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Léger T, Balaguer P, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Fate and PPARγ and STATs-driven effects of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor tebufenpyrad in liver cells revealed with multi-omics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130083. [PMID: 36206710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of the pesticide and mitochondrial complex I inhibitor tebufenpyrad (TEBU) on liver cells were investigated by combining proteomics and metabolomics. Both cell culture media and cellular lysates were analyzed in dose-response and kinetic experiments on the HepaRG cell line. Responses were compared with those obtained on primary human and rat hepatocytes. A multitude of phase I and II metabolites (>80) mainly common to HepaRG cells and primary hepatocytes and an increase in metabolization enzymes were observed. Synthesis of mitochondrion and oxidative phosphorylation complex constituents, fatty acid oxidation, and cellular uptake of lipids were induced to compensate for complex I inhibition and the decrease in ATP intracellular contents caused by TEBU. Secretion of the 20 S circulating proteasome and overall inhibition of acute inflammation followed by IL-6 secretion in later stages were observed in HepaRG cells. These effects were associated with a decrease in STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factor abundances, but with different kinetics. Based on identified TEBU targets, docking experiments, and nuclear receptor reporter assays, we concluded that liver cell response to TEBU is mediated by its interaction with the PPARγ transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Léger
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères Cedex, France
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Skóra B, Matuszewska P, Masicz M, Sikora K, Słomczewska M, Sołtysek P, Szychowski KA. Crosstalk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a key factor in the metabolism of silver nanoparticles in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 458:116339. [PMID: 36473513 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential usefulness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in anticancer therapy has been postulated for many years. However, little is known to date about the exact impact of such NPs on intracellular detoxication pathways. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of AgNPs on the AhR-PPARγ-CYP1A1 pathway in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The obtained results showed a decrease in the metabolic activity of the SH-SY5Y cells at the 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations with an increase in caspase-3 activity. An increase in the intercellular ROS production was observed at the 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations. The co-treatment of the AgNP-treated cells with the AhR and PPARγ inhibitors abolished the effect of the tested AgNPs in the SH-SY5Y cells. In turn, the CYP1A1 activity assay showed a decrease in this parameter in the AgNP-treated cells. Moreover, the gene expression analysis demonstrated that AgNPs were able to increase the AhR and CYP1A1 mRNA expression and decrease the PPARγ gene expression after the 6-h treatment. In turn, an increase in the AhR and PPARγ protein expression was observed after 24 h. Summarizing, the study shows for the first time that AgNPs with a 5-nm diameter size are able to exert a cytotoxic effect on SH-SH5Y cells in a ROS-dependent manner affect the AhR-PPARγ-CYP1A1 pathway inter alia by inhibiting the activity of CYP1A1. This is important due to given present research approaches using such NPs as enhancer agents in the modern PPARγ inhibitor-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paulina Matuszewska
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martyna Masicz
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Karolina Sikora
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Magnolia Słomczewska
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Paulina Sołtysek
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
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Autophagy enhanced by curcumin ameliorates inflammation in atherogenesis via the TFEB-P300-BRD4 axis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2280-2299. [PMID: 35646539 PMCID: PMC9136579 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of macrophage-associated lipid metabolism plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Crosstalk between autophagy deficiency and inflammation response in foam cells (FCs) through epigenetic regulation is still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that in macrophages, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) leads to abnormal crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation, thereby causing aberrant lipid metabolism mediated through a dysfunctional transcription factor EB (TFEB)–P300–bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) axis. ox-LDL led to macrophage autophagy deficiency along with TFEB cytoplasmic accumulation and increased reactive oxygen species generation. This activated P300 promoted BRD4 binding on the promoter regions of inflammatory genes, consequently contributing to inflammation with atherogenesis. Particularly, ox-LDL activated BRD4-dependent super-enhancer associated with liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) on the regulatory regions of inflammatory genes. Curcumin (Cur) prominently restored FCs autophagy by promoting TFEB nuclear translocation, optimizing lipid catabolism, and reducing inflammation. The consequences of P300 and BRD4 on super-enhancer formation and inflammatory response in FCs could be prevented by Cur. Furthermore, the anti-atherogenesis effect of Cur was inhibited by macrophage-specific Brd4 overexpression or Tfeb knock-out in Apoe knock-out mice via bone marrow transplantation. The findings identify a novel TFEB-P300-BRD4 axis and establish a new epigenetic paradigm by which Cur regulates autophagy, inhibits inflammation, and decreases lipid content.
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Key Words
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- Acetyl-H3, acetyl-histone 3
- Atherosclerosis
- Autophagy
- BET, bromodomain and extra-terminal
- BRD4
- BRD4, bromodomain protein 4
- CQ, chloroquine
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Cur, curcumin
- Curcumin
- Dil-ox-LDL, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethy-lindocarbocyanine perchlorate labeled oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- FCs, foam cells
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-1β, interleukin 1β
- Inflammation
- LIR, LC3-interacting region
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- Macrophage
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- ORO, Oil red O
- P300
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Re-ChIP, re-chromatin immunoprecipitation
- SE, super-enhancer
- TFEB
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- siRNAs, small interference RNAs
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Salameh L, Bhamidimarri PM, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Dairi Y, Hammoudeh SM, Mahdami A, Alsharhan M, Tirmazy SH, Rawat SS, Busch H, Hamid Q, Al Heialy S, Hamoudi R, Mahboub B. In Silico Bioinformatics Followed by Molecular Validation Using Archival FFPE Tissue Biopsies Identifies a Panel of Transcripts Associated with Severe Asthma and Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071663. [PMID: 35406434 PMCID: PMC8996975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study identified a panel of transcripts involved in the pathogenesis of both severe asthma and lung cancer. The genes identified using publicly available transcriptomics data were validated on cell lines, plasma samples, and archival tissue biopsies from asthmatic and lung cancer patients. The functional roles of the identified markers in both the diseases were ascertained from the literature. These molecular markers might be useful for diagnosing lung cancer at early stages. Abstract Severe asthma and lung cancer are both heterogeneous pathological diseases affecting the lung tissue. Whilst there are a few studies that suggest an association between asthma and lung cancer, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify common genes involved in both severe asthma and lung cancer. Publicly available transcriptomic data for 23 epithelial brushings from severe asthmatics and 55 samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung cancer tissue at relatively early stages were analyzed by absolute gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) in comparison to 37 healthy bronchial tissue samples. The key pathways enriched in asthmatic patients included adhesion, extracellular matrix, and epithelial cell proliferation, which contribute to tissue remodeling. In the lung cancer dataset, the main pathways identified were receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, wound healing, and growth factor response, representing the early cancer pathways. Analysis of the enriched genes derived from the pathway analysis identified seven genes expressed in both the asthma and lung cancer sets: BCL3, POSTN, PPARD, STAT1, MYC, CD44, and FOSB. The differential expression of these genes was validated in vitro in the cell lines retrieved from different lung cancer and severe asthma patients using real-time PCR. The effect of the expression of the seven genes identified in the study on the overall survival of lung cancer patients (n = 1925) was assessed using a Kaplan–Meier plot. In vivo validation performed in the archival biopsies obtained from patients diagnosed with both the disease conditions provided interesting insights into the pathogenesis of severe asthma and lung cancer, as indicated by the differential expression pattern of the seven transcripts in the mixed group as compared to the asthmatics and lung cancer samples alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Salameh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 4545, United Arab Emirates; (Y.D.); (M.A.); (S.H.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Poorna Manasa Bhamidimarri
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Youssef Dairi
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 4545, United Arab Emirates; (Y.D.); (M.A.); (S.H.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Sarah Musa Hammoudeh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Amena Mahdami
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Mouza Alsharhan
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 4545, United Arab Emirates; (Y.D.); (M.A.); (S.H.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Syed Hammad Tirmazy
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 4545, United Arab Emirates; (Y.D.); (M.A.); (S.H.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Surendra Singh Rawat
- Collage of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.R.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany;
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Saba Al Heialy
- Collage of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.R.); (S.A.H.)
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.S.); (P.M.B.); (N.S.S.-A.); (S.M.H.); (A.M.); (Q.H.)
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-6505-7758
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 4545, United Arab Emirates; (Y.D.); (M.A.); (S.H.T.); (B.M.)
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Chen CH, Leu SJJ, Hsu CP, Pan CC, Shyue SK, Lee TS. Atypical antipsychotic drugs deregulate the cholesterol metabolism of macrophage-foam cells by activating NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 signaling pathway. Metabolism 2021; 123:154847. [PMID: 34364926 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical reports indicate that schizophrenia patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs suffer from metabolism diseases including atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis remain to be explored. METHODS In this study, we used apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoe-/-) hyperlipidemic mice and apoe-/-cd36-/- mice to investigate the underlying mechanism of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cells. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that genetic deletion of cd36 gene ablated the pro-atherogenic effect of olanzapine in apoe-/- mice. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed that genetic deletion or siRNA-mediated knockdown of cd36 or pharmacological inhibition of CD36 prevented atypical antipsychotic drugs-induced oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. Additionally, olanzapine and clozapine activated NADPH oxidase (NOX) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which upregulated the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and subsequently elevated CD36 expression. Inhibition of NOX activity, ROS production or PPARγ activity suppressed CD36 expression and abolished the detrimental effects of olanzapine and clozapine on oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggest that atypical antipsychotic drugs exacerbate atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cell formation by activating the NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shr-Jeng Jim Leu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Po Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chian Pan
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Han B, Wang J, Wu J, Yan F, Wang Y, Li J. High glucose‑induced upregulation of CD36 promotes inflammation stress via NF‑κB in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:764. [PMID: 34490487 PMCID: PMC8430300 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation serves an important role in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) mediates inflammation stress in a variety of disease states. The present study investigated CD36 expression in high glucose (HG)-induced H9c2 cells, whether CD36 upregulation promotes inflammatory stress, and its potential mechanism. HG induced CD36 expression in a time-dependent manner in cells, which was blocked following CD36 knockout or treatment with N-acetylcysteine or MitoTEMPO. CD36 translocation to the cell membrane was increased at 72 h by HG stimulation of H9c2 cells. Moreover, CD36 knockout inhibited HG-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway activation. Further, CD36 knockout reversed metabolic reprogramming, lipid accumulation and AMP-activated protein kinase activation caused by HG. The aforementioned data suggest that HG-induced upregulation of CD36 promotes inflammatory stress via NF-κB in H9c2 cells, mediated by metabolism reprogramming, lipid accumulation and enhanced ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Han
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
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7
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Humbeck L, Pretzel J, Spitzer S, Koch O. Discovery of an Unexpected Similarity in Ligand Binding between BRD4 and PPARγ. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1255-1265. [PMID: 34180651 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about interrelationships between different proteins is crucial in fundamental research for the elucidation of protein networks and pathways. Furthermore, it is especially critical in chemical biology to identify further key regulators of a disease and to take advantage of polypharmacology effects. Here, we present a new concept that combines a scaffold-based analysis of bioactivity data with a subsequent screening to identify novel inhibitors for a protein target of interest. The initial scaffold-based analysis revealed a flavone-like scaffold that can be found in ligands of different unrelated proteins indicating a similarity in ligand binding. This similarity was further investigated by testing compounds on bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) that were similar to known ligands of the other identified protein targets. Several new BRD4 inhibitors were identified and proven to be validated hits based on orthogonal assays and X-ray crystallography. The most important discovery was an unexpected relationship between BRD4 and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Both proteins share binding site similarities near a common hydrophobic subpocket which should allow the design of a polypharmacology-based ligand targeting both proteins. Such dual-BRD4-PPARγ modulators open up new therapeutic opportunities, because both are important drug targets for cancer therapy and many more important diseases. Thereon, a complex structure of sulfasalazine was obtained that involves two bromodomains and could be a potential starting point for the design of a bivalent BRD4 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Humbeck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jette Pretzel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Saskia Spitzer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Yu YL, Chen M, Zhu H, Zhuo MX, Chen P, Mao YJ, Li LY, Zhao Q, Wu M, Ye M. STAT1 epigenetically regulates LCP2 and TNFAIP2 by recruiting EP300 to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:127. [PMID: 34112215 PMCID: PMC8194145 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is related to genetics and epigenetics. Epigenetic regulation of the pathogenesis of IBD has not been well defined. Here, we investigated the role of H3K27ac events in the pathogenesis of IBD. Based on previous ChIP-seq and RNA-seq assays, we studied signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) as a transcription factor (TF) and investigated whether the STAT1–EP300–H3K27ac axis contributes to the development of IBD. We performed ChIP-PCR to investigate the interaction between STAT1 and H3K27ac, and co-IP assays were performed to investigate the crosstalk between STAT1 and EP300. Results Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (LCP2) and TNF-α‐inducible protein 2 (TNFAIP2) are target genes of STAT1. p-STAT1 binds to the enhancer loci of the two genes where H3K27ac is enriched, and EP300 subsequently binds to regulate their expression. In mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis, an EP300 inhibitor significantly inhibited colitis. Conclusions p-STAT1 and EP300 promote TNFAIP2 and LCP2 expression through an increase in H3K27ac enrichment on their enhancers and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Juan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Clinical Centre and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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9
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Göder A, Ginter T, Heinzel T, Stroh S, Fahrer J, Henke A, Krämer OH. STAT1 N-terminal domain discriminatively controls type I and type II IFN signaling. Cytokine 2021; 144:155552. [PMID: 34000478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The seven signal transducers of transcription (STATs) are cytokine-inducible modular transcription factors. They transmit the stimulation of cells with type I interferons (IFN-α/IFN-β) and type II interferon (IFN-ɣ) into altered gene expression patterns. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of STAT1 is a surface for STAT1/STAT1 homodimer and STAT1/STAT2 heterodimer formation and allows the cooperative DNA binding of STAT1. We investigated whether the STAT1 NTD-mediated dimerization affected the IFN-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, its nuclear translocation, STAT1-dependent gene expression, and IFN-dependent antiviral defense. We reconstituted human STAT1-negative and STAT2-negative fibrosarcoma cells with STAT1, NTD-mutated STAT1 (STAT1AA), STAT1 with a mutated DNA-binding domain (DBD), or STAT2. We treated these cells with IFN-α and IFN-ɣ to assess differences between IFN-α-induced STAT1 homo- and heterodimers and IFN-ɣ-induced STAT1 homodimers. Our data demonstrate that IFNs induce the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT1AA at Y701 and their nuclear accumulation. We further reveal that STAT1AA can be phosphorylated in response to IFN-α in the absence of STAT2 and that IFN-ɣ-induced STAT1AA can activate gene expression directly. However, STAT1AA largely fails to bind STAT2 and to activate IFN-α-induced expression of endogenous antiviral STAT1/STAT2 target proteins. Congruent herewith, both an intact STAT1 NTD and STAT2 are indispensable to establish an antiviral state with IFN-α. These data provide new insights into the biological importance of the STAT1 NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Göder
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Torsten Ginter
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Svenja Stroh
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Henke
- Section Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Zeng J, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Tong X, Dou J, Gao L, Ding S, Lu J. Ozonated autohemotherapy elevates PPAR-γ expression in CD4 + T cells and serum HDL-C levels, a potential immunomodulatory mechanism for treatment of psoriasis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:349-359. [PMID: 33527029 PMCID: PMC7847517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is widely accepted as a metabolic syndrome with significantly abnormal lipid metabolism and high level of blood lipids that induce a persistent low level of inflammatory condition in patients. T cell mediated immune response plays a critical role in the occurrence and persistence of psoriasis lesions. Hyperlipidemia and associated inflammatory reaction are believed to be the major risk factors for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) is known to effectively regulate the blood lipid level and inhibit inflammatory reaction. In this study, we examined the efficacy of ozonated autohemotherapy (OAHT) treatment on psoriatic patients by evaluating the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score and blood lipid level. In addition, PPAR-γ expression level and the correlation of PASI scores or blood lipid level with the PPAR-γ expression were also assessed to determine the psoriasis-associate targets of OAHT. We found that OAHT significantly decreased patients' PASI scores and increased blood HDL-C level. Furthermore, we found that PPAR-γ expression in CD4+ T cells from psoriasis patients was significantly lower than healthy controls, and OAHT treatment increased the expression of PPAR-γ. In conclusion, OAHT attenuates the psoriatic severity in patients and increased blood HDL-C level, which may be associated with increased PPAR-γ expression. Our data suggests that OAHT is an effective treatment in psoriasis and deserves further evaluations in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuezhong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Dou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Christofides A, Konstantinidou E, Jani C, Boussiotis VA. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses. Metabolism 2021; 114:154338. [PMID: 32791172 PMCID: PMC7736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate energy metabolism. Currently, three PPAR subtypes have been identified: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARα and PPARδ are highly expressed in oxidative tissues and regulate genes involved in substrate delivery and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of energy homeostasis. In contrast, PPARγ is more important in lipogenesis and lipid synthesis, with highest expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to tissues regulating whole body energy homeostasis, PPARs are expressed in immune cells and have an emerging critical role in immune cell differentiation and fate commitment. In this review, we discuss the actions of PPARs in the function of the innate and the adaptive immune system and their implications in immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Eirini Konstantinidou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Mt. Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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12
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AGE-RAGE Axis Stimulates Oxidized LDL Uptake into Macrophages through Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-CD36 Pathway via Oxidative Stress Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239263. [PMID: 33291667 PMCID: PMC7730944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are localized in macrophage-derived foam cells within atherosclerotic lesions, which could be associated with the increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease under diabetic conditions. Although foam cell formation of macrophages has been shown to be enhanced by AGEs, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Since cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is reported to modulate inflammatory responses in macrophages, we investigated whether Cdk5 could be involved in AGE-induced CD36 gene expression and foam cell formation of macrophages. AGEs significantly increased Dil-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake, and Cdk5 and CD36 gene expression in U937 human macrophages, all of which were inhibited by DNA aptamer raised against RAGE (RAGE-aptamer). Cdk5 and CD36 gene expression levels were correlated with each other. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, mimicked the effects of RAGE-aptamer on AGE-exposed U937 cells. A selective inhibitor of Cdk5, (R)-DRF053, attenuated the AGE-induced Dil-ox-LDL uptake and CD36 gene expression, whereas anti-CD36 antibody inhibited the Dil-ox-LDL uptake but not Cdk5 gene expression. The present study suggests that AGEs may stimulate ox-LDL uptake into macrophages through the Cdk5–CD36 pathway via RAGE-mediated oxidative stress.
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13
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Puchałowicz K, Rać ME. The Multifunctionality of CD36 in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications-Update in Pathogenesis, Treatment and Monitoring. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081877. [PMID: 32796572 PMCID: PMC7465275 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 is a multiligand receptor contributing to glucose and lipid metabolism, immune response, inflammation, thrombosis, and fibrosis. A wide range of tissue expression includes cells sensitive to metabolic abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus (DM), such as monocytes and macrophages, epithelial cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, skeletal and cardiac myocytes, pancreatic β-cells, kidney glomeruli and tubules cells, pericytes and pigment epithelium cells of the retina, and Schwann cells. These features make CD36 an important component of the pathogenesis of DM and its complications, but also a promising target in the treatment of these disorders. The detrimental effects of CD36 signaling are mediated by the uptake of fatty acids and modified lipoproteins, deposition of lipids and their lipotoxicity, alterations in insulin response and the utilization of energy substrates, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis leading to the progressive, often irreversible organ dysfunction. This review summarizes the extensive knowledge of the contribution of CD36 to DM and its complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy.
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14
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Haybar H, Shahrabi S, Rezaeeyan H, Shirzad R, Saki N. Endothelial Cells: From Dysfunction Mechanism to Pharmacological Effect in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 19:13-22. [PMID: 30506414 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are the innermost layer of blood vessels that play important roles in homeostasis and vascular function. However, recent evidence suggests that the onset of inflammation and the production of reactive oxygen species impair the function of ECs and are a main factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we investigated the effects of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and treatment on ECs in CVD patients. This review article is based on the material obtained from PubMed up to 2018. The key search terms used were "Cardiovascular Disease," "Endothelial Cell Dysfunction," "Inflammation," "Treatment," and "Oxidative Stress." The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by ECs impairs the function of blood vessels. Therefore, treatment of CVD patients leads to the expression of transcription factors activating anti-oxidant mechanisms and NO production. In contrast, NO production by inflammatory agents can cause ECs repair due to differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Therefore, identifying the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation of EPCs through mediation of factors induced by inflammatory factors can be effective in regenerative medicine for ECs repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Haybar
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Shirzad
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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15
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Xu S, Kamato D, Little PJ, Nakagawa S, Pelisek J, Jin ZG. Targeting epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 196:15-43. [PMID: 30439455 PMCID: PMC6450782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the principal cause of cardiovascular death worldwide, is a pathological disease characterized by fibro-proliferation, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and immune disorder in the vessel wall. As the atheromatous plaques develop into advanced stage, the vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture, which causes acute cardiovascular events, including ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Emerging evidence has suggested that atherosclerosis is also an epigenetic disease with the interplay of multiple epigenetic mechanisms. The epigenetic basis of atherosclerosis has transformed our knowledge of epigenetics from an important biological phenomenon to a burgeoning field in cardiovascular research. Here, we provide a systematic and up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of three distinct but interrelated epigenetic processes (including DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and non-coding RNAs), in atherosclerotic plaque development and instability. Mechanistic and conceptual advances in understanding the biological roles of various epigenetic modifiers in regulating gene expression and functions of endothelial cells (vascular homeostasis, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and mechanotransduction), smooth muscle cells (proliferation, migration, inflammation, hypertrophy, and phenotypic switch), and macrophages (differentiation, inflammation, foam cell formation, and polarization) are discussed. The inherently dynamic nature and reversibility of epigenetic regulation, enables the possibility of epigenetic therapy by targeting epigenetic "writers", "readers", and "erasers". Several Food Drug Administration-approved small-molecule epigenetic drugs show promise in pre-clinical studies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic implications and challenges for future research involving cardiovascular epigenetics, with an aim to provide a translational perspective for identifying novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis, and transforming precision cardiovascular research and disease therapy in modern era of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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16
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Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Epigenetic Changes in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4278658. [PMID: 30881591 PMCID: PMC6381575 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4278658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) develops months to years after initial radiation exposure. RIF occurs when normal fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts and lay down aberrant amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. One of the main drivers for developing RIF is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated immediately after radiation exposure. Generation of ROS is known to induce epigenetic changes and cause differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Several antioxidant compounds have been shown to prevent radiation-induced epigenetic changes and the development of RIF. Therefore, reviewing the ROS-linked epigenetic changes in irradiated fibroblast cells is essential to understand the development and prevention of RIF.
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17
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Tang C, Deng Y, Duan H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Qiu D, Zhou K, Hua Y, Wang C. The effect of maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate on fetal cardiac development in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:834-842. [PMID: 29377175 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- West China Medical School of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yuxin Deng
- Pidu Campus; Jiaxiang Foreign Languages School Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Hongyu Duan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Cardiac Development and Early Intervention Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education Chengdu; Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Development and Diseases of Women and Children of Sichuan Province; West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Dajian Qiu
- The Cardiac Development and Early Intervention Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Kaiyu Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- The Cardiac Development and Early Intervention Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education Chengdu; Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Development and Diseases of Women and Children of Sichuan Province; West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yimin Hua
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- The Cardiac Development and Early Intervention Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education Chengdu; Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Development and Diseases of Women and Children of Sichuan Province; West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- The Cardiac Development and Early Intervention Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
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18
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Stark GR, Cheon H, Wang Y. Responses to Cytokines and Interferons that Depend upon JAKs and STATs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028555. [PMID: 28620095 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cytokines and all interferons activate members of a small family of kinases (the Janus kinases [JAKs]) and a slightly larger family of transcription factors (the signal transducers and activators of transcription [STATs]), which are essential components of pathways that induce the expression of specific sets of genes in susceptible cells. JAK-STAT pathways are required for many innate and acquired immune responses, and the activities of these pathways must be finely regulated to avoid major immune dysfunctions. Regulation is achieved through mechanisms that include the activation or induction of potent negative regulatory proteins, posttranslational modification of the STATs, and other modulatory effects that are cell-type specific. Mutations of JAKs and STATs can result in gains or losses of function and can predispose affected individuals to autoimmune disease, susceptibility to a variety of infections, or cancer. Here we review recent developments in the biochemistry, genetics, and biology of JAKs and STATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - HyeonJoo Cheon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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19
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Kotla S, Singh NK, Kirchhofer D, Rao GN. Heterodimers of the transcriptional factors NFATc3 and FosB mediate tissue factor expression for 15( S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced monocyte trafficking. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14885-14901. [PMID: 28724635 PMCID: PMC5592668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.804344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in vascular and nonvascular tissues and functions in several pathways, including embryonic development, inflammation, and cell migration. Many risk factors for atherosclerosis, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking, increase TF expression. To better understand the TF-related mechanisms in atherosclerosis, here we investigated the role of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) in TF expression. 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), the major product of human 15-LOXs 1 and 2, induced TF expression and activity in a time-dependent manner in the human monocytic cell line THP1. Moreover, TF suppression with neutralizing antibodies blocked 15(S)-HETE-induced monocyte migration. We also found that NADPH- and xanthine oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) activation, and interactions between nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 (NFATc3) and FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FosB) are involved in 15(S)-HETE-induced TF expression. Interestingly, NFATc3 first induced the expression of its interaction partner FosB before forming the heterodimeric NFATc3-FosB transcription factor complex, which bound the proximal AP-1 site in the TF gene promoter and activated TF expression. We also observed that macrophages from 12/15-LOX-/- mice exhibit diminished migratory response to monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and lipopolysaccharide compared with WT mouse macrophages. Similarly, compared with WT macrophages, monocytes from 12/15-LOX-/- mice displayed diminished trafficking, which was rescued by prior treatment with 12(S)-HETE, in a peritonitis model. These observations indicate that 15(S)-HETE-induced monocyte/macrophage migration and trafficking require ROS-mediated CaMKIV activation leading to formation of NFATc3 and FosB heterodimer, which binds and activates the TF promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivareddy Kotla
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and
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20
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Jian D, Dai B, Hu X, Yao Q, Zheng C, Zhu J. ox-LDL increases microRNA-29a transcription through upregulating YY1 and STAT1 in macrophages. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1001-1011. [PMID: 28593745 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Jian
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
| | - Qiang Yao
- Department of Cardiology; Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
| | - Chengfei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P.R. China
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21
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Amrita J, Mahajan M, Bhanwer A, Mohan G, Matharoo K. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) Pro12Ala Gene Polymorphism and Oxidative Stress in Menopausal Women with Cardiovascular Disease from North Indian Population of Punjab. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2017.1317106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyot Amrita
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar 143 006, Punjab, India
| | - Mridula Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Amritsar 143 001, Punjab, India
| | - A.J.S. Bhanwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India
| | - Gurinder Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar 143 006, Punjab, India
| | - Kawaljit Matharoo
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. This process generates excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play an important role in atherogenesis. Recent studies show that LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), a component of the inflammasome, may be involved in the formation of foam cells, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. This study was designed to study the role of various scavenger receptors and NLRP3 inflammasome in xanthine oxidase and uric acid-induced foam cell formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and THP-1 macrophages were treated with xanthine oxidase or uric acid. Xanthine oxidase treatment (of both VSMCs and THP-1 cells) resulted in foam cell formation in concert with generation of ROS and expression of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1 (LOX-1), but not of scavenger receptor A (SRA). Uric acid treatment resulted in foam cell formation, ROS generation and expression of CD36, but not of LOX-1 or SRA. Further, treatment of cells with xanthine oxidase, but not uric acid, activated NLRP3 and its downstream pro-inflammatory signals- caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Blockade of LOX-1 or NLRP3 inflammasome with specific siRNAs reduced xanthine oxidase-induced foam cell formation, ROS generation and activation of NLRP3 and downstream signals. CONCLUSIONS Xanthine oxidase induces foam cell formation in large part through activation of LOX-1 - NLRP3 pathway in both VSMCs and THP-1 cells, but uric acid-induced foam cell formation is exclusively through CD36 pathway. Further, LOX-1 activation is upstream of NLRP3 activation. Graphical Abstract Steps in the formation of foam cells in response to xanthine oxidase and uric acid. Xanthine oxidase stimulates LOX-1 expression on the cell membrane of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and increases generation of ROS, which activate NLRP3 inflammasome and downstream pro-inflammatory mediators such as Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18. Xanthine oxidase also induces CD36 expression. Activation of both LOX-1 and CD36 (LOX-1> > CD36) participates in the transformation of macrophages and VSMCs into foam cells. Uric acid formed from xanthine-xanthine oxidase interaction stimulates CD36 expression and triggers foam cell formation independent of NLRP3 activation.
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23
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Kotla S, Singh NK, Rao GN. ROS via BTK-p300-STAT1-PPARγ signaling activation mediates cholesterol crystals-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Redox Biol 2016; 11:350-364. [PMID: 28040583 PMCID: PMC5200884 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In understanding the mechanisms of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, previous studies from other laboratories have demonstrated that cholesterol crystals (CC) induce scavenger receptor CD36 expression and NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation. In elucidating the mechanisms by which CC could enhance CD36 expression and foam cell formation, here we report that CC via NADPH and xanthine oxidases-mediated ROS production activates BTK, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition, CC induce p300 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in a BTK-dependent manner, which in turn, leads to STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. Furthermore, p300, STAT1 and PPARγ bound to a STAT binding site at −107 nt in CD36 promoter and enhanced its activity in ROS and BTK-dependent manner. Disruption of this STAT binding site by site-directed mutagenesis abolished CC-induced CD36 promoter activity. Together these results reveal for the first time that CC via producing ROS and activating BTK causes p300-mediated STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. CC induces CD36 expression and foam cell formation by ROS-mediated BTK activation. STAT1 and PPARγ interactions are required for CC-induced CD36 expression. ROS-dependent BTK and p300 activation mediate STAT1 and PPARγ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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24
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Noack K, Mahendrarajah N, Hennig D, Schmidt L, Grebien F, Hildebrand D, Christmann M, Kaina B, Sellmer A, Mahboobi S, Kubatzky K, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Analysis of the interplay between all-trans retinoic acid and histone deacetylase inhibitors in leukemic cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2191-2208. [PMID: 27807597 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces granulocytic differentiation. This process renders APL cells resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapies. Epigenetic regulators of the histone deacetylases (HDACs) family, which comprise four classes (I-IV), critically control the development and progression of APL. We set out to clarify the parameters that determine the interaction between ATRA and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Our assays included drugs against class I HDACs (MS-275, VPA, and FK228), pan-HDACi (LBH589, SAHA), and the novel HDAC6-selective compound Marbostat-100. We demonstrate that ATRA protects APL cells from cytotoxic effects of SAHA, MS-275, and Marbostat-100. However, LBH589 and FK228, which have a superior substrate-inhibitor dissociation constant (Ki) for the class I deacetylases HDAC1, 2, 3, are resistant against ATRA-dependent cytoprotective effects. We further show that HDACi evoke DNA damage, measured as induction of phosphorylated histone H2AX and by the comet assay. The ability of ATRA to protect APL cells from the induction of p-H2AX by HDACi is a readout for the cytoprotective effects of ATRA. Moreover, ATRA increases the fraction of cells in the G1 phase, together with an accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and a reduced expression of thymidylate synthase (TdS). In contrast, the ATRA-dependent activation of the transcription factors STAT1, NF-κB, and C/EBP hardly influences the responses of APL cells to HDACi. We conclude that the affinity of HDACi for class I HDACs determines whether such drugs can kill naïve and maturated APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Noack
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nisintha Mahendrarajah
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dorle Hennig
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Luisa Schmidt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Waehringer Strasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Waehringer Strasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Sellmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Kawase R, Nishimura Y, Ashikawa Y, Sasagawa S, Murakami S, Yuge M, Okabe S, Kawaguchi K, Yamamoto H, Moriyuki K, Yamane S, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Hara H, Tanaka T. EP300 Protects from Light-Induced Retinopathy in Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:126. [PMID: 27242532 PMCID: PMC4871856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of rhodopsin to bright white light can induce photoreceptor cell damage and degeneration. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying light-induced retinopathy remains elusive. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of three rodent models of light-induced retinopathy, and we identified 37 genes that are dysregulated in all three models. Gene ontology analysis revealed that this gene set is significantly associated with a cytokine signaling axis composed of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1/3), interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST), and oncostatin M receptor (OSMR). Furthermore, the analysis suggested that the histone acetyltransferase EP300 may be a key upstream regulator of the STAT1/3–IL6ST/OSMR axis. To examine the role of EP300 directly, we developed a larval zebrafish model of light-induced retinopathy. Using this model, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of EP300 significantly increased retinal cell apoptosis, decreased photoreceptor cell outer segments, and increased proliferation of putative Müller cells upon exposure to intense light. These results suggest that EP300 may protect photoreceptor cells from light-induced damage and that activation of EP300 may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kawase
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ashikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Shota Sasagawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Shiko Okabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Koki Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
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