Fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome in the workplace

The increase of long noncoding RNA Fendrr in hepatocytes contributes to liver fibrosis by promoting IL-6 production

Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis is a pathological state caused by excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Sustained activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is the predominant cause of liver fibrosis, but the detailed mechanism is far from clear. In this study, we found that long noncoding RNA Fendrr is exclusively increased in hepatocytes in the murine model of CCl4- and bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis, as well as in the biopsies of liver cirrhosis patients. In vivo, ectopic expression of Fendrr aggravated the severity of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. In contrast, inhibiting Fendrr blockaded the activation of HSC and ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Our mechanistic study showed that Fendrr binds to STAT2 and enhances its enrichment in the nucleus, which then promote the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), and, ultimately, activates HSC in a paracrine manner. Accordingly, disrupting the interaction between Fendrr and STAT2 by ectopic expression of a STAT2 mutant attenuated the profibrotic response inspired by Fendrr in the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Notably, the increase of Fendrr in patient fibrotic liver is positively correlated with the severity of fibrosis and the expression of IL-6. Meanwhile, hepatic IL-6 positively correlates with the extent of liver fibrosis and HSC activation as well, thus suggesting a causative role of Fendrr in HSC activation and liver fibrosis. In conclusion, these observations identify an important regulatory cross talk between hepatocyte Fendrr and HSC activation in the progression of liver fibrosis, which might represent a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention.

The role of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory networks in liver fibrosis

In the dynamic realm of molecular biology and biomedical research, the significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) continues to grow, encompassing a broad spectrum of both physiological and pathological conditions. Particularly noteworthy is their pivotal role in the intricate series of events leading to the development of hepatic fibrosis, where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role. Recent strides in scientific exploration have unveiled the intricate involvement of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in orchestrating the activation of HSCs. This not only deepens our comprehension of the functioning of proteins, DNA, and the extensive array of coding and noncoding RNAs but also sheds light on the intricate molecular interactions among these molecules. Furthermore, the well-established ceRNA networks, involving classical interactions between lncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs), are not mere bystanders; they actively participate in instigating and advancing liver fibrosis. This underscores the pressing need for additional thorough research to fully grasp the potential of ceRNA. The unyielding pursuit of knowledge in this field remains a potent driving force with the capacity to enhance the quality of life for numerous individuals grappling with such diseases. It holds the promise of ushering in a new era of precision medicine, signifying a relentless dedication to unraveling the intricacies of molecular interactions that could pave the way for transformative advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in HSCs

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Fibrosis is the common end point for all forms of chronic liver injury, and the progression of fibrosis leads to the development of end-stage liver disease. Activation of HSCs and their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins that form the fibrotic scar. Long noncoding RNAs regulate the activity of HSCs and provide targets for fibrotic therapies.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

We identified long noncoding RNA TILAM located near COL1A1 , expressed in HSCs, and induced with liver fibrosis in humans and mice. Loss-of-function studies in human HSCs and human liver organoids revealed that TILAM regulates the expression of COL1A1 and other extracellular matrix genes. To determine the role of TILAM in vivo, we annotated the mouse ortholog ( Tilam ), generated Tilam- deficient green fluorescent protein-reporter mice, and challenged these mice in 2 different models of liver fibrosis. Single-cell data and analysis of single-data and analysis of Tilam-deficient reporter mice revealed that Tilam is induced in murine HSCs with the development of fibrosis in vivo. Tilam -deficient reporter mice revealed that Tilam is induced in murine HSCs with the development of fibrosis in vivo. Furthermore, loss of Tilam expression attenuated the development of fibrosis in the setting of in vivo liver injury. Finally, we found that TILAM interacts with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to regulate a feedback loop by which TGF-β2 reinforces TILAM expression and nuclear localization of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to promote the fibrotic activity of HSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

TILAM is activated in HSCs with liver injury and interacts with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to drive the development of fibrosis. Depletion of TILAM may serve as a therapeutic approach to combat the development of end-stage liver disease.

Liver fibrosis pathologies and potentials of RNA based therapeutics modalities

Liver fibrosis (LF) occurs when the liver tissue responds to injury or inflammation by producing excessive amounts of scar tissue, known as the extracellular matrix. This buildup stiffens the liver tissue, hinders blood flow, and ultimately impairs liver function. Various factors can trigger this process, including bloodborne pathogens, genetic predisposition, alcohol abuse, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While some existing small-molecule therapies offer limited benefits, there is a pressing need for more effective treatments that can truly cure LF. RNA therapeutics have emerged as a promising approach, as they can potentially downregulate cytokine levels in cells responsible for liver fibrosis. Researchers are actively exploring various RNA-based therapeutics, such as mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and oligonucleotides, to assess their efficacy in animal models. Furthermore, targeted drug delivery systems hold immense potential in this field. By utilizing lipid nanoparticles, exosomes, nanocomplexes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, researchers aim to deliver therapeutic agents directly to specific biomarkers or cytokines within the fibrotic liver, increasing their effectiveness and reducing side effects. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of liver fibrosis, its underlying causes, and the promising potential of RNA-based therapeutics and targeted delivery systems. Continued research in these areas could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment options for LF patients.

LncRNA SNHG11 reprograms glutaminolysis in hepatic stellate cells via Wnt/β-catenin/GLS axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as decisive regulators of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), major hepatic cells contributing to liver fibrosis, undergo metabolic reprogramming for transdifferentiation and activation maintenance. As a crucial part of metabolic reprogramming, glutaminolysis fuels the tricyclic acid (TCA) cycle that renders HSCs addicted to glutamine. However, how lncRNAs reprogram glutamine metabolism in HSCs is unknown. For this research, we characterized the pro-fibrogenic function of small nucleolar host gene 11 (SNHG11). Our data showed that in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 7 μL/g, intraperitoneally) treated C57BL/6J mice, SNHG11 expression was highly up-regulated in fibrotic livers and activated primary HSCs. SNHG11 knockdown attenuated the accumulation of fibrotic markers α-SMA and Col1A1 in liver fibrosis tissues and activated HSCs. Western blot and qRT-PCR assays demonstrated that glutaminase (GLS), the rate-limiting enzyme for glutaminolysis, was a downstream target of SNHG11. Furthermore, SNHG11 upregulated glutaminolysis in HSCs through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The results highlighted that SNHG11 is a glutaminolysis-regulated lncRNA that promotes liver fibrosis. A novel insight into the metabolic mechanism that reprograms glutaminolysis in HSCs could be exploited as anti-fibrotic targets.

Circular RNA cVIM promotes hepatic stellate cell activation in liver fibrosis via miR-122-5p/miR-9-5p-mediated TGF-β signaling cascade

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is considered as a central driver of liver fibrosis and effective suppression of HSC activation contributes to the treatment of liver fibrosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to be important in tumor progression. However, the contributions of circRNAs in liver fibrosis remain largely unclear. The liver fibrosis-specific circRNA was explored by a circRNA microarray and cVIM (a circRNA derived from exons 4 to 8 of the vimentin gene mmu_circ_32994) was selected as the research object. Further studies revealed that cVIM, mainly expressed in the cytoplasm, may act as a sponge for miR-122-5p and miR-9-5p to enhance expression of type I TGF-β receptor (TGFBR1) and TGFBR2 and promotes activation of the TGF-β/Smad pathway, thereby accelerating the progression of liver fibrosis. Our results demonstrate a vital role for cVIM in promoting liver fibrosis progression and provide a fresh perspective on circRNAs in liver fibrosis.

Inhibitory effect of microRNA-21 on pathways and mechanisms involved in cardiac fibrosis development

Cardiac fibrosis is a pivotal cardiovascular disease (CVD) process and represents a notable health concern worldwide. While the complex mechanisms underlying CVD have been widely investigated, recent research has highlighted microRNA-21's (miR-21) role in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we explore the molecular interactions, focusing on the role of miR-21 in contributing to cardiac fibrosis. Various signaling pathways, such as the RAAS, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1, ERK, PI3K-Akt, and PTEN pathways, besides dysregulation in fibroblast activity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of MMPs cause cardiac fibrosis. Besides, miR-21 in growth factor secretion, apoptosis, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition play crucial roles. miR-21 capacity regulatory function presents promising insights for cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, this review discusses numerous approaches to control miR-21 expression, including antisense oligonucleotides, anti-miR-21 compounds, and Notch signaling modulation, all novel methods of cardiac fibrosis inhibition. In summary, this narrative review aims to assess the molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and its essential miR-21 function.

Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 inhibits liver fibrogenesis in biliary atresia by interacting with microRNA-222 and repressing IGF1/AKT signaling

Background

Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 (lncRNA GAS5) has been shown to inhibit liver fibrosis through serving as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA-222 (miR-222). Progressive liver fibrosis is a typical characteristic of biliary atresia (BA). However, the role of GAS5/miR-222 and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown in BA.

Methods

The expression of GAS5 was determined in the liver and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) of BA patients. Then, the effects of GAS5 on the activation and proliferation of HSCs were evaluated. Furthermore, the interaction between GAS5 and miR-222 was investigated by a luciferase gene report assay. Next, the effects of IGF1/AKT signaling were determined to clarify the downstream mechanism of GAS5. Finally, GAS5 administration was performed to explore its role in an experimental BA mouse model.

Results

GAS5 expression was decreased in liver tissues and HSCs of BA patients, and was inversely correlated with liver fibrosis in BA. Up-regulation of GAS5 in LX-2 cells significantly reduced smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1a1 (COL1A1) expression, inhibited cell proliferation and clone formation ability, induced S phase increase, and promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, GAS5 was negatively regulated by miR-222, which promoted HSCs activation and proliferation, and was positively correlated with liver fibrosis in BA. Additionally, the expressions of IGF1, p-PI3K, and p-AKT were decreased when LX-2 cells over-expressed GAS5, whereas knockdown of IGF1 or AKT significantly decreased α-SMA and COL1A1 expression, suppressed cell proliferation, and enhanced cell apoptosis in LX-2 cells. Furthermore, GAS5 administration significantly increased apoptosis and reduced liver fibrosis, α-SMA and COL1A1 expressions in liver tissues of BA mice.

Conclusions

GAS5 inhibited liver fibrosis in BA by interacting with miR-222 and regulating IGF1/AKT signaling, which may be a therapeutic target to alleviate liver fibrosis in BA.

TUG1 protects against ferroptosis of hepatic stellate cells by upregulating PDK4-mediated glycolysis

The induction of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) has shown promise in reversing liver fibrosis. And ferroptosis has been confirmed to be associated with glycolysis. The objective of this study is to determine whether ferroptosis inhibition in HSCs, induced by elevation of recombinant pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4)-mediated glycolysis, could mediate the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced using CCl4, the level of which was assessed through histochemical staining. Lentivirus was used to modulate the expression of specific genes. And underlying mechanisms were explored using primary HSCs extracted from normal mice. The results confirmed that Taurine up-regulated gene 1 (TUG1) expression was upregulated in liver fibrotic tissues and HSCs, showing a positive correlation with fibrosis. In addition, TUG1 attenuated ferroptosis in HSCs by promoting PDK4-mediated glycolysis, thereby promoting the progression of liver fibrosis. Moreover, TUG1 was observed to impact HSCs activation, exacerbating liver fibrosis to some extent. In conclusion, our study revealed that TUG1 expression was elevated in mouse models of liver fibrosis and activated HSCs, which inhibited ferroptosis in HSCs through PDK4-mediated glycolysis. This finding may open up a new therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.

GAS5-inhibited hepatocyte pyroptosis contributes to hepatic stellate cell inactivation via microRNA-684 and AHR

Hepatocyte pyroptosis has been shown to be involved in liver damage progression. Previously, we found that growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) is a regulator of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. However, whether GAS5 plays a role in hepatocyte pyroptosis remains unclear. In this study, reduced GAS5 was shown in CCl₄-treated mice and restoration of GAS5-inhibited liver fibrosis in vivo. Hepatocyte pyroptosis participated in the effects of GAS5-inhibited liver fibrosis, associated with reduced caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β (hepatocyte pyroptosis markers). Notably, AHR expression, a suppressor of NLRP3, was enhanced by GAS5. Silencing AHR inhibited GAS5-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis. GAS5 and AHR were targets of microRNA-684 (miR-684). In addition, the effects of GAS5 on hepatocyte pyroptosis could be inhibited by miR-684. Interestingly, GAS5-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis contributed to HSC inactivation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GAS5 inhibits hepatocyte pyroptosis and HSC activation, at least in part, via regulation of miR-684 and AHR.

Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in hepatic stellate cells

Background & Aims

Fibrosis is the common endpoint for all forms of chronic liver injury, and progression of fibrosis leads to the development of end-stage liver disease. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that form the fibrotic scar. Long noncoding (lnc) RNAs regulate the activity of HSCs and may provide targets for fibrotic therapies.

Methods

We identified lncRNA TILAM as expressed near COL1A1 in human HSCs and performed loss-of-function studies in human HSCs and liver organoids. Transcriptomic analyses of HSCs isolated from mice defined the murine ortholog of TILAM . We then generated Tilam -deficient GFP reporter mice and quantified fibrotic responses to carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and choline-deficient L-amino acid defined high fat diet (CDA-HFD). Co-precipitation studies, mass spectrometry, and gene expression analyses identified protein partners of TILAM .

Results

TILAM is conserved between human and mouse HSCs and regulates expression of ECM proteins, including collagen. Tilam is selectively induced in HSCs during the development of fibrosis in vivo . In both male and female mice, loss of Tilam results in reduced fibrosis in the setting of CCl 4 and CDA-HFD injury models. TILAM interacts with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) to stabilize PML protein levels and promote the fibrotic activity of HSCs.

Conclusion

TILAM is activated in HSCs and interacts with PML to drive the development of liver fibrosis. Depletion of TILAM may serve as a therapeutic approach to combat the development of end stage liver disease.

Dysregulation of murine long noncoding single-cell transcriptome in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis

LncRNAs comprise a heterogeneous class of RNA-encoding genes typified by low expression, nuclear enrichment, high tissue-specificity, and functional diversity, but the vast majority remain uncharacterized. Here, we assembled the mouse liver noncoding transcriptome from >2000 bulk RNA-seq samples and discovered 48,261 liver-expressed lncRNAs, a majority novel. Using these lncRNAs as a single-cell transcriptomic reference set, we elucidated lncRNA dysregulation in mouse models of high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Trajectory inference analysis revealed lncRNA zonation patterns across the liver lobule in each major liver cell population. Perturbations in lncRNA expression and zonation were common in several disease-associated liver cell types, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated macrophages, a hallmark of fatty liver disease progression, and collagen-producing myofibroblasts, a central feature of liver fibrosis. Single-cell-based gene regulatory network analysis using bigSCale2 linked individual lncRNAs to specific biological pathways, and network-essential regulatory lncRNAs with disease-associated functions were identified by their high network centrality metrics. For a subset of these lncRNAs, promoter sequences of the network-defined lncRNA target genes were significantly enriched for lncRNA triplex formation, providing independent mechanistic support for the lncRNA-target gene linkages predicted by the gene regulatory networks. These findings elucidate liver lncRNA cell-type specificities, spatial zonation patterns, associated regulatory networks, and temporal patterns of dysregulation during hepatic disease progression. A subset of the liver disease-associated regulatory lncRNAs identified have human orthologs and are promising candidates for biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

GAS5 protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via miR-28a-5p/MARCH7/NLRP3 axis-mediated pyroptosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-regulated pyroptosis in NAFLD development remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether NAFLD development is controlled by lncRNA growth-arrest specific transcript 5 (GAS5)/miR-28a-5p/membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 7 (MARCH7)-mediated pyroptosis using in vivo and in vitro models. First, GAS5 expression was decreased but miR-28a-5p expression was increased in the livers of NAFLD patients, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and leptin-deficient obese (Ob/Ob) mice. Furthermore, GAS5 suppressed while miR-28a-5p promoted NAFLD development, and overexpression of miR-28a-5p reversed the GAS5 overexpression-induced attenuation of NAFLD. Mechanistically, GAS5 served as a sponge of miR-28a-5p, and miR-28a-5p enhanced pyroptosis by targeting the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the E3 ligase MARCH7 during NAFLD development. MARCH7 interacted with the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) protein, resulting in proteasomal degradation of NLRP3 to inhibit pyroptosis. As expected, MARCH7 knockdown abolished the miR-28a-5p knockdown-induced inhibition of NAFLD development, and the ubiquitin E3 ligase-inactive mutant (W589A/I556A) of MARCH7 failed to inhibit NAFLD development. In conclusion, GAS5 protected against NAFLD development by binding to miR-28a-5p, miR-28a-5p promoted NAFLD development by targeting MARCH7, and MARCH7 ameliorated NAFLD by suppressing NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. The GAS5/miR-28a-5p/MARCH7/NLRP3 axis plays an important role in NAFLD progression, and it might be a biomarker for NAFLD.

LncRNA and circRNA in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Early identification and prompt treatment are critical to optimize patient management and improve long-term prognosis. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) are recently emerging non-coding RNAs, and are highly stable and easily detected in the circulation, representing a promising non-invasive approach for predicting NAFLD. A literature search of the Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed and 36 eligible studies were retrieved, including 18 on NAFLD, 13 on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 11 on fibrosis and/or cirrhosis. Dynamic changes in lncRNA expression were associated with the occurrence and progression of NAFLD, among which lncRNA NEAT1, MEG3, and MALAT1 exhibited great potential as biomarkers for NAFLD. Moreover, mitochondria-located circRNA SCAR can drive metaflammation and its inhibition might be a promising therapeutic target for NASH. In this systematic review, we highlight the great potential of lncRNA/circRNA for early diagnosis and progression assessment of NAFLD. To further verify their clinical value, large-cohort studies incorporating lncRNA and circRNA expression both in liver tissue and blood should be conducted. Additionally, detailed studies on the functional mechanisms of NEAT1, MEG3, and MALAT1 will be essential for elucidating their roles in diagnosing and treating NAFLD, NASH, and fibrosis.

The function of long non-coding RNA in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a disease that is currently prevalent in the world, increasingly becoming the mainstay of liver diseases. And its prevalence is rapidly increasing, but its pathogenesis is not entirely understood. Long non-coding RNAs have increasingly gained attention as science has progressed in recent years. Studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs are involved in a variety of biological processes in vivo, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and can affect disease by regulating gene expression. This review explores the biological processes involving long non-coding RNAs, including lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, liver fibrosis, and apoptosis. In addition, we summarize how the different long non-coding RNAs involved in each process function. Finally, the shortcomings of long non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets are briefly described. In conclusion, this article provides a clear visualization of the link that exists between long non-coding RNAs and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The Fibrotic Effects of LINC00663 in Human Hepatic Stellate LX-2 Cells and in Bile Duct-Ligated Cholestasis Mice Are Mediated through the Splicing Factor 2-Fibronectin

Hepatic fibrosis can develop into cirrhosis or even cancer without active therapy at an early stage. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be involved in the regulation of a wide variety of important biological processes. However, lncRNA mechanism(s) involved in cholestatic liver fibrosis remain unclear. RNA sequence data of hepatic stellate cells from bile duct ligation (BDL) mice or controls were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Based on WGCNA analysis, a competing endogenous RNA network was constructed. We identified LINC00663 and evaluated its function using a panel of assays, including a wound healing assay, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Functional research showed that LINC00663 promoted the activation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of LX-2 cells and liver fibrosis in BDL mice. Mechanistically, LINC00663 regulated splicing factor 2 (SF2)-fibronectin (FN) alternative splicing through the sponging of hsa-miR-3916. Moreover, forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) specifically interacted with the promoter of LINC00663. In summary, we elaborated the fibrotic effects of LINC00663 in human hepatic stellate LX-2 cells and in bile duct-ligated cholestasis mice. We established a FOXA1/LINC00663/hsa-miR-3916/SF2-FN axis that provided a potential target for the diagnosis and targeted therapy of cholestatic liver fibrosis.

Phthalate promotes atherosclerosis through interacting with long-non coding RNA and induces macrophage foam cell formation and vascular smooth muscle damage

BACKGROUND

Phthalates are commonly used in variety of plastic products. Previously it has been revealed that di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as the most common member of the class of phthalates, may disturb cholesterol homeostasis and deregulate the inflammatory response, and leading to accelerate the atherosclerosis process. In this regard, the aim of the current study is to explore the underlying mechanism of DEHP-induced atherosclerosis through the increasing of foam cell formation and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) damage via the interaction of long-non coding RNA (GAS5) and miR-145-5p.

METHODS

ApoE^-/- mice were used to evaluate the in vivo study. RAW264.7 and VSMCs were used to evaluate the effect of DEHP on formation of foam cell, cell proliferation, and cell damage in vitro. Animals were treated with DEHP (5% w/w of food) orally and cells were treated with medium containing of 100 μM DEHP; qRT-PCR, Western blotting, flowcytometry, IHC, oil red O, BODIPY, and autophagic vacuoles assay were used to evaluate the effect of DEHP on formation of atherosclerosis.

RESULTS

DEHP significantly accelerated the formation of atherosclerosis in mice and alter the lipid profile in mice. In addition, after treating VSMCs with DEHP, GAS5 was significantly up-regulated and miR-145-5p was down-regulated. In VSMCs treated with DEHP, we observed that GAS5 could be used as the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-145-5p to regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs; and the expression of GAS5 was correlated with the expression of miR-145-5p. DEHP increased the ox-LDL uptake by macrophage and increasing the formation of foam cells. Besides, GAS5 knocking down reversed the effect of DEHP on foam cell formation and ox-LDL uptake.

CONCLUSION

DEHP could accelerate the atherosclerosis process through increasing VSMCs damage and formation of macrophage foam cell by increasing lipid uptake though down regulating lncRNA GAS5 and altering in regulation of miR-145-5p.

Serum non-coding RNAs for diagnosis and stage of liver fibrosis

Background

All chronic liver diseases could lead to liver fibrosis. Accurate diagnosis and stage of fibrosis were important for the medical determination, management, and therapy. Liver biopsy was considered to be the gold criteria of fibrosis diagnosis. However, liver biopsy was an invasive method with some drawbacks. Non‐invasive tests for liver fibrosis included radiologic method and serum‐based test. Radiologic examination was influenced by obesity, cost, and availability. Serum‐based test was widely used in the screening and diagnostic of liver fibrosis. However, the accuracy was still needed to be improved.

Methods

Recent studies showed serum non‐coding RNAs: microRNA, long non‐coding RNA(lncRNA), and circular RNA(circRNA), which have the potentiality to be non‐invasive markers for liver fibrosis. The recent progress was summarized in this review.

Results

These studies showed serum non‐coding RNAs exerted a good diagnostic performance for liver fibrosis. A panel that included several non‐coding RNAs could increase the accuracy of single marker.

Conclusions

Serum microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs could be potential non‐invasive markers for diagnosis and stage of liver fibrosis. More high‐quality clinical study is needed for further research.

LncRNA MALAT1 from human adipose-derived stem cell exosomes accelerates wound healing via miR-378a/FGF2 axis

Aim: The effects of MALAT1 from human adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) exosomes in skin wound healing were investigated. Material & methods: The viability, apoptosis and migration ability of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and scratch assay, respectively. A mouse model was established to evaluate the role of exosomal MALAT1 in skin wound healing in vivo. Results: Human ADSC exosomes promoted the proliferation and migration of HSFs and increased MALAT1 expression. MALAT1 silencing in human ADSCs inhibited HSF viability and migration, promoted HSF apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis by upregulating miR-378a. Overexpression of miR-378a inhibited the migration and proliferation of HSFs by downregulating FGF2 expression. ADSC exosomes promoted skin wound healing by mediating MALAT1 in vivo. Conclusion: Exosomal MALAT1 accelerated skin wound healing by regulating the miR-378a/FGF2 axis, suggesting that MALAT1 might be used as a potential target for cutaneous wound treatment.

Gas5 inhibition promotes the axon regeneration in the adult mammalian nervous system

Neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have robust regenerative capacity after axon injury, but the regenerative capacity is generally absent in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) in mammals. Increasing evidence highlighted the pivotal roles of long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in development and disease, but the role of LncRNA in triggering the regenerative capacity in CNS and PNS is not well studied. Here, we reported that lncRNA Gas5 is a suppressor for axon regeneration. Bioinformatics analysis shows that Gas5 is age-dependent up-regulated during DRG neurons development and down-regulated after sciatic nerve injury. In vitro, inhibiting the expression of Gas5 promotes the neurite growth of DRG neurons both in mice and rats. Consistently, Gas5 overexpression inhibits axon growth of mice DRG neurons. In vivo, Gas5 knockout(Gas5-/-) mice display enhanced nerve regeneration ability after sciatic nerve injury. RNA pull-down analysis indicates that Gas5 can interacts with soluble Vimentin, which is essential for peripheral nerve development and regeneration. Vimentin knockdown reverses the Gas5 silence-regulated axon pro-regeneration demonstrating that the function of Gas5 depending on Vimentin. Besides, inhibition of Gas5 expression can also enhance optic nerve regeneration indicating a potential pro-regenerative ability of Gas5 silence in CNS. Our study for the first time provides direct evidence in vivo that lncRNA plays a role in regulating central axon regrowth and Gas5 might be a novel therapeutic target for axon regeneration in both PNS and CNS.

Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Cell Fate Determination of Neoplastic Thymic Epithelial Cells

Thymic Epithelial Tumors (TETs) arise from epithelial cells of the thymus and are very rare neoplasms comprising Thymoma, Thymic carcinoma, and Thymic Neuroendocrine tumors that still require in-depth molecular characterization. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as relevant gene expression modulators involved in the deregulation of several networks in almost all types of human cancer, including TETs. LncRNAs act at different control levels in the regulation of gene expression, from transcription to translation, and modulate several pathways relevant to cell fate determination under normal and pathological conditions. The activity of lncRNAs is strongly dependent on their expression, localization, and post-transcriptional modifications. Starting from our recently published studies, this review focuses on the involvement of lncRNAs in the acquisition of malignant traits by neoplastic thymic epithelial cells, and describes the possible use of these molecules as targets for the design of novel therapeutic approaches specific for TET. Furthermore, the involvement of lncRNAs in myasthenia gravis (MG)-related thymoma, which is still under investigation, is discussed.

An Unanticipated Modulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs

It is now definitively established that a large part of the human genome is transcribed. However, only a scarce percentage of the transcriptome (about 1.2%) consists of RNAs that are translated into proteins, while the large majority of transcripts include a variety of RNA families with different dimensions and functions. Within this heterogeneous RNA world, a significant fraction consists of sequences with a length of more than 200 bases that form the so-called long non-coding RNA family. The functions of long non-coding RNAs range from the regulation of gene transcription to the changes in DNA topology and nucleosome modification and structural organization, to paraspeckle formation and cellular organelles maturation. This review is focused on the role of long non-coding RNAs as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors’ (CDKIs) levels and activities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes necessary for the tuned progression of the cell division cycle. The control of their activity takes place at various levels. Among these, interaction with CDKIs is a vital mechanism. Through CDKI modulation, long non-coding RNAs implement control over cellular physiology and are associated with numerous pathologies. However, although there are robust data in the literature, the role of long non-coding RNAs in the modulation of CDKIs appears to still be underestimated, as well as their importance in cell proliferation control.

Novel biomarkers of microRNAs in gastric cancer; an overview from diagnosis to treatment

The fourth frequent disease in the world and the second cause of cancer-related death is gastric cancer (GC). In this way, over 80% of diagnoses are made in the middle to advanced degrees of the disease, underscoring the requirement for innovative biomarkers that can be identified quickly. Meaningly, biomarkers that can complement endoscopic diagnosis and be used to detect patients with a high risk of GC are desperately needed. These biomarkers will allow for the accurate prediction of therapy response and prognosis in GC patients, as well as the development of an optimal treatment strategy for each individual. Conspicoiusly, microRNAs (miRNAs) and small noncoding RNA regulates the expression of target mRNA and thereby modifies critical biological mechanisms. According to the data, abnormally miRNAs expression in GC is linked to tumor growth, carcinogenesis, aggression and distant metastasis. Importantly, miRNA expression patterns and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can also be applied to analyze kinds of tissues and cancers. Given the high death rates and poor prognosis of GC, and the absence of a clinical diagnostic factor that is adequately sensitive to GC, research into novel sensitive and specific markers for GC diagnosis is critical. In this review,we evaluate the latest research findings that suggest the feasibility and clinical utility of miRNAs in GC.

Exosomes derived from hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes promote liver fibrosis via miR-222/TFRC axis

Exosomal miRNAs activates hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and promote fibrosis. miR-222 was found to be increased in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes, and ferroptosis was reported to ameliorate liver fibrosis (LF). Although miR-222 and ferroptosis have been implicated in LF, the association between miR-222 and ferroptosis and how they coordinate to regulate LF are still not explicit. This study investigates the roles of miR-222 and transferrin receptor (TFRC) in LF. Lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was analyzed by flow cytometry. FerroOrange staining was used to measure intracellular iron level. Luciferase reporter assay was adopted to confirm the binding of miR-222 and TFRC. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblots were applied to analyze gene and protein expression. The results showed that supplementation of exosomes derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells remarkably enhanced LX-2 cell activation, evidenced by elevated hydroxyprolin (Hyp) secretion and α-SMA and COL1A2 expression. miR-222 was significantly increased in HBV-Exo. Overexpressing miR-222 upregulated cell viability, secretion of Hpy, and expression of α-SMA and COL1A2, which were all blocked by overexpression of TFRC. Further study showed that TFRC was a target of miR-222, and miR-222 promoted LX-2 cell activation through suppressing TFRC-induced ferroptosis in LX-2 cells. Exosomal miR-222 derived from HBV-infected hepatocytes promoted LF through inhibiting TFRC and TFRC-induced ferroptosis. This study emphasizes the significance of miR-222/TFRC axis in LF and suggests new insights in clinical decision making while treating LF. Exosomes derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells promote LX-2 cell activation and liver fibrosis in mouse Exosomal miR-222 derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells promotes LX-2 cell activation TFRC is a target of miR-222 and inhibits LX-2 cell activation induced by miR-222 miR-222 promotes LX-2 cell activation through inhibiting TFRC-induced ferroptosis.

LncRNA GAS5 Knockdown Mitigates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation via Regulating MiR-26a-5p/PDE4B to Activate cAMP/CREB Pathway

OBJECTIVE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be attributed to the dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism; however, its cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of long non-coding RNA growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) on hepatic lipid metabolism in fatty liver models.

METHODS

Obese mice, high fat diet-fed mice and free fatty acid-stimulated cells were used for GAS5 expression detection. GAS5 overexpression or knockdown models were established to elucidate the regulatory function of GAS5 in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and mitochondrial function. Bioinformatic analyses and dual luciferase assays were used to investigate the interaction between GAS5, miR-26a-5p and phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B. The involvement of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway was evaluated using H89 and forskolin treatment.

RESULTS

GAS5 was activated in vitro and in vivo fatty liver models. Knockdown of GAS5 reduced lipid droplet accumulation, DNL associated enzymes and preserved mitochondrial function, while GAS5 overexpression exacerbated hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, GAS5 sponged miR-26a-5p to increase PDE4B expression and subsequently modulated DNL and mitochondrial function via the cAMP/CREB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Downregulation of GAS5 can activate the cAMP/CREB pathway through miR-26a-5p/PDE4B axis to mitigate hepatic lipid accumulation. This study provides evidence that downregulation of GAS5 may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Pathogenesis and Noninvasive Diagnosis

The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), as it is now known, has gradually increased. NAFLD is a disease with a spectrum of stages ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to a severe form of steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which could progress to irreversible liver injury (fibrosis) and organ failure, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although a liver biopsy remains the gold standard for accurate detection of this condition, it is unsuitable for clinical screening due to a higher risk of death. There is thus an increased need to find alternative techniques or tools for accurate diagnosis. Early detection for NASH matters for patients because NASH is the marker for severe disease progression. This review summarizes the current noninvasive tools for NAFLD diagnosis and their performance. We also discussed potential and newer alternative tools for diagnosing NAFLD.

The Roles and Mechanisms of lncRNAs in Liver Fibrosis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can potentially regulate all aspects of cellular activity including differentiation and development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and activation, and benefited from advances in transcriptomic and genomic research techniques and database management technologies, its functions and mechanisms in physiological and pathological states have been widely reported. Liver fibrosis is typically characterized by a reversible wound healing response, often accompanied by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. In recent years, a range of lncRNAs have been investigated and found to be involved in several cellular-level regulatory processes as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis. A variety of lncRNAs have also been shown to contribute to the altered cell cycle, proliferation profile associated with the accelerated development of liver fibrosis. This review aims to discuss the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development and regression of liver fibrosis, to explore the major lncRNAs involved in the signaling pathways regulating liver fibrosis, to elucidate the mechanisms mediated by lncRNA dysregulation and to provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for liver fibrosis.

Noncoding RNAs Interactions in Hepatic Stellate Cells during Hepatic Fibrosis

Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible wound healing process following liver injury. Although this process is necessary for maintaining liver integrity, severe excessive extracellular matrix accumulation (ECM) could lead to permanent scar formation and destroy the liver structure. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a key event in hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies show that most antifibrotic therapies focus on the apoptosis of HSCs and the prevention of HSC activation. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a substantial role in HSC activation and are likely to be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. This review summarizes and discusses the previously reported ncRNAs, including the microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, highlighting their regulatory roles and interactions in the signaling pathways that regulate HSC activation in hepatic fibrosis.

Coexpression Network Analysis of lncRNA Associated with Overexpression of DNMT1 in Esophageal Epithelial Cells

Screening and preliminary identification of high DNMT1 expression-related lncRNA, which is involved in various interrelated signaling pathways, has led to the development of a theoretical basis for various types of disease mechanisms. Differential expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA were identified in a microarray. Ten lncRNAs with high levels of variation were identified by qRT-PCR. KEGG and GO analyses were used to identify differentially expressed mRNAs. Six signaling pathways were selected based on the KEGG results of the lncRNA-mRNA expression network analysis. From the microarrays in the experimental and control groups, we found a total of 6987 differentially expressed lncRNAs, and 7421 differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained (P < 0.05; fold change > 2.0x). GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis showed high expression of DNMT1 in esophageal epithelial cells. Nine pathways were involved in mRNA upregulation, including natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and many other prominent biochemical pathways. Forty-six pathways were associated with downregulated mRNAs and ribosomes involving multiple biological pathways. Coexpression network analysis showed that 8 mRNAs and 16 lncRNAs were linked to the p53 signaling pathway. In Helicobacter pylori infections, interactions occurred between 22 lncRNAs and 11 mRNAs in the ErbB signaling pathway and between 19 lncRNAs and 8 mRNAs in epithelial cell signal transduction. Interactions were present between 19 lncRNAs and 5 mRNAs in the sphingolipid signaling pathway, along with interactions between 21 lncRNAs and 12 mRNAs in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Cytotoxicity interactions occurred between 22 lncRNAs and 9 mRNAs in natural killer cells.

Long non-coding RNAs in metabolic disorders: pathogenetic relevance and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets

BACKGROUND

It has been suggested that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could be associated with the incidence and development of metabolic disorders.

AIM

Accordingly, this narrative review described the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development of metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and coronary artery diseases (CAD). Furthermore, we investigated the up-to-date findings on the association of deregulated lncRNAs in the metabolic disorders, and potential use of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

CONCLUSION

LncRNAs/miRNA/regulatory proteins axis plays a crucial role in progression of metabolic disorders and may be used in development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.

Epigenetically-regulated serum GAS5 as a potential biomarker for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA-growth arrest specific transcript 5 (lncRNA-GAS5) plays a suppressive role in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). LncRNAs could circulate in the blood in a cell-free form and serve as promising biomarkers for various human diseases. Herein, we investigated the feasibility of using serum GAS5 as a biomarker for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and whether promoter methylation was responsible for GAS5 down-regulation.

METHODS

Serum GAS5 levels were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR in CHB patients and healthy controls. GAS5 promoter methylation was examined in LX-2 cells and cirrhotic tissues.

RESULTS

Compared with the sera from healthy controls, lower GAS5 levels were found in the sera from CHB patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that serum GAS5 had a significant diagnostic value for liver fibrosis in CHB patients. Serum GAS5 negatively correlated with HAI scores as well as ALT values in CHB patients. GAS5 was additionally reduced in cirrhotic tissues, associated with its hypermethylation promoter. In LX-2 cells, transforming growth factor-β1 treatment led to a reduction in GAS5 expression and an increase in promoter methylation. Hypermethylation of GAS5 was blocked down by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor and restored GAS5 inhibited HSC activation including proliferation and collagen production. Further studies confirmed that GAS5 methylation was mediated by DNMT1.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate that epigenetically-regulated serum GAS5 could serve as a potential biomarker in CHB patients. Loss of GAS5 is associated with DNMT1-mediated promoter methylation.

LncRNA GAS5 inhibits Invasion and Migration of Lung Cancer through influencing EMT process

Background: Lung cancer is a malignant tumor in mammary gland epithelium with high morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Long noncoding RNA GAS5 (GAS5) has been proved to be closely related with tumor progression. However, the influence of GAS5 on lung cancer and the specific mechanism remain unclear.

Methods: Cell invasion, cell migration, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were investigated after transfection with pcDNA-GAS5 and sh-GAS5. Sizes of tumors were measured by establishing transplanted tumor model in vivo. E-cadherin and N-cadherin expressions were investigated.

Results: Cell invasion and migration were inhibited markedly in GAS5 overexpressed cell line. Cell cycle results indicated that the percentage of S-phase cells was increased, and G2-phase was reduced in the GAS5 overexpression cell line. Tumor size was suppressed obviously after GAS5 overexpression treatment. GAS5 markedly inhibited the expression of E-cadherin and induced the expression of N-cadherin. GAS5 overexpression significantly inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation by increasing the E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin.

Conclusions: These findings provide novel evidence that GAS5 can be viewed as an anti-lung cancer agent through affecting EMT pathway.

LNCcation: lncRNA localization and function

Subcellular localization of RNAs has gained attention in recent years as a prevalent phenomenon that influences numerous cellular processes. This is also evident for the large and relatively novel class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Because lncRNAs are defined as RNA transcripts >200 nucleotides that do not encode protein, they are themselves the functional units, making their subcellular localization critical to their function. The discovery of tens of thousands of lncRNAs and the cumulative evidence involving them in almost every cellular activity render assessment of their subcellular localization essential to fully understanding their biology. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of lncRNA subcellular localization, factors controlling their localization, emerging themes, including the role of lncRNA isoforms and the involvement of lncRNAs in phase separation bodies, and the implications of lncRNA localization on their function and on cellular behavior. We also discuss gaps in the current knowledge as well as opportunities that these provide for novel avenues of investigation.

Role of long non‑coding RNAs and related epigenetic mechanisms in liver fibrosis (Review)

Liver fibrosis is one of the major liver pathologies affecting patients worldwide. It results from an improper tissue repair process following liver injury or inflammation. If left untreated, it ultimately leads to liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. They can regulate gene expression and modulate signaling. Some of the lncRNAs promote, while others inhibit liver fibrosis. Similarly, other epigenetic processes, such as methylation and acetylation regulate gene transcription and can modulate gene expression. Notably, there are several regulatory associations of lncRNAs with other epigenetic processes. A major mechanism of action of long non‑coding RNAs is to competitively bind to their target microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), which in turn affects miRNA availability and bioactivity. In the present review, the role of lncRNAs and related epigenetic processes contributing to liver fibrosis is discussed. Finally, various potential therapeutic approaches targeting lncRNAs and related epigenetic processes, which are being considered as possible future treatment targets for liver fibrosis are identified.

Exaggerated renal fibrosis in lncRNA Gas5-deficient mice after unilateral ureteric obstruction

AIMS

Abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) occurs in several diseases including renal fibrosis. Notably, growth arrest-specific 5 (Gas5) is a lncRNA, which functions as an essential modulator of cell proliferation and growth. However, the role and expression of lncRNA Gas5 associated with renal fibrosis remains controversial. Herein, we investigate the effect of lncRNA Gas5 deficiency in renal fibrosis induced by the operation of unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) in mice.

MAIN METHODS

Sera and urine of mice were used to detect markers of renal function. Further, Masson and immunohistochemical staining, western blotting as well as qRT-PCR were performed to observe the distribution and expression of fibrosis marker in the kidney tissue of the mice.

KEY FINDINGS

Unlike the wild type mice, the obstructed kidney in Gas5+/- mice showed more severe renal fibrosis and collagen deposition. In the UUO-Gas5+/- group, the serum levels of uric acid, serum creatinine, and the urine levels of albumin-to-creatinine ratio were higher. Moreover, the expression of mRNA and protein of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, collagen IV, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) were higher, whereas that of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were lower with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

lncRNA Gas5 was up-regulated in renal fibrosis tissues, and its deficiency exacerbated renal fibrosis in the UUO mice model.

LncRNA Gm12840 mediates WISP1 to regulate ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal fibrosis by sponging miR-677-5p

Aim: We aimed to identify that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced late fibrosis of kidney and may constitute novel therapeutic strategies for acute kidney injury-induced chronic kidney disease. Materials & methods: We performed the mouse model of IR later induced renal fibrosis and analyzed lncRNA profiles using second-generation sequencing during the pathogenesis. Results: The expression levels of 43 lncRNAs and 141 lncRNAs were respectively changed significantly 7 days and 2 weeks after IR treatment. Based on the correlation analysis of the differentially expressed genes, the interaction networks of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA were structured. Conclusion: LncRNA (Gm12840) could act as a sponge for miR-677-5p to mediate fibroblast activation induced by TGF-β1 via the WISP1/PKB (Akt) signaling pathway.

Growth Arrest-Specific Transcript 5 (GAS5) Exerts Important Roles on the Treatment of BM45 Cells of Liver Cirrhosis

Bone marrow (BM)-derived CD45 (BM45) cells were demonstrated to exhibit an improved antifibrotic effect on the treatment of CCL4-induced liver fibrosis by significantly increasing the level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). In this study, we aimed to validate the therapeutic effect of BM45 on the treatment of liver cirrhosis and to further investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) on BM45. Accordingly, GAS5 significantly suppressed miR-222 and miR-21 expression but enhanced p27 and MMP-9 expression in HepG2 and LX2 cells. Additionally, GAS5 obstructed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced dysregulation of miR-222, p27, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in mice. GAS5 showed a considerable potential to enhance the capability of BM45 in restoring the normal expression of CCL4, miR-222, miR-21, MMP-9, p27, and α-SMA that was dysregulated by alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, and fibrosis. In summary, our study validated the regulatory relationship between miR-21 and MMP-9, as well as between miR-222 and p27. The overexpression of GAS5 upregulated the expression of MMP-9 and p27 via respectively reducing the miR-222 and miR-21 expression, resulting in higher BM45-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Accordingly, same results were obtained in an animal model, indicating that GAS5 may exert a positive effect on the treatment of BM45 of liver cirrhosis.

RNA sequencing analysis of altered expression of long noncoding RNAs associated with Schistosoma japonicum infection in the murine liver and spleen

BACKGROUND

Schistosomiasis is a chronic, debilitating infectious disease caused by members of the genus Schistosoma. Previous findings have suggested a relationship between infection with Schistosoma spp. and alterations in the liver and spleen of infected animals. Recent reports have shown the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), in different biological processes. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in the mouse liver and spleen during Schistosoma japonicum infection.

METHODS

In this study, we identified and investigated lncRNAs using standard RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The biological functions of the altered expression of lncRNAs and their target genes were predicted using bioinformatics. Ten dysregulated lncRNAs were selected randomly and validated in reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments.

RESULTS

Our study identified 29,845 and 33,788 lncRNAs from the liver and spleen, respectively, of which 212 were novel lncRNAs. We observed that 759 and 789 of the lncRNAs were differentially expressed in the respective organs. The RT-qPCR results correlated well with the sequencing data. In the liver, 657 differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted to target 2548 protein-coding genes, whereas in the spleen 660 differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted to target 2673 protein-coding genes. Moreover, functional annotation showed that the target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs were associated with cellular processes, metabolic processes, and binding, and were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, the cell cycle, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and pathways in cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that numerous lncRNAs were differentially expressed in S. japonicum-infected liver and spleen compared to control liver and spleen; this suggested that lncRNAs may be involved in pathogenesis in the liver and spleen during S. japonicum infection.

CYP2C8 regulated by GAS5/miR-382-3p exerts anti-cancerous properties in liver cancer

A cornucopia of literatures has characterized the involvement of a host of functional molecules in liver cancer. Herein, according to online datasets, we found that cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 8 (CYP2C8) was downregulated in liver cancer, and high CYP2C8 expression was associated with favorable overall survival. Lower levels of CYP2C8 were confirmed in liver cancer cells. CYP2C8 overexpression efficiently attenuated liver cancer cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. We then discovered that miR-382-3p directly targeted CYP2C8 to inhibit its expression in liver cancer cells based on bioinformatic prediction and experimental confirmation. Moreover, a cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), sponged and down-regulated miR-382-3p, thus positively modulating CYP2C8 expression. Rescue assays indicated that GAS5 overexpression gave rise to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of liver cancer cells, while CYP2C8 knockdown counteracted GAS5-mediated anti-carcinogenic effects. In summary, our work offered a solid experimental foundation for understanding the functional role of CYP2C8 and the mechanism of GAS5/miR-382-3p/CYP2C8 axis in cell proliferation and apoptosis of liver cancer.

MicroRNA-150 affects endoplasmic reticulum stress via MALAT1-miR-150 axis-mediated NF-κB pathway in LPS-challenged HUVECs and septic mice

AIMS

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory complication, which is the common cause of death in critical patients. This study aimed to evaluate the potential regulatory mechanisms of miR-150 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged HUVECs and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were challenged with LPS. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) were isolated from CLP-induced septic mice. The mRNA and protein levels of target molecules were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Apoptosis of HUVECs was determined by Annexin V/PI staining on a flow cytometry. The interaction between miR-150 and MALAT1 was assessed by luciferase reporter assay, RIP and RNA pull-down assay.

KEY FINDINGS

MiR-150 was downregulated in LPS-induced HUVECs. MiR-150 mimics restrained LPS-induced inflammatory response by reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels, but increasing IL-10 level. Moreover, miR-150 mimics downregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins, GRP78 and CHOP levels in LPS-exposed HUVECs. Additionally, LPS-induced apoptosis was suppressed by miR-150 mimics via decreasing cleaved caspase-3 and Bax levels, while enhancing Bcl-2 level. Mechanistically, MALAT1 could competitively bind to miR-150. LPS-induced apoptosis, ER stress and inflammation were promoted by MALAT1 overexpression, but reversed by siMALAT1. Furthermore, miR-150 inhibitor strengthened LPS-induced apoptosis, ER stress and inflammation, which could be attenuated by siMALAT1 via regulating NF-κB pathway. Finally, agomiR-150 repressed ER stress and inflammatory response in PAECs isolated from septic mice via decreasing MALAT1 level.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our findings suggest that miR-150 affects sepsis-induced endothelial injury by regulating ER stress and inflammation via MALAT1-mediated NF-κB pathway.

LncRNA NEAT1: Shedding light on mechanisms and opportunities in liver diseases

With advances in genome and transcriptome research technology, the function and mechanism of lncRNAs in physiological and pathological states have been gradually revealed. Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1 (NEAT1, a long non-coding RNA), a vital component of paraspeckles, plays an indispensable role in the formation and integrity of paraspeckles. Throughout the research history, NEAT1 is mostly aberrantly upregulated in various cancers, and high expression of NEAT1 often contributes to poor prognosis of patients. Notably, the role and mechanism of NEAT1 in liver diseases have been increasingly reported. NEAT1 accelerates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, while exerting a protective role in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure by inhibiting the inflammatory response. In this review, we will elaborate on relevant studies on the different casting of NEAT1 in liver diseases, especially focusing on its regulatory mechanisms and new opportunities for alcoholic liver disease.

Evolutionary conservation of long non-coding RNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis in the absence of alcohol consumption. Its pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors with a multitude of underlying molecular mechanisms and mediators at each stage. Recent transcriptomic-based studies have led to the identification and association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with disease pathology in NAFLD patients and in vivo rodent models. However, the knowledge of function of most of the lncRNAs in NAFLD pathology remains obscure. In the current review, we give a comprehensive catalogue of well reported lncRNAs in NAFLD and classify them using sequence and synteny-based evolutionary conservation across rodents, nonhuman primate and human species. The conserved lncRNAs across all the three species may be dissected in larger clinical studies of NAFLD and can be explored as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, we also review and analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these lncRNAs. It adds another facet to the regulatory role of NAFLD-associated lncRNAs and underscores the significance of a novel genetic landscape of non-coding genome in determining the genetic susceptibility of NAFLD.

Our emerging understanding of the roles of long non-coding RNAs in normal liver function, disease, and malignancy

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important biological mediators that regulate numerous cellular processes. New experimental evidence suggests that lncRNAs play essential roles in liver development, normal liver physiology, fibrosis, and malignancy, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, we summarise our current understanding of the function of lncRNAs in the liver in both health and disease, as well as discuss approaches that could be used to target these non-coding transcripts for therapeutic purposes.

Non-coding RNA Associated Competitive Endogenous RNA Regulatory Network: Novel Therapeutic Approach in Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis or scarring is the most common pathological feature caused by chronic liver injury, and is widely considered one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality. It is primarily characterised by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the dysregulation of several noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) contributes to the activation of HSC and progression of liver fibrosis. These ncRNAs not only bind to their target genes for the development and regression of liver fibrosis but also act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by sponging with miRNAs to form signaling cascades. Among these signaling cascades, lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA are critical modulators for the initiation, progression, and regression of liver fibrosis. Thus, targeting these interacting ncRNA cascades can serve as a novel and potential therapeutic target for inhibition of HSC activation and prevention and regression of liver fibrosis.

Long noncoding RNA Gm20319, acting as competing endogenous RNA, regulated GNE expression by sponging miR-7240-5p to involve in deoxynivalenol-induced liver damage in vitro

The regulatory effects of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network have been highlighted on the occurrence and development of diseases. However, the effect of ceRNA network in liver with subchronic deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure has remained unclear so far. Here, lncRNA Gm20319-miR-7240-5p-GNE (glucosamine UDP-N-acetyl-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase) network was identified in DON exposed-liver tissues after DON exposure for 90 days. Subchronic DON exposure induced the mild inflammation in liver tissues. In DON-treated liver tissues and Hepa 1-6 cell line, the expression of Gm20319 and GNE were both downregulated while miR-7240-5p expression was upregulated. The gain- and loss-of-function expression in vitro revealed there was a mutual repression between Gm20319 and miR-7240-5p, and they regulated GNE expression in an opposite direction. Dual luciferase reporter assays showed miR-7240-5p inhibited Gm20319 and GNE expression by directly binding. Co-transfection experiment in vitro revealed Gm20319 and miR-7240-5p could indirectly regulate sialic acid level by directly modulating GNE expression, thereby also influencing the expression of SOD1 and IL-1β. This study revealed Gm20319-miR-7240-5p-GNE network reduced sialic acid level to influence the expression of SOD1 and IL-1β in liver, which might involve in liver damage induced by DON. Gm20319 might be a potential research molecular target for DON-induced liver damage.

Expression of the Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Correlates with Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

BACKGROUND

Advanced liver fibrosis is the most important prognostic factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), is associated with the inhibition of liver fibrogenesis, and its levels are decreased in cirrhotic liver.

METHODS

We analyzed 51 patients with NAFLD, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by liver biopsy. Expression of GAS5 in both the liver and plasma of the patients was analyzed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction according to the fibrosis stage.

RESULTS

Plasma GAS5 expression was significantly higher in patients with advanced fibrosis than in those without. As the fibrosis progressed, GAS5 expression in plasma increased, with the exception of that in cirrhotic livers. Plasma levels of GAS5 were lower in patients with cirrhosis than in those with advanced fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

Elevated circulating levels of the lncRNA GAS5 are associated with the progression of liver fibrosis prior to the development of cirrhosis.

LncRNA GAS5 attenuates fibroblast activation through inhibiting Smad3 signaling

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast activation is a key pathological event during tissue fibrosis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a class of versatile gene regulators participating in various cellular and molecular processes. However, the function of lncRNA in fibroblast activation is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) as a novel regulator for TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation. GAS5 expression was downregulated in cultured fibroblasts by TGF-β and in resident fibroblasts from bleomycin-treated skin tissues. Overexpression of GAS5 suppressed TGF-β-induced fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation. Mechanistically, GAS5 directly bound mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) and promoted Smad3 binding to Protein phosphatase 1A (PPM1A), a Smad3 dephosphatase, and thus accelerated Smad3 dephosphorylation in TGF-β-treated fibroblasts. In addition, GAS5 inhibited fibroblast proliferation. Importantly, local delivery of GAS5 via adenoviral vector suppressed bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in mice. Collectively, our data revealed that GAS5 suppresses fibroblast activation and fibrogenesis through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, which provides a rationale for an lncRNA-based therapy to treat fibrotic diseases.