1
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Cason SE, Holzbaur EL. Axonal transport of autophagosomes is regulated by dynein activators JIP3/JIP4 and ARF/RAB GTPases. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301084. [PMID: 37909920 PMCID: PMC10620608 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal autophagosomes form and engulf cargos at presynaptic sites in the axon and are then transported to the soma to recycle their cargo. Autophagic vacuoles (AVs) mature en route via fusion with lysosomes to become degradatively competent organelles; transport is driven by the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, with motor activity regulated by a sequential series of adaptors. Using lysate-based single-molecule motility assays and live-cell imaging in primary neurons, we show that JNK-interacting proteins 3 (JIP3) and 4 (JIP4) are activating adaptors for dynein that are regulated on autophagosomes and lysosomes by the small GTPases ARF6 and RAB10. GTP-bound ARF6 promotes formation of the JIP3/4-dynein-dynactin complex. Either knockdown or overexpression of RAB10 stalls transport, suggesting that this GTPase is also required to coordinate the opposing activities of bound dynein and kinesin motors. These findings highlight the complex coordination of motor regulation during organelle transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Silvaieh S, König T, Wurm R, Parvizi T, Berger-Sieczkowski E, Goeschl S, Hotzy C, Wagner M, Berutti R, Sammler E, Stögmann E, Zimprich A. Comprehensive genetic screening of early-onset dementia patients in an Austrian cohort-suggesting new disease-contributing genes. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:55. [PMID: 37330543 PMCID: PMC10276391 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset dementia (EOD), with symptom onset before age 65, has a strong genetic burden. Due to genetic and clinical overlaps between different types of dementia, whole-exome sequencing (WES) has emerged as an appropriate screening method for diagnostic testing and novel gene-finding approaches. We performed WES and C9orf72 repeat testing in 60 well-defined Austrian EOD patients. Seven patients (12%) carried likely disease-causing variants in monogenic genes, PSEN1, MAPT, APP, and GRN. Five patients (8%) were APOE4 homozygote carriers. Definite and possible risk variants were detected in the genes TREM2, SORL1, ABCA7 and TBK1. In an explorative approach, we cross-checked rare gene variants in our cohort with a curated neurodegeneration candidate gene list and identified DCTN1, MAPK8IP3, LRRK2, VPS13C and BACE1 as promising candidate genes. Conclusively, 12 cases (20%) carried variants relevant to patient counseling, comparable to previously reported studies, and can thus be considered genetically resolved. Reduced penetrance, oligogenic inheritance and not yet identified high-risk genes might explain the high number of unresolved cases. To address this issue, we provide complete genetic and phenotypic information (uploaded to the European Genome-phenome Archive), enabling other researchers to cross-check variants. Thereby, we hope to increase the chance of independently finding the same gene/variant-hit in other well-defined EOD patient cohorts, thus confirming new genetic risk variants or variant combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silvaieh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa König
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Wurm
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tandis Parvizi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Berger-Sieczkowski
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stella Goeschl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hotzy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Centrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Sammler
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Elisabeth Stögmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Cason SE, Holzbaur EL. Axonal transport of autophagosomes is regulated by dynein activators JIP3/JIP4 and ARF/RAB GTPases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.28.526044. [PMID: 36747648 PMCID: PMC9901177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.28.526044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal autophagosomes, "self-eating" degradative organelles, form at presynaptic sites in the distal axon and are transported to the soma to recycle their cargo. During transit, autophagic vacuoles (AVs) mature through fusion with lysosomes to acquire the enzymes necessary to breakdown their cargo. AV transport is driven primarily by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein in concert with dynactin and a series of activating adaptors that change depending on organelle maturation state. The transport of mature AVs is regulated by the scaffolding proteins JIP3 and JIP4, both of which activate dynein motility in vitro. AV transport is also regulated by ARF6 in a GTP-dependent fashion. While GTP-bound ARF6 promotes the formation of the JIP3/4-dynein-dynactin complex, RAB10 competes with the activity of this complex by increasing kinesin recruitment to axonal AVs and lysosomes. These interactions highlight the complex coordination of motors regulating organelle transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania
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4
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Zhuang M, Geng X, Han P, Che P, Liang F, Liu C, Yang L, Yu J, Zhang Z, Dong W, Ji SJ. YTHDF2 in dentate gyrus is the m 6A reader mediating m 6A modification in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1679-1691. [PMID: 36670199 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been demonstrated to regulate learning and memory in mice. To investigate the mechanism by which m6A modification exerts its function through its reader proteins in the hippocampus, as well as to unveil the specific subregions of the hippocampus that are crucial for memory formation, we generated dentate gyrus (DG)-, CA3-, and CA1-specific Ythdf1 and Ythdf2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, respectively. Surprisingly, we found that only the DG-specific Ythdf2 cKO mice displayed impaired memory formation, which is inconsistent with the previous report showing that YTHDF1 was involved in this process. YTHDF2 controls the stability of its target transcripts which encode proteins that regulate the elongation of mossy fibers (MF), the axons of DG granule cells. DG-specific Ythdf2 ablation caused MF overgrowth and impairment of the MF-CA3 excitatory synapse development and transmission in the stratum lucidum. Thus, this study identifies the m6A reader YTHDF2 in dentate gyrus as the only regulator that mediates m6A modification in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,SUSTech-HKUST Joint PhD Program, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Peng Han
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Che
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Fanghao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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5
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Celestino R, Gama JB, Castro-Rodrigues AF, Barbosa DJ, Rocha H, d’Amico EA, Musacchio A, Carvalho AX, Morais-Cabral JH, Gassmann R. JIP3 interacts with dynein and kinesin-1 to regulate bidirectional organelle transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213353. [PMID: 35829703 PMCID: PMC9284427 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase and motor scaffold JIP3 prevents excess lysosome accumulation in axons of vertebrates and invertebrates. How JIP3's interaction with dynein and kinesin-1 contributes to organelle clearance is unclear. We show that human dynein light intermediate chain (DLIC) binds the N-terminal RH1 domain of JIP3, its paralog JIP4, and the lysosomal adaptor RILP. A point mutation in RH1 abrogates DLIC binding without perturbing the interaction between JIP3's RH1 domain and kinesin heavy chain. Characterization of this separation-of-function mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that JIP3-bound dynein is required for organelle clearance in the anterior process of touch receptor neurons. Unlike JIP3 null mutants, JIP3 that cannot bind DLIC causes prominent accumulation of endo-lysosomal organelles at the neurite tip, which is rescued by a disease-associated point mutation in JIP3's leucine zipper that abrogates kinesin light chain binding. These results highlight that RH1 domains are interaction hubs for cytoskeletal motors and suggest that JIP3-bound dynein and kinesin-1 participate in bidirectional organelle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), Cooperative of Limited Liability (CRL), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Helder Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ennio A. d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João H. Morais-Cabral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Reto Gassmann:
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6
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Selective motor activation in organelle transport along axons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:699-714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Kulkarni SS, Sabharwal V, Sheoran S, Basu A, Matsumoto K, Hisamoto N, Ghosh-Roy A, Koushika SP. UNC-16 alters DLK-1 localization and negatively regulates actin and microtubule dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans regenerating neurons. Genetics 2021; 219:6359182. [PMID: 34740241 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration after injury depends on the intrinsic growth potential of neurons. Our study shows that UNC-16, a Caenorhabditis elegans JIP3 homolog, inhibits axonal regeneration by regulating initiation and rate of regrowth. This occurs through the inhibition of the regeneration-promoting activity of the long isoform of DLK-1 and independently of the inhibitory short isoform of DLK-1. We show that UNC-16 promotes DLK-1 punctate localization in a concentration-dependent manner limiting the availability of the long isoform of DLK-1 at the cut site, minutes after injury. UNC-16 negatively regulates actin dynamics through DLK-1 and microtubule dynamics partially via DLK-1. We show that post-injury cytoskeletal dynamics in unc-16 mutants are also partially dependent on CEBP-1. The faster regeneration seen in unc-16 mutants does not lead to functional recovery. Our data suggest that the inhibitory control by UNC-16 and the short isoform of DLK-1 balances the intrinsic growth-promoting function of the long isoform of DLK-1 in vivo. We propose a model where UNC-16's inhibitory role in regeneration occurs through both a tight temporal and spatial control of DLK-1 and cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta S Kulkarni
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Vidur Sabharwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Seema Sheoran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Atrayee Basu
- Department of Biotechnology National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Biotechnology National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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8
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Guardia CM, Jain A, Mattera R, Friefeld A, Li Y, Bonifacino JS. RUSC2 and WDR47 oppositely regulate kinesin-1-dependent distribution of ATG9A to the cell periphery. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar25. [PMID: 34432492 PMCID: PMC8693955 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related protein 9 (ATG9) is a transmembrane protein component of the autophagy machinery that cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in the perinuclear area and other compartments in the peripheral area of the cell. In mammalian cells, export of the ATG9A isoform from the TGN into ATG9A-containing vesicles is mediated by the adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) complex. However, the mechanisms responsible for the subsequent distribution of these vesicles to the cell periphery are unclear. Herein we show that the AP-4-accessory protein RUSC2 couples ATG9A-containing vesicles to the plus-end-directed microtubule motor kinesin-1 via an interaction between a disordered region of RUSC2 and the kinesin-1 light chain. This interaction is counteracted by the microtubule-associated protein WDR47. These findings uncover a mechanism for the peripheral distribution of ATG9A-containing vesicles involving the function of RUSC2 as a kinesin-1 adaptor and WDR47 as a negative regulator of this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Guardia
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Akansha Jain
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Rafael Mattera
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Alex Friefeld
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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9
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Boecker CA, Goldsmith J, Dou D, Cajka GG, Holzbaur ELF. Increased LRRK2 kinase activity alters neuronal autophagy by disrupting the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2140-2154.e6. [PMID: 33765413 PMCID: PMC8154747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-causing mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and cause increased phosphorylation of Rab GTPases, important regulators of intracellular trafficking. We found that the most common LRRK2 mutation, LRRK2-G2019S, dramatically reduces the processivity of autophagosome transport in neurons in a kinase-dependent manner. This effect was consistent across an overexpression model, neurons from a G2019S knockin mouse, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons gene edited to express the G2019S mutation, and the effect was reversed by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 hyperactivation induced by overexpression of Rab29, a known activator of LRRK2 kinase, disrupted autophagosome transport to a similar extent. Mechanistically, we found that hyperactive LRRK2 recruits the motor adaptor JNK-interacting protein 4 (JIP4) to the autophagosomal membrane, inducing abnormal activation of kinesin that we propose leads to an unproductive tug of war between anterograde and retrograde motors. Disruption of autophagosome transport correlated with a significant defect in autophagosome acidification, suggesting that the observed transport deficit impairs effective degradation of autophagosomal cargo in neurons. Our results robustly link increased LRRK2 kinase activity to defects in autophagosome transport and maturation, further implicating defective autophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Cajka
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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FEZ1 Forms Complexes with CRMP1 and DCC to Regulate Axon and Dendrite Development. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0193-20.2021. [PMID: 33771901 PMCID: PMC8174033 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0193-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaboration of neuronal processes is an early step in neuronal development. Guidance cues must work closely with intracellular trafficking pathways to direct expanding axons and dendrites to their target neurons during the formation of neuronal networks. However, how such coordination is achieved remains incompletely understood. Here, we characterize an interaction between fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1), an adapter involved in synaptic protein transport, and collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)1, a protein that functions in growth cone guidance, at neuronal growth cones. We show that similar to CRMP1 loss-of-function mutants, FEZ1 deficiency in rat hippocampal neurons causes growth cone collapse and impairs axonal development. Strikingly, FEZ1-deficient neurons also exhibited a reduction in dendritic complexity stronger than that observed in CRMP1-deficient neurons, suggesting that the former could partake in additional developmental signaling pathways. Supporting this, FEZ1 colocalizes with VAMP2 in developing hippocampal neurons and forms a separate complex with deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and Syntaxin-1 (Stx1), components of the Netrin-1 signaling pathway that are also involved in regulating axon and dendrite development. Significantly, developing axons and dendrites of FEZ1-deficient neurons fail to respond to Netrin-1 or Netrin-1 and Sema3A treatment, respectively. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of FEZ1 as a common effector to integrate guidance signaling pathways with intracellular trafficking to mediate axo-dendrite development during neuronal network formation.
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11
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Keren-Kaplan T, Bonifacino JS. ARL8 Relieves SKIP Autoinhibition to Enable Coupling of Lysosomes to Kinesin-1. Curr Biol 2020; 31:540-554.e5. [PMID: 33232665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-range movement of organelles within the cytoplasm relies on coupling to microtubule motors, a process that is often mediated by adaptor proteins. In many cases, this coupling involves organelle- or adaptor-induced activation of the microtubule motors by conformational reversal of an autoinhibited state. Herein, we show that a similar regulatory mechanism operates for an adaptor protein named SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2). SKIP binds to the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ARL8 on the lysosomal membrane to couple lysosomes to the anterograde microtubule motor kinesin-1. Structure-function analyses of SKIP reveal that the C-terminal region comprising three pleckstrin homology (PH) domains interacts with the N-terminal region comprising ARL8- and kinesin-1-binding sites. This interaction inhibits coupling of lysosomes to kinesin-1 and, consequently, lysosome movement toward the cell periphery. We also find that ARL8 does not just recruit SKIP to the lysosomal membrane but also relieves SKIP autoinhibition, promoting kinesin-1-driven, anterograde lysosome transport. Finally, our analyses show that the largely disordered middle region of SKIP mediates self-association and that this self-association enhances the interaction of SKIP with kinesin-1. These findings indicate that SKIP is not just a passive connector of lysosome-bound ARL8 to kinesin-1 but is itself subject to intra- and inter-molecular interactions that regulate its function. We anticipate that similar organelle- or GTPase-induced conformational changes could regulate the activity of other kinesin adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Saez TMM, Fernandez Bessone I, Rodriguez MS, Alloatti M, Otero MG, Cromberg LE, Pozo Devoto VM, Oubiña G, Sosa L, Buffone MG, Gelman DM, Falzone TL. Kinesin-1-mediated axonal transport of CB1 receptors is required for cannabinoid-dependent axonal growth and guidance. Development 2020; 147:dev184069. [PMID: 32265198 PMCID: PMC7188441 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCB) modulate growth cone dynamics and axonal pathfinding through the stimulation of cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1R), the function of which depends on their delivery and precise presentation at the growth cone surface. However, the mechanism involved in the axonal transport of CB1R and its transport role in eCB signaling remains elusive. As mutations in the kinesin-1 molecular motor have been identified in patients with abnormal cortical development and impaired white matter integrity, we studied the defects in axonal pathfinding and fasciculation in mice lacking the kinesin light chain 1 (Klc1-/-) subunit of kinesin-1. Reduced levels of CB1R were found in corticofugal projections and axonal growth cones in Klc1-/- mice. By live-cell imaging of CB1R-eGFP we characterized the axonal transport of CB1R vesicles and described the defects in transport that arise after KLC1 deletion. Cofilin activation, which is necessary for actin dynamics during growth cone remodeling, is impaired in the Klc1-/- cerebral cortex. In addition, Klc1-/- neurons showed expanded growth cones that were unresponsive to CB1R-induced axonal elongation. Together, our data reveal the relevance of kinesin-1 in CB1R axonal transport and in eCB signaling during brain wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad M M Saez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iván Fernandez Bessone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Otero
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas E Cromberg
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victorio M Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Oubiña
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET), CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Buffone
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET), CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego M Gelman
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET), CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET), CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Structural characterization of the RH1-LZI tandem of JIP3/4 highlights RH1 domains as a cytoskeletal motor-binding motif. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16036. [PMID: 31690808 PMCID: PMC6831827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
JIP3 and JIP4 (JNK-interacting proteins 3 and 4) are adaptors for cargo recruitment by dynein/dynactin and kinesin1 motors. Both are dimers that are stabilised by two sections of leucine zipper coiled coils. The N-terminal Leucine Zipper I (LZI) belongs to a section that binds dynein-DLIC and kinesin1-KHC, whilst the medial Leucine Zipper II (LZII) binds dynactin-p150glued and kinesin1-KLC. Structural data is available for the LZII, but the LZI section is still uncharacterized. Here we characterize the N-terminal part of JIP3/4 which consists of an RH1 (RILP homology 1) domain followed by the LZI coiled coil using bioinformatical, biophysical and structural approaches. The RH1-LZI tandem of JIP3 associates as a high affinity homodimer exhibiting elongated alpha-helical fold. 3D homology modelling of the RH1-LZI tandem reveals that the kinesin1-KHC binding site mainly overlaps with the RH1 domain. A sequence comparison search indicates that only one other protein family has RH1 domains similar to those of JIP3/4, the RILP (Rab-interacting lysosomal protein) family which consists of adaptor proteins linking Rab GTPases to cytoskeletal motors. RILPL2 is recruited through its RH1 domain by the myosin 5a motor. Here, we showed that the RH1 domain of JIP3 also interacts with myosin 5 A in vitro, highlighting JIP3/4 as possible myosin 5a adaptors. Finally, we propose that JIP3/4 and RILP family members define a unique RH1/RH2-architecture adaptor superfamily linking cytoskeletal motors and Rab GTPases.
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14
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Iwasawa S, Yanagi K, Kikuchi A, Kobayashi Y, Haginoya K, Matsumoto H, Kurosawa K, Ochiai M, Sakai Y, Fujita A, Miyake N, Niihori T, Shirota M, Funayama R, Nonoyama S, Ohga S, Kawame H, Nakayama K, Aoki Y, Matsumoto N, Kaname T, Matsubara Y, Shoji W, Kure S. Recurrent de novo
MAPK8IP3
variants cause neurological phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:927-933. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Iwasawa
- Department of PediatricsTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Kumiko Yanagi
- National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of PediatricsTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuko Kobayashi
- Department of PediatricsNational Hospital Organization Sendai‐Nishitaga Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyTakuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyTakuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai Japan
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyMiyagi Children's Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of PediatricsNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical GeneticsKanagawa Children's Medical Center Yokohama Japan
| | - Masayuki Ochiai
- Department of PediatricsGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of PediatricsGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of PediatricsNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of PediatricsGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawame
- Tohoku Medical Megabank organizationTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Wataru Shoji
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary SciencesTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of PediatricsTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank organizationTohoku University Sendai Japan
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15
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Platzer K, Sticht H, Edwards SL, Allen W, Angione KM, Bonati MT, Brasington C, Cho MT, Demmer LA, Falik-Zaccai T, Gamble CN, Hellenbroich Y, Iascone M, Kok F, Mahida S, Mandel H, Marquardt T, McWalter K, Panis B, Pepler A, Pinz H, Ramos L, Shinde DN, Smith-Hicks C, Stegmann APA, Stöbe P, Stumpel CTRM, Wilson C, Lemke JR, Di Donato N, Miller KG, Jamra R. De Novo Variants in MAPK8IP3 Cause Intellectual Disability with Variable Brain Anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:203-212. [PMID: 30612693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using exome sequencing, we have identified de novo variants in MAPK8IP3 in 13 unrelated individuals presenting with an overlapping phenotype of mild to severe intellectual disability. The de novo variants comprise six missense variants, three of which are recurrent, and three truncating variants. Brain anomalies such as perisylvian polymicrogyria, cerebral or cerebellar atrophy, and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum were consistent among individuals harboring recurrent de novo missense variants. MAPK8IP3 has been shown to be involved in the retrograde axonal-transport machinery, but many of its specific functions are yet to be elucidated. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to target six conserved amino acid positions in Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that two of the six investigated human alterations led to a significantly elevated density of axonal lysosomes, and five variants were associated with adverse locomotion. Reverse-engineering normalized the observed adverse effects back to wild-type levels. Combining genetic, phenotypic, and functional findings, as well as the significant enrichment of de novo variants in MAPK8IP3 within our total cohort of 27,232 individuals who underwent exome sequencing, we implicate de novo variants in MAPK8IP3 as a cause of a neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability and variable brain anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William Allen
- Department of Genetics, Fullerton Genetics Center, Asheville, NC 28803, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Angione
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria T Bonati
- Clinic of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan 20149, Italy
| | - Campbell Brasington
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics, Levine Children's Hospital at Carolina Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | | | - Laurie A Demmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics, Levine Children's Hospital at Carolina Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Tzipora Falik-Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel; The Azrieli School of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Candace N Gamble
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yorck Hellenbroich
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo 24127, Italy
| | - Fernando Kok
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo 04013-000, Brazil
| | - Sonal Mahida
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | | | - Bianca Panis
- Department of Pediatrics, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen and Sittard 6419, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Pepler
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hailey Pinz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Luiza Ramos
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo 04013-000, Brazil
| | - Deepali N Shinde
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Stöbe
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Fullerton Genetics Center, Asheville, NC 28803, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kenneth G Miller
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rami Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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16
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Cockburn JJB, Hesketh SJ, Mulhair P, Thomsen M, O'Connell MJ, Way M. Insights into Kinesin-1 Activation from the Crystal Structure of KLC2 Bound to JIP3. Structure 2018; 26:1486-1498.e6. [PMID: 30197037 PMCID: PMC6224480 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 transports numerous cellular cargoes along microtubules. The kinesin-1 light chain (KLC) mediates cargo binding and regulates kinesin-1 motility. To investigate the molecular basis for kinesin-1 recruitment and activation by cargoes, we solved the crystal structure of the KLC2 tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain bound to the cargo JIP3. This, combined with biophysical and molecular evolutionary analyses, reveals a kinesin-1 cargo binding site, located on KLC TPR1, which is conserved in homologs from sponges to humans. In the complex, JIP3 crosslinks two KLC2 TPR domains via their TPR1s. We show that TPR1 forms a dimer interface that mimics JIP3 binding in all crystal structures of the unbound KLC TPR domain. We propose that cargo-induced dimerization of the KLC TPR domains via TPR1 is a general mechanism for activating kinesin-1. We relate this to activation by tryptophan-acidic cargoes, explaining how different cargoes activate kinesin-1 through related molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J B Cockburn
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sophie J Hesketh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter Mulhair
- Computational and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maren Thomsen
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mary J O'Connell
- Computational and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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17
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JIP3 localises to exocytic vesicles and focal adhesions in the growth cones of differentiated PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 444:1-13. [PMID: 29159770 PMCID: PMC6002436 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3) is a molecular scaffold, expressed predominantly in neurons, that serves to coordinate the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by binding to JNK and the upstream kinases involved in its activation. The JNK pathway is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including the control of cell survival, cell death and differentiation. JIP3 also associates with microtubule motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein and is likely an adapter protein involved in the tethering of vesicular cargoes to the motors involved in axonal transport in neurons. We have used immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical fractionation to investigate the subcellular distribution of JIP3 in relation to JNK and to vesicular and organelle markers in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) differentiating in response to nerve growth factor. In differentiated PC12 cells, JIP3 was seen to accumulate in growth cones at the tips of developing neurites where it co-localised with both JNK and the JNK substrate paxillin. Cellular fractionation of PC12 cells showed that JIP3 was associated with a subpopulation of vesicles in the microsomal fraction, distinct from synaptic vesicles, likely to be an anterograde-directed exocytic vesicle pool. In differentiated PC12 cells, JIP3 did not appear to associate with retrograde endosomal vesicles thought to be involved in signalling axonal injury. Together, these observations indicate that JIP3 may be involved in transporting vesicular cargoes to the growth cones of PC12 cells, possibly targeting JNK to its substrate paxillin, and thus facilitating neurite outgrowth.
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18
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Sun T, Li Y, Li T, Ma H, Guo Y, Jiang X, Hou M, Huang S, Chen Z. JIP1 and JIP3 cooperate to mediate TrkB anterograde axonal transport by activating kinesin-1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4027-4044. [PMID: 28638935 PMCID: PMC11107601 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-range anterograde axonal transport of TrkB is important for neurons to exert appropriate BDNF responses. TrkB anterograde axonal delivery is mediated by kinesin-1, which associates with TrkB via the adaptor protein JIP3 or the Slp1/Rab27B/CRMP-2 protein complex. However, little is known about the activation mechanisms of TrkB-loaded kinesin-1. Here, we show that JIP1 mediates TrkB anterograde axonal transport using JIP1 knockout mice, sciatic nerve ligation analysis and live imaging. Next, we proved that JIP1 and JIP3 cooperate to mediate TrkB anterograde axonal transport. Finally, microtubule-binding and microfluidic chamber assays revealed that JIP1 and JIP3 cooperate to relieve kinesin-1 autoinhibition, which depends on the binding of JIP1 to kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC) and light chain (KLC) and the binding of JIP3 to KLC and is essential for TrkB anterograde axonal transport and BDNF-induced TrkB retrograde signal. These findings could deepen our understanding of the regulation mechanism underlying TrkB anterograde axonal transport and provide a novel kinesin-1 autoinhibition-relieving model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheyu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Sanger A, Yip YY, Randall TS, Pernigo S, Steiner RA, Dodding MP. SKIP controls lysosome positioning using a composite kinesin-1 heavy and light chain-binding domain. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1637-1651. [PMID: 28302907 PMCID: PMC5450233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular interplay between cargo recognition and regulation of the activity of the kinesin-1 microtubule motor is not well understood. Using the lysosome adaptor SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2) as model cargo, we show that the kinesin heavy chains (KHCs), in addition to the kinesin light chains (KLCs), can recognize tryptophan-acidic-binding determinants on the cargo when presented in the context of an extended KHC-interacting domain. Mutational separation of KHC and KLC binding shows that both interactions are important for SKIP–kinesin-1 interaction in vitro and that KHC binding is important for lysosome transport in vivo. However, in the absence of KLCs, SKIP can only bind to KHC when autoinhibition is relieved, suggesting that the KLCs gate access to the KHCs. We propose a model whereby tryptophan-acidic cargo is first recognized by KLCs, resulting in destabilization of KHC autoinhibition. This primary event then makes accessible a second SKIP-binding site on the KHC C-terminal tail that is adjacent to the autoinhibitory IAK region. Thus, cargo recognition and concurrent activation of kinesin-1 proceed in hierarchical stepwise fashion driven by a dynamic network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Summary: The lysosomal kinesin-1 cargo adaptor SKIP is shown to interact with kinesin-1 via both its heavy and light chains. A new stepwise hierarchical model for kinesin-1 activation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneri Sanger
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Thomas S Randall
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefano Pernigo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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20
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Perry RBT, Rishal I, Doron-Mandel E, Kalinski AL, Medzihradszky KF, Terenzio M, Alber S, Koley S, Lin A, Rozenbaum M, Yudin D, Sahoo PK, Gomes C, Shinder V, Geraisy W, Huebner EA, Woolf CJ, Yaron A, Burlingame AL, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Nucleolin-Mediated RNA Localization Regulates Neuron Growth and Cycling Cell Size. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1664-1676. [PMID: 27477284 PMCID: PMC4978702 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How can cells sense their own size to coordinate biosynthesis and metabolism with their growth needs? We recently proposed a motor-dependent bidirectional transport mechanism for axon length and cell size sensing, but the nature of the motor-transported size signals remained elusive. Here, we show that motor-dependent mRNA localization regulates neuronal growth and cycling cell size. We found that the RNA-binding protein nucleolin is associated with importin β1 mRNA in axons. Perturbation of nucleolin association with kinesins reduces its levels in axons, with a concomitant reduction in axonal importin β1 mRNA and protein levels. Strikingly, subcellular sequestration of nucleolin or importin β1 enhances axonal growth and causes a subcellular shift in protein synthesis. Similar findings were obtained in fibroblasts. Thus, subcellular mRNA localization regulates size and growth in both neurons and cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ella Doron-Mandel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sandip Koley
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Albina Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Meir Rozenbaum
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dmitry Yudin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vera Shinder
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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21
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Miller KG. Keeping Neuronal Cargoes on the Right Track: New Insights into Regulators of Axonal Transport. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:232-250. [PMID: 27154488 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416648307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, a single motor (dynein) transports large organelles as well as synaptic and dense core vesicles toward microtubule minus ends; however, it is unclear why dynein appears more active on organelles, which are generally excluded from mature axons, than on synaptic and dense core vesicles, which are maintained at high levels. Recent studies in Zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans have shown that JIP3 promotes dynein-mediated retrograde transport to clear some organelles (lysosomes, early endosomes, and Golgi) from axons and prevent their potentially harmful accumulation in presynaptic regions. A JIP3 mutant suppressor screen in C. elegans revealed that JIP3 promotes the clearance of organelles from axons by blocking the action of the CSS system (Cdk5, SAD Kinase, SYD-2/Liprin). A synthesis of results in vertebrates with the new findings suggests that JIP3 blocks the CSS system from disrupting the connection between dynein and organelles. Most components of the CSS system are enriched at presynaptic active zones where they normally contribute to maintaining optimal levels of captured synaptic and dense core vesicles, in part by inhibiting dynein transport. The JIP3-CSS system model explains how neurons selectively regulate a single minus-end motor to exclude specific classes of organelles from axons, while at the same time ensuring optimal levels of synaptic and dense core vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Miller
- 1 Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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22
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Tao L, Fasulo B, Warecki B, Sullivan W. Tum/RacGAP functions as a switch activating the Pav/kinesin-6 motor. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11182. [PMID: 27091402 PMCID: PMC4838857 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin is essential for central spindle and cleavage furrow formation. Drosophila centralspindlin consists of a kinesin-6 motor (Pav/kinesin-6) and a GTPase-activating protein (Tum/RacGAP). Centralspindlin localization to the central spindle is mediated by Pav/kinesin-6. While Tum/RacGAP has well-documented scaffolding functions, whether it influences Pav/kinesin-6 function is less well-explored. Here we demonstrate that both Pav/kinesin-6 and the centralspindlin complex (co-expressed Pav/Tum) have strong microtubule bundling activity. Centralspindlin also has robust plus-end-directed motility. In contrast, Pav/kinesin-6 alone cannot move microtubules. However, the addition of Tum/RacGAP or a 65 amino acid Tum/RacGAP fragment to Pav/kinesin-6 restores microtubule motility. Further, ATPase assays reveal that microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity of centralspindlin is seven times higher than that of Pav/kinesin-6. These findings are supported by in vivo studies demonstrating that in Tum/RacGAP-depleted S2 Drosophila cells, Pav/kinesin-6 exhibits severely reduced localization to the central spindle and an abnormal concentration at the centrosomes. Centralspindlin consists of dimeric kinesin-6 and dimeric RacGAP, and is involved in the organization of anaphase midzone microtubules. Here, the authors show that the RacGAP is needed for motor activity at the plus-end of microtubules, but not for the bundling activity associated with kinesin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Barbara Fasulo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Brandt Warecki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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23
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Sato T, Ishikawa M, Yoshihara T, Nakazato R, Higashida H, Asano M, Yoshioka K. Critical role of JSAP1 and JLP in axonal transport in the cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2805-11. [PMID: 26320416 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
JNK/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1) and JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP) are structurally related scaffolding proteins that are highly expressed in the brain. Here, we found that JSAP1 and JLP play functionally redundant and essential roles in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) survival. Mice containing PCs with deletions in both JSAP1 and JLP exhibited PC axonal dystrophy, followed by gradual, progressive neuronal loss. Kinesin-1 cargoes accumulated selectively in the swollen axons of Jsap1/Jlp-deficient PCs. In addition, autophagy inactivation in these mice markedly accelerated PC degeneration. These findings suggest that JSAP1 and JLP play critical roles in kinesin-1-dependent axonal transport, which prevents brain neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiharu Sato
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Momoe Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakazato
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Katsuji Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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24
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Edwards SL, Morrison LM, Yorks RM, Hoover CM, Boominathan S, Miller KG. UNC-16 (JIP3) Acts Through Synapse-Assembly Proteins to Inhibit the Active Transport of Cell Soma Organelles to Caenorhabditis elegans Motor Neuron Axons. Genetics 2015; 201:117-41. [PMID: 26354976 PMCID: PMC4566257 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.177345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved protein UNC-16 (JIP3) inhibits the active transport of some cell soma organelles, such as lysosomes, early endosomes, and Golgi, to the synaptic region of axons. However, little is known about UNC-16's organelle transport regulatory function, which is distinct from its Kinesin-1 adaptor function. We used an unc-16 suppressor screen in Caenorhabditis elegans to discover that UNC-16 acts through CDK-5 (Cdk5) and two conserved synapse assembly proteins: SAD-1 (SAD-A Kinase), and SYD-2 (Liprin-α). Genetic analysis of all combinations of double and triple mutants in unc-16(+) and unc-16(-) backgrounds showed that the three proteins (CDK-5, SAD-1, and SYD-2) are all part of the same organelle transport regulatory system, which we named the CSS system based on its founder proteins. Further genetic analysis revealed roles for SYD-1 (another synapse assembly protein) and STRADα (a SAD-1-interacting protein) in the CSS system. In an unc-16(-) background, loss of the CSS system improved the sluggish locomotion of unc-16 mutants, inhibited axonal lysosome accumulation, and led to the dynein-dependent accumulation of lysosomes in dendrites. Time-lapse imaging of lysosomes in CSS system mutants in unc-16(+) and unc-16(-) backgrounds revealed active transport defects consistent with the steady-state distributions of lysosomes. UNC-16 also uses the CSS system to regulate the distribution of early endosomes in neurons and, to a lesser extent, Golgi. The data reveal a new and unprecedented role for synapse assembly proteins, acting as part of the newly defined CSS system, in mediating UNC-16's organelle transport regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Edwards
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Logan M Morrison
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Rosalina M Yorks
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher M Hoover
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Soorajnath Boominathan
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Kenneth G Miller
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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25
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Abstract
Neurons are extremely polarized cells. Axon lengths often exceed the dimension of the neuronal cell body by several orders of magnitude. These extreme axonal lengths imply that neurons have mastered efficient mechanisms for long distance signaling between soma and synaptic terminal. These elaborate mechanisms are required for neuronal development and maintenance of the nervous system. Neurons can fine-tune long distance signaling through calcium wave propagation and bidirectional transport of proteins, vesicles, and mRNAs along microtubules. The signal transmission over extreme lengths also ensures that information about axon injury is communicated to the soma and allows for repair mechanisms to be engaged. This review focuses on the different mechanisms employed by neurons to signal over long axonal distances and how signals are interpreted in the soma, with an emphasis on proteomic studies. We also discuss how proteomic approaches could help further deciphering the signaling mechanisms operating over long distance in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- From the ‡Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- From the ‡Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri.
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26
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Song J, Kang SM, Kim E, Kim CH, Song HT, Lee JE. Impairment of insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling by insulin resistance inhibits neurite outgrowth and aggravates neuronal cell death. Neuroscience 2015; 301:26-38. [PMID: 26047734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), insulin resistance (I/R) can cause defective neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell death, which can eventually lead to cognitive deficits. Recent research has focused on the relationship between I/R and the cognitive impairment caused by dementia, with the goal of developing treatments for dementia. Insulin signal transduction mediated by insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) has been thoroughly studied in the CNS of patients with I/R. In the present study, we investigated whether the impairment of IRS-1-mediated insulin signaling contributes to neurite outgrowth and neuronal loss, both in mice fed a high-fat diet and in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2A) cells. To investigate the changes caused by the inhibition of IRS-1-mediated insulin signaling in the brain, we performed Cresyl Violet staining and immunochemical analysis. To investigate the changes caused by the inhibition of IRS-1-mediated insulin signaling in neuroblastoma cells, we performed Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunochemical analysis. We show that the deactivation of IRS-1-mediated insulin signaling can inhibit neuronal outgrowth and aggravate neuronal cell death in the insulin-resistant CNS. Thus, IRS-1-mediated insulin signal transduction may be an important factor in the treatment of cognitive decline induced by I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - S M Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - E Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - C-H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - H-T Song
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - J E Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
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