analyze their gene expressions. The goal was to overcome the limitations of the technique currently most used: RNA extraction from the whole bone. To perform laser microdissection and subsequent gene expression analysis, the five main steps of the protocol have been adapted for the bone tissue. After testing many parameters, we found that the best options were (1) take unfixed snap-frozen tissue, (2) cryosection with a supported tape system to improve the tissue morphology if necessary, (3) microdissect regions of interest, and (4) recover the bone pieces by catapulting, if feasible, or by gravity. Finally, RNA extraction (5) was the most efficient with a precipitation method and allowed quantifying the expression of well described osteocyte genes (Gja1/Cx43, Phex, Pdpn, Dmp1, Sost). This work describes two protocols optimized for femur and calvaria and gives an overview of the many optimization options that one could try when facing difficulties with laser microdissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Palmier
- Inserm, University of Bordeaux, BioTis Laboratory UMR 1026, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- Inserm, University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie UMR 1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Doat
- Inserm, University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie UMR 1215, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Delphine B Maurel
- Inserm, University of Bordeaux, BioTis Laboratory UMR 1026, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudine Boiziau
- Inserm, University of Bordeaux, BioTis Laboratory UMR 1026, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Dole NS, Betancourt-Torres A, Kaya S, Obata Y, Schurman CA, Yoon J, Yee CS, Khanal V, Luna CA, Carroll M, Salinas JJ, Miclau E, Acevedo C, Alliston T. High-fat and high-carbohydrate diets increase bone fragility through TGF-β-dependent control of osteocyte function. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175103. [PMID: 39171528 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity can increase the risk of bone fragility, even when bone mass is intact. This fragility stems from poor bone quality, potentially caused by deficiencies in bone matrix material properties. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to obesity-related bone fragility are not fully understood. Using male mouse models of obesity, we discovered TGF-β signaling plays a critical role in mediating the effects of obesity on bone. High-carbohydrate and high-fat diets increase TGF-β signaling in osteocytes, which impairs their mitochondrial function, increases cellular senescence, and compromises perilacunar/canalicular remodeling and bone quality. By specifically inhibiting TGF-β signaling in mouse osteocytes, some of the negative effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on bones, including the lacunocanalicular network, perilacunar/canalicular remodeling, senescence, and mechanical properties such as yield stress, were mitigated. DMP1-Cre-mediated deletion of TGF-β receptor II also blunted adverse effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on energy balance and metabolism. These findings suggest osteocytes are key in controlling bone quality in response to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. Calibrating osteocyte function could mitigate bone fragility associated with metabolic diseases while reestablishing energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha S Dole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Arkansas, USA
| | - Andrés Betancourt-Torres
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serra Kaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Obata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Charles A Schurman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jihee Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cristal S Yee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vivek Khanal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Arkansas, USA
| | - Clarissa Aguirre Luna
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Madeline Carroll
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Arkansas, USA
| | - Jennifer J Salinas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claire Acevedo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Jagga S, Hughes A, Manoochehri Arash N, Sorsby M, Brooks DJ, Divieti Pajevic P, Liu ES. NFATc1 Is Required for Vitamin D- and Phosphate-Mediated Regulation of Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Remodeling. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae087. [PMID: 39024412 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Osteocytes are embedded in lacunae and connected by canaliculi (lacuno-canalicular network, LCN). Bones from mice with X-linked hypophosphatemia (Hyp), which have impaired production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) and hypophosphatemia, have abnormal LCN structure that is improved by treatment with 1,25D or an anti-FGF23 targeting antibody, supporting roles for 1,25D and phosphate in regulating LCN remodeling. Bones from mice lacking the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in osteocytes (Vdrf/f;Dmp1Cre+) and mice lacking the sodium phosphate transporter 2a (Npt2aKO), which have low serum phosphate with high serum 1,25D, have impaired LCN organization, demonstrating that osteocyte-specific actions of 1,25D and hypophosphatemia regulate LCN remodeling. In osteoclasts, nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) is critical for stimulating bone resorption. Since osteocytes also resorb matrix, we hypothesize that NFATc1 plays a role in 1,25D and phosphate-mediated LCN remodeling. Consistent with this, 1,25D and phosphate suppress Nfatc1 mRNA expression in IDG-SW3 osteocytes, and knockdown of Nfatc1 expression in IDG-SW3 cells blocks 1,25D- and phosphate-mediated suppression of matrix resorption gene expression and 1,25D- and phosphate-mediated suppression of RANKL-induced acidification of the osteocyte microenvironment. To determine the role of NFATc1 in 1,25D- and phosphate-mediated LCN remodeling in vivo, histomorphometric analyses of tibiae from mice lacking osteocyte-specific Nfatc1 in Vdrf/f;Dmp1Cre+ and Npt2aKO mice were performed, demonstrating that bones from these mice have decreased lacunar size and expression of matrix resorption genes, and improved canalicular structure compared to Vdrf/f;Dmp1Cre+ and Npt2aKO control. This study demonstrates that NFATc1 is necessary for 1,25D- and phosphate-mediated regulation of LCN remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Jagga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashleigh Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niusha Manoochehri Arash
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa Sorsby
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Eva S Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Crack LE, Simonian N, Schnitzer TJ, Edwards WB. Monthly treatment with romosozumab for 1 year increases bone mineral at the hip, but not the knee, in women with chronic spinal cord injury. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae077. [PMID: 38911320 PMCID: PMC11193877 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone loss below the level of neurological lesion is a well-known complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). To date, most research has focused on pharmaceutical intervention using antiresorptives to prevent bone loss during the acute phase of SCI; however, limited research has investigated treatments for established osteoporosis during chronic SCI. Romosozumab, a monoclonal antibody with both antiresorptive and anabolic effects, has demonstrated significant increases in BMD for women with established PMO. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of monthly treatment with romosozumab to improve DXA-derived areal BMD at the hip, and CT-derived BMC and strength at the hip and knee in women with chronic SCI and an inability to ambulate. Twelve female participants with chronic SCI were recruited to receive 1 yr of monthly subcutaneous injections of romosozumab (210 mg). DXA and CT scans were taken at baseline, and months 3, 6, and 12 to quantify bone mineral, and finite element (FE) analysis was used to predict bone strength. Longitudinal mixed effects models were employed to determine the impact of treatment on bone properties. After 12 mo of treatment, areal BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip were significantly increased with median changes of 10.2% (IQR: 8.3-15.2%, p<.001) and 4.2% (IQR: 3.4-7.7%, p = .009), respectively. Improvements at the hip were primarily due to increases in trabecular, not cortical, bone and effects were sufficient to significantly increase FE-predicted strength by 20.3% (IQR: 9.5-37.0%, p = .004). Treatment with romosozumab did not lead to any significant improvement in bone mineral at the distal femur or proximal tibia. These findings provide promising results for romosozumab treatment to improve bone mineral and reduce fracture risk at the hip, but not the knee, in women with chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Crack
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Narina Simonian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Thomas J Schnitzer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Papaioannou G, Sato T, Houghton C, Kotsalidis PE, Strauss KE, Dean T, Nelson AJ, Stokes M, Gardella TJ, Wein MN. Regulation of intracellular cAMP levels in osteocytes by mechano-sensitive focal adhesion kinase via PDE8A. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601153. [PMID: 38979143 PMCID: PMC11230356 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the primary mechano-sensitive cell type in bone. Mechanical loading is sensed across the dendritic projections of osteocytes leading to transient reductions in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. Knowledge regarding the signaling pathways downstream of FAK in osteocytes is incomplete. We performed tyrosine-focused phospho-proteomic profiling in osteocyte-like Ocy454 cells to identify FAK substrates. Gsα, parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R), and phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A), all proteins associated with cAMP signaling, were found as potential FAK targets based on their reduced tyrosine phosphorylation in both FAK- deficient or FAK inhibitor treated cells. Real time monitoring of intracellular cAMP levels revealed that FAK pharmacologic inhibition or gene deletion increased basal and GPCR ligand-stimulated cAMP levels and downstream phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates. Mutating FAK phospho-acceptor sites in Gsα and PTH1R had no effect on PTH- or FAK inhibitor-stimulated cAMP levels. Since FAK inhibitor treatment augmented cAMP levels even in the presence of forskolin, we focused on potential FAK substrates downstream of cAMP generation. Indeed, PDE8A inhibition mimicked FAK inhibition at the level of increased cAMP, PKA activity, and expression of cAMP-regulated target genes. In vitro kinase assay showed that PDE8A is directly phosphorylated by FAK while immunoprecipitation assays revealed intracellular association between FAK and PDE8A. Thus, FAK inhibition in osteocytes acts synergistically with signals that activate adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular cAMP. Mechanically-regulated FAK can modulate intracellular cAMP levels via effects on PDE8A. These data suggest a novel signal transduction mechanism that mediates crosstalk between mechanical and cAMP-linked hormonal signaling in osteocytes.
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7
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Bolamperti S, Saito H, Heerdmann S, Hesse E, Taipaleenmäki H. Tgif1-deficiency impairs cytoskeletal architecture in osteoblasts by activating PAK3 signaling. eLife 2024; 13:RP94265. [PMID: 38661167 PMCID: PMC11045221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast adherence to bone surfaces is important for remodeling bone tissue. This study demonstrates that deficiency of TG-interacting factor 1 (Tgif1) in osteoblasts results in altered cell morphology, reduced adherence to collagen type I-coated surfaces, and impaired migration capacity. Tgif1 is essential for osteoblasts to adapt a regular cell morphology and to efficiently adhere and migrate on collagen type I-rich matrices in vitro. Furthermore, Tgif1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of p21-activated kinase 3 (Pak3), an important regulator of focal adhesion formation and osteoblast spreading. Absence of Tgif1 leads to increased Pak3 expression, which impairs osteoblast spreading. Additionally, Tgif1 is implicated in osteoblast recruitment and activation of bone surfaces in the context of bone regeneration and in response to parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH 1-34) treatment in vivo in mice. These findings provide important novel insights in the regulation of the cytoskeletal architecture of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bolamperti
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Sarah Heerdmann
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Eric Hesse
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
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8
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Adhikari M, Kaur J, Sabol HM, Anloague A, Khan S, Kurihara N, Diaz-delCastillo M, Andreasen CM, Barnes CL, Stambough JB, Palmieri M, Reyes-Castro O, Ambrogini E, Almeida M, O’Brien CA, Nookaw I, Delgado-Calle J. Single-cell Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Senescent Osteocytes as Contributors to Bone Destruction in Breast Cancer Metastasis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4047486. [PMID: 38558984 PMCID: PMC10980159 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4047486/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer bone metastases increase fracture risk and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Upon colonization by tumor cells, the bone microenvironment undergoes profound reprogramming to support cancer progression that disrupts the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, leading to bone lesions. Whether such reprogramming affects matrix-embedded osteocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that osteocytes in breast cancer bone metastasis develop premature senescence and a distinctive senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that favors bone destruction. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified osteocytes from mice with breast cancer bone metastasis enriched in senescence and SASP markers and pro-osteoclastogenic genes. Using multiplex in situ hybridization and AI-assisted analysis, we detected osteocytes with senescence-associated distension of satellites, telomere dysfunction, and p16Ink4a expression in mice and patients with breast cancer bone metastasis. In vitro and ex vivo organ cultures showed that breast cancer cells promote osteocyte senescence and enhance their osteoclastogenic potential. Clearance of senescent cells with senolytics suppressed bone resorption and preserved bone mass in mice with breast cancer bone metastasis. These results demonstrate that osteocytes undergo pathological reprogramming by breast cancer cells and identify osteocyte senescence as an initiating event triggering bone destruction in breast cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Adhikari
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Hayley M. Sabol
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Aric Anloague
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Sharmin Khan
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Noriyoshi Kurihara
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | | | - Christina Møller Andreasen
- Molecular Bone Histology lab, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathologyogy, Odense University Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - C. Lowry Barnes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Jeffrey B. Stambough
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Michela Palmieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Olivia Reyes-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Elena Ambrogini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Charles A. O’Brien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, US
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Intawat Nookaw
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
| | - Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, US
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9
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de Leeuw AM, Graf R, Lim PJ, Zhang J, Schädli GN, Peterhans S, Rohrbach M, Giunta C, Rüger M, Rubert M, Müller R. Physiological cell bioprinting density in human bone-derived cell-laden scaffolds enhances matrix mineralization rate and stiffness under dynamic loading. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1310289. [PMID: 38419730 PMCID: PMC10900528 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1310289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human organotypic bone models are an emerging technology that replicate bone physiology and mechanobiology for comprehensive in vitro experimentation over prolonged periods of time. Recently, we introduced a mineralized bone model based on 3D bioprinted cell-laden alginate-gelatin-graphene oxide hydrogels cultured under dynamic loading using commercially available human mesenchymal stem cells. In the present study, we created cell-laden scaffolds from primary human osteoblasts isolated from surgical waste material and investigated the effects of a previously reported optimal cell printing density (5 × 106 cells/mL bioink) vs. a higher physiological cell density (10 × 106 cells/mL bioink). We studied mineral formation, scaffold stiffness, and cell morphology over a 10-week period to determine culture conditions for primary human bone cells in this microenvironment. For analysis, the human bone-derived cell-laden scaffolds underwent multiscale assessment at specific timepoints. High cell viability was observed in both groups after bioprinting (>90%) and after 2 weeks of daily mechanical loading (>85%). Bioprinting at a higher cell density resulted in faster mineral formation rates, higher mineral densities and remarkably a 10-fold increase in stiffness compared to a modest 2-fold increase in the lower printing density group. In addition, physiological cell bioprinting densities positively impacted cell spreading and formation of dendritic interconnections. We conclude that our methodology of processing patient-specific human bone cells, subsequent biofabrication and dynamic culturing reliably affords mineralized cell-laden scaffolds. In the future, in vitro systems based on patient-derived cells could be applied to study the individual phenotype of bone disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta and aid clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reto Graf
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Giunta
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rüger
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Rubert
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Bernero M, Zauchner D, Müller R, Qin XH. Interpenetrating network hydrogels for studying the role of matrix viscoelasticity in 3D osteocyte morphogenesis. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:919-932. [PMID: 38231154 PMCID: PMC10863643 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01781h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
During bone formation, osteoblasts are embedded in a collagen-rich osteoid tissue and differentiate into an extensive 3D osteocyte network throughout the mineralizing matrix. However, how these cells dynamically remodel the matrix and undergo 3D morphogenesis remains poorly understood. Although previous reports investigated the impact of matrix stiffness in osteocyte morphogenesis, the role of matrix viscoelasticity is often overlooked. Here, we report a viscoelastic alginate-collagen interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel for 3D culture of murine osteocyte-like IDG-SW3 cells. The IPN hydrogels consist of an ionically crosslinked alginate network to tune stress relaxation as well as a permissive collagen network to promote cell adhesion and matrix remodeling. Two IPN hydrogels were developed with comparable stiffnesses (4.4-4.7 kPa) but varying stress relaxation times (t1/2, 1.5 s and 14.4 s). IDG-SW3 cells were pre-differentiated in 2D under osteogenic conditions for 14 days to drive osteoblast-to-osteocyte transition. Cellular mechanosensitivity to fluid shear stress (2 Pa) was confirmed by live-cell calcium imaging. After embedding in the IPN hydrogels, cells remained highly viable following 7 days of 3D culture. After 24 h, osteocytes in the fast-relaxing hydrogels showed the largest cell area and long dendritic processes. However, a significantly larger increase of some osteogenic markers (ALP, Dmp1, hydroxyapatite) as well as intercellular connections via gap junctions were observed in slow-relaxing hydrogels on day 14. Our results imply that fast-relaxing IPN hydrogels promote early cell spreading, whereas slow relaxation favors osteogenic differentiation. These findings may advance the development of 3D in vivo-like osteocyte models to better understand bone mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Xiao-Hua Qin
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Kim YK, Kameo Y, Tanaka S, Adachi T. Aging effects on osteoclast progenitor dynamics affect variability in bone turnover via feedback regulation. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad003. [PMID: 38690125 PMCID: PMC11059999 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are commonly used in osteoporosis treatment as indicators of cell activities of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. The wide variability in their values due to multiple factors, such as aging and diseases, makes it difficult for physicians to utilize them for clinical decision-making. The progenitors of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are indispensable for a comprehensive interpretation of the variability in BTM values because these upstream progenitors strongly regulate the downstream cell activities of bone turnover. However, understanding the complex interactions among the multiple populations of bone cells is challenging. In this study, we aimed to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanism by which the progenitor dynamics affect the variability in bone turnover through in silico experiments by exploring the cell dynamics with aging effects on osteoporosis. Negative feedback control driven by the consumptive loss of progenitors prevents rapid bone loss due to excessive bone turnover, and through feedback regulation, aging effects on osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast progenitor proliferation cause variability in the osteoclast and osteoblast activity balance and its temporal transition. By expressing the variability in the bone turnover status, our model describes the individualities of patients based on their clinical backgrounds. Therefore, our model could play a powerful role in assisting tailored treatment and has the potential to resolve the various health problems associated with osteoporosis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwan Kim
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kameo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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12
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Wang W, Zheng X, Wang H, Zuo B, Chen S, Li J. Mechanical Unloading Promotes Osteoclastic Differentiation and Bone Resorption by Modulating the MSC Secretome to Favor Inflammation. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241236584. [PMID: 38501500 PMCID: PMC10953070 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241236584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging, space flight, and prolonged bed rest have all been linked to bone loss, and no effective treatments are clinically available at present. Here, with the rodent hindlimb unloading (HU) model, we report that the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment was significantly altered, with an increased number of myeloid cells and elevated inflammatory cytokines. In such inflammatory BM, the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption was greatly enhanced, leading to a shifted bone remodeling balance that ultimately ends up with disuse-induced osteoporosis. Using Piezo1 conditional knockout (KO) mice (Piezo1fl/fl;LepRCre), we proved that lack of mechanical stimuli on LepR+ mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is the main reason for the pathological BM inflammation. Mechanically, the secretome of MSCs was regulated by mechanical stimuli. Inadequate mechanical load leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF-1), and so on, which promotes monocyte proliferation and osteoclastic differentiation. Interestingly, transplantation of 10% cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-treated MSCs into HU animals significantly alleviated the BM microenvironment and rebalanced bone remodeling. In summary, our research revealed a new mechanism underlying mechanical unloading-induced bone loss and suggested a novel stem cell-based therapy to potentially prevent disuse-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyuji Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xueling Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hehe Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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13
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Leser JM, Torre OM, Gould NR, Guo Q, Buck HV, Kodama J, Otsuru S, Stains JP. Osteoblast-lineage calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 delta and gamma regulates bone mass and quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304492120. [PMID: 37976259 PMCID: PMC10666124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304492120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regulates its mass and quality in response to diverse mechanical, hormonal, and local signals. The bone anabolic or catabolic responses to these signals are often received by osteocytes, which then coordinate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces. We previously established that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII) is required for osteocytes to respond to some bone anabolic cues in vitro. However, a role for CaMKII in bone physiology in vivo is largely undescribed. Here, we show that conditional codeletion of the most abundant isoforms of CaMKII (delta and gamma) in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes [Ocn-cre:Camk2d/Camk2g double-knockout (dCKO)] caused severe osteopenia in both cortical and trabecular compartments by 8 wk of age. In addition to having less bone mass, dCKO bones are of worse quality, with significant deficits in mechanical properties, and a propensity to fracture. This striking skeletal phenotype is multifactorial, including diminished osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, and altered phosphate homeostasis both systemically and locally. These dCKO mice exhibited decreased circulating phosphate (hypophosphatemia) and increased expression of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23. Additionally, dCKO mice expressed less bone-derived tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase protein than control mice. Consistent with altered phosphate homeostasis, we observed that dCKO bones were hypo-mineralized with prominent osteoid seams, analogous to the phenotypes of mice with hypophosphatemia. Altogether, these data reveal a fundamental role for osteocyte CaMKIIδ and CaMKIIγ in the maintenance of bone mass and bone quality and link osteoblast/osteocyte CaMKII to phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Leser
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Olivia M. Torre
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Nicole R. Gould
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Qiaoyue Guo
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Heather V. Buck
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Joseph P. Stains
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
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14
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Yang W, Zuo Y, Zhang N, Wang K, Zhang R, Chen Z, He Q. GNAS locus: bone related diseases and mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1255864. [PMID: 37920253 PMCID: PMC10619756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1255864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GNASis a complex locus characterized by multiple transcripts and an imprinting effect. It orchestrates a variety of physiological processes via numerous signaling pathways. Human diseases associated with the GNAS gene encompass fibrous dysplasia (FD), Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO), parathyroid hormone(PTH) resistance, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia (POH), among others. To facilitate the study of the GNAS locus and its associated diseases, researchers have developed a range of mouse models. In this review, we will systematically explore the GNAS locus, its related signaling pathways, the bone diseases associated with it, and the mouse models pertinent to these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Sarazin BA, Liu B, Goldman E, Whitefield AN, Lynch ME. Bone-homing metastatic breast cancer cells impair osteocytes' mechanoresponse in a 3D loading model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20248. [PMID: 37767467 PMCID: PMC10520780 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer predominantly metastasizes to the skeleton. Mechanical loading is reliably anabolic in bone, and also inhibits bone metastatic tumor formation and bone loss in vivo. To study the underlying mechanisms, we developed a 3D culture model for osteocytes, the primary bone mechanosensor. We verified that MLO-Y4s responded to perfusion by reducing their rankl and rankl:opg gene expression. We next cultured MLO-Y4s with tumor-conditioned media (TCM) collected from human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231s) and a corresponding bone-homing subclone to test the impacts on osteocytes' mechanosensation. We found that TCM from the bone-homing subclone was more detrimental to MLO-Y4 growth and viability, and it abrogated loading-induced changes to rankl:opg. Our studies demonstrate that MLO-Y4s, including their mechanoresponse to perfusion, were more negatively impacted by soluble factors from bone-homing breast cancer cells compared to those from parental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blayne A. Sarazin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Elaine Goldman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ashlyn N. Whitefield
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Maureen E. Lynch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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16
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Hoppock GA, Buettmann EG, Denisco JA, Goldscheitter GM, Condyles SN, Juhl OJ, Friedman MA, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Connexin 43 and cell culture substrate differentially regulate OCY454 osteocytic differentiation and signaling to primary bone cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C907-C920. [PMID: 37602413 PMCID: PMC10635658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00220.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominate gap junction protein in bone, is essential for intercellular communication and skeletal homeostasis. Previous work suggests that osteocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 leads to increased bone formation and resorption; however, the cell-autonomous role of osteocytic Cx43 in promoting increased bone remodeling is unknown. Recent studies using three-dimensional (3D) culture substrates in OCY454 cells suggest that 3D cultures may offer increased bone remodeling factor expression and secretion, such as sclerostin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). In this study, we compared culturing OCY454 osteocytes on 3D Alvetex scaffolds with traditional 2D tissue culture, both with [wild-type (WT)] and without Cx43 (Cx43 KO). Conditioned media from OCY454 cell cultures were used to determine soluble signaling to differentiate primary bone marrow cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. OCY454 cells cultured on 3D portrayed a mature osteocytic phenotype, relative to cells on 2D, shown by increased osteocytic gene expression and reduced cell proliferation. In contrast, OCY454 differentiation based on these same markers was not affected by Cx43 deficiency in 3D. Interestingly, increased sclerostin secretion was found in 3D cultured WT cells compared with that of Cx43 KO cells. Conditioned media from Cx43 KO cells promoted increased osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, with maximal effects from 3D cultured Cx43 KO cells. These results suggest that Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell-autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Finally, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms from Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes in vitro due to their ability to promote osteocyte differentiation, limit proliferation, and increase bone remodeling factor secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY 3D cell culture of OCY454 cells promoted increased differentiation compared with traditional 2D culture. Although Cx43 deficiency did not affect OCY454 differentiation, it resulted in increased signaling, promoting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest that Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell-autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Also, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms in Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph A Denisco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Galen M Goldscheitter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Sebastian N Condyles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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17
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Yoon J, Kaya S, Matsumae G, Dole N, Alliston T. miR181a/b-1 controls osteocyte metabolism and mechanical properties independently of bone morphology. Bone 2023; 175:116836. [PMID: 37414200 PMCID: PMC11156520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone derives its ability to resist fracture from bone mass and quality concurrently; however, many questions about the molecular mechanisms controlling bone quality remain unanswered, limiting the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite the increasing evidence on the importance of miR181a/b-1 in bone homeostasis and disease, whether and how osteocyte-intrinsic miR181a/b-1 controls bone quality remains elusive. Osteocyte-intrinsic deletion of miR181a/b-1 in osteocytes in vivo resulted in compromised overall bone mechanical behavior in both sexes, although the parameters affected by miR181a/b-1 varied distinctly based on sex. Furthermore, impaired fracture resistance in both sexes was unexplained by cortical bone morphology, which was altered in female mice and intact in male mice with miR181a/b-1-deficient osteocytes. The role of miR181a/b-1 in the regulation of osteocyte metabolism was apparent in bioenergetic testing of miR181a/b-1-deficient OCY454 osteocyte-like cells and transcriptomic analysis of cortical bone from mice with osteocyte-intrinsic ablation of miR181a/b-1. Altogether, this study demonstrates the control of osteocyte bioenergetics and the sexually dimorphic regulation of cortical bone morphology and mechanical properties by miR181a/b-1, hinting at the role of osteocyte metabolism in the regulation of mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Program, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serra Kaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gen Matsumae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neha Dole
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Program, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, California, USA.
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18
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Emch MJ, Wicik Z, Aspros KG, Vukajlovic T, Pitel KS, Narum AK, Weivoda MM, Tang X, Kalari KR, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Monroe DG, Subramaniam M, Hawse JR. Estrogen-regulated miRs in bone enhance osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:28-41. [PMID: 37359348 PMCID: PMC10285552 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling is critical for the development and maintenance of healthy bone, and age-related decline in estrogen levels contributes to the development of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Most bones consist of a dense cortical shell and an internal mesh-like network of trabecular bone that respond differently to internal and external cues such as hormonal signaling. To date, no study has assessed the transcriptomic differences that occur specifically in cortical and trabecular bone compartments in response to hormonal changes. To investigate this, we employed a mouse model of post-menopausal osteoporosis (ovariectomy, OVX) and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). mRNA and miR sequencing revealed distinct transcriptomic profiles between cortical and trabecular bone in the setting of OVX and ERT. Seven miRs were identified as likely contributors to the observed estrogen-mediated mRNA expression changes. Of these, four miRs were prioritized for further study and decreased predicted target gene expression in bone cells, enhanced the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, and altered the mineralization capacity of primary osteoblasts. As such, candidate miRs and miR mimics may have therapeutic relevance for bone loss resulting from estrogen depletion without the unwanted side effects of hormone replacement therapy and therefore represent novel therapeutic approaches to combat diseases of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Emch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirsten G.M. Aspros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tanja Vukajlovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin S. Pitel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Megan M. Weivoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - John R. Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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19
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Xie H, Bastepe I, Zhou W, Ay B, Ceraj Z, Portales-Castillo IA, Liu ES, Burnett-Bowie SAM, Jüppner H, Rhee EP, Bastepe M, Simic P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates furin-mediated FGF23 cleavage. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168957. [PMID: 37681408 PMCID: PMC10544208 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone that is cleaved by furin into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments. Several studies have implicated vitamin D in regulating furin in infections. Thus, we investigated the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D] and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on furin-mediated iFGF23 cleavage. Mice lacking VDR (Vdr-/-) had a 25-fold increase in iFGF23 cleavage, with increased furin levels and activity compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Inhibition of furin activity blocked the increase in iFGF23 cleavage in Vdr-/- animals and in a Vdr-knockdown osteocyte OCY454 cell line. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed VDR binding to DNA upstream of the Furin gene, with more transcription in the absence of VDR. In WT mice, furin inhibition reduced iFGF23 cleavage, increased iFGF23, and reduced serum phosphate levels. Similarly, 1,25(OH)2D reduced furin activity, decreased iFGF23 cleavage, and increased total FGF23. In a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial, we found that ergocalciferol treatment, which increased serum 1,25(OH)2D, significantly decreased serum furin activity and iFGF23 cleavage, compared with placebo. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D inhibits iFGF23 cleavage via VDR-mediated suppression of Furin expression, thereby providing a mechanism by which vitamin D can augment phosphaturic iFGF23 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isinsu Bastepe
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Birol Ay
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zara Ceraj
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ignacio A. Portales-Castillo
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva S. Liu
- Endocrine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugene P. Rhee
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petra Simic
- Nephrology Division and
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Munir A, Reseland JE, Tiainen H, Haugen HJ, Sikorski P, Christiansen EF, Reinholt FP, Syversen U, Solberg LB. Osteocyte-Like Cells Differentiated From Primary Osteoblasts in an Artificial Human Bone Tissue Model. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10792. [PMID: 37701151 PMCID: PMC10494512 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of primary human osteocytes embedded in natural mineralized matrix without artificial scaffolds are lacking. We have established cell culture conditions that favored the natural 3D orientation of the bone cells and stimulated the cascade of signaling needed for primary human osteoblasts to differentiate into osteocytes with the characteristically phenotypical dendritic network between cells. Primary human osteoblasts cultured in a 3D rotating bioreactor and incubated with a combination of vitamins A, C, and D for up to 21 days produced osteospheres resembling native bone. Osteocyte-like cells were identified as entrapped, stellate-shaped cells interconnected through canaliculi embedded in a structured, mineralized, collagen matrix. These cells expressed late osteoblast and osteocyte markers such as osteocalcin (OCN), podoplanin (E11), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), and sclerostin (SOST). Organized collagen fibrils, observed associated with the cell hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals, were found throughout the spheroid and in between the collagen fibrils. In addition to osteocyte-like cells, the spheroids consisted of osteoblasts at various differentiation stages surrounded by a rim of cells resembling lining cells. This resemblance to native bone indicates a model system with potential for studying osteocyte-like cell differentiation, cross-talk between bone cells, and the mineralization process in a bonelike structure in vitro without artificial scaffolds. In addition, natural extracellular matrix may allow for the study of tissue-specific biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical properties. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooj Munir
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | | | | | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Lene Bergendal Solberg
- Department of PathologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Division of Orthopedic SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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21
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Zhao R, Chen Y, Wang D, Zhang C, Song H, Ni G. Role of irisin in bone diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212892. [PMID: 37600697 PMCID: PMC10436578 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone diseases are common among middle-aged and elderly people, and harm to activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) for patients. It is crucial to search for key regulatory factors associated with the development of bone diseases and explore potential therapeutic targets for bone diseases. Irisin is a novel myokine that has been discovered in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that irisin has beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, especially bone-related diseases. Recent studies had shown that irisin plays the role in various bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and other bone diseases, suggesting that irisin may be a potential molecule for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. Therefore, in this review, by consulting the related domestic and international literature of irisin and bone diseases, we summarized the specific regulatory mechanisms of irisin in various bone diseases, and provided a systematic theoretical basis for its application in the diagnosis and treatment of the bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Zhao
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Song
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxin Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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22
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Urbano F, Farella I, Brunetti G, Faienza MF. Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Mechanisms and Impact of Technologies on Comorbidities and Life Expectancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11980. [PMID: 37569354 PMCID: PMC10418611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, with a progressively increasing incidence. T1D management requires lifelong insulin treatment and ongoing health care support. The main goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose levels as close to the physiological range as possible, particularly to avoid blood glucose fluctuations, which have been linked to morbidity and mortality in patients with T1D. Indeed, the guidelines of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) recommend a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level < 53 mmol/mol (<7.0%) for young people with T1D to avoid comorbidities. Moreover, diabetic disease strongly influences the quality of life of young patients who must undergo continuous monitoring of glycemic values and the administration of subcutaneous insulin. In recent decades, the development of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems improved the metabolic control and the quality of life of T1D patients. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices connected to smartphones represent a good therapeutic option, especially in young children. In this literature review, we revised the mechanisms of the currently available technologies for T1D in pediatric age and explored their effect on short- and long-term diabetes-related comorbidities, quality of life, and life expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Urbano
- Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Farella
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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23
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Zhong W, Pathak JL, Liang Y, Zhytnik L, Pals G, Eekhoff EMW, Bravenboer N, Micha D. The intricate mechanism of PLS3 in bone homeostasis and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168306. [PMID: 37484945 PMCID: PMC10361617 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since our discovery in 2013 that genetic defects in PLS3 lead to bone fragility, the mechanistic details of this process have remained obscure. It has been established that PLS3 variants cause syndromic and nonsyndromic osteoporosis as well as osteoarthritis. PLS3 codes for an actin-bundling protein with a broad pattern of expression. As such, it is puzzling how PLS3 specifically leads to bone-related disease presentation. Our review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the function of PLS3 in the predominant cell types in the bone tissue, the osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This is related to the role of PLS3 in regulating mechanotransduction, calcium regulation, vesicle trafficking, cell differentiation and mineralization as part of the complex bone pathology presented by PLS3 defects. Considering the consequences of PLS3 defects on multiple aspects of bone tissue metabolism, our review motivates the study of its mechanism in bone diseases which can potentially help in the design of suitable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhong
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueting Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lidiia Zhytnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Rare Bone Disease Center, AMS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hoppock GA, Buettmann EG, Denisco JA, Goldscheitter GM, Condyles SN, Juhl OJ, Friedman MA, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Connexin 43 and Cell Culture Substrate Differentially Regulate OCY454 Osteocytic Differentiation and Signaling to Primary Bone Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.23.546276. [PMID: 37425674 PMCID: PMC10326966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.546276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominate gap junction protein in bone, is essential for intercellular communication and skeletal homeostasis. Previous work suggests osteocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 leads to increased bone formation and resorption, however the cell-autonomous role of osteocytic Cx43 in promoting increased bone remodeling is unknown. Recent studies using 3D culture substrates in OCY454 cells suggest 3D cultures may offer increased bone remodeling factor expression and secretion, such as sclerostin and RANKL. In this study, we compared culturing OCY454 osteocytes on 3D Alvetex scaffolds to traditional 2D tissue culture, both with (WT) and without Cx43 (Cx43 KO). Conditioned media from OCY454 cell cultures was used to determine soluble signaling to differentiate primary bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. OCY454 cells cultured on 3D portrayed a mature osteocytic phenotype, relative to cells on 2D, shown by increased osteocytic gene expression and reduced cell proliferation. In contrast, OCY454 differentiation based on these same markers was not affected by Cx43 deficiency in 3D. Interestingly, increased sclerostin secretion was found in 3D cultured WT cells compared to Cx43 KO cells. Conditioned media from Cx43 KO cells promoted increased osteoblastogenesis and increased osteoclastogenesis, with maximal effects from 3D cultured Cx43 KO cells. These results suggest Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Finally, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms from Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes in vitro due to their ability to promote osteocyte differentiation, limit proliferation, and increase bone remodeling factor secretion. New and Noteworthy 3D cell culture of OCY454 cells promoted increased differentiation compared to traditional 2D culture. While Cx43 deficiency did not affect OCY454 differentiation, it resulted in increased signaling, promoting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Also, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms in Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes.
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25
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Stavre Z, Kim JM, Yang YS, Nündel K, Chaugule S, Sato T, Park K, Gao G, Gravallese E, Shim JH. Schnurri-3 inhibition suppresses bone and joint damage in models of rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218019120. [PMID: 37141171 PMCID: PMC10175794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218019120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to systemic and articular bone loss by activating bone resorption and suppressing bone formation. Despite current therapeutic agents, inflammation-induced bone loss in RA continues to be a significant clinical problem due to joint deformity and lack of articular and systemic bone repair. Here, we identify the suppressor of bone formation, Schnurri-3 (SHN3), as a potential target to prevent bone loss in RA. SHN3 expression in osteoblast-lineage cells is induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Germline deletion or conditional deletion of Shn3 in osteoblasts limits articular bone erosion and systemic bone loss in mouse models of RA. Similarly, silencing of SHN3 expression in these RA models using systemic delivery of a bone-targeting recombinant adenoassociated virus protects against inflammation-induced bone loss. In osteoblasts, TNF activates SHN3 via ERK MAPK-mediated phosphorylation and, in turn, phosphorylated SHN3 inhibits WNT/β-catenin signaling and up-regulates RANKL expression. Accordingly, knock-in of a mutation in Shn3 that fails to bind ERK MAPK promotes bone formation in mice overexpressing human TNF due to augmented WNT/β-catenin signaling. Remarkably, Shn3-deficient osteoblasts are not only resistant to TNF-induced suppression of osteogenesis, but also down-regulate osteoclast development. Collectively, these findings demonstrate SHN3 inhibition as a promising approach to limit bone loss and promote bone repair in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheni Stavre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Kerstin Nündel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Sachin Chaugule
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, South Korea
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Ellen M. Gravallese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
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26
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Knowles HJ, Chanalaris A, Koutsikouni A, Cribbs AP, Grover LM, Hulley PA. Mature primary human osteocytes in mini organotypic cultures secrete FGF23 and PTH1-34-regulated sclerostin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1167734. [PMID: 37223031 PMCID: PMC10200954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1167734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction For decades, functional primary human osteocyte cultures have been crucially needed for understanding their role in bone anabolic processes and in endocrine phosphate regulation via the bone-kidney axis. Mature osteocyte proteins (sclerostin, DMP1, Phex and FGF23) play a key role in various systemic diseases and are targeted by successful bone anabolic drugs (anti-sclerostin antibody and teriparatide (PTH1-34)). However, cell lines available to study osteocytes produce very little sclerostin and low levels of mature osteocyte markers. We have developed a primary human 3D organotypic culture system that replicates the formation of mature osteocytes in bone. Methods Primary human osteoblasts were seeded in a fibrinogen / thrombin gel around 3D-printed hanging posts. Following contraction of the gel around the posts, cells were cultured in osteogenic media and conditioned media was collected for analysis of secreted markers of osteocyte formation. Results The organoids were viable for at least 6 months, allowing co-culture with different cell types and testing of bone anabolic drugs. Bulk RNAseq data displayed the developing marker trajectory of ossification and human primary osteocyte formation in vitro over an initial 8- week period. Vitamin D3 supplementation increased mineralization and sclerostin secretion, while hypoxia and PTH1-34 modulated sclerostin. Our culture system also secreted FGF23, enabling the future development of a bone-kidney-parathyroid-vascular multi-organoid or organ-on-a-chip system to study disease processes and drug effects using purely human cells. Discussion This 3D organotypic culture system provides a stable, long-lived, and regulated population of mature human primary osteocytes for a variety of research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Knowles
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Chanalaris
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Argyro Koutsikouni
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adam P. Cribbs
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam M. Grover
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa A. Hulley
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Frost K, Naylor AJ, McGettrick HM. The Ying and Yang of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signalling within the Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086935. [PMID: 37108099 PMCID: PMC10139073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodelling is a highly active and dynamic process that involves the tight regulation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their progenitors to allow for a balance of bone resorption and formation to be maintained. Ageing and inflammation are risk factors for the dysregulation of bone remodelling. Once the balance between bone formation and resorption is lost, bone mass becomes compromised, resulting in disorders such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. Key molecules in the sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling pathway have been identified for their role in regulating bone remodelling, in addition to its more recognised role in inflammatory responses. This review discusses the accumulating evidence for the different, and, in certain circumstances, opposing, roles of S1P in bone homeostasis and disease, including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and inflammatory bone loss. Specifically, we describe the current, often conflicting, evidence surrounding S1P function in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their precursors in health and disease, concluding that S1P may be an effective biomarker of bone disease and also an attractive therapeutic target for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Frost
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amy J Naylor
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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28
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Kavoosian S, Asgharian A, Asouri M, Fattahi S, Amirbozorgi G, Kheirandish A, Abolfazli S, Lotfi M, Ebrahimi N, Ataee R. Polymorphism of LRP4 Gene (rs9667108) among Post Menopause Women with Osteoporosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:840-847. [PMID: 37551184 PMCID: PMC10404332 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i4.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Many studies have been done to identify the factors that influence the development and progression of osteoporosis. One genetic factor is polymorphisms of LRP4 gene. Regarding the lack of comprehensive study on polymorphisms of LRP4 gene in the north of Iran, mainly Mazandaran Province, we decided to investigate the polymorphism of this gene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods This case-control study has been conducted at GhaemShahr Valiasr Hospital on 100 female patients with osteoporosis (average age of 58.1) and 90 healthy females without osteoporosis (average age of 55.2). After sampling and extraction of genomic DNA via of the salt deposition method, the genotype and SNP (rs9667108) polymorphism of LRP4 gene were evaluated with the PCR-RFLP method. Restriction enzymes cut the PCR products. In order to identify patients, their bone mineral density was tested by the DEXA method. The results of digestion (digestion enzyme) were analyzed by MedCalc, SPSS software, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and Chi2. Results The statistical analysis has shown the significant relationship between SNP (rs9667108) polymorphism and the risk of osteoporosis disease in patients and control groups (P<0.05). In SNP (rs9667108), the GC genotype, compared to GG, increased the risk of disease significantly (1.556 time). Similarly, CC genotype, compared to GG genotype, increased the risk of this disease by 2.091 time. Conclusion The existence of mutation in the LRP4 gene could increase susceptibility to osteoporosis disease. Moreover, determining this patient's genotype in SNP (rs9667108) can be used to identify individuals who are in endanger osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Kavoosian
- College of Basic Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Asgharian
- Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Sadegh Fattahi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Ali Kheirandish
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sajad Abolfazli
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Lotfi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Nima Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Ataee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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29
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Brent MB. Pharmaceutical treatment of bone loss: From animal models and drug development to future treatment strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108383. [PMID: 36933702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamental to advance our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of bone loss and to study pharmaceutical countermeasures against it. The animal model of post-menopausal osteoporosis from ovariectomy is the most widely used preclinical approach to study skeletal deterioration. However, several other animal models exist, each with unique characteristics such as bone loss from disuse, lactation, glucocorticoid excess, or exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these animal models to emphasize the importance and significance of investigating bone loss and pharmaceutical countermeasures from perspectives other than post-menopausal osteoporosis only. Hence, the pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms involved in the various types of bone loss are different, and this might influence which prevention and treatment strategies are the most effective. In addition, the review sought to map the current landscape of pharmaceutical countermeasures against osteoporosis with an emphasis on how drug development has changed from being driven by clinical observations and enhancement or repurposing of existing drugs to today's use of targeted anti-bodies that are the result of advanced insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone formation and resorption. Moreover, new treatment combinations or repurposing opportunities of already approved drugs with a focus on dabigatran, parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, growth hormone, inhibitors of the activin signaling pathway, acetazolamide, zoledronate, and romosozumab are discussed. Despite the considerable progress in drug development, there is still a clear need to improve treatment strategies and develop new pharmaceuticals against various types of osteoporosis. The review also highlights that new treatment indications should be explored using multiple animal models of bone loss in order to ensure a broad representation of different types of skeletal deterioration instead of mainly focusing on primary osteoporosis from post-menopausal estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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30
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Bergen DJM, Maurizi A, Formosa MM, McDonald GLK, El-Gazzar A, Hassan N, Brandi ML, Riancho JA, Rivadeneira F, Ntzani E, Duncan EL, Gregson CL, Kiel DP, Zillikens MC, Sangiorgi L, Högler W, Duran I, Mäkitie O, Van Hul W, Hendrickx G. High Bone Mass Disorders: New Insights From Connecting the Clinic and the Bench. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:229-247. [PMID: 36161343 PMCID: PMC10092806 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic high bone mass (HBM) disorders are characterized by an increased amount of bone in general, or at specific sites in the skeleton. Here, we describe 59 HBM disorders with 50 known disease-causing genes from the literature, and we provide an overview of the signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Based on this, we classify the known HBM genes into HBM (sub)groups according to uniform Gene Ontology (GO) terminology. This classification system may aid in hypothesis generation, for both wet lab experimental design and clinical genetic screening strategies. We discuss how functional genomics can shape discovery of novel HBM genes and/or mechanisms in the future, through implementation of omics assessments in existing and future model systems. Finally, we address strategies to improve gene identification in unsolved HBM cases and highlight the importance for cross-laboratory collaborations encompassing multidisciplinary efforts to transfer knowledge generated at the bench to the clinic. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J M Bergen
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antonio Maurizi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Melissa M Formosa
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Georgina L K McDonald
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Neelam Hassan
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U M Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Policy and Practice, Center for Research Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of loannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Department of Rare Skeletal Diseases, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Oh WT, Yang YS, Xie J, Ma H, Kim JM, Park KH, Oh DS, Park-Min KH, Greenblatt MB, Gao G, Shim JH. WNT-modulating gene silencers as a gene therapy for osteoporosis, bone fracture, and critical-sized bone defects. Mol Ther 2023; 31:435-453. [PMID: 36184851 PMCID: PMC9931550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating osteoporosis and associated bone fractures remains challenging for drug development in part due to potential off-target side effects and the requirement for long-term treatment. Here, we identify recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene therapy as a complementary approach to existing osteoporosis therapies, offering long-lasting targeting of multiple targets and/or previously undruggable intracellular non-enzymatic targets. Treatment with a bone-targeted rAAV carrying artificial microRNAs (miRNAs) silenced the expression of WNT antagonists, schnurri-3 (SHN3), and sclerostin (SOST), and enhanced WNT/β-catenin signaling, osteoblast function, and bone formation. A single systemic administration of rAAVs effectively reversed bone loss in both postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis. Moreover, the healing of bone fracture and critical-sized bone defects was also markedly improved by systemic injection or transplantation of AAV-bound allograft bone to the osteotomy sites. Collectively, our data demonstrate the clinical potential of bone-specific gene silencers to treat skeletal disorders of low bone mass and impaired fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Taek Oh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kwang-Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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32
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Kurgan N, Skelly LE, Ludwa IA, Klentrou P, Josse AR. Twelve weeks of a diet and exercise intervention alters the acute bone response to exercise in adolescent females with overweight/obesity. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1049604. [PMID: 36685198 PMCID: PMC9846109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1049604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Exercise and consumption of dairy foods have been shown to improve bone mineralization. However, little is known about the magnitude and timing of their synergistic effects on markers and regulators of bone metabolism in response to acute exercise in adolescent females with obesity, a population susceptible to altered bone metabolism and mineral properties. This study examined the influence of twelve weeks of exercise training and nutritional counselling on the bone biochemical marker response to acute exercise and whether higher dairy consumption could further influence the response. Methods: Thirty adolescent females (14.3 ± 2.0 years) with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) completed a 12-week lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training and nutritional counselling. Participants were randomized into two groups: higher dairy intake (RDa; 4 servings/day; n = 14) or low dairy intake (LDa; 0-2 servings/d; n = 16). Participants performed one bout of plyometric exercise (5 circuits; 120 jumps) both pre- and post-intervention. Blood samples were taken at rest, 5 min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum sclerostin, osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (βCTX) concentrations were measured. Results: While there was an overall increase in sclerostin pre-intervention from pre to 5 min post-exercise (+11% p = 0.04), this response was significantly decreased post-intervention (-25%, p = 0.03) independent of dairy intake. The OPG:RANKL ratio was unresponsive to acute exercise pre-intervention but increased 1 h post-exercise (+2.6 AU; p < 0.001) post-intervention. Dairy intake did not further influence these absolute responses. However, after the 12-week intervention, the RDa group showed a decrease in the relative RANKL post-exercise response (-21.9%; p < 0.01), leading to a consistent increase in the relative OPG:RANKL ratio response, which was not the case in the LDa group. There was no influence of the intervention or dairy product intake on OC, OPG, or βCTX responses to acute exercise (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training blunts the increase in sclerostin and can augment the increase in OPG:RANKL ratio to acute exercise in adolescent females with OW/OB, while dairy product consumption did not further influence these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren E. Skelly
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Izabella A. Ludwa
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Panagiota Klentrou, ; Andrea R. Josse,
| | - Andrea R. Josse
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Panagiota Klentrou, ; Andrea R. Josse,
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33
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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34
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Wadiura LI, Butylina M, Reinprecht A, Aretin MB, Mischkulnig M, Gleiss A, Pietschmann P, Kerschan-Schindl K. Denosumab for Prevention of Acute Onset Immobilization-Induced Alterations of Bone Turnover: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2156-2164. [PMID: 36056473 PMCID: PMC10086960 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease is a devastating condition in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated the effects of early administration of the antiresorptive drug denosumab on bone metabolism in previously healthy patients. Fourteen patients with severe intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage were included in a phase 2 trial. Within 72 hours after ICU admission, they were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive denosumab 60 mg or placebo subcutaneously. The primary endpoint was group differences in the percentage change of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) levels in serum from denosumab/placebo application to 4 weeks thereafter. Changes in serum levels of bone formation markers and urinary calcium excretion were secondary outcome parameters. Regarding serum levels of CTX-1, changes over time averaged -0.45 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.72, -0.18) for the denosumab group and 0.29 ng/mL (95% CI -0.01, 0.58) for the placebo group. The primary endpoint, the group difference in changes between baseline and secondary measurement, adjusted for baseline serum levels and baseline neurological status, averaged -0.74 ng/mL (95% CI -1.14, -0.34; p = 0.002). The group difference in changes between baseline and secondary osteocalcin measurement averaged -5.60 ng/mL (95% CI -11.2, -0.04; p = 0.049). The group difference in averaged change between baseline and secondary measurement of 24-hour urine calcium excretion was significant (-1.77 mmol/L [95% CI -3.48, -0.06; p = 0.044]). No adverse events could be attributed to the study medication. The investigation proved that a single application of denosumab early after admission to an ICU prevents acute immobilization-associated increase in bone resorption among previously healthy individuals. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Irina Wadiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Reinprecht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mario Mischkulnig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kerschan-Schindl
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Mazur CM, Castro Andrade CD, Tokavanich N, Sato T, Bruce M, Brooks DJ, Bouxsein ML, Wang JS, Wein MN. Partial prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte deterioration in young male mice with osteocrin gene therapy. iScience 2022; 25:105019. [PMID: 36105586 PMCID: PMC9464962 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid excess suppresses osteocyte remodeling of surrounding bone minerals, causes apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, and disrupts bone remodeling, eventually, leading to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and bone fragility. Preventing apoptosis and preserving osteocyte morphology could be an effective means of preventing bone loss during glucocorticoid treatment. We hypothesized that osteocrin, which preserves osteocyte viability and morphology in Sp7-deficient mice, could prevent osteocyte death and dysfunction in a glucocorticoid excess model. We used adeno-associated virus (AAV8) to induce osteocrin overexpression in mice one week before implantation with prednisolone or placebo pellets. After 28 days, prednisolone caused the expected reduction in cortical bone thickness and osteocyte canalicular length in control AAV8-treated mice, and these effects were blunted in mice receiving AAV8-osteocrin. Glucocorticoid-induced changes in cortical porosity, trabecular bone mass, and gene expression were not prevented by osteocrin. These findings support a modest therapeutic potential for AAV8-osteocrin in preserving osteocyte morphology during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Mazur
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicha Tokavanich
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Bruce
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialiang S. Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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36
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Kim JM, Yang YS, Xie J, Lee O, Kim J, Hong J, Boldyreff B, Filhol O, Chun H, Greenblatt MB, Gao G, Shim JH. Regulation of sclerostin by the SIRT1 stabilization pathway in osteocytes. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1625-1638. [PMID: 35169297 PMCID: PMC9345882 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes play a critical role in bone remodeling through the secretion of paracrine factors regulating the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Sclerostin is a key osteocyte-derived factor that suppresses bone formation and promotes bone resorption, therefore regulators of sclerostin secretion are a likely source of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of skeletal disorders. Here, we demonstrate that protein kinase CK2 (casein kinase 2) controls sclerostin expression in osteocytes via the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4)-mediated stabilization of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1). Deletion of CK2 regulatory subunit, Csnk2b, in osteocytes (Csnk2bDmp1) results in low bone mass due to elevated levels of sclerostin. This phenotype in Csnk2bDmp1 mice was partly reversed when sclerostin expression was downregulated by a single intravenous injection with bone-targeting adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) carrying an artificial-microRNA that targets Sost. Mechanistically, CK2-induced phosphorylation of USP4 is important for stabilization of SIRT1 by suppressing ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Upregulated expression of SIRT1 inhibits sclerostin transcription in osteocytes. Collectively, the CK2-USP4-SIRT1 pathway is crucial for the regulation of sclerostin expression in osteocytes to maintain bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Oksun Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - JiHea Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jaehyoung Hong
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Odile Filhol
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Biosanté, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, UMR 1292, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hyonho Chun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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37
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Li MCM, Chow SKH, Wong RMY, Chen B, Cheng JCY, Qin L, Cheung WH. Osteocyte-specific dentin matrix protein 1 : the role of mineralization regulation in low-magnitude high-frequency vibration enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:465-476. [PMID: 35787000 PMCID: PMC9350691 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.bjr-2021-0476.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims There is an increasing concern of osteoporotic fractures in the ageing population. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) was shown to significantly enhance osteoporotic fracture healing through alteration of osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN). Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) in osteocytes is known to be responsible for maintaining the LCN and mineralization. This study aimed to investigate the role of osteocyte-specific DMP1 during osteoporotic fracture healing augmented by LMHFV. Methods A metaphyseal fracture was created in the distal femur of ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to five different groups: 1) DMP1 knockdown (KD), 2) DMP1 KD + vibration (VT), 3) Scramble + VT, 4) VT, and 5) control (CT), where KD was performed by injection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into marrow cavity; vibration treatment was conducted at 35 Hz, 0.3 g; 20 minutes/day, five days/week). Assessments included radiography, micro-CT, dynamic histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry on DMP1, sclerostin, E11, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In vitro, murine long bone osteocyte-Y4 (MLO-Y4) osteocyte-like cells were randomized as in vivo groupings. DMP1 KD was performed by transfecting cells with shRNA plasmid. Assessments included immunocytochemistry on osteocyte-specific markers as above, and mineralized nodule staining. Results Healing capacities in DMP1 KD groups were impaired. Results showed that DMP1 KD significantly abolished vibration-enhanced fracture healing at week 6. DMP1 KD significantly altered the expression of osteocyte-specific markers. The lower mineralization rate in DMP1 KD groups indicated that DMP1 knockdown was associated with poor fracture healing process. Conclusion The blockage of DMP1 would impair healing outcomes and negate LMHFV-induced enhancement on fracture healing. These findings reveal the importance of DMP1 in response to the mechanical signal during osteoporotic fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):465–476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng C M Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon K-H Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald M Y Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Brent MB, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. Anti-sclerostin antibodies and abaloparatide have additive effects when used as a countermeasure against disuse osteopenia in female rats. Bone 2022; 160:116417. [PMID: 35398589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged disuse and substantial mechanical unloading are particularly damaging to skeletal integrity. Preclinical studies in rodents and clinical studies have highlighted the need for potent bone anabolic drugs to counteract disuse-induced osteopenia. The aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of romosozumab (Scl-Ab) and abaloparatide (ABL), alone or in combination, to prevent botulinum toxin (BTX) induced bone loss in a rat model. Eighty female Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: 1. Baseline (n = 12); 2. Control (Ctrl) (n = 12); 3. BTX (n = 12); 4. BTX + Scl-Ab (n = 16); 5. BTX + ABL (n = 12); and 6. BTX + Scl-Ab + ABL (n = 16). Disuse was achieved by injecting 4 IU BTX into the hind limb musculature at study start. Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) was injected s.c. twice weekly, while ABL (80 μg/kg) was injected s.c. five days a week for four weeks. Hind limb disuse dramatically decreased muscle mass and skeletal integrity and deteriorated the cortical morphology and trabecular microstructure. Treatment with Scl-Ab alone prevented most of the adverse cortical and trabecular effects of disuse, while ABL monotherapy mainly attenuated the disuse-induced loss of femoral areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Moreover, the combination of Scl-Ab and ABL not only counteracted most of the negative skeletal effects of unloading, but also increased aBMD (+10% and +20%), epiphyseal trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (+25% and +73%), and metaphyseal bone strength (+18% and +30%) significantly above that of Scl-Ab or ABL monotherapy, respectively. The potent and additive osteoanabolic effect of Scl-Ab and ABL, when given in combination, is highly intriguing and underlines that an osteoanabolic bone gain can be maximized by utilizing two pharmaceuticals targeting different cellular signaling pathways. From a clinical perspective, a combination treatment may be warranted in patients where the osteoanabolic effect of either monotherapy is not sufficient, or if a dose-reduction is required due to adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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A Naturally Occurring Membrane-Anchored Gα s Variant, XLαs, Activates Phospholipase Cβ4. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102134. [PMID: 35709985 PMCID: PMC9294334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-large stimulatory Gα (XLαs) is a large variant of G protein αs subunit (Gαs) that uses an alternative promoter and thus differs from Gαs at the first exon. XLαs activation by G protein–coupled receptors mediates cAMP generation, similarly to Gαs; however, Gαs and XLαs have been shown to have distinct cellular and physiological functions. For example, previous work suggests that XLαs can stimulate inositol phosphate production in renal proximal tubules and thereby regulate serum phosphate levels. In this study, we show that XLαs directly and specifically stimulates a specific isoform of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), PLCβ4, both in transfected cells and with purified protein components. We demonstrate that neither the ability of XLαs to activate cAMP generation nor the canonical G protein switch II regions are required for PLCβ stimulation. Furthermore, this activation is nucleotide independent but is inhibited by Gβγ, suggesting a mechanism of activation that relies on Gβγ subunit dissociation. Surprisingly, our results indicate that enhanced membrane targeting of XLαs relative to Gαs confers the ability to activate PLCβ4. We also show that PLCβ4 is required for isoproterenol-induced inositol phosphate accumulation in osteocyte-like Ocy454 cells. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for activation of phosphoinositide turnover downstream of Gs-coupled receptors that may have a critical role in endocrine physiology.
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Hua R, Gu S, Jiang JX. Connexin 43 Hemichannels Regulate Osteoblast to Osteocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892229. [PMID: 35693933 PMCID: PMC9184820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the predominant connexin subtype expressed in osteocytes. Osteocytes, accounting for 90%–95% of total bone cells, function as orchestrators coordinating balanced activity between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. In this study, two newly developed osteocytic cell lines, OCY454 and IDG-SW3, were used to determine the role of Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels (HCs) in the regulation of osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation. We found that the Cx43 level was substantially increased during the differentiation of IDG-SW3 cells and is also much higher than that of OCY454 cells. We knocked down Cx43 expression using the lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 approach and inhibition of Cx43 HCs using Cx43 (E2) antibody in IDG-SW3 cells. Cx43 knockdown (KD) or Cx43 HC inhibition decreased gene expression for osteoblast and osteocyte markers, including alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, dentin matrix protein 1, sclerostin, and fibroblast growth factor 23, whereas increasing the osteoclastogenesis indicator and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio at early and late differentiation stages. Moreover, mineralization was remarkably attenuated in differentiated Cx43-deficient IDG-SW3 cells compared to ROSA26 control. The conditioned medium collected from fully differentiated IDG-SW3 cells with Cx43 KD promoted osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 osteoclast precursors. Our results demonstrated that Cx43 HCs play critical roles in osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation process and regulate osteoclast differentiation via secreted factors.
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Aryana IGPS, Rini SS, Soejono CH. The Importance of on Sclerostin as Bone-Muscle Mediator Crosstalk. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022; 26:72-82. [PMID: 35599457 PMCID: PMC9271392 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.22.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of bone and muscle mass is a frequent aging condition and has become a growing public health problem. The term “osteosarcopenia” denotes close links between bone and muscle. Mechanical exercise was once thought to be the only mechanism of crosstalk between muscle and bone. Sclerostin is an important player in the process of unloading-induced bone loss and plays an important role in mechanotransduction in the bone. Furthermore, bones and muscles are categorized as endocrine organs because they produce hormone-like substances, resulting in “bone-muscle crosstalk.” Sclerostin, an inhibitor of bone development, has recently been shown to play a role in myogenesis. This review discusses the importance of sclerostin in bone-muscle crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gusti Putu Suka Aryana
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanglah Hospital–Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
- Corresponding Author: I Gusti Putu Suka Aryana, MD, PhD Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanglah Hospital–Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Pulau Tarakan No.1, Denpasar 80114, Bali, Indonesia E-mail:
| | - Sandra Surya Rini
- Department of Internal Medicine, North Lombok Regional Hospital, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Czeresna Heriawan Soejono
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital–Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract
Disuse osteoporosis describes a state of bone loss due to local skeletal unloading or systemic immobilization. This review will discuss advances in the field that have shed light on clinical observations, mechanistic insights and options for the treatment of disuse osteoporosis. Clinical settings of disuse osteoporosis include spinal cord injury, other neurological and neuromuscular disorders, immobilization after fractures and bed rest (real or modeled). Furthermore, spaceflight-induced bone loss represents a well-known adaptive process to microgravity. Clinical studies have outlined that immobilization leads to immediate bone loss in both the trabecular and cortical compartments accompanied by relatively increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. The fact that the low bone formation state has been linked to high levels of the osteocyte-secreted protein sclerostin is one of the many findings that has brought matrix-embedded, mechanosensitive osteocytes into focus in the search for mechanistic principles. Previous basic research has primarily involved rodent models based on tail suspension, spaceflight and other immobilization methods, which have underlined the importance of osteocytes in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis. Furthermore, molecular-based in vitro and in vivo approaches have revealed that osteocytes sense mechanical loading through mechanosensors that translate extracellular mechanical signals to intracellular biochemical signals and regulate gene expression. Osteocytic mechanosensors include the osteocyte cytoskeleton and dendritic processes within the lacuno-canalicular system (LCS), ion channels (e.g., Piezo1), extracellular matrix, primary cilia, focal adhesions (integrin-based) and hemichannels and gap junctions (connexin-based). Overall, disuse represents one of the major factors contributing to immediate bone loss and osteoporosis, and alterations in osteocytic pathways appear crucial to the bone loss associated with unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rolvien
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
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Man J, Graham T, Squires-Donelly G, Laslett AL. The effects of microgravity on bone structure and function. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35383182 PMCID: PMC8983659 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are spending an increasing amount of time in space, where exposure to conditions of microgravity causes 1–2% bone loss per month in astronauts. Through data collected from astronauts, as well as animal and cellular experiments conducted in space, it is evident that microgravity induces skeletal deconditioning in weight-bearing bones. This review identifies contentions in current literature describing the effect of microgravity on non-weight-bearing bones, different bone compartments, as well as the skeletal recovery process in human and animal spaceflight data. Experiments in space are not readily available, and experimental designs are often limited due to logistical and technical reasons. This review introduces a plethora of on-ground research that elucidate the intricate process of bone loss, utilising technology that simulates microgravity. Observations from these studies are largely congruent to data obtained from spaceflight experiments, while offering more insights behind the molecular mechanisms leading to microgravity-induced bone loss. These insights are discussed herein, as well as how that knowledge has contributed to studies of current therapeutic agents. This review also points out discrepancies in existing data, highlighting knowledge gaps in our current understanding. Further dissection of the exact mechanisms of microgravity-induced bone loss will enable the development of more effective preventative and therapeutic measures to protect against bone loss, both in space and possibly on ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Man
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Space Technology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
| | - Taylor Graham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Georgina Squires-Donelly
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Space Technology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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Ikezaki-Amada K, Miyamoto Y, Sasa K, Yamada A, Kinoshita M, Yoshimura K, Kawai R, Yano F, Shirota T, Kamijo R. Extracellular acidification augments sclerostin and osteoprotegerin production by Ocy454 mouse osteocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:44-51. [PMID: 35123265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes sense the microenvironmental stimuli, including mechanical stress, and regulate bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Diabetes and cancer metastasis to bone raise l-lactic acid in the bone tissue, causing acidification. Here, we investigated the effects of l-lactic acid and extracellular acidification on the function of mouse Ocy454 osteocytes. L- and d-lactic acid with low chiral selectivity and acidification of the medium raised the production of sclerostin and osteoprotegerin by Ocy454 cells. The mRNA expression of their genes increased after either treatment of L- and d-lactic acid or acidification of the medium. Furthermore, the conditioned medium of Ocy454 cells cultured in an acidic environment suppressed the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, which was recovered by the anti-sclerostin antibody. While it is reported that HDAC5 inhibits the transcription of the sclerostin gene, extracellular acidification reduced the nuclear localization of HDAC5 in Ocy454 cells. While calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) is known to phosphorylate and induce extranuclear translocation of HDAC5, KN-62, an inhibitor of CaMKII lowered the expression of the sclerostin gene in Ocy454 cells. Collectively, extracellular acidification is a microenvironmental factor that modulates osteocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ikezaki-Amada
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Sasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Choi JUA, Kijas AW, Lauko J, Rowan AE. The Mechanosensory Role of Osteocytes and Implications for Bone Health and Disease States. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:770143. [PMID: 35265628 PMCID: PMC8900535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This process is primarily controlled by the most abundant and mechanosensitive bone cells, osteocytes, that reside individually, within chambers of porous hydroxyapatite bone matrix. Recent studies have unveiled additional functional roles for osteocytes in directly contributing to local matrix regulation as well as systemic roles through endocrine functions by communicating with distant organs such as the kidney. Osteocyte function is governed largely by both biochemical signaling and the mechanical stimuli exerted on bone. Mechanical stimulation is required to maintain bone health whilst aging and reduced level of loading are known to result in bone loss. To date, both in vivo and in vitro approaches have been established to answer important questions such as the effect of mechanical stimuli, the mechanosensors involved, and the mechanosensitive signaling pathways in osteocytes. However, our understanding of osteocyte mechanotransduction has been limited due to the technical challenges of working with these cells since they are individually embedded within the hard hydroxyapatite bone matrix. This review highlights the current knowledge of the osteocyte functional role in maintaining bone health and the key regulatory pathways of these mechanosensitive cells. Finally, we elaborate on the current therapeutic opportunities offered by existing treatments and the potential for targeting osteocyte-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Un Ally Choi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Kurgan N, Islam H, Matusiak JBL, Baranowski BJ, Stoikos J, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK, Gurd BJ, Klentrou P. Subcutaneous adipose tissue sclerostin is reduced and Wnt signaling is enhanced following 4-weeks of sprint interval training in young men with obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15232. [PMID: 35312183 PMCID: PMC8935536 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist, mainly secreted by osteocytes, and most known for its role in reducing bone formation. Studies in rodents suggest sclerostin can also regulate adipose tissue mass and metabolism, representing bone-adipose tissue crosstalk. Exercise training has been shown to reduce plasma sclerostin levels; but the effects of exercise on sclerostin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling specifically within adipose tissue has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) sclerostin content and Wnt signaling in response to exercise training in young men with obesity. To this end, 7 male participants (BMI = 35 ± 4; 25 ± 4 years) underwent 4 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) involving 4 weekly sessions consisting of a 5-min warmup, followed by 8 × 20 s intervals at 170% of work rate at VO2peak , separated by 10 s of rest. Serum and scWAT were sampled at rest both pre- and post-SIT. Despite no changes in serum sclerostin levels, we found a significant decrease in adipose sclerostin content (-37%, p = 0.04), an increase in total β-catenin (+52%, p = 0.03), and no changes in GSK3β serine 9 phosphorylation. There were also concomitant reductions in serum TNF-α (-0.36 pg/ml, p = 0.03) and IL-6 (-1.44 pg/ml, p = 0.05) as well as an increase in VO2peak (+5%, p = 0.03) and scWAT COXIV protein content (+95%, p = 0.04). In conclusion, scWAT sclerostin content was reduced and β-catenin content was increased following SIT in young men with excess adiposity, suggesting a role of sclerostin in regulating human adipose tissue in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Kurgan
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Bradley J. Baranowski
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Department of Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Joshua Stoikos
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Val A. Fajardo
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | | | - Brendon J. Gurd
- Department of KinesiologyQueens UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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Zhang C, Farré-Guasch E, Jin J, van Essen HW, Klein-Nulend J, Bravenboer N. A Three-Dimensional Mechanical Loading Model of Human Osteocytes in Their Native Matrix. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:367-379. [PMID: 34647170 PMCID: PMC8860829 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are mechanosensory cells which are embedded in calcified collagenous matrix. The specific native matrix of osteocytes affects their regulatory activity, i.e., transmission of signaling molecules to osteoclasts and/or osteoblasts, in the mechanical adaptation of bone. Unfortunately, no existing in vitro model of cortical bone is currently available to study the mechanosensory function of human osteocytes in their native matrix. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vitro three-dimensional mechanical loading model of human osteocytes in their native matrix. Human cortical bone explants containing osteocytes in their three-dimensional native matrix were cultured and mechanically loaded by three-point bending using a custom-made loading apparatus generating sinusoidal displacement. Osteocyte viability and sclerostin expression were measured 1-2 days before 5 min loading and 1 day after loading. Bone microdamage was visualized and quantified by micro-CT analysis and histology using BaSO4 staining. A linear relationship was found between loading magnitude (2302-13,811 µɛ) and force (1.6-4.9 N) exerted on the bone explants. At 24 h post-loading, osteocyte viability was not affected by 1600 µɛ loading. Sclerostin expression and bone microdamage were unaffected by loading up to 8000 µɛ. In conclusion, we developed an in vitro 3D mechanical loading model to study mechanoresponsiveness of viable osteocytes residing in their native matrix. This model is suitable to study the effect of changed bone matrix composition in metabolic bone disease on osteocyte mechanoresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Farré-Guasch
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib W van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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McMullan P, Germain-Lee EL. Aberrant Bone Regulation in Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy dueto Gnas Inactivation: Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:78-89. [PMID: 35226254 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the impact of Gnas inactivation on both bone remodeling and the development of heterotopic subcutaneous ossifications in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Here we discuss recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the aberrant bone development in AHO as well as potential translational implications. RECENT FINDINGS Gnas inactivation can regulate the differentiation and function of not only osteoblasts but also osteoclasts and osteocytes. Investigations utilizing a mouse model of AHO generated by targeted disruption of Gnas have revealed that bone formation and resorption are differentially affected based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation. Data suggest that Gnas inactivation leads to heterotopic bone formation within subcutaneous tissue by changing the connective tissue microenvironment, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors. Observed variations in bone formation and resorption based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation warrant future investigations and may have implications in the management and treatment of AHO and related conditions. Additionally, studies of heterotopic bone formation due to Gnas inactivation have identified an essential role of sonic hedgehog signaling, which could have therapeutic implications not only for AHO and related conditions but also for heterotopic bone formation in a wide variety of settings in which aberrant bone formation is a cause of significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Albright Center, Connecticut Children's, Farmington, CT, USA.
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A T, Lambrou GI, Samartzi A, Vlachou E, Papassotiriou I, Geronikolou SA, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Chrousos GP, Kattamis A. Genotypic and Clinical Analysis of a Thalassemia Major Cohort: An Observational Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1339:65-76. [PMID: 35023092 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thalassemia major (TM) is a hereditary disease caused by defective globin synthesis. Because of the significant increase in life expectancy, these patients are suffering from various health conditions, including endocrinopathies and low bone mineral density. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between clinical and biochemical parameters as well as to identify possible relations in a genotype to phenotype pattern. Sixty-four patients with TM (32 men and 32 women) participated in a cross-sectional study design. The patients were recruited from "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital. Clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated as well as specific mutations were identified. We have found significant correlations between biochemical parameters and iron chelation, hormone replacement treatment as well as TM genotype and hematocrit and T-score. To conclude, the current study showed that clinical parameters of TM patients correlate significantly with both biochemical factors and genotypical patient parameters. Our present study showed that there is a connection between genotype and phenotype as, for example, the identified relation between hematocrit and T-scores and TM-specific mutations. This connection indicates that there is still much more to learn about the role of mutations not only in the disease itself but also in the underlying comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsartsalis A
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Samartzi
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Vlachou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences and Caring Professions, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani A Geronikolou
- Clinical, Translational, Experimental Surgery Research Centerment of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Kattamis
- First Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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