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Theparambil SM, Begum G, Rose CR. pH regulating mechanisms of astrocytes: A critical component in physiology and disease of the brain. Cell Calcium 2024; 120:102882. [PMID: 38631162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Strict homeostatic control of pH in both intra- and extracellular compartments of the brain is fundamentally important, primarily due to the profound impact of free protons ([H+]) on neuronal activity and overall brain function. Astrocytes, crucial players in the homeostasis of various ions in the brain, actively regulate their intracellular [H+] (pHi) through multiple membrane transporters and carbonic anhydrases. The activation of astroglial pHi regulating mechanisms also leads to corresponding alterations in the acid-base status of the extracellular fluid. Notably, astrocyte pH regulators are modulated by various neuronal signals, suggesting their pivotal role in regulating brain acid-base balance in both health and disease. This review presents the mechanisms involved in pH regulation in astrocytes and discusses their potential impact on extracellular pH under physiological conditions and in brain disorders. Targeting astrocytic pH regulatory mechanisms represents a promising therapeutic approach for modulating brain acid-base balance in diseases, offering a potential critical contribution to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Grahn E, Kaufmann SV, Askarova M, Ninov M, Welp LM, Berger TK, Urlaub H, Kaupp UB. Control of intracellular pH and bicarbonate by CO 2 diffusion into human sperm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5395. [PMID: 37669933 PMCID: PMC10480191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of CO2 with H2O to form bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+ controls sperm motility and fertilization via HCO3--stimulated cAMP synthesis. A complex network of signaling proteins participates in this reaction. Here, we identify key players that regulate intracellular pH (pHi) and HCO3- in human sperm by quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) and kinetic patch-clamp fluorometry. The resting pHi is set by amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange. The sperm-specific putative Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9C1, unlike its sea urchin homologue, is not gated by voltage or cAMP. Transporters and channels implied in HCO3- transport are not detected, and may be present at copy numbers < 10 molecules/sperm cell. Instead, HCO3- is produced by diffusion of CO2 into cells and readjustment of the CO2/HCO3-/H+ equilibrium. The proton channel Hv1 may serve as a unidirectional valve that blunts the acidification ensuing from HCO3- synthesis. This work provides a new framework for the study of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grahn
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja V Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malika Askarova
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Momchil Ninov
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luisa M Welp
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas K Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 1-2, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Ming T, Lan T, Yu M, Wang H, Deng J, Kong D, Yang S, Shen Z. Platinum Black/Gold Nanoparticles/Polyaniline Modified Electrochemical Microneedle Sensors for Continuous In Vivo Monitoring of pH Value. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2796. [PMID: 37447441 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous in vivo monitoring (CIVM) of pH value is essential for personalized medicine, as many diseases are closely related to acid-base imbalances. However, conventional pH meters are limited in their ability to perform CIVM due to excessive blood consumption, large device volume, frequent calibration, and inadequate real-time monitoring. There is thus an urgent need for a portable method for CIVM of pH value. To address this need, we propose a minimally invasive, continuous monitoring solution in the form of an implantable pH microneedle sensor (MNS) in this study. The MNS is based on the integration of an acupuncture needle (AN) and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. We fabricate the sensor by electrochemically depositing platinum black and gold nanoparticles onto the AN and further modifying it with polyaniline to increase its sensitivity to hydrogen ions. The pH value is obtained by calculating the open circuit voltage between the modified AN and the reference electrode. The resulting MNS demonstrates excellent selectivity and a high nernstian response to pH (-57.4 mV per pH) over a broad range (pH = 4.0 to pH = 9.0). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have verified the performance of the sensor, showcasing its potential for biomedical research and clinical practice. The MNS provides an alternative to conventional pH meters, offering a less invasive and more convenient way to perform CIVM of pH value. Moreover, this electrochemical implantable sensor based on AN and silver wires provides a simple and sensitive method for continuous in vivo detection of other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ming
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Tingting Lan
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Mingxing Yu
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
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4
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Satarker S, Bojja SL, Gurram PC, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071139. [PMID: 35406702 PMCID: PMC8997779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions. Thus, the current review highlights different vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms of astrocytic glutamate release and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. As in presynaptic neurons, the vesicular release of astrocytic glutamate is also primarily meditated by calcium-mediated exocytosis. V-ATPase is crucial in the acidification and maintenance of the gradient that facilitates the vesicular storage of glutamate. Along with these, several other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors and so forth, also contribute to glutamate release under physiological and pathological conditions. Events of hampered glutamate uptake could promote inflamed astrocytes to trigger repetitive release of glutamate. This could be favorable towards the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, across neurodegenerative diseases, we review the relations between defective glutamatergic signaling and astrocytic vesicular and non-vesicular events in glutamate homeostasis. The optimum regulation of astrocytic glutamatergic transmission could pave the way for the management of these diseases and add to their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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McCrorie P, Mistry J, Taresco V, Lovato T, Fay M, Ward I, Ritchie AA, Clarke PA, Smith SJ, Marlow M, Rahman R. Etoposide and olaparib polymer-coated nanoparticles within a bioadhesive sprayable hydrogel for post-surgical localised delivery to brain tumours. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:108-120. [PMID: 33068736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumour with a median survival of 14.6 months from diagnosis. Despite maximal surgical resection and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, reoccurrence is inevitable. To try combating the disease at a stage of low residual tumour burden immediately post-surgery, we propose a localised drug delivery system comprising of a spray device, bioadhesive hydrogel (pectin) and drug nanocrystals coated with polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol (NCPPs), to be administered directly into brain parenchyma adjacent to the surgical cavity. We have repurposed pectin for use within the brain, showing in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, bio-adhesion to mammalian brain and gelling at physiological brain calcium concentrations. Etoposide and olaparib NCPPs with high drug loading have shown in vitro stability and drug release over 120 h. Pluronic F127 stabilised NCPPs to ensure successful spraying, as determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Successful delivery of Cy5-labelled NCPPs was demonstrated in a large ex vivo mammalian brain, with NCPP present in the tissue surrounding the resection cavity. Our data collectively demonstrates the pre-clinical development of a novel localised delivery device based on a sprayable hydrogel containing therapeutic NCPPs, amenable for translation to intracranial surgical resection models for the treatment of malignant brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe McCrorie
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jatin Mistry
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tatiana Lovato
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael Fay
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian Ward
- School of Life Sciences Imaging, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alison A Ritchie
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Philip A Clarke
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stuart J Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maria Marlow
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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6
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Theparambil SM, Hosford PS, Ruminot I, Kopach O, Reynolds JR, Sandoval PY, Rusakov DA, Barros LF, Gourine AV. Astrocytes regulate brain extracellular pH via a neuronal activity-dependent bicarbonate shuttle. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5073. [PMID: 33033238 PMCID: PMC7545092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cells continuously produce and release protons into the extracellular space, with the rate of acid production corresponding to the levels of neuronal activity and metabolism. Efficient buffering and removal of excess H+ is essential for brain function, not least because all the electrogenic and biochemical machinery of synaptic transmission is highly sensitive to changes in pH. Here, we describe an astroglial mechanism that contributes to the protection of the brain milieu from acidification. In vivo and in vitro experiments conducted in rodent models show that at least one third of all astrocytes release bicarbonate to buffer extracellular H+ loads associated with increases in neuronal activity. The underlying signalling mechanism involves activity-dependent release of ATP triggering bicarbonate secretion by astrocytes via activation of metabotropic P2Y1 receptors, recruitment of phospholipase C, release of Ca2+ from the internal stores, and facilitated outward HCO3- transport by the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1, NBCe1. These results show that astrocytes maintain local brain extracellular pH homeostasis via a neuronal activity-dependent release of bicarbonate. The data provide evidence of another important metabolic housekeeping function of these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick S Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iván Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Olga Kopach
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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7
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Deitmer JW, Theparambil SM, Ruminot I, Noor SI, Becker HM. Energy Dynamics in the Brain: Contributions of Astrocytes to Metabolism and pH Homeostasis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1301. [PMID: 31866811 PMCID: PMC6909239 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of metabolism is complex and involves enzymes and membrane transporters, which form networks to support energy dynamics. Lactate, as a metabolic intermediate from glucose or glycogen breakdown, appears to play a major role as additional energetic substrate, which is shuttled between glycolytic and oxidative cells, both under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Transport of lactate across the cell membrane is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in cotransport with H+, which is a substrate, a signal and a modulator of metabolic processes. MCTs form a “transport metabolon” with carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which not only provide a rapid equilibrium between CO2, HCO3– and H+, but, in addition, enhances lactate transport, as found in Xenopus oocytes, employed as heterologous expression system, as well as in astrocytes and cancer cells. Functional interactions between different CA isoforms and MCTs have been found to be isoform-specific, independent of the enzyme’s catalytic activity, and they require physical interaction between the proteins. CAs mediate between different states of metabolic acidosis, induced by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and play a relay function in coupling pH regulation and metabolism. In the brain, metabolic processes in astrocytes appear to be linked to bicarbonate transport and to neuronal activity. Here, we focus on physiological processes of energy dynamics in astrocytes as well as on the transfer of energetic substrates to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim W Deitmer
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sina I Noor
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger M Becker
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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8
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Pedersen SF, Counillon L. The SLC9A-C Mammalian Na +/H + Exchanger Family: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:2015-2113. [PMID: 31507243 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ across cellular membranes. They belong to an ancient family of highly evolutionarily conserved proteins, and they play essential physiological roles in all phyla. In this review, we focus on the mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), the solute carrier (SLC) 9 family. This family of electroneutral transporters constitutes three branches: SLC9A, -B, and -C. Within these, each isoform exhibits distinct tissue expression profiles, regulation, and physiological roles. Some of these transporters are highly studied, with hundreds of original articles, and some are still only rudimentarily understood. In this review, we present and discuss the pioneering original work as well as the current state-of-the-art research on mammalian NHEs. We aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of core knowledge and recent insights into each family member, from gene organization over protein structure and regulation to physiological and pathophysiological roles. Particular attention is given to the integrated physiology of NHEs in the main organ systems. We provide several novel analyses and useful overviews, and we pinpoint main remaining enigmas, which we hope will inspire novel research on these highly versatile proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, France, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - L Counillon
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, France, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
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Abstract
Neuroglia represent a diverse population of non-neuronal cells in the nervous systems, be that peripheral, central, enteric or autonomic nervous system. Arguably, these cells represent about half of the volume of the human brain. This volumetric ratio, and by extension glia to neurone ratio, not only widely differ depending on the size of the animal species brain and its positioning on the phylogenetic tree, but also vary between the regions of an individual brain. Neuroglia derived from a dual origin (ectoderm and mesodermal) and in an assorted morphology, yet their functional traits can be mainly classified into being keepers of homeostasis (water, ions, neurotransmitters, metabolites, fuels, etc.) and defenders (e.g., against microbial organisms, etc.) of the nervous system. As these capabilities go awry, neuroglia ultimately define their fundamental role in most, if not, all neuropathologies. This concept presented in this chapter serves as a general introduction into the world of neuroglia and subsequent topics covered by this book.
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Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ, Gottipati MK. Biomaterial Approaches to Modulate Reactive Astroglial Response. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:372-395. [PMID: 30517922 PMCID: PMC6397084 DOI: 10.1159/000494667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over several decades, biomaterial scientists have developed materials to spur axonal regeneration and limit secondary injury and tested these materials within preclinical animal models. Rarely, though, are astrocytes examined comprehensively when biomaterials are placed into the injury site. Astrocytes support neuronal function in the central nervous system. Following an injury, astrocytes undergo reactive gliosis and create a glial scar. The astrocytic glial scar forms a dense barrier which restricts the extension of regenerating axons through the injury site. However, there are several beneficial effects of the glial scar, including helping to reform the blood-brain barrier, limiting the extent of secondary injury, and supporting the health of regenerating axons near the injury site. This review provides a brief introduction to the role of astrocytes in the spinal cord, discusses astrocyte phenotypic changes that occur following injury, and highlights studies that explored astrocyte changes in response to biomaterials tested within in vitro or in vivo environments. Overall, we suggest that in order to improve biomaterial designs for spinal cord injury applications, investigators should more thoroughly consider the astrocyte response to such designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,
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11
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Fern R, Matute C. Glutamate receptors and white matter stroke. Neurosci Lett 2018; 694:86-92. [PMID: 30476568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
White matter (WM) damage during ischemia occurs at multiple sites including myelin, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and axons. A major driver of WM demise is excitoxicity as a consequence of excessive glutamate release by vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms from axons and glial cells. This results in over-activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) profusely expressed by all cell compartments in WM. Thus, blocking excitotoxicity in WM with selective antagonists of those receptors has a potential therapeutic value. The significance of WM GluR expression for WM stroke injury is the focus of this review, and we will examine the role of GluRs in injury to myelin, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and the axon cylinder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fern
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
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12
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Intracellular pH Regulation in iPSCs-derived Astrocytes from Subjects with Chronic Mountain Sickness. Neuroscience 2018; 375:25-33. [PMID: 29438800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) occurs in high-altitude residents with major neurological symptoms such as migraine headaches, dizziness and cognitive deficits. Recent work demonstrated that highlanders have increased intracellular pH (pHi) in their brain cells, perhaps for the sake of adaptation to hypoxemia and help to facilitate glycolysis, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle progression. Since there are well adapted (non-CMS) and maladapted (CMS) high-altitude dwellers, it is not clear whether pHi is differently regulated in these two high-altitude populations. In this work, we obtained induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes from both CMS and non-CMS highlanders who live in the Peruvian Andes (>14,000 ft) and studied pHi regulation in these astrocytes using pH-sensitive dye BCECF. Our results show that the steady-state pHi (ss pHi) is lower in CMS astrocytes compared with non-CMS astrocytes. In addition, the acid extrusion following an acid loading is faster and the pHi dependence of H+ flux rate becomes steeper in CMS astrocytes. Furthermore, the Na+ dependency of ss pHi is stronger in CMS astrocytes and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) inhibitors blunted the acid extrusion in both CMS and non-CMS astrocytes. We conclude that (a) NHE contributes to the ss pHi stabilization and mediates active acid extrusion during the cytosolic acidosis in highlanders; (b) acid extrusion becomes less pHi sensitive in non-CMS (versus CMS) astrocytes which may prevent NHE from over-activated in the hypoxia-induced intracellular acidosis and render the non-CMS astrocytes more resistant to hypoxemia challenges.
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13
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Zhou JX, Ding F, Tang LN, Li T, Li YH, Zhang YJ, Gong HY, Li YT, Zhang GJ. Monitoring of pH changes in a live rat brain with MoS2/PAN functionalized microneedles. Analyst 2018; 143:4469-4475. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamic pH changes in vivo remains very essential to comprehend the function of pH in various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiu Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Fan Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Li-Na Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Hao-Yue Gong
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yu-Tao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
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14
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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15
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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16
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Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Parpura V. Stratification of astrocytes in healthy and diseased brain. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:629-644. [PMID: 28805002 PMCID: PMC5599174 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells, come in variety of forms and functions. However, overarching role of these cell is in the homeostasis of the brain, be that regulation of ions, neurotransmitters, metabolism or neuronal synaptic networks. Loss of homeostasis represents the underlying cause of all brain disorders. Thus, astrocytes are likely involved in most if not all of the brain pathologies. We tabulate astroglial homeostatic functions along with pathological condition that arise from dysfunction of these glial cells. Classification of astrocytes is presented with the emphasis on evolutionary trails, morphological appearance and numerical preponderance. We note that, even though astrocytes from a variety of mammalian species share some common features, human astrocytes appear to be the largest and most complex of all astrocytes studied thus far. It is then an imperative to develop humanized models to study the role of astrocytes in brain pathologies, which is perhaps most abundantly clear in the case of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental PsychologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- Achúcarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceIKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science48011 BilbaoSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED48940 LeioaSpain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell EngineeringCelica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana 1000SloveniaEurope
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell PhysiologyInstitute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana 1000SloveniaEurope
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294‐0021
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17
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Hao J, Xiao T, Wu F, Yu P, Mao L. High Antifouling Property of Ion-Selective Membrane: toward In Vivo Monitoring of pH Change in Live Brain of Rats with Membrane-Coated Carbon Fiber Electrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11238-11243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Yao H, Azad P, Zhao HW, Wang J, Poulsen O, Freitas BC, Muotri AR, Haddad GG. The Na +/HCO 3- co-transporter is protective during ischemia in astrocytes. Neuroscience 2016; 339:329-337. [PMID: 27717805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (NBC) is the major bicarbonate-dependent acid-base transporter in mammalian astrocytes and has been implicated in ischemic brain injury. A malfunction of astrocytes could have great impact on the outcome of stroke due to their participation in the formation of blood-brain barrier, synaptic transmission, and electrolyte balance in the human brain. Nevertheless, the role of NBC in the ischemic astrocyte death has not been well understood. In this work, we obtained skin biopsies from healthy human subjects and had their fibroblasts grown in culture and reprogrammed into human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These hiPSCs were further differentiated into neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and then into human astrocytes. These astrocytes express GFAP and S100β and readily propagate calcium waves upon mechanical stimulation. Using pH-sensitive dye BCECF [2',7'-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein] and qPCR technique, we have confirmed that these astrocytes express functional NBC including electrogenic NBC (NBCe). In addition, astrocytes exposed to an ischemic solution (IS) that mimics the ischemic penumbral environment enhanced both mRNA and protein expression level of NBCe1 in astrocytes. Using IS and a generic NBC blocker S0859, we have studied the involvement of NBC in IS-induced human astrocytes death. Our results show that a 30μM S0859 induced a 97.5±1.6% (n=10) cell death in IS-treated astrocytes, which is significantly higher than 43.6±4.5%, (n=10) in the control group treated with IS alone. In summary, a NBC blocker exaggerates IS-induced cell death, suggesting that NBC activity is essential for astrocyte survival when exposed to ischemic penumbral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Priti Azad
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Huiwen W Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Orit Poulsen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Beatriz C Freitas
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Departments of Pediatrics & Neuroscience, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
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19
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Bartolić M, Vovk A, Šuput D. Effects of NH 4CL application and removal on astrocytes and endothelial cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:13. [PMID: 28536616 PMCID: PMC5414667 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex disorder associated with increased ammonia levels in the brain. Although astrocytes are believed to be the principal cells affected in hyperammonemia (HA), endothelial cells (ECs) may also play an important role by contributing to the vasogenic effect of HA. Methods Following acute application and removal of NH4Cl on astrocytes and endothelial cells, we analyzed pH changes, using fluorescence imaging with BCECF/AM, and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), employing fluorescence imaging with Fura-2/AM. Using confocal microscopy, changes in cell volume were observed accompanied by changes of [Ca2+]i in astrocytes and ECs. Results Exposure of astrocytes and ECs to 1 – 20 mM NH4Cl resulted in rapid concentration-dependent alkalinization of cytoplasm followed by slow recovery. Removal of the NH4Cl led to rapid concentration-dependent acidification, again followed by slow recovery. Following the application of NH4Cl, a transient, concentration-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i in astrocytes was observed. This was due to the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, since the response was abolished by emptying intracellular stores with thapsigargin and ATP, and was still present in the Ca2+-free bathing solution. The removal of NH4Cl also led to a transient concentration-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i that resulted from Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic proteins, since removing Ca2+ from the bathing solution and emptying intracellular Ca2+ stores did not eliminate the rise. Similar results were obtained from experiments on ECs. Following acute application and removal of NH4Cl no significant changes in astrocyte volume were detected; however, an increase of EC volume was observed after the administration of NH4Cl, and EC shrinkage was demonstrated after the acute removal of NH4Cl. Conclusions This study reveals new data which may give a more complete insight into the mechanism of development and treatment of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Bartolić
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Vovk
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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