1
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Kalienkova V, Dandamudi M, Paulino C, Lynagh T. Structural basis for excitatory neuropeptide signaling. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:717-726. [PMID: 38337033 PMCID: PMC11026163 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Rapid signaling between neurons is mediated by ligand-gated ion channels, cell-surface proteins with an extracellular ligand-binding domain and a membrane-spanning ion channel domain. The degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily is diverse in terms of its gating stimuli, with some DEG/ENaCs gated by neuropeptides, and others gated by pH, mechanical force or enzymatic activity. The mechanism by which ligands bind to and activate DEG/ENaCs is poorly understood. Here we dissected the structural basis for neuropeptide-gated activity of a neuropeptide-gated DEG/ENaC, FMRFamide-gated sodium channel 1 (FaNaC1) from the annelid worm Malacoceros fuliginosus, using cryo-electron microscopy. Structures of FaNaC1 in the ligand-free resting state and in several ligand-bound states reveal the ligand-binding site and capture the ligand-induced conformational changes of channel gating, which we verified with complementary mutagenesis experiments. Our results illuminate channel gating in DEG/ENaCs and offer a structural template for experimental dissection of channel pharmacology and ion conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Kalienkova
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Cristina Paulino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Timothy Lynagh
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Liu F, Dang Y, Li L, Feng H, Li J, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ye S, Tian Y, Chen Q. Structure and mechanism of a neuropeptide-activated channel in the ENaC/DEG superfamily. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1276-1285. [PMID: 37550431 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide)-activated sodium channels (FaNaCs) are a family of channels activated by the neuropeptide FMRFamide, and, to date, the underlying ligand gating mechanism remains unknown. Here we present the high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of Aplysia californica FaNaC in both apo and FMRFamide-bound states. AcFaNaC forms a chalice-shaped trimer and possesses several notable features, including two FaNaC-specific insertion regions, a distinct finger domain and non-domain-swapped transmembrane helix 2 in the transmembrane domain (TMD). One FMRFamide binds to each subunit in a cleft located in the top-most region of the extracellular domain, with participation of residues from the neighboring subunit. Bound FMRFamide adopts an extended conformation. FMRFamide binds tightly to A. californica FaNaC in an N terminus-in manner, which causes collapse of the binding cleft and induces large local conformational rearrangements. Such conformational changes are propagated downward toward the TMD via the palm domain, possibly resulting in outward movement of the TMD and dilation of the ion conduction pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianlin Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sheng Ye
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yutao Tian
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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3
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Furukawa Y, Tagashira I. Aromatic amino acids in the finger domain of the FMRFamide-gated Na[Formula: see text] channel are involved in the FMRFamide recognition and the activation. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02817-9. [PMID: 37289212 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
FMRFamide-gated Na[Formula: see text] channel (FaNaC) is a member of the DEG/ENaC family and activated by a neuropeptide, FMRFamide. Structural information about the FMRFamide-dependent gating is, however, still elusive. Because two phenylalanines of FMRFamide are essential for the activation of FaNaC, we hypothesized that aromatic-aromatic interaction between FaNaC and FMRFamide is critical for FMRFamide recognition and/or the activation gating. Here, we focused on eight conserved aromatic residues in the finger domain of FaNaCs and tested our hypothesis by mutagenic analysis and in silico docking simulations. The mutation of conserved aromatic residues in the finger domain reduced the FMRFamide potency, suggesting that the conserved aromatic residues are involved in the FMRFamide-dependent activation. The kinetics of the FMRFamide-gated currents were also modified substantially in some mutants. Some results of docking simulations were consistent with a hypothesis that the aromatic-aromatic interaction between the aromatic residues in FaNaC and FMRFamide is involved in the FMRFamide recognition. Collectively, our results suggest that the conserved aromatic residues in the finger domain of FaNaC are important determinants of the ligand recognition and/or the activation gating in FaNaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Furukawa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences of Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Iori Tagashira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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4
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Dandamudi M, Hausen H, Lynagh T. Comparative analysis defines a broader FMRFamide-gated sodium channel family and determinants of neuropeptide sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102086. [PMID: 35636513 PMCID: PMC9234716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide, FMRFa) and similar neuropeptides are important physiological modulators in most invertebrates, but the molecular basis of FMRFa activity at its receptors is unknown. We therefore sought to identify the molecular determinants of FMRFa potency against one of its native targets, the excitatory FMRFa-gated sodium channel (FaNaC) from gastropod mollusks. Using molecular phylogenetics and electrophysiological measurement of neuropeptide activity, we identified a broad FaNaC family that includes mollusk and annelid channels gated by FMRFa, FVRIamides, and/or Wamides (or myoinhibitory peptides). A comparative analysis of this broader FaNaC family and other channels from the overarching degenerin (DEG)/epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) superfamily, incorporating mutagenesis and experimental dissection of channel function, identified a pocket of amino acid residues that determines activation of FaNaCs by neuropeptides. Although this pocket has diverged in distantly related DEG/ENaC channels that are activated by other ligands but enhanced by FMRFa, such as mammalian acid-sensing ion channels, we show that it nonetheless contains residues that determine enhancement of those channels by similar peptides. This study thus identifies amino acid residues that determine FMRFa neuropeptide activity at FaNaC receptor channels and illuminates the evolution of ligand recognition in one branch of the DEG/ENaC superfamily of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowgli Dandamudi
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald Hausen
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Timothy Lynagh
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Yang PL, Li XH, Wang J, Ma XF, Zhou BY, Jiao YF, Wang WH, Cao P, Zhu MX, Li PW, Xiao ZH, Li CZ, Guo CR, Lei YT, Yu Y. GSK1702934A and M085 directly activate TRPC6 via a mechanism of stimulating the extracellular cavity formed by the pore helix and transmembrane helix S6. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101125. [PMID: 34461094 PMCID: PMC8458982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels, as important membrane proteins regulating intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) signaling, are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Activation and regulation of TRPC are more dependent on membrane or intracellular signals. However, how extracellular signals regulate TRPC6 function remains to be further investigated. Here, we suggest that two distinct small molecules, M085 and GSK1702934A, directly activate TRPC6, both through a mechanism of stimulation of extracellular sites formed by the pore helix (PH) and transmembrane (TM) helix S6. In silico docking scanning of TRPC6 identified three extracellular sites that can bind small molecules, of which only mutations on residues of PH and S6 helix significantly reduced the apparent affinity of M085 and GSK1702934A and attenuated the maximal response of TRPC6 to these two chemicals by altering channel gating of TRPC6. Combing metadynamics, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis, we revealed that W679, E671, E672, and K675 in the PH and N701 and Y704 in the S6 helix constitute an orthosteric site for the recognition of these two agonists. The importance of this site was further confirmed by covalent modification of amino acid residing at the interface of the PH and S6 helix. Given that three structurally distinct agonists M085, GSK1702934A, and AM-0883, act at this site, as well as the occupancy of lipid molecules at this position found in other TRP subfamilies, it is suggested that the cavity formed by the PH and S6 has an important role in the regulation of TRP channel function by extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lin Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Hua Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo-Ying Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Jiao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Xi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Zhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Run Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yun-Tao Lei
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Sun LF, Liu Y, Wang J, Huang LD, Yang Y, Cheng XY, Fan YZ, Zhu MX, Liang H, Tian Y, Wang HS, Guo CR, Yu Y. Altered allostery of the left flipper domain underlies the weak ATP response of rat P2X5 receptors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19589-19603. [PMID: 31727741 PMCID: PMC6926468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the extracellular ATP-gated cation channel purinergic receptor P2X5 is widely expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and immune and nervous systems in mammals, little is known about its functions and channel-gating activities. This lack of knowledge is due to P2X5's weak ATP responses in several mammalian species, such as humans, rats, and mice. WT human P2X5 (hP2X5Δ328-349) does not respond to ATP, whereas a full-length variant, hP2X5 (hP2X5-FL), containing exon 10 encoding the second hP2X5 transmembrane domain (TM2), does. However, although rat P2X5 (rP2X5) has a full-length TM2, ATP induces only weak currents in rP2X5, which prompted us to investigate the mechanism underlying this small ATP response. Here, we show that single replacements of specific rP2X5 residues with the corresponding residues in hP2X5 (S191F or F195H) significantly enhance the current amplitude of rP2X5. Using a combination of engineered disulfide cross-linking, single-channel recording, and molecular modeling, we interrogated the effects of S191F and F195H substitutions on the allostery of the left flipper (LF) domain. On the basis of our findings, we propose that the bound ATP-induced distinct allostery of the LF domain with that of other functional subtypes has caused the weak ATP response of rP2X5 receptors. The findings of our study provide the prerequisite for future transgenic studies on the physiological and pathological functions of P2X5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fei Sun
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Dong Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Cheng
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Fan
- Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200026, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chang-Run Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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7
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Thiel D, Bauknecht P, Jékely G, Hejnol A. An ancient FMRFamide-related peptide-receptor pair induces defence behaviour in a brachiopod larva. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170136. [PMID: 28835571 PMCID: PMC5577450 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviour often comprises spatially separated sub-reactions and even ciliated larvae are able to coordinate sub-reactions of complex behaviours (metamorphosis, feeding). How these sub-reactions are coordinated is currently not well understood. Neuropeptides are potential candidates for triggering larval behaviour. However, although their immunoreactivity has been widely analysed, their function in trochozoan larvae has only been studied for a few cases. Here, we investigate the role of neuropeptides in the defence behaviour of brachiopod larvae. When mechanically disturbed, the planktonic larvae of Terebratalia transversa protrude their stiff chaetae and sink down slowly. We identified endogenous FLRFamide-type neuropeptides (AFLRFamide and DFLRFamide) in T. transversa larvae and show that the protrusion of the chaetae as well as the sinking reaction can both be induced by each of these peptides. This also correlates with the presence of FLRFamidergic neurons in the apical lobe and adjacent to the trunk musculature. We deorphanized the AFLRFamide/DFLRFamide receptor and detected its expression in the same tissues. Furthermore, the ability of native and modified FLRFamide-type peptides to activate this receptor was found to correspond with their ability to trigger behavioural responses. Our results show how FLRFamide-type neuropeptides can induce two coherent sub-reactions in a larva with a simple nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thiel
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Bauknecht
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstraße 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstraße 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway
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8
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Yang XN, Niu YY, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Cheng XY, Liang H, Wang HS, Hu YM, Lu XY, Zhu MX, Xu TL, Tian Y, Yu Y. The nonproton ligand of acid-sensing ion channel 3 activates mollusk-specific FaNaC channels via a mechanism independent of the native FMRFamide peptide. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21662-21675. [PMID: 29123030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily of ion channels contains subfamilies with diverse functions that are fundamental to many physiological and pathological processes, ranging from synaptic transmission to epileptogenesis. The absence in mammals of some DEG/ENaCs subfamily orthologues such as FMRFamide peptide-activated sodium channels (FaNaCs), which have been identified only in mollusks, indicates that the various subfamilies diverged early in evolution. We recently reported that the nonproton agonist 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline (GMQ) activates acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a DEG/ENaC subfamily mainly in mammals, in the absence of acidosis. Here, we show that GMQ also could directly activate the mollusk-specific FaNaCs. Differences in ion selectivity and unitary conductance and effects of substitutions at key residues revealed that GMQ and FMRFamide activate FaNaCs via distinct mechanisms. The presence of two activation mechanisms in the FaNaC subfamily diverging early in the evolution of DEG/ENaCs suggested that dual gating is an ancient feature in this superfamily. Notably, the GMQ-gating mode is still preserved in the mammalian ASIC subfamily, whereas FMRFamide-mediated channel gating was lost during evolution. This implied that GMQ activation may be essential for the functions of mammalian DEG/ENaCs. Our findings provide new insights into the evolution of DEG/ENaCs and may facilitate the discovery and characterization of their endogenous agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Yang
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - You-Ya Niu
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Cheng
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China, and
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China, and
| | - You-Min Hu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun Tian
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China,
| | - Ye Yu
- From the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, .,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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