1
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Yasin A, Mandato A, Hofmann L, Igbaria-Jaber Y, Shenberger Y, Gevorkyan-Airapetov L, Saxena S, Ruthstein S. The Dynamic Plasticity of P. aeruginosa CueR Copper Transcription Factor upon Cofactor and DNA Binding. Chembiochem 2024:e202400279. [PMID: 38776258 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria use specialized proteins, like transcription factors, to rapidly control metal ion balance. CueR is a Gram-negative bacterial copper regulator. The structure of E. coli CueR complexed with Cu(I) and DNA was published, since then many studies have shed light on its function. However, P. aeruginosa CueR, which shows high sequence similarity to E. coli CueR, has been less studied. Here, we applied room-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements to explore changes in dynamics of P. aeruginosa CueR in dependency of copper concentrations and interaction with two different DNA promoter regions. We showed that P. aeruginosa CueR is less dynamic than the E. coli CueR protein and exhibits much higher sensitivity to DNA binding as compared to its E. coli CueR homolog. Moreover, a difference in dynamical behavior was observed when P. aeruginosa CueR binds to the copZ2 DNA promoter sequence compared to the mexPQ-opmE promoter sequence. Such dynamical differences may affect the expression levels of CopZ2 and MexPQ-OpmE proteins in P. aeruginosa. Overall, such comparative measurements of protein-DNA complexes derived from different bacterial systems reveal insights about how structural and dynamical differences between two highly homologous proteins lead to quite different DNA sequence-recognition and mechanistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Yasin
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
| | - Alysia Mandato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
| | - Yasmin Igbaria-Jaber
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
| | - Yulia Shenberger
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
| | - Lada Gevorkyan-Airapetov
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 5290002
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2
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Choi Y, Koh J, Cha SS, Roe JH. Activation of zinc uptake regulator by zinc binding to three regulatory sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4185-4197. [PMID: 38349033 PMCID: PMC11077047 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Zur is a Fur-family metalloregulator that is widely used to control zinc homeostasis in bacteria. In Streptomyces coelicolor, Zur (ScZur) acts as both a repressor for zinc uptake (znuA) gene and an activator for zinc exporter (zitB) gene. Previous structural studies revealed three zinc ions specifically bound per ScZur monomer; a structural one to allow dimeric architecture and two regulatory ones for DNA-binding activity. In this study, we present evidence that Zur contains a fourth specific zinc-binding site with a key histidine residue (H36), widely conserved among actinobacteria, for regulatory function. Biochemical, genetic, and calorimetric data revealed that H36 is critical for hexameric binding of Zur to the zitB zurbox and further binding to its upstream region required for full activation. A comprehensive thermodynamic model demonstrated that the DNA-binding affinity of Zur to both znuA and zitB zurboxes is remarkably enhanced upon saturation of all three regulatory zinc sites. The model also predicts that the strong coupling between zinc binding and DNA binding equilibria of Zur drives a biphasic activation of the zitB gene in response to a wide concentration change of zinc. Similar mechanisms may be pertinent to other metalloproteins, expanding their response spectrum through binding multiple regulatory metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchan Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseock Koh
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Roe
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim M, Le MT, Fan L, Campbell C, Sen S, Capdevila DA, Stemmler TL, Giedroc DP. Characterization of the Zinc Uptake Repressor (Zur) from Acinetobacter baumannii. Biochemistry 2024; 63:660-670. [PMID: 38385972 PMCID: PMC11019503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial cells tightly regulate the intracellular concentrations of essential transition metal ions by deploying a panel of metal-regulated transcriptional repressors and activators that bind to operator-promoter regions upstream of regulated genes. Like other zinc uptake regulator (Zur) proteins, Acinetobacter baumannii Zur represses transcription of its regulon when ZnII is replete and binds more weakly to DNA when ZnII is limiting. Previous studies established that Zur proteins are homodimeric and harbor at least two metal sites per protomer or four per dimer. CdII X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of the Cd2Zn2 AbZur metalloderivative with CdII bound to the allosteric sites reveals a S(N/O)3 first coordination shell. Site-directed mutagenesis suggests that H89 and C100 from the N-terminal DNA binding domain and H107 and E122 from the C-terminal dimerization domain comprise the regulatory metal site. KZn for this allosteric site is 6.0 (±2.2) × 1012 M-1 with a functional "division of labor" among the four metal ligands. N-terminal domain ligands H89 and C100 contribute far more to KZn than H107 and E122, while C100S AbZur uniquely fails to bind to DNA tightly as measured by an in vitro transcription assay. The heterotropic allosteric coupling free energy, ΔGc, is negative, consistent with a higher KZn for the AbZur-DNA complex and defining a bioavailable ZnII set-point of ≈6 × 10-14 M. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that only the wild-type Zn homodimer undergoes allosteric switching, while the C100S AbZur fails to switch. These data collectively suggest that switching to a high affinity DNA-binding conformation involves a rotation/translation of one protomer relative to the other in a way that is dependent on the integrity of C100. We place these findings in the context of other Zur proteins and Fur family repressors more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - My Tra Le
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lixin Fan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAXS Core Facility of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Courtney Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2417, United States
| | - Sambuddha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2417, United States
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Sandoz A, Ducret V, Gottwald GA, Vilmart G, Perron K. SINDy for delay-differential equations: application to model bacterial zinc response. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We extend the data-driven method of sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) developed by Brunton
et al.
,
Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
113
(2016) to the case of delay differential equations (DDEs). This is achieved in a bilevel optimization procedure by first applying SINDy for fixed delay and then subsequently optimizing the error of the reconstructed SINDy model over delay times. We test the SINDy-delay method on a noisy short dataset from a toy DDE and show excellent agreement. We then apply the method to experimental data of gene expressions in the bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
subject to the influence of zinc. The derived SINDy model suggests that the increase in zinc concentration mainly affects the time delay and not the strengths of the interactions between the different agents controlling the zinc export mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sandoz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology Unit, and Section of Mathematics, Microbiology Unit, and Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CP64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ducret
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Microbiology Unit, and Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CP64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Georg A. Gottwald
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gilles Vilmart
- Section of Mathematics, Microbiology Unit, and Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CP64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Karl Perron
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology Unit, and Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CP64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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5
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Ducret V, Gonzalez D, Perron K. Zinc homeostasis in Pseudomonas. Biometals 2022:10.1007/s10534-022-00475-5. [PMID: 36472780 PMCID: PMC10393844 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the genus Pseudomonas, zinc homeostasis is mediated by a complete set of import and export systems, whose expression is precisely controlled by three transcriptional regulators: Zur, CzcR and CadR. In this review, we describe in detail our current knowledge of these systems, their regulation, and the biological significance of zinc homeostasis, taking Pseudomonas aeruginosa as our paradigm. Moreover, significant parts of this overview are dedicated to highlight interactions and cross-regulations between zinc and copper import/export systems, and to shed light, through a review of the literature and comparative genomics, on differences in gene complement and function across the whole Pseudomonas genus. The impact and importance of zinc homeostasis in Pseudomonas and beyond will be discussed throughout this review.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Qi J, Zheng Y, Li B, Ai Y, Chen M, Zheng X. Pyridoxal hydrochloride thiosemicarbazones with copper ions inhibit cell division via Topo-I and Topo-IIɑ. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Mikhaylina A, Scott L, Scanlan DJ, Blindauer CA. A metallothionein from an open ocean cyanobacterium removes zinc from the sensor protein controlling its transcription. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 230:111755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Principles and practice of determining metal-protein affinities. Biochem J 2021; 478:1085-1116. [PMID: 33710331 PMCID: PMC7959690 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions play many critical roles in biology, as structural and catalytic cofactors, and as cell regulatory and signalling elements. The metal–protein affinity, expressed conveniently by the metal dissociation constant, KD, describes the thermodynamic strength of a metal–protein interaction and is a key parameter that can be used, for example, to understand how proteins may acquire metals in a cell and to identify dynamic elements (e.g. cofactor binding, changing metal availabilities) which regulate protein metalation in vivo. Here, we outline the fundamental principles and practical considerations that are key to the reliable quantification of metal–protein affinities. We review a selection of spectroscopic probes which can be used to determine protein affinities for essential biological transition metals (including Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) and, using selected examples, demonstrate how rational probe selection combined with prudent experimental design can be applied to determine accurate KD values.
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9
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Hofmann L, Hirsch M, Ruthstein S. Advances in Understanding of the Copper Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2050. [PMID: 33669570 PMCID: PMC7922089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five thousand people die as a result of more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections in the United States of America per year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is classified a serious threat, the second-highest threat category of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Among others, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the discovery and development of novel antibiotic classes with new targets and mechanisms of action without cross-resistance to existing classes. To find potential new target sites in pathogenic bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, it is inevitable to fully understand the molecular mechanism of homeostasis, metabolism, regulation, growth, and resistances thereof. P. aeruginosa maintains a sophisticated copper defense cascade comprising three stages, resembling those of public safety organizations. These stages include copper scavenging, first responder, and second responder. Similar mechanisms are found in numerous pathogens. Here we compare the copper-dependent transcription regulators cueR and copRS of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa. Further, phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of mexPQ-opmE reveal that this efflux pump is unlikely to be involved in the copper export of P. aeruginosa. Altogether, we present current understandings of the copper homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and potential new target sites for antimicrobial agents or a combinatorial drug regimen in the fight against multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (M.H.)
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10
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Osman D, Cooke A, Young TR, Deery E, Robinson NJ, Warren MJ. The requirement for cobalt in vitamin B 12: A paradigm for protein metalation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118896. [PMID: 33096143 PMCID: PMC7689651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12, cobalamin, is a cobalt-containing ring-contracted modified tetrapyrrole that represents one of the most complex small molecules made by nature. In prokaryotes it is utilised as a cofactor, coenzyme, light sensor and gene regulator yet has a restricted role in assisting only two enzymes within specific eukaryotes including mammals. This deployment disparity is reflected in another unique attribute of vitamin B12 in that its biosynthesis is limited to only certain prokaryotes, with synthesisers pivotal in establishing mutualistic microbial communities. The core component of cobalamin is the corrin macrocycle that acts as the main ligand for the cobalt. Within this review we investigate why cobalt is paired specifically with the corrin ring, how cobalt is inserted during the biosynthetic process, how cobalt is made available within the cell and explore the cellular control of cobalt and cobalamin levels. The partitioning of cobalt for cobalamin biosynthesis exemplifies how cells assist metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Anastasia Cooke
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Tessa R Young
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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11
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Nizamani P, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Baig JA. Essential trace elemental levels (zinc, iron and copper) in the biological samples of smoker referent and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1230-1239. [PMID: 31799123 PMCID: PMC6883299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence. Pakistan has not only high TB number of TB cases (fifth) but also high level of multidrug-resistant TB (fourth) in the world. Cu/Zn ratio was also considerably greater in all biological samples of TB patients as compared to the control group. The analysis the levels of the elements, {Fe, Cu, Zn and Cu/Zn ratio} may help the studies on the development of TB disease.
Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of illnesses and deaths throughout world particularly in Asia. Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence and its mortality and may influence bacteriological conversion, clinical symptoms and treatment outcome. The aim of current study was to estimate association among essential trace elements {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)} in human biological samples particularly blood, serum, scalp hair, saliva, sputum, and nasal fluid of smoking and nonsmoking pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 165, age ranged 16–35 years) residents of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The biological samples of age matched healthy controls were chosen as referents of both genders (n = 171) for the comparison purpose. The human biological samples were wet digested in microwave oven by 65 % HNO3 and 30 % H2O2 with (2:1) ratio. The concentrations of elements in acid digested samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average zinc and iron concentration was lower, while level of copper was higher in the biological samples of pulmonary Tuberculosis patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). It was also concluded as a result of Zn and Fe deficiency combined with high contact of copper due to smoking of tobacco can be synergistic with the risk factors related with pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palwasha Nizamani
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
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12
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Novoa-Aponte L, Ramírez D, Argüello JM. The interplay of the metallosensor CueR with two distinct CopZ chaperones defines copper homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4934-4945. [PMID: 30718281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper homeostasis in pathogenic bacteria is critical for cuproprotein assembly and virulence. However, in vivo biochemical analyses of these processes are challenging, which has prevented defining and quantifying the homeostatic interplay between Cu+-sensing transcriptional regulators, chaperones, and sequestering molecules. The cytoplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains a Cu+-sensing transcriptional regulator, CueR, and two homologous metal chaperones, CopZ1 and CopZ2, forming a unique system for studying Cu+ homeostasis. We found here that both chaperones exchange Cu+, albeit at a slow rate, reaching equilibrium after 3 h, a time much longer than P. aeruginosa duplication time. Therefore, they appeared as two separate cellular Cu+ pools. Although both chaperones transferred Cu+ to CueR in vitro, experiments in vivo indicated that CopZ1 metallates CueR, eliciting the translation of Cu+ efflux transporters involved in metal tolerance. Although this observation was consistent with the relative Cu+ affinities of the three proteins (CopZ1 < CueR < CopZ2), in vitro and in silico analyses also indicated a stronger interaction between CopZ1 and CueR that was independent of Cu+ In contrast, CopZ2 function was defined by its distinctly high abundance during Cu2+ stress. Under resting conditions, CopZ2 remained largely in its apo form. Metal stress quickly induced CopZ2 expression, and its holo form predominated, reaching levels commensurate with the cytoplasmic Cu+ levels. In summary, these results show that CopZ1 acts as chaperone delivering Cu+ to the CueR sensor, whereas CopZ2 functions as a fast-response Cu+-sequestering storage protein. We propose that equivalent proteins likely play similar roles in most bacterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Novoa-Aponte
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - David Ramírez
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - José M Argüello
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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13
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Osman D, Martini MA, Foster AW, Chen J, Scott AJP, Morton RJ, Steed JW, Lurie-Luke E, Huggins TG, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Warren MJ, Chivers PT, Robinson NJ. Bacterial sensors define intracellular free energies for correct enzyme metalation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:241-249. [PMID: 30692683 PMCID: PMC6420079 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a challenge for metalloenzymes to acquire their correct metals because some inorganic elements form more stable complexes with proteins than do others. These preferences can be overcome provided some metals are more available than others. However, while the total amount of cellular metal can be readily measured, the available levels of each metal have been more difficult to define. Metal-sensing transcriptional regulators are tuned to the intracellular availabilities of their cognate ions. Here we have determined the standard free energy for metal complex formation to which each sensor, in a set of bacterial metal sensors, is attuned: The less competitive the metal, the less favorable the free energy and hence greater availability to which the cognate allosteric mechanism is tuned. Comparing these free energies with values derived from the metal affinities of a metalloprotein reveals the mechanism of correct metalation exemplified here by a cobalt-chelatase for vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Andrew W Foster
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Junjun Chen
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Richard J Morton
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Peter T Chivers
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
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14
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Bacterial zinc uptake regulator proteins and their regulons. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:983-1001. [PMID: 30065104 PMCID: PMC6103462 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
All organisms must regulate the cellular uptake, efflux, and intracellular trafficking of essential elements, including d-block metal ions. In bacteria, such regulation is achieved by the action of metal-responsive transcriptional regulators. Among several families of zinc-responsive transcription factors, the ‘zinc uptake regulator’ Zur is the most widespread. Zur normally represses transcription in its zinc-bound form, in which DNA-binding affinity is enhanced allosterically. Experimental and bioinformatic searches for Zur-regulated genes have revealed that in many cases, Zur proteins govern zinc homeostasis in a much more profound way than merely through the expression of uptake systems. Zur regulons also comprise biosynthetic clusters for metallophore synthesis, ribosomal proteins, enzymes, and virulence factors. In recognition of the importance of zinc homeostasis at the host–pathogen interface, studying Zur regulons of pathogenic bacteria is a particularly active current research area.
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15
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Osman D, Foster AW, Chen J, Svedaite K, Steed JW, Lurie-Luke E, Huggins TG, Robinson NJ. Fine control of metal concentrations is necessary for cells to discern zinc from cobalt. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1884. [PMID: 29192165 PMCID: PMC5709419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria possess transcription factors whose DNA-binding activity is altered upon binding to specific metals, but metal binding is not specific in vitro. Here we show that tight regulation of buffered intracellular metal concentrations is a prerequisite for metal specificity of Zur, ZntR, RcnR and FrmR in Salmonella Typhimurium. In cells, at non-inhibitory elevated concentrations, Zur and ZntR, only respond to Zn(II), RcnR to cobalt and FrmR to formaldehyde. However, in vitro all these sensors bind non-cognate metals, which alters DNA binding. We model the responses of these sensors to intracellular-buffered concentrations of Co(II) and Zn(II) based upon determined abundances, metal affinities and DNA affinities of each apo- and metalated sensor. The cognate sensors are modelled to respond at the lowest concentrations of their cognate metal, explaining specificity. However, other sensors are modelled to respond at concentrations only slightly higher, and cobalt or Zn(II) shock triggers mal-responses that match these predictions. Thus, perfect metal specificity is fine-tuned to a narrow range of buffered intracellular metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew W Foster
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Junjun Chen
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Kotryna Svedaite
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Elena Lurie-Luke
- Procter and Gamble, Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore, 138589, Singapore
| | - Thomas G Huggins
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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16
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Rohlhill J, Sandoval NR, Papoutsakis ET. Sort-Seq Approach to Engineering a Formaldehyde-Inducible Promoter for Dynamically Regulated Escherichia coli Growth on Methanol. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1584-1595. [PMID: 28463494 PMCID: PMC5569641 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Tight and tunable control of gene
expression is a highly desirable
goal in synthetic biology for constructing predictable gene circuits
and achieving preferred phenotypes. Elucidating the sequence–function
relationship of promoters is crucial for manipulating gene expression
at the transcriptional level, particularly for inducible systems dependent
on transcriptional regulators. Sort-seq methods employing fluorescence-activated
cell sorting (FACS) and high-throughput sequencing allow for the quantitative
analysis of sequence–function relationships in a robust and
rapid way. Here we utilized a massively parallel sort-seq approach
to analyze the formaldehyde-inducible Escherichia coli promoter (Pfrm) with single-nucleotide
resolution. A library of mutated formaldehyde-inducible promoters
was cloned upstream of gfp on a plasmid. The library
was partitioned into bins via FACS on the basis of green fluorescent
protein (GFP) expression level, and mutated promoters falling into
each expression bin were identified with high-throughput sequencing.
The resulting analysis identified two 19 base pair repressor binding
sites, one upstream of the −35 RNA polymerase (RNAP) binding
site and one overlapping with the −10 site, and assessed the
relative importance of each position and base therein. Key mutations
were identified for tuning expression levels and were used to engineer
formaldehyde-inducible promoters with predictable activities. Engineered
variants demonstrated up to 14-fold lower basal expression, 13-fold
higher induced expression, and a 3.6-fold stronger response as indicated
by relative dynamic range. Finally, an engineered formaldehyde-inducible
promoter was employed to drive the expression of heterologous methanol
assimilation genes and achieved increased biomass levels on methanol,
a non-native substrate of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rohlhill
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Sandoval
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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17
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Metallochaperones and metalloregulation in bacteria. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:177-200. [PMID: 28487396 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial transition metal homoeostasis or simply 'metallostasis' describes the process by which cells control the intracellular availability of functionally required metal cofactors, from manganese (Mn) to zinc (Zn), avoiding both metal deprivation and toxicity. Metallostasis is an emerging aspect of the vertebrate host-pathogen interface that is defined by a 'tug-of-war' for biologically essential metals and provides the motivation for much recent work in this area. The host employs a number of strategies to starve the microbial pathogen of essential metals, while for others attempts to limit bacterial infections by leveraging highly competitive metals. Bacteria must be capable of adapting to these efforts to remodel the transition metal landscape and employ highly specialized metal sensing transcriptional regulators, termed metalloregulatory proteins,and metallochaperones, that allocate metals to specific destinations, to mediate this adaptive response. In this essay, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the structural mechanisms and metal specificity of this adaptive response, focusing on energy-requiring metallochaperones that play roles in the metallocofactor active site assembly in metalloenzymes and metallosensors, which govern the systems-level response to metal limitation and intoxication.
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18
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Foster AW, Pernil R, Patterson CJ, Scott AJP, Pålsson LO, Pal R, Cummins I, Chivers PT, Pohl E, Robinson NJ. A tight tunable range for Ni(II) sensing and buffering in cells. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:409-414. [PMID: 28166209 PMCID: PMC5365139 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The metal affinities of metal-sensing transcriptional regulators co-vary with cellular metal concentrations over more than 12 orders of magnitude. To understand the cause of this relationship, we determined the structure of the Ni(II) sensor InrS and then created cyanobacteria (Synechocystis PCC 6803) in which transcription of genes encoding a Ni(II) exporter and a Ni(II) importer were controlled by InrS variants with weaker Ni(II) affinities. Variant strains were sensitive to elevated nickel and contained more nickel, but the increase was small compared with the change in Ni(II) affinity. All of the variant sensors retained the allosteric mechanism that inhibits DNA binding following metal binding, but a response to nickel in vivo was observed only when the sensitivity was set to respond in a relatively narrow (less than two orders of magnitude) range of nickel concentrations. Thus, the Ni(II) affinity of InrS is attuned to cellular metal concentrations rather than the converse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Foster
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Rafael Pernil
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Carl J. Patterson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ian Cummins
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Peter T. Chivers
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Nigel J. Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
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19
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Sepehri Z, Mirzaei N, Sargazi A, Sargazi A, Mishkar AP, Kiani Z, Oskoee HO, Arefi D, Ghavami S. Essential and toxic metals in serum of individuals with active pulmonary tuberculosis in an endemic region. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2017; 6:8-13. [PMID: 31723693 PMCID: PMC6850246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements play an important role in tuberculosis infection because their deficiencies can be associated with impaired immunity. Blood samples were collected from a total of 320 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients and healthy individuals. The serum concentrations of Zinc, Iron, Copper, Calcium, lead, Arsenic and Selenium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The levels of trace elements were measured after 2, 4 and 6 months of anti-TB treatment initiation in TB infected groups. Compared to the control group, the concentrations of Zinc, Selenium, and Iron were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in tuberculosis patients; however, that of Arsenic, Lead, and copper was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the serum of patients. Cu/Zn and Cu/Se ratios were also significantly higher (P < 0.001) in TB patients compared to the control group. In addition, serum concentration calcium was similar in both TB patients and healthy controls. Our results indicated that trace elements concentrations in tuberculosis patients are related to each element role in immune system. Wherever the element is essential for the pathogenesis of bacteria, its concentration will remain low; and contrariwise, when the element is toxic for the bacteria, its level will be regulated up to provide a perfect condition for bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Mirzaei
- Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Aliyeh Sargazi
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Alireza Sargazi
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Zohre Kiani
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Owaysee Oskoee
- Department of infectious diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Donya Arefi
- Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
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20
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Denby KJ, Iwig J, Bisson C, Westwood J, Rolfe MD, Sedelnikova SE, Higgins K, Maroney MJ, Baker PJ, Chivers PT, Green J. The mechanism of a formaldehyde-sensing transcriptional regulator. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38879. [PMID: 27934966 PMCID: PMC5146963 DOI: 10.1038/srep38879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are exposed to the genotoxic chemical formaldehyde, either from endogenous or environmental sources. Therefore, biology has evolved systems to perceive and detoxify formaldehyde. The frmRA(B) operon that is present in many bacteria represents one such system. The FrmR protein is a transcriptional repressor that is specifically inactivated in the presence of formaldehyde, permitting expression of the formaldehyde detoxification machinery (FrmA and FrmB, when the latter is present). The X-ray structure of the formaldehyde-treated Escherichia coli FrmR (EcFrmR) protein reveals the formation of methylene bridges that link adjacent Pro2 and Cys35 residues in the EcFrmR tetramer. Methylene bridge formation has profound effects on the pattern of surface charge of EcFrmR and combined with biochemical/biophysical data suggests a mechanistic model for formaldehyde-sensing and derepression of frmRA(B) expression in numerous bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Denby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey Iwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Claudine Bisson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jodie Westwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew D Rolfe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Svetlana E Sedelnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Khadine Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michael J Maroney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Patrick J Baker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter T Chivers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Departments of Biosciences and Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jeffrey Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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21
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Osman D, Piergentili C, Chen J, Sayer LN, Usón I, Huggins TG, Robinson NJ, Pohl E. The Effectors and Sensory Sites of Formaldehyde-responsive Regulator FrmR and Metal-sensing Variant. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19502-16. [PMID: 27474740 PMCID: PMC5016687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DUF156 family of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators includes metal sensors that respond to cobalt and/or nickel (RcnR, InrS) or copper (CsoR) plus CstR, which responds to persulfide, and formaldehyde-responsive FrmR. Unexpectedly, the allosteric mechanism of FrmR from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is triggered by metals in vitro, and variant FrmR(E64H) gains responsiveness to Zn(II) and cobalt in vivo Here we establish that the allosteric mechanism of FrmR is triggered directly by formaldehyde in vitro Sensitivity to formaldehyde requires a cysteine (Cys(35) in FrmR) conserved in all DUF156 proteins. A crystal structure of metal- and formaldehyde-sensing FrmR(E64H) reveals that an FrmR-specific amino-terminal Pro(2) is proximal to Cys(35), and these residues form the deduced formaldehyde-sensing site. Evidence is presented that implies that residues spatially close to the conserved cysteine tune the sensitivities of DUF156 proteins above or below critical thresholds for different effectors, generating the semblance of specificity within cells. Relative to FrmR, RcnR is less responsive to formaldehyde in vitro, and RcnR does not sense formaldehyde in vivo, but reciprocal mutations FrmR(P2S) and RcnR(S2P), respectively, impair and enhance formaldehyde reactivity in vitro Formaldehyde detoxification by FrmA requires S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione, yet glutathione inhibits formaldehyde detection by FrmR in vivo and in vitro Quantifying the number of FrmR molecules per cell and modeling formaldehyde modification as a function of [formaldehyde] demonstrates that FrmR reactivity is optimized such that FrmR is modified and frmRA is derepressed at lower [formaldehyde] than required to generate S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione. Expression of FrmA is thereby coordinated with the accumulation of its substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- From the Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Piergentili
- From the Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Junjun Chen
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
| | | | - Isabel Usón
- the Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas G Huggins
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- From the Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom,
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- From the Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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22
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Capdevila DA, Wang J, Giedroc DP. Bacterial Strategies to Maintain Zinc Metallostasis at the Host-Pathogen Interface. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20858-20868. [PMID: 27462080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.742023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the biologically required first row, late d-block metals from MnII to ZnII, the catalytic and structural reach of ZnII ensures that this essential micronutrient touches nearly every major metabolic process or pathway in the cell. Zn is also toxic in excess, primarily because it is a highly competitive divalent metal and will displace more weakly bound transition metals in the active sites of metalloenzymes if left unregulated. The vertebrate innate immune system uses several strategies to exploit this "Achilles heel" of microbial physiology, but bacterial evolution has responded in kind. This review highlights recent insights into transcriptional, transport, and trafficking mechanisms that pathogens use to "win the fight" over zinc and thrive in an otherwise hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana A Capdevila
- From the Departments of Chemistry and the Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Jiefei Wang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102 and
| | - David P Giedroc
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102 and
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23
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Chen NH, Djoko KY, Veyrier FJ, McEwan AG. Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:257. [PMID: 26973631 PMCID: PMC4776306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is the simplest of all aldehydes and is highly cytotoxic. Its use and associated dangers from environmental exposure have been well documented. Detoxification systems for formaldehyde are found throughout the biological world and they are especially important in methylotrophic bacteria, which generate this compound as part of their metabolism of methanol. Formaldehyde metabolizing systems can be divided into those dependent upon pterin cofactors, sugar phosphates and those dependent upon glutathione. The more prevalent thiol-dependent formaldehyde detoxification system is found in many bacterial pathogens, almost all of which do not metabolize methane or methanol. This review describes the endogenous and exogenous sources of formaldehyde, its toxic effects and mechanisms of detoxification. The methods of formaldehyde sensing are also described with a focus on the formaldehyde responsive transcription factors HxlR, FrmR, and NmlR. Finally, the physiological relevance of detoxification systems for formaldehyde in bacterial pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval QC, Canada
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
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