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Vavlukis A, Mladenovska K, Davalieva K, Vavlukis M, Dimovski A. Rosuvastatin effects on the HDL proteome in hyperlipidemic patients. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:363-384. [PMID: 37708957 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The advancements in proteomics have provided a better understanding of the functionality of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated proteins, with the HDL lipoprotein fraction being the most studied. The focus of this study was to evaluate the HDL proteome in dyslipidemic subjects without an established cardiovascular disease, as well as to test whether rosuvastatin treatment alters the HDL proteome. Patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia were assigned to 20 mg/day rosuvastatin and blood samples were drawn at study entry and after 12 weeks of treatment. A label-free LC-MS/MS protein profiling was conducted, coupled with bioinformatics analysis. Sixty-nine HDL proteins were identified, belonging to four main biological function clusters: lipid transport and metabolism; platelet activation, degranulation, and aggregation, wound response and wound healing; immune response; inflammatory and acute phase response. Five HDL proteins showed statistically significant differences in the abundance (Anova ≤ 0.05), before and after rosuvastatin treatment. Platelet factor 4 variant (PF4V1), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2 (PSG2), Profilin-1 (PFN1) and Keratin type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal (KRT2) showed decreased expressions, while Integrin alpha-IIb (ITGA2B) showed an increased expression after treatment with rosuvastatin. The ELISA validation of PFN1 segregated the subjects into responders and non-responders, as PFN1 levels after rosuvastatin were shown to mostly depend on the subjects' inflammatory phenotype. Findings from this study introduce novel insights into the HDL proteome and statin pleiotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vavlukis
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Skopje RN Macedonia
| | | | - Katarina Davalieva
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", 1000 Skopje RN Macedonia
| | - Marija Vavlukis
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Medicine, 1000 Skopje RN Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Dimovski
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Skopje RN Macedonia
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", 1000 Skopje RN Macedonia
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2
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Kumar R, Gupta S, Bhutia WD, Vaid RK, Kumar S. Atypical human trypanosomosis: Potentially emerging disease with lack of understanding. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:259-276. [PMID: 35355422 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are the hemoflagellate kinetoplastid protozoan parasites affecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts having insufficient host specificity. Climatic change, deforestation, globalization, trade agreements, close association and genetic selection in links with environmental, vector, reservoir and potential susceptible hosts' parameters have led to emergence of atypical human trypanosomosis (a-HT). Poor recording of such neglected tropical disease, low awareness in health professions and farming community has approached a serious intimidation for mankind. Reports of animal Trypanosoma species are now gradually increasing in humans, and lack of any compiled literature has diluted the issue. In the present review, global reports of livestock and rodent trypanosomes reported from human beings are assembled and discrepancies with the available literature are discussed along with morphological features of Trypanosoma species. We have described 21 human cases from the published information. Majority of cases 10 (47%) are due to T. lewisi, followed by 5 (24%) cases of T. evansi, 4 (19%) cases of T. brucei and 1 (5%) case each of T. vivax and T. congolense. Indian subcontinent witnessed 13 cases of a-HT, of which 9 cases are reported from India, which includes 7 cases of T. lewisi and 2 cases of T. evansi. Apart from, a-HT case reports, epidemiological investigation and treatment aspects are also discussed. An attempt has been made to provide an overview of the current situation of atypical human trypanosomosis caused by salivarian animal Trypanosoma globally. The probable role of Trypanosoma lytic factors (TLF) present in normal human serum (NHS) in providing innate immunity against salivarian animal Trypanosoma species and the existing paradox in medical science after the finding on intact functional apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) in Vietnam T. evansi Type A case is also discussed to provide an update on all aspects of a-HT. Insufficient data and poor reporting in Asian and African countries are the major hurdle resulting in under-reporting of a-HT, which is a potential emerging threat. Therefore, concerted efforts must be directed to address attentiveness, preparedness and regular surveillance in suspected areas with training of field technicians, medical health professionals and veterinarians. Enhancing a one health approach is specifically important in case of trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | | | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
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3
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Davidson WS, Shah AS, Sexmith H, Gordon SM. The HDL Proteome Watch: Compilation of studies leads to new insights on HDL function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159072. [PMID: 34800735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High density lipoproteins (HDL) are a heterogeneous family of particles that contain distinct complements of proteins that define their function. Thus, it is important to accurately and sensitively identify proteins associated with HDL. Here we highlight the HDL Proteome Watch Database which tracks proteomics studies from different laboratories across the world. RECENT FINDINGS In 45 published reports, almost 1000 individual proteins have been detected in preparations of HDL. Of these, 251 have been identified in at least three different laboratories. The known functions of these consensus HDL proteins go well beyond traditionally recognized roles in lipid transport with many proteins pointing to HDL functions in innate immunity, inflammation, cell adhesion, hemostasis and protease regulation, and even vitamin and metal binding. SUMMARY The HDL proteome derived across multiple studies using various methodologies provides confidence in protein identifications that can offer interesting new insights into HDL function. We also point out significant issues that will require additional study going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States of America.
| | - Amy S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America.
| | - Hannah Sexmith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America.
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
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4
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Wu J, Raman A, Coffey NJ, Sheng X, Wahba J, Seasock MJ, Ma Z, Beckerman P, Laczkó D, Palmer MB, Kopp JB, Kuo JJ, Pullen SS, Boustany-Kari CM, Linkermann A, Susztak K. The key role of NLRP3 and STING in APOL1-associated podocytopathy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136329. [PMID: 34651582 DOI: 10.1172/jci136329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding variants in apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), termed G1 and G2, can explain most excess kidney disease risk in African Americans; however, the molecular pathways of APOL1-induced kidney dysfunction remain poorly understood. Here, we report that expression of G2 APOL1 in the podocytes of Nphs1rtTA/TRE-G2APOL1 (G2APOL1) mice leads to early activation of the cytosolic nucleotide sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. STING and NLRP3 expression was increased in podocytes from patients with high-risk APOL1 genotypes, and expression of APOL1 correlated with caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) levels. To demonstrate the role of NLRP3 and STING in APOL1-associated kidney disease, we generated transgenic mice with the G2 APOL1 risk variant and genetic deletion of Nlrp3 (G2APOL1/Nlrp3 KO), Gsdmd (G2APOL1/Gsdmd KO), and STING (G2APOL1/STING KO). Knockout mice displayed marked reduction in albuminuria, azotemia, and kidney fibrosis compared with G2APOL1 mice. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting NLRP3, GSDMD, and STING, we treated mice with MCC950, disulfiram, and C176, potent and selective inhibitors of NLRP3, GSDMD, and STING, respectively. G2APOL1 mice treated with MCC950, disulfiram, and C176 showed lower albuminuria and improved kidney function even when inhibitor treatment was initiated after the development of albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Archana Raman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Wahba
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J Seasock
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pazit Beckerman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew B Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay J Kuo
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven S Pullen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Kalantar K, Manzano-Román R, Ghani E, Mansouri R, Hatam G, Nguewa P, Rashidi S. Leishmanial apolipoprotein A-I expression: a possible strategy used by the parasite to evade the host's immune response. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:607-613. [PMID: 33998267 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) represents the main component of the Trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) which contributes to the host innate immunity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. These parasites use complex and multiple strategies such as molecular mimicry to evade or subvert the host immune system. Previous studies have highlighted the adaptation mechanisms of TLF-resistant Trypanosoma species. These data might support the hypothesis that Leishmania parasites (amastigote forms in macrophages) might express apo A-I to bypass and escape from TLF action as a component of the host innate immune responses. The anti-inflammatory property of apo A-I is another mechanism that supports our idea that apo A-I may play a role in Leishmania parasites allowing them to bypass the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Esmaeel Ghani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/ Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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6
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Davidson WS, Cooke AL, Swertfeger DK, Shah AS. The Difference Between High Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Subspecies: an Evolving Model in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:23. [PMID: 33772657 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The term high density lipoproteins (HDL) refers to an eclectic collection of subparticles that play diverse roles in physiology. Here, we define the term "HDL subspecies" and review recent work on their molecular characterization and relation to disease, focusing on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The HDL family contains over 200 proteins and nearly 200 lipids that partition into different particles in plasma. Simple subfractionation of HDL based on a particular physicochemical property has not risen to the challenge of revealing the roles of specific particles in disease. However, by targeting minor protein or lipid components, a handful of compositionally defined HDL subspecies have been described and characterized. By combining targeted particle isolation techniques with the power of large human studies, progress is being made in understanding HDL subspecies functions and implications for disease. However, much work remains before these advancements can be translated into disease mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | | | - Debi K Swertfeger
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Amy S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
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7
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Chidiac M, Daher J, Boeckstaens M, Poelvoorde P, Badran B, Marini AM, Khalaf R, Vanhamme L. Human apolipoprotein L1 interferes with mitochondrial function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1910-1920. [PMID: 32583004 PMCID: PMC7411449 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the vertebrate apolipoprotein L (APOL) family has not previously been ascribed to any definite pathophysiological function, although the conserved BH3 protein domain suggests a role in programmed cell death or an interference with mitochondrial processes. In the present study, the human APOL1 was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to determine the molecular action of APOL1. APOL1 inhibited cell proliferation in a non-fermentable carbon source, such as glycerol, while it had no effect on proliferation in fermentable carbon sources, such as galactose. APOL1, expressed in yeast, is localized in the mitochondrial fraction, as determined via western blotting. APOL1 induced a loss of mitochondrial function, demonstrated by a loss of respiratory index, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Green fluorescent protein tagging of mitochondrial protein revealed that APOL1 was associated with abnormal mitochondrial and lysosomal morphologies, observed by a loss of the normal mitochondrial tubular network. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that APOL1 could be a physiological regulator of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chidiac
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jalil Daher
- Department of Biology, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, P.O. Box 6573, Hadath‑Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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8
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Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S. Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2253. [PMID: 30333827 PMCID: PMC6175991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Deleeuw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joar Pinto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
The association of variants in the APOL1 gene, which encodes apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), with progressive nondiabetic kidney diseases in African Americans has prompted intense investigation into the function(s) of APOL1. APOL1 is an innate immune effector that protects human beings from infection by some trypanosomal parasites. We review the data characterizing APOL1 trypanolytic function, which has been a basis for studies of APOL1 function in mammalian cells. Subsequently, we discuss the studies that use animal models, mammalian cell culture models, and kidney biopsy tissue to discover the mechanisms of variant APOL1-associated kidney diseases.
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10
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APOL1: The Balance Imposed by Infection, Selection, and Kidney Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:682-695. [PMID: 29886044 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects millions of people and constitutes a major health and financial burden worldwide. People of African descent are at an increased risk of developing kidney disease, which is mostly explained by two variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene that are found only in people of west African origin. It is hypothesized that these variants were genetically selected due to the protection they afford against African sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Targeting mutant APOL1 could have substantial therapeutic potential for treating kidney disease. In this review, we will describe the intriguing interplay between microbiology, genetics, and kidney disease as revealed in APOL1-associated kidney disease, discuss APOL1-induced cytotoxicity and its therapeutic implications.
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11
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Martínez-García M, Bart JM, Campos-Salinas J, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, González-Rey E, Navarro M, Maqueda M, Cebrián R, Pérez-Victoria JM. Autophagic-related cell death of Trypanosoma brucei induced by bacteriocin AS-48. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:203-212. [PMID: 29649664 PMCID: PMC6039360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and nagana. Current drug therapies have limited efficacy, high toxicity and/or are continually hampered by the appearance of resistance. Antimicrobial peptides have recently attracted attention as potential parasiticidal compounds. Here, we explore circular bacteriocin AS-48's ability to kill clinically relevant bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense and T. brucei brucei. AS-48 exhibited excellent anti-trypanosomal activity in vitro (EC50 = 1–3 nM) against the three T. brucei subspecies, but it was innocuous to human cells at 104-fold higher concentrations. In contrast to its antibacterial action, AS-48 does not kill the parasite through plasma membrane permeabilization but by targeting intracellular compartments. This was evidenced by the fact that vital dye internalization-prohibiting concentrations of AS-48 could kill the parasite at 37 °C but not at 4 °C. Furthermore, AS-48 interacted with the surface of the parasite, at least in part via VSG, its uptake was temperature-dependent and clathrin-depleted cells were less permissive to the action of AS-48. The bacteriocin also caused the appearance of myelin-like structures and double-membrane autophagic vacuoles. These changes in the parasite's ultrastructure were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy as AS-48 induced the production of EGFP-ATG8.2-labeled autophagosomes. Collectively, these results indicate AS-48 kills the parasite through a mechanism involving clathrin-mediated endocytosis of VSG-bound AS-48 and the induction of autophagic-like cell death. As AS-48 has greater in vitro activity than the drugs currently used to treat T. brucei infection and does not present any signs of toxicity in mammalian cells, it could be an attractive lead compound for the treatment of sleeping sickness and nagana. AS-48 kills Trypanosoma brucei efficiently and is innocuous in mammalian cells. It has greater in vitro activity than drugs currently in use. AS-48 must be internalized by the parasite in order to exert its trypanocidal effect. AS-48 uptake involves VSG binding and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. AS-48 induces an autophagic-related cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-García
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; UMR INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena González-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Cebrián
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.
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12
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The structure of serum resistance-associated protein and its implications for human African trypanosomiasis. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:295-301. [PMID: 29358741 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Only two trypanosome subspecies are able to cause human African trypanosomiasis. To establish an infection in human blood, they must overcome the innate immune system by resisting the toxic effects of trypanolytic factor 1 and trypanolytic factor 2 (refs. 1,2). These lipoprotein complexes contain an active, pore-forming component, apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1), that causes trypanosome cell death 3 . One of the two human-infective subspecies, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, differs from non-infective trypanosomes solely by the presence of the serum resistance-associated protein, which binds directly to ApoL1 and blocks its pore-forming capacity3-5. Since this interaction is the single critical event that renders T. b. rhodesiense human- infective, detailed structural information that allows identification of binding determinants is crucial to understand immune escape by the parasite. Here, we present the structure of serum resistance-associated protein and reveal the adaptations that occurred as it diverged from other trypanosome surface molecules to neutralize ApoL1. We also present our mapping of residues important for ApoL1 binding, giving molecular insight into this interaction at the heart of human sleeping sickness.
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13
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O'Toole JF, Schilling W, Kunze D, Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Gu Y, Luo L, Wu Z, Bruggeman LA, Sedor JR. ApoL1 Overexpression Drives Variant-Independent Cytotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:869-879. [PMID: 29180397 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016121322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding variants in the APOL1 gene are associated with kidney diseases in African ancestral populations; yet, the underlying biologic mechanisms remain uncertain. Variant-dependent autophagic and cytotoxic cell death have been proposed as pathogenic pathways mediating kidney injury. To examine this possibility, we conditionally expressed APOL1-G0 (reference), -G1, and -G2 (variants) using a tetracycline-regulated system in HEK293 cells. Autophagy was monitored biochemically and cell death was measured using multiple assays. We measured intracellular Na+ and K+ content with atomic absorption spectroscopy and APOL1-dependent currents with whole-cell patch clamping. Neither reference nor variant APOL1s induced autophagy. At high expression levels, APOL1-G0, -G1, and -G2 inserted into the plasma membrane and formed pH-sensitive cation channels, causing collapse of cellular Na+ and K+ gradients, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cell death, without variant-dependent differences. APOL1-G0 and -G2 exhibited similar channel properties in whole-cell patch clamp experiments. At low expression levels, neither reference nor variant APOL1s localized on the plasma membrane, Na+ and K+ gradients were maintained, and cells remained viable. Our results indicate that APOL1-mediated pore formation is critical for the trypanolytic activity of APOL1 and drives APOL1-mediated cytotoxicity in overexpression systems. The absence of cytotoxicity at physiologic expression levels suggests variant-dependent intracellular K+ loss and cytotoxicity does not drive kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F O'Toole
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - William Schilling
- Rammelkamp Center, MetroHealth System.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Yaping Gu
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Kruzel-Davila E, Wasser WG, Skorecki K. APOL1 Nephropathy: A Population Genetics and Evolutionary Medicine Detective Story. Semin Nephrol 2017; 37:490-507. [PMID: 29110756 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Common DNA sequence variants rarely have a high-risk association with a common disease. When such associations do occur, evolutionary forces must be sought, such as in the association of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene risk variants with nondiabetic kidney diseases in populations of African ancestry. The variants originated in West Africa and provided pathogenic resistance in the heterozygous state that led to high allele frequencies owing to an adaptive evolutionary selective sweep. However, the homozygous state is disadvantageous and is associated with a markedly increased risk of a spectrum of kidney diseases encompassing hypertension-attributed kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy, sickle cell nephropathy, and progressive lupus nephritis. This scientific success story emerged with the help of the tools developed over the past 2 decades in human genome sequencing and population genomic databases. In this introductory article to a timely issue dedicated to illuminating progress in this area, we describe this unique population genetics and evolutionary medicine detective story. We emphasize the paradox of the inheritance mode, the missing heritability, and unresolved associations, including cardiovascular risk and diabetic nephropathy. We also highlight how genetic epidemiology elucidates mechanisms and how the principles of evolution can be used to unravel conserved pathways affected by APOL1 that may lead to novel therapies. The APOL1 gene provides a compelling example of a common variant association with common forms of nondiabetic kidney disease occurring in a continental population isolate with subsequent global admixture. Scientific collaboration using multiple experimental model systems and approaches should further clarify pathomechanisms further, leading to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter G Wasser
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Nephrology, Mayanei HaYeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Fontaine F, Lecordier L, Vanwalleghem G, Uzureau P, Van Reet N, Fontaine M, Tebabi P, Vanhollebeke B, Büscher P, Pérez-Morga D, Pays E. APOLs with low pH dependence can kill all African trypanosomes. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:1500-1506. [PMID: 28924146 PMCID: PMC5660622 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The primate-specific serum protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is the only secreted member of a family of cell death promoting proteins 1-4 . APOL1 kills the bloodstream parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei, but not the human sleeping sickness agents T.b. rhodesiense and T.b. gambiense 3 . We considered the possibility that intracellular members of the APOL1 family, against which extracellular trypanosomes could not have evolved resistance, could kill pathogenic T. brucei subspecies. Here we show that recombinant APOL3 (rAPOL3) kills all African trypanosomes, including T.b. rhodesiense, T.b. gambiense and the animal pathogens Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. However, rAPOL3 did not kill more distant trypanosomes such as Trypanosoma theileri or Trypanosoma cruzi. This trypanolytic potential was partially shared by rAPOL1 from Papio papio (rPpAPOL1). The differential killing ability of rAPOL3 and rAPOL1 was associated with a distinct dependence on acidic pH for activity. Due both to its instability and toxicity when injected into mice, rAPOL3 cannot be used for the treatment of infection, but an experimental rPpAPOL1 mutant inspired by APOL3 exhibited enhanced trypanolytic activity in vitro and the ability to completely inhibit T.b. gambiense infection in mice. We conclude that pH dependence influences the trypanolytic potential of rAPOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fontaine
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vanwalleghem
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale (ULB222), Hôpital André Vésale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 706, route de Gozée, B-6110, Montigny le Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155, Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Martina Fontaine
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155, Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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16
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Bruggeman LA, O'Toole JF, Sedor JR. Identifying the Intracellular Function of APOL1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1008-1011. [PMID: 28196842 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John R Sedor
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and.,Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Friedman DJ, Pollak MR. Apolipoprotein L1 and Kidney Disease in African Americans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:204-215. [PMID: 26947522 PMCID: PMC4811340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene cause high rates of kidney disease in African Americans. These variants, found only in individuals with recent African ancestry, confer enhanced innate immunity against African trypanosomes. Although they are among the most powerful disease-causing common variants discovered to date, we are just beginning to understand how they promote kidney injury. Since APOL1 is present in only a few primate species, much of our current knowledge has come from natural experiments in humans and in vitro studies while awaiting the development of transgenic animal models. Understanding more about the function of ApoL1 and how the high-risk variants behave differently from other ApoL1 molecules is a high priority in kidney disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Friedman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN301, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0253
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN325E, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0461
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18
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Sharma AK, Friedman DJ, Pollak MR, Alper SL. Structural characterization of the C-terminal coiled-coil domains of wild-type and kidney disease-associated mutants of apolipoprotein L1. FEBS J 2016; 283:1846-62. [PMID: 26945671 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness endocytose apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1)-containing trypanolytic factors from human serum, leading to trypanolytic death through generation of APOL1-associated lytic pores in trypanosomal membranes. The trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense counteracts trypanolysis by expressing the surface protein serum response-associated (SRA), which can bind APOL1 common variant G0 to block its trypanolytic activity. However, two missense variants in the C terminal predicted coiled-coil (CC) domains of human APOL1 G1 (S342G/I384M) and G2 (ΔN388Y389) decrease or abrogate APOL1 binding to T. brucei rhodesiense SRA, thus preserving APOL1 trypanolytic activity. These evolutionarily selected APOL1 missense variants, found at a high frequency in some populations of African descent, also confer elevated risk of kidney disease. Understanding the SRA-APOL1 interaction and the role of APOL1 G1 and G2 variants in kidney disease demands structural characterization of the APOL1 CC domain. Using CD, heteronuclear NMR, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on structural homology models, we report here unique and dynamic solution conformations of nephropathy variants G1 and G2 as compared with the common variant G0. Conformational plasticity in G1 and G2 CC domains led to interhelical α1-α2 approximation coupled with secondary structural changes and delimited motional properties absent in the G0 CC domain. The G1 substitutions conferred local structural changes principally along helix α1, whereas the G2 deletion altered the structure of both helix α2 and helix α1. These dynamic features of APOL1 CC variants likely reflect their intrinsic structural properties, and should help interpret future APOL1 structural studies and define the contribution of APOL1 risk variants to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Sharma
- Nephrology Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Friedman
- Nephrology Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Nephrology Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Nephrology Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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