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Jin LW, Di Lucente J, Ruiz Mendiola U, Suthprasertporn N, Tomilov A, Cortopassi G, Kim K, Ramsey JJ, Maezawa I. The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate shifts microglial metabolism and suppresses amyloid-β oligomer-induced inflammation in human microglia. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23261. [PMID: 37878335 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301254r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized by β-oxidation within the "mitochondrial ketogenic pathway" (MKP) to generate β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a ketone body. BHB can be generated by most cells but largely by hepatocytes following exercise, fasting, or ketogenic diet consumption. BHB has been shown to modulate systemic and brain inflammation; however, its direct effects on microglia have been little studied. We investigated the impact of BHB on Aβ oligomer (AβO)-stimulated human iPS-derived microglia (hiMG), a model relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HiMG responded to AβO with proinflammatory activation, which was mitigated by BHB at physiological concentrations of 0.1-2 mM. AβO stimulated glycolytic transcripts, suppressed genes in the β-oxidation pathway, and induced over-expression of AD-relevant p46Shc, an endogenous inhibitor of thiolase, actions that are expected to suppress MKP. AβO also triggered mitochondrial Ca2+ increase, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. BHB potently ameliorated all the above mitochondrial changes and rectified the MKP, resulting in reduced inflammasome activation and recovery of the phagocytotic function impaired by AβO. These results indicate that microglia MKP can be induced to modulate microglia immunometabolism, and that BHB can remedy "keto-deficiency" resulting from MKP suppression and shift microglia away from proinflammatory mitochondrial metabolism. These effects of BHB may contribute to the beneficial effects of ketogenic diet intervention in aged mice and in human subjects with mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ulises Ruiz Mendiola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nopparat Suthprasertporn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jon J Ramsey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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2
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Shen M, Liu S, Toland A, Hsu EC, Hartono AB, Alabi BR, Aslan M, Nguyen HM, Sessions CJ, Nolley R, Shi C, Huang J, Brooks JD, Corey E, Stoyanova T. ACAA2 is a novel molecular indicator for cancers with neuroendocrine phenotype. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1818-1828. [PMID: 37798372 PMCID: PMC10667239 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine phenotype is commonly associated with therapy resistance and poor prognoses in small-cell neuroendocrine cancers (SCNCs), such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Expression levels of current neuroendocrine markers exhibit high case-by-case variability, so multiple markers are used in combination to identify SCNCs. Here, we report that ACAA2 is elevated in SCNCs and is a potential molecular indicator for SCNCs. METHODS ACAA2 expressions in tumour xenografts, tissue microarrays (TMAs), and patient tissues from prostate and lung cancers were analysed via immunohistochemistry. ACAA2 mRNA levels in lung and prostate cancer (PC) patients were assessed in published datasets. RESULTS ACAA2 protein and mRNA levels were elevated in SCNCs relative to non-SCNCs. Medium/high ACAA2 intensity was observed in 78% of NEPC PDXs samples (N = 27) relative to 33% of adeno-CRPC (N = 86), 2% of localised PC (N = 50), and 0% of benign prostate specimens (N = 101). ACAA2 was also elevated in lung cancer patient tissues with neuroendocrine phenotype. 83% of lung carcinoid tissues (N = 12) and 90% of SCLC tissues (N = 10) exhibited medium/high intensity relative to 40% of lung adenocarcinoma (N = 15). CONCLUSION ACAA2 expression is elevated in aggressive SCNCs such as NEPC and SCLC, suggesting it is a potential molecular indicator for SCNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Shen
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angus Toland
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alifiani B Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Busola R Alabi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Merve Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Gong M, Choi SC, Park YP, Zou X, Elshikha AS, Gerriets VA, Rathmell JC, Mohamazadeh M, Morel L. Transcriptional and metabolic programs promote the expansion of follicular helper T cells in lupus-prone mice. iScience 2023; 26:106774. [PMID: 37216123 PMCID: PMC10197114 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which is tightly associated with the development of lupus, is reversed by the inhibition of either glycolysis or glutaminolysis in mice. Here we analyzed the gene expression and metabolome of Tfh cells and naive CD4+ T (Tn) cells in the B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (triple congenic, TC) mouse model of lupus and its congenic B6 control. Lupus genetic susceptibility in TC mice drives a gene expression signature starting in Tn cells and expanding in Tfh cells with enhanced signaling and effector programs. Metabolically, TC Tn and Tfh cells showed multiple defective mitochondrial functions. TC Tfh cells also showed specific anabolic programs including enhanced glutamate metabolism, malate-aspartate shuttle, and ammonia recycling, as well as altered dynamics of amino acid content and their transporters. Thus, our study has revealed specific metabolic programs that can be targeted to specifically limit the expansion of pathogenic Tfh cells in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Gong
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuk Pheel Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xueyang Zou
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ahmed S. Elshikha
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Valerie A. Gerriets
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamazadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Li Y, Jiang JX, Fan W, Fish SR, Das S, Gupta P, Mozes G, Vancza L, Sarkar S, Kunimoto K, Chen D, Park H, Clemens D, Tomilov A, Cortopassi G, Török NJ. Shc Is Implicated in Calreticulin-Mediated Sterile Inflammation in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:197-211. [PMID: 36122677 PMCID: PMC9676381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Src homology and collagen (Shc) proteins are major adapters to extracellular signals, however, the regulatory role of Shc isoforms in sterile inflammatory responses in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) has not been fully investigated. We hypothesized that in an isoform-specific manner Shc modulates pre-apoptotic signals, calreticulin (CRT) membrane exposure, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. METHODS Liver biopsy samples from patients with AH vs healthy subjects were studied for Shc expression using DNA microarray data and immunohistochemistry. Shc knockdown (hypomorph) and age-matched wild-type mice were pair-fed according to the chronic-plus-binge alcohol diet. To analyze hepatocyte-specific effects, adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine binding globulin-Cre (hepatocyte-specific Shc knockout)-mediated deletion was performed in flox/flox Shc mice. Lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory signals, redox radicals, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratio, as well as cleaved caspase 8, B-cell-receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer (Bak), were assessed in vivo. CRT translocation was studied in ethanol-exposed p46ShcẟSH2-transfected hepatocytes by membrane biotinylation in conjunction with phosphorylated-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha, BAP31, caspase 8, and Bax/Bak. The effects of idebenone, a novel Shc inhibitor, was studied in alcohol/pair-fed mice. RESULTS Shc was significantly induced in patients with AH (P < .01). Alanine aminotransferase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratios, production of redox radicals, and lipid peroxidation improved (P < .05), and interleukin 1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 were reduced in Shc knockdown and hepatocyte-specific Shc knockout mice. In vivo, Shc-dependent induction, and, in hepatocytes, a p46Shc-dependent increase in pre-apoptotic proteins Bax/Bak, caspase 8, BAP31 cleavage, and membrane translocation of CRT/endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein 57 were seen. Idebenone protected against alcohol-mediated liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol induces p46Shc-dependent activation of pre-apoptotic pathways and translocation of CRT to the membrane, where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern, instigating immunogenicity. Shc inhibition could be a novel treatment strategy in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Joy X Jiang
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Weiguo Fan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sarah R Fish
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Parul Gupta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Gergely Mozes
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lorand Vancza
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Koshi Kunimoto
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Dongning Chen
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hyesuk Park
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
| | - Dahn Clemens
- Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Natalie J Török
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California.
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5
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León-García MC, Silva-Gaona OG, Hernández-Ortiz M, Vargas-Ortiz K, Ramírez-Emiliano J, Garay-Sevilla ME, Encarnación-Guevara S, Pérez-Vázquez V. Curcumin Prevents the Glycation of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Cell Respiration Proteins in the Heart of Mice Fed with a High-Fructose Diet. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1769-1778. [PMID: 35362381 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220331160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high fructose diet (HFD) induces protein glycation. The latter is related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Curcumin is a natural pleiotropic compound that may possess antiglycant properties. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of curcumin on the content of glycated proteins in the hearts of 6-week-old mice fed with a HFD for 15 weeks. METHODS Mice were allocated in four groups (n = 6/group): a control group that received a standard diet (CT); a group that received 30% w/v fructose in water (F); a group that received 0.75% w/w curcumin supplemented in food (C); a group that received 30% w/v fructose in water and 0.75% w/w curcumin supplemented in food (F+C). The content of glycated proteins in the heart was determined by Western Blot (whereas the spots were detected by 2D-PAGE) using anti-AGE and anti-CML antibodies. A densitometric analysis was performed using the ImageLab software. Glycated proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, and an ontological analysis was performed in terms of biological processes and molecular function based on the STRING and DAVID databases. RESULTS Fourteen glycated protein spots were detected, two of them with anti-AGE and the other 12 with anti-CML. In total, eleven glycated proteins were identified, out of which three had decreased glycation levels due to curcumin exposure. The identified proteins participate in processes such as cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC), and the organization of intermediate filaments. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin decreased the fructose-induced glycation level of the ACO2, NDUFS7, and DLAT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina León-García
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Oscar Gerardo Silva-Gaona
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katya Vargas-Ortiz
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Joel Ramírez-Emiliano
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ma Eugenia Garay-Sevilla
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
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6
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Mir HA, Ali R, Wani ZA, Khanday FA. Pro-oxidant vitamin C mechanistically exploits p66Shc/Rac1GTPase pathway in inducing cytotoxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:154-168. [PMID: 35181322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
P66Shc is the master regulator of oxidative stress whose pro-oxidant functioning is governed by ser36 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated p66Shc via Rac1GTPase activation modulates ROS levels which in turn influence its pro-oxidative functions. Vitamin C at higher concentrations exhibits cytotoxic activity in various cancers, inducing ROS mediated cell death via pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Here we show a novel role of p66Shc in mediating pro-oxidant activity of vitamin C. Effect of vitamin C on the viability of breast cancer and normal cells was studied. High doses of vitamin C decreased viability of cancerous cells but not normal cells. Docking study displayed significant binding affinity of vitamin C with p66Shc PTB domain. Western blot results suggest that vitamin C not only enhances p66Shc expression but also induces its ser36 phosphorylation. Vitamin C at high doses was also found to activate Rac1, enhance ROS production and induce apoptosis. Interestingly, ser36 phosphorylation mutant transfection and pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine results indicate that vitamin C induced Rac1 activation, ROS production and apoptosis is p66Shc ser36 phosphorylation dependent. Overall, results highlight that vitamin C mechanistically explores p66Shc/Rac1 pathway in inducing apoptosis and thus can pave a way to use this pathway as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Roshia Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Firdous Ahmad Khanday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India.
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7
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Abegaz F, Martines ACMF, Vieira-Lara MA, Rios-Morales M, Reijngoud DJ, Wit EC, Bakker BM. Bistability in fatty-acid oxidation resulting from substrate inhibition. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009259. [PMID: 34383741 PMCID: PMC8396765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated through analytic considerations and numerical studies that the mitochondrial fatty-acid β-oxidation can exhibit bistable-hysteresis behavior. In an experimentally validated computational model we identified a specific region in the parameter space in which two distinct stable and one unstable steady state could be attained with different fluxes. The two stable states were referred to as low-flux (disease) and high-flux (healthy) state. By a modular kinetic approach we traced the origin and causes of the bistability back to the distributive kinetics and the conservation of CoA, in particular in the last rounds of the β-oxidation. We then extended the model to investigate various interventions that may confer health benefits by activating the pathway, including (i) activation of the last enzyme MCKAT via its endogenous regulator p46-SHC protein, (ii) addition of a thioesterase (an acyl-CoA hydrolysing enzyme) as a safety valve, and (iii) concomitant activation of a number of upstream and downstream enzymes by short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA), metabolites that are produced from nutritional fibers in the gut. A high concentration of SCFAs, thioesterase activity, and inhibition of the p46Shc protein led to a disappearance of the bistability, leaving only the high-flux state. A better understanding of the switch behavior of the mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation process between a low- and a high-flux state may lead to dietary and pharmacological intervention in the treatment or prevention of obesity and or non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentaw Abegaz
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Statistics and Probability Unit, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Claire M. F. Martines
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melany Rios-Morales
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst C. Wit
- Statistics and Probability Unit, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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8
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Miller B, Kostrominova TY, Geurts AM, Sorokin A. Double p52Shc/p46Shc Rat Knockout Demonstrates Severe Gait Abnormalities Accompanied by Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5237. [PMID: 34063460 PMCID: PMC8155973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein Shc exists in three isoforms p46Shc, p52Shc, and p66Shc, which execute distinctly different actions in cells. The role of p46Shc is insufficiently studied, and the purpose of this study was to further investigate its functional significance. We developed unique rat mutants lacking p52Shc and p46Shc isoforms (p52Shc/46Shc-KO) and carried out histological analysis of skeletal and cardiac muscle of parental and genetically modified rats with impaired gait. p52Shc/46Shc-KO rats demonstrate severe functional abnormalities associated with impaired gait. Our analysis of p52Shc/46Shc-KO rat axons and myelin sheets in cross-sections of the sciatic nerve revealed the presence of significant anomalies. Based on the lack of skeletal muscle fiber atrophy and the presence of sciatic nerve abnormalities, we suggest that the impaired gait in p52Shc/46Shc-KO rats might be due to the sensory feedback from active muscle to the brain locomotor centers. The lack of dystrophin in some heart muscle fibers reflects damage due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Since rats with only p52Shc knockout do not display the phenotype of p52Shc/p46Shc-KO, abnormal locomotion is likely to be caused by p46Shc deletion. Our data suggest a previously unknown role of 46Shc actions and signaling in regulation of gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Miller
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53266, USA;
| | - Tatiana Y. Kostrominova
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN 46408, USA;
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53266, USA;
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53266, USA;
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9
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Mir HA, Ali R, Mushtaq U, Khanday FA. Structure-functional implications of longevity protein p66Shc in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101139. [PMID: 32795504 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ShcA (Src homologous- collagen homologue), family of adapter proteins, consists of three isoforms which integrate and transduce external stimuli to different signaling networks. ShcA family consists of p46Shc, p52Shc and p66Shc isoforms, characterized by having multiple protein-lipid and protein-protein interaction domains implying their functional diversity. Among the three isoforms p66Shc is structurally different containing an additional CH2 domain which attributes to its dual functionality in cell growth, mediating both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Besides, p66Shc is also involved in different biological processes including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell migration, ageing, cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. Moreover, the interplay between p66Shc and ROS is implicated in the pathology of various dreadful diseases. Accordingly, here we discuss the recent structural aspects of all ShcA adaptor proteins but are highlighting the case of p66Shc as model isoform. Furthermore, this review insights the role of p66Shc in progression of chronic age-related diseases like neuro diseases, metabolic disorders (non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vascular endothelial dysfunction) and cancer in relation to ROS. We finally conclude that p66Shc might act as a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of these diseases and could be used as a potential therapeutic target.
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10
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Hui C, Tomilov A, Garcia C, Jiang X, Fash DM, Khdour OM, Rosso C, Filippini G, Prato M, Graham J, Hecht S, Havel P, Cortopassi G. Novel idebenone analogs block Shc's access to insulin receptor to improve insulin sensitivity. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110823. [PMID: 33045613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been little innovation in identifying novel insulin sensitizers. Metformin, developed in the 1920s, is still used first for most Type 2 diabetes patients. Mice with genetic reduction of p52Shc protein have improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. By high-throughput screening, idebenone was isolated as the first small molecule 'Shc Blocker'. Idebenone blocks p52Shc's access to Insulin Receptor to increase insulin sensitivity. In this work the avidity of 34 novel idebenone analogs and 3 metabolites to bind p52Shc, and to block the interaction of p52Shc with the Insulin receptor was tested. Our hypothesis was that if an idebenone analog bound and blocked p52Shc's access to insulin receptor better than idebenone, it should be a more effective insulin sensitizing agent than idebenone itself. Of 34 analogs tested, only 2 both bound p52Shc more tightly and/or blocked the p52Shc-Insulin Receptor interaction more effectively than idebenone. Of those 2 only idebenone analog #11 was a superior insulin sensitizer to idebenone. Also, the long-lasting insulin-sensitizing potency of idebenone in rodents over many hours had been puzzling, as the parent molecule degrades to metabolites within 1 h. We observed that two of the idebenone's three metabolites are insulin sensitizing almost as potently as idebenone itself, explaining the persistent insulin sensitization of this rapidly metabolized molecule. These results help to identify key SAR = structure-activity relationship requirements for more potent small molecule Shc inhibitors as Shc-targeted insulin sensitizers for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunKiu Hui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Chase Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - XiaoSong Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - David M Fash
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Omar M Khdour
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain; Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
| | - James Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sidney Hecht
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Peter Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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11
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Jiang JX, Fish SR, Tomilov A, Li Y, Fan W, Dehnad A, Gae D, Das S, Mozes G, Charville GW, Ramsey J, Cortopassi G, Török NJ. Nonphagocytic Activation of NOX2 Is Implicated in Progressive Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis During Aging. Hepatology 2020; 72:1204-1218. [PMID: 31950520 PMCID: PMC7478166 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Older patients with obesity/type II diabetes mellitus frequently present with advanced NASH. Whether this is due to specific molecular pathways that accelerate fibrosis during aging is unknown. Activation of the Src homology 2 domain-containing collagen-related (Shc) proteins and redox stress have been recognized in aging; however, their link to NASH has not been explored. APPROACH AND RESULTS Shc expression increased in livers of older patients with NASH, as assessed by real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or western blots. Fibrosis, Shc expression, markers of senescence, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidases (NOXs) were studied in young/old mice on fast food diet (FFD). To inhibit Shc in old mice, lentiviral (LV)-short hairpin Shc versus control-LV were used during FFD. For hepatocyte-specific effects, floxed (fl/fl) Shc mice on FFD were injected with adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine-binding globulin-Cre-recombinase versus control. Fibrosis was accelerated in older mice on FFD, and Shc inhibition by LV in older mice or hepatocyte-specific deletion resulted in significantly improved inflammation, reduction in senescence markers in older mice, lipid peroxidation, and fibrosis. To study NOX2 activation, the interaction of p47phox (NOX2 regulatory subunit) and p52Shc was evaluated by proximity ligation and coimmunoprecipitations. Palmitate-induced p52Shc binding to p47phox , activating the NOX2 complex, more so at an older age. Kinetics of binding were assessed in Src homology 2 domain (SH2) or phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain deletion mutants by biolayer interferometry, revealing the role of SH2 and the PTB domains. Lastly, an in silico model of p52Shc/p47phox interaction using RosettaDock was generated. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated fibrosis in the aged is modulated by p52Shc/NOX2. We show a pathway for direct activation of the phagocytic NOX2 in hepatocytes by p52Shc binding and activating the p47phox subunit that results in redox stress and accelerated fibrosis in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy X. Jiang
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Sarah R. Fish
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, 3011, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yuan Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Weiguo Fan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Ali Dehnad
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - David Gae
- Dept of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94118
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Gergely Mozes
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Gregory W. Charville
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Jon Ramsey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, 3011, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, 3011, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - NJ Török
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, and VA Palo Alto, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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12
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Transcriptome analysis suggests a compensatory role of the cofactors coenzyme A and NAD + in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14539. [PMID: 31601874 PMCID: PMC6787083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During fasting, mitochondrial fatty-acid β-oxidation (mFAO) is essential for the generation of glucose by the liver. Children with a loss-of-function deficiency in the mFAO enzyme medium-chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) are at serious risk of life-threatening low blood glucose levels during fasting in combination with intercurrent disease. However, a subset of these children remains asymptomatic throughout life. In MCAD-deficient (MCAD-KO) mice, glucose levels are similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice, even during fasting. We investigated if metabolic adaptations in the liver may underlie the robustness of this KO mouse. WT and KO mice were given a high- or low-fat diet and subsequently fasted. We analyzed histology, mitochondrial function, targeted mitochondrial proteomics, and transcriptome in liver tissue. Loss of MCAD led to a decreased capacity to oxidize octanoyl-CoA. This was not compensated for by altered protein levels of the short- and long-chain isoenzymes SCAD and LCAD. In the transcriptome, we identified subtle adaptations in the expression of genes encoding enzymes catalyzing CoA- and NAD(P)(H)-involving reactions and of genes involved in detoxification mechanisms. We discuss how these processes may contribute to robustness in MCAD-KO mice and potentially also in asymptomatic human subjects with a complete loss of MCAD activity.
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13
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Wright KD, Miller BS, El-Meanawy S, Tsaih SW, Banerjee A, Geurts AM, Sheinin Y, Sun Y, Kalyanaraman B, Rui H, Flister MJ, Sorokin A. The p52 isoform of SHC1 is a key driver of breast cancer initiation. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:74. [PMID: 31202267 PMCID: PMC6570928 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SHC1 proteins (also called SHCA) exist in three functionally distinct isoforms (p46SHC, p52SHC, and p66SHC) that serve as intracellular adaptors for several key signaling pathways in breast cancer. Despite the broad evidence implicating SHC1 gene products as a central mediator of breast cancer, testing the isoform-specific roles of SHC1 proteins have been inaccessible due to the lack of isoform-specific inhibitors or gene knockout models. Methods Here, we addressed this issue by generating the first isoform-specific gene knockout models for p52SHC and p66SHC, using germline gene editing in the salt-sensitive rat strain. Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, we found that genetic ablation of the p52SHC isoform significantly attenuated mammary tumor formation, whereas the p66SHC knockout had no effect. Rats were dosed with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) by oral gavage to induce mammary tumors, and progression of tumor development was followed for 15 weeks. At 15 weeks, tumors were excised and analyzed by RNA-seq to determine differences between tumors lacking p66SHC or p52SHC. Results Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, we found that genetic ablation of the p52SHC isoform significantly attenuated mammary tumor formation, whereas the p66SHC knockout had no effect. These data, combined with p52SHC being the predominant isoform that is upregulated in human and rat tumors, provide the first evidence that p52SHC is the oncogenic isoform of Shc1 gene products in breast cancer. Compared with WT tumors, 893 differentially expressed (DE; FDR < 0.05) genes were detected in p52SHC KO tumors compared with only 18 DE genes in the p66SHC KO tumors, further highlighting that p52SHC is the relevant SHC1 isoform in breast cancer. Finally, gene network analysis revealed that p52SHC KO disrupted multiple key pathways that have been previously implicated in breast cancer initiation and progression, including ESR1 and mTORC2/RICTOR. Conclusion Collectively, these data demonstrate the p52SHC isoform is the key driver of DMBA-induced breast cancer while the expression of p66SHC and p46SHC are not enough to compensate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-019-1155-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Wright
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Sarah El-Meanawy
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anjishnu Banerjee
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yuri Sheinin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yunguang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael J Flister
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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14
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Tomilov A, Allen S, Hui CK, Bettaieb A, Cortopassi G. Idebenone is a cytoprotective insulin sensitizer whose mechanism is Shc inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:89-103. [PMID: 30290222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
When insulin binds insulin receptor, IRS1 signaling is stimulated to trigger the maximal insulin response. p52Shc protein competes directly with IRS1, thus damping and diverting maximal insulin response. Genetic reduction of p52Shc minimizes competition with IRS1, and improves insulin signaling and glucose control in mice, and improves pathophysiological consequences of hyperglycemia. Given the multiple benefits of Shc reduction in vivo, we investigated whether any of 1680 drugs used in humans may function as Shc inhibitors, and thus potentially serve as novel anti-diabetics. Of the 1680, 30 insulin sensitizers were identified by screening in vitro, and of these 30 we demonstrated that 7 bound Shc protein. Of the 7 drugs, idebenone dose-dependently bound Shc protein in the 50-100 nM range, and induced insulin sensitivity and cytoprotection in this same 100 nM range that clinically dosed idebenone reaches in human plasma. By contrast we observe mitochondrial effects of idebenone in the 5,000 nM range that are not reached in human dosing. Multiple assays of target engagement demonstrate that idebenone physically interacts with Shc protein. Idebenone sensitizes mice to insulin in two different mouse models of prediabetes. Genetic depletion of idebenone's target eliminates idebenone's ability to insulin-sensitize in vivo. Thus, idebenone is the first-in-class member of a novel category of insulin-sensitizing and cytoprotective agents, the Shc inhibitors. Idebenone is an approved drug and could be considered for other indications such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease, in which insulin resistance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sonia Allen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Chun Kiu Hui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1920, USA.
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Wang GE, Li YF, Zhai YJ, Gong L, Tian JY, Hong M, Yao N, Wu YP, Kurihara H, He RR. Theacrine protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating acylcarnitine metabolism. Metabolism 2018; 85:227-239. [PMID: 29727630 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acylcarnitine metabolism disorder contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There are, however, few ideal medications for NAFLD, which work by targeting acylcarnitine metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of theacrine, a rare purine alkaloid isolated from Camellia assamica var. kucha, against acylcarnitine metabolism disorder in NAFLD. METHODS The pharmacological activities of theacrine were studied using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice models. Oleate-treated HepG2 and L-02 cells were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of theacrine on acylcarnitine metabolism. The target of theacrine was confirmed in vitro as the blockade of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and protein kinase A. RESULTS Theacrine inhibits hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation and improves energy expenditure in HFD-fed mice. Theacrine ameliorates acylcarnitine metabolism disorder in HFD-fed mice and oleate-treated hepatocytes by improving fatty acid oxidation. The underlying mechanism involves theacrine's activation of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 and consequently, the increased activity of long-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD) through deacetylation. CONCLUSION Theacrine promotes acylcarnitine metabolism in NAFLD through the SIRT3/LCAD signaling pathway. The target of theacrine's activities on NAFLD is identified as SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-En Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhai
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lian Gong
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing-Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Mo Hong
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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16
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Zhang C, Dower K, Zhang B, Martinez RV, Lin LL, Zhao S. Computational identification and validation of alternative splicing in ZSF1 rat RNA-seq data, a preclinical model for type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7624. [PMID: 29769602 PMCID: PMC5955895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese ZSF1 rats exhibit spontaneous time-dependent diabetic nephropathy and are considered to be a highly relevant animal model of progressive human diabetic kidney disease. We previously identified gene expression changes between disease and control animals across six time points from 12 to 41 weeks. In this study, the same data were analysed at the isoform and exon levels to reveal additional disease mechanisms that may be governed by alternative splicing. Our analyses identified alternative splicing patterns in genes that may be implicated in disease pathogenesis (such as Shc1, Serpinc1, Epb4.1l5, and Il-33), which would have been overlooked in standard gene-level analysis. The alternatively spliced genes were enriched in pathways related to cell adhesion, cell–cell interactions/junctions, and cytoskeleton signalling, whereas the differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways related to immune response, G protein-coupled receptor, and cAMP signalling. Our findings indicate that additional mechanistic insights can be gained from exon- and isoform-level data analyses over standard gene-level analysis. Considering alternative splicing is poorly conserved between rodents and humans, it is noted that this work is not translational, but the point holds true that additional insights can be gained from alternative splicing analysis of RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Precision Medicine, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ken Dower
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Precision Medicine, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert V Martinez
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lih-Ling Lin
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhao
- Precision Medicine, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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17
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Martines ACMF, van Eunen K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. The promiscuous enzyme medium-chain 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase triggers a vicious cycle in fatty-acid beta-oxidation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005461. [PMID: 28369071 PMCID: PMC5397069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty-acid beta-oxidation (mFAO) plays a central role in mammalian energy metabolism. Multiple severe diseases are associated with defects in this pathway. Its kinetic structure is characterized by a complex wiring of which the functional implications have hardly been explored. Repetitive cycles of reversible reactions, each cycle shortening the fatty acid by two carbon atoms, evoke competition between intermediates of different chain lengths for a common set of 'promiscuous' enzymes (enzymes with activity towards multiple substrates). In our validated kinetic model of the pathway, substrate overload causes a steep and detrimental flux decline. Here, we unravel the underlying mechanism and the role of enzyme promiscuity in it. Comparison of alternative model versions elucidated the role of promiscuity of individual enzymes. Promiscuity of the last enzyme of the pathway, medium-chain ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (MCKAT), was both necessary and sufficient to elicit the flux decline. Subsequently, Metabolic Control Analysis revealed that MCKAT had insufficient capacity to cope with high substrate influx. Next, we quantified the internal metabolic regulation, revealing a vicious cycle around MCKAT. Upon substrate overload, MCKAT's ketoacyl-CoA substrates started to accumulate. The unfavourable equilibrium constant of the preceding enzyme, medium/short-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, worked as an amplifier, leading to accumulation of upstream CoA esters, including acyl-CoA esters. These acyl-CoA esters are at the same time products of MCKAT and inhibited its already low activity further. Finally, the accumulation of CoA esters led to a sequestration of free CoA. CoA being a cofactor for MCKAT, its sequestration limited the MCKAT activity even further, thus completing the vicious cycle. Since CoA is also a substrate for distant enzymes, it efficiently communicated the 'traffic jam' at MCKAT to the entire pathway. This novel mechanism provides a basis to explore the role of mFAO in disease and elucidate similar principles in other pathways of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire M. F. Martines
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hagopian K, Kim K, López-Dominguez JA, Tomilov AA, Cortopassi GA, Ramsey JJ. Mice with low levels of Shc proteins display reduced glycolytic and increased gluconeogenic activities in liver. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:273-286. [PMID: 28133633 PMCID: PMC5267479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shc proteins play a role in energy metabolism through interaction with the insulin receptor. The aim of this study was to determine whether Shc proteins influence liver glycolysis and gluconeogenesis under both fed and fasted states. Decreased glycolytic and increased gluconeogenic and transamination enzyme activities were observed in ShcKO versus WT mice. Levels of key regulatory metabolites, such as fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, matched the activity of metabolic pathways. Protein levels of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes were not different. pAMPK protein levels increased with fasting and were higher in ShcKO versus WT mice. Therefore, Shc proteins play a role in shifting the metabolism from glucose oxidation to gluconeogenesis and lipid catabolism and should be considered as regulators of fuel selection. Fuel selection and utilization could play a critical role in healthy aging. Characterization of metabolic events in ShcKO mice would help to elucidate how metabolism is influenced by these proteins. Decreased glycolysis and increased gluconeogenesis in ShcKO mice. Changes in metabolite levels reflect changes in enzyme activities. Protein levels of key enzymes remained unchanged. Shc proteins play a role in metabolic shift and act as regulators of fuel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevork Hagopian
- VM Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - José Alberto López-Dominguez
- VM Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexey A. Tomilov
- VM Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gino A. Cortopassi
- VM Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jon J. Ramsey
- VM Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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