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Yuan G, Gao H, Yang T. Exploring the Role of the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: From Signaling to Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15480. [PMID: 37895158 PMCID: PMC10607326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by the basic properties of dynamic array, which plays a central role in numerous conserved processes that are required for diverse cellular functions. Here, we focus on how actins and actin-related proteins (ARPs), which represent two classical branches of a greatly diverse superfamily of ATPases, are involved in fundamental functions underlying signal regulation of plant growth and development. Moreover, we review the structure, assembly dynamics, and biological functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) from a molecular perspective. The various accessory proteins known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs) partner with F-actin to finely tune actin dynamics, often in response to various cell signaling pathways. Our understanding of the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in vital cellular activities has been furthered by comparison of conserved functions of actin filaments across different species combined with advanced microscopic techniques and experimental methods. We discuss the current model of the plant actin cytoskeleton, followed by examples of the signaling mechanisms under the supervision of F-actin related to cell morphogenesis, polar growth, and cytoplasmic streaming. Determination of the theoretical basis of how the cytoskeleton works is important in itself and is beneficial to future applications aimed at improving crop biomass and production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (G.Y.); (H.G.)
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2
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Yi R, Shen J, Huang S. Actin cytoskeleton in the control of vesicle transport, cytoplasmic organization, and pollen tube tip growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:9-25. [PMID: 37002825 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes extend rapidly via tip growth. This process depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which has been implicated in controlling organelle movements, cytoplasmic streaming, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasm organization in pollen tubes. In this update review, we describe the progress in understanding the organization and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the function of the actin cytoskeleton in controlling vesicle traffic and cytoplasmic organization in pollen tubes. We also discuss the interplay between ion gradients and the actin cytoskeleton that regulates the spatial arrangement and dynamics of actin filaments and the organization of the cytoplasm in pollen tubes. Finally, we describe several signaling components that regulate actin dynamics in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangfeng Shen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Zhong W, Pathak JL, Liang Y, Zhytnik L, Pals G, Eekhoff EMW, Bravenboer N, Micha D. The intricate mechanism of PLS3 in bone homeostasis and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168306. [PMID: 37484945 PMCID: PMC10361617 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since our discovery in 2013 that genetic defects in PLS3 lead to bone fragility, the mechanistic details of this process have remained obscure. It has been established that PLS3 variants cause syndromic and nonsyndromic osteoporosis as well as osteoarthritis. PLS3 codes for an actin-bundling protein with a broad pattern of expression. As such, it is puzzling how PLS3 specifically leads to bone-related disease presentation. Our review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the function of PLS3 in the predominant cell types in the bone tissue, the osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This is related to the role of PLS3 in regulating mechanotransduction, calcium regulation, vesicle trafficking, cell differentiation and mineralization as part of the complex bone pathology presented by PLS3 defects. Considering the consequences of PLS3 defects on multiple aspects of bone tissue metabolism, our review motivates the study of its mechanism in bone diseases which can potentially help in the design of suitable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhong
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueting Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lidiia Zhytnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Rare Bone Disease Center, AMS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function And Regeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Plastin 3 in health and disease: a matter of balance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5275-5301. [PMID: 34023917 PMCID: PMC8257523 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, PLS3 (plastin 3, also known as T-plastin or fimbrin) has been considered a rather inconspicuous protein, involved in F-actin-binding and -bundling. However, in recent years, a plethora of discoveries have turned PLS3 into a highly interesting protein involved in many cellular processes, signaling pathways, and diseases. PLS3 is localized on the X-chromosome, but shows sex-specific, inter-individual and tissue-specific expression variability pointing towards skewed X-inactivation. PLS3 is expressed in all solid tissues but usually not in hematopoietic cells. When escaping X-inactivation, PLS3 triggers a plethora of different types of cancers. Elevated PLS3 levels are considered a prognostic biomarker for cancer and refractory response to therapies. When it is knocked out or mutated in humans and mice, it causes osteoporosis with bone fractures; it is the only protein involved in actin dynamics responsible for osteoporosis. Instead, when PLS3 is upregulated, it acts as a highly protective SMN-independent modifier in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here, it seems to counteract reduced F-actin levels by restoring impaired endocytosis and disturbed calcium homeostasis caused by reduced SMN levels. In contrast, an upregulation of PLS3 on wild-type level might cause osteoarthritis. This emphasizes that the amount of PLS3 in our cells must be precisely balanced; both too much and too little can be detrimental. Actin-dynamics, regulated by PLS3 among others, are crucial in a lot of cellular processes including endocytosis, cell migration, axonal growth, neurotransmission, translation, and others. Also, PLS3 levels influence the infection with different bacteria, mycosis, and other pathogens.
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Zhao W, Qu X, Zhuang Y, Wang L, Bosch M, Franklin-Tong VE, Xue Y, Huang S. Villin controls the formation and enlargement of punctate actin foci in pollen tubes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237404. [PMID: 32051284 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) in the poppy Papaver rhoeas triggers dramatic alterations in actin within pollen tubes. However, how these actin alterations are mechanistically achieved remains largely unexplored. Here, we used treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 to mimic the SI-induced elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ and trigger formation of the distinctive F-actin foci. Live-cell imaging revealed that this remodeling involves F-actin fragmentation and depolymerization, accompanied by the rapid formation of punctate actin foci and subsequent increase in their size. We established that actin foci are generated and enlarged from crosslinking of fragmented actin filament structures. Moreover, we show that villins associate with actin structures and are involved in this actin reorganization process. Notably, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis VILLIN5 promotes actin depolymerization and formation of actin foci by fragmenting actin filaments, and controlling the enlargement of actin foci via bundling of actin filaments. Our study thus uncovers important novel insights about the molecular players and mechanisms involved in forming the distinctive actin foci in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhui Zhuang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ludi Wang
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Vernonica E Franklin-Tong
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Engelsdorf T, Kjaer L, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Vaahtera L, Bauer S, Miedes E, Wormit A, James L, Chairam I, Molina A, Hamann T. Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:320. [PMID: 31319813 PMCID: PMC6637594 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls participate in all plant-environment interactions. Maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) during these interactions is essential. This realization led to increased interest in CWI and resulted in knowledge regarding early perception and signalling mechanisms active during CWI maintenance. By contrast, knowledge regarding processes mediating changes in cell wall metabolism upon CWI impairment is very limited. RESULTS To identify genes involved and to investigate their contributions to the processes we selected 23 genes with altered expression in response to CWI impairment and characterized the impact of T-DNA insertions in these genes on cell wall composition using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Insertions in 14 genes led to cell wall phenotypes detectable by FTIR. A detailed analysis of four genes found that their altered expression upon CWI impairment is dependent on THE1 activity, a key component of CWI maintenance. Phenotypic characterizations of insertion lines suggest that the four genes are required for particular aspects of CWI maintenance, cell wall composition or resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection in adult plants. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results implicate the genes in responses to CWI impairment, cell wall metabolism and/or pathogen defence, thus identifying new molecular components and processes relevant for CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Present address: Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Kjaer
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: Sjælland erhvervsakademi, Breddahlsgade 1b, 4200 Slagelse, Zealand Denmark
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB The Netherlands
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, 120A Energy Biosciences Building, 2151 Berkeley Way, MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Present address: Zymergen, Inc, 5980 Horton St, Suite 105, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo- UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: RWTH Aachen, Institute for Biology I, Worringerweg 3, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucinda James
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: ADAS, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN UK
| | - Issariya Chairam
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: ADAS, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN UK
- Present address: Department of Nuclear Safety and Security, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo- UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
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Calabrò E, Magazù S. Methyl and methylene vibrations response in amino acids of typical proteins in water solution under high-frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:271-278. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1641720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Calabrò
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences of Messina University, Messina, Italy
- CISFA - Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Scienze Fisiche Applicate), Biophysics laboratory, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magazù
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences of Messina University, Messina, Italy
- CISFA - Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Scienze Fisiche Applicate), Biophysics laboratory, Messina, Italy
- Le Studium, Loire Valley, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
- Centre de Biophysique Moleculaire (CBM), rue Charles Sandron, Laboratoire Interfaces, Confinement, Materiaux et Nanostructures (ICMN) - UMR 7374 CNRS, Université d'Orleans, Orleans, France
- INDAM - Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica – GNFM, Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica “F. Severi”, Rome, Italy
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8
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Baumgartner EA, Compton ZJ, Evans S, Topczewski J, LeClair EE. Identification of regulatory elements recapitulating early expression of L-plastin in the zebrafish enveloping layer and embryonic periderm. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 32:53-66. [PMID: 30940554 PMCID: PMC6655599 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized an intronic fragment of zebrafish lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (lcp1, also called L-plastin) that drives expression to the zebrafish enveloping layer (EVL). L-plastin is a calcium-dependent actin-bundling protein belonging to the plastin/fimbrin family of proteins, and is necessary for the proper migration and attachment of several adult cell types, including leukocytes and osteoclasts. However, in zebrafish lcp1 is abundantly expressed much earlier, during differentiation of the EVL. The cells of this epithelial layer migrate collectively, spreading vegetally over the yolk. L-plastin expression persists into the larval periderm, a transient epithelial tissue that forms the first larval skin. This finding establishes that L-plastin is activated in two different embryonic waves, with a distinct regulatory switch between the early EVL and the later leukocyte. To better study L-plastin expressing cells we attempted CRISPR/Cas9 homology-driven recombination (HDR) to insert a self-cleaving peptide (Cre-P2A-EGFP-CAAX) downstream of the native lcp1 promoter. This produced a stable zebrafish line expressing Cre recombinase in EVL nuclei and green fluorescence in EVL cell membranes. In vivo tracking of these labeled cells provided enhanced views of EVL migration behavior, membrane extensions, and mitotic events. Finally, we experimentally dissected key elements of the targeted lcp1 locus, discovering a ∼300 bp intronic sequence sufficient to drive EVL expression. The lcp1: Cre-P2A-EGFP-CAAX zebrafish should be useful for studying enveloping layer specification, gastrulation movements and periderm development in this widely used vertebrate model. In addition, the conserved regulatory sequences we have isolated predict that L-plastin orthologs may have a similar early expression pattern in other vertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Spencer Evans
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Schrauwen I, Melegh BI, Chakchouk I, Acharya A, Nasir A, Poston A, Cornejo-Sanchez DM, Szabo Z, Karosi T, Bene J, Melegh B, Leal SM. Hearing impairment locus heterogeneity and identification of PLS1 as a new autosomal dominant gene in Hungarian Roma. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:869-878. [PMID: 30872814 PMCID: PMC6777543 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Roma are a socially and culturally distinct isolated population with genetically divergent subisolates, residing mainly across Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe. We evaluated the genetic etiology of hearing impairment (HI) in 15 Hungarian Roma families through exome sequencing. A family with autosomal dominant non-syndromic HI segregating a rare variant in the Calponin-homology 2 domain of PLS1, or Plastin 1 [p.(Leu363Phe)] was identified. Young adult Pls1 knockout mice have progressive HI and show morphological defects to their inner hair cells. There is evidence that PLS1 is important in the preservation of adult stereocilia and normal hearing. Four families segregated the European ancestral variant c.35delG [p.(Gly12fs)] in GJB2, and one family was homozygous for p.(Trp24*), an Indian subcontinent ancestral variant which is common amongst Roma from Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Spain. We also observed variants in known HI genes USH1G, USH2A, MYH9, MYO7A, and a splice site variant in MANBA (c.2158-2A>G) in a family with HI, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and respiratory inflammation, which was previously reported in a Czech Roma family with similar features. Lastly, using multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE analyses, we delineate the degree of Asian/European admixture in the HI families understudy, and show that Roma individuals carrying the GJB2 p.(Trp24*) and MANBA c.2158-2A>G variants have a more pronounced South Asian background, whereas the other hearing-impaired Roma display an ancestral background similar to Europeans. We demonstrate a diverse genetic HI etiology in the Hungarian Roma and identify a new gene PLS1, for autosomal dominant human non-syndromic HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schrauwen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Béla I Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Imen Chakchouk
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Synthetic Protein Engineering Lab (SPEL), Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Alexis Poston
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diana M Cornejo-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Grupo Mapeo Genético, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, 050010470, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, B-A-Z County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Tamás Karosi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, B-A-Z County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Béla Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Zhang R, Qu X, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Dai A, Zhao W, Cao D, Lan Y, Yu R, Wang H, Huang S. The Balance between Actin-Bundling Factors Controls Actin Architecture in Pollen Tubes. iScience 2019; 16:162-176. [PMID: 31181400 PMCID: PMC6556835 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How actin-bundling factors cooperatively regulate shank-localized actin bundles remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that FIM5 and PLIM2a/PLIM2b decorate shank-localized actin bundles and that loss of function of PLIM2a and/or PLIM2b suppresses phenotypes associated with fim5 mutants. Specifically, knockout of PLIM2a and/or PLIM2b partially suppresses the disorganized actin bundle and intracellular trafficking phenotype in fim5 pollen tubes. PLIM2a/PLIM2b generates thick but loosely packed actin bundles, whereas FIM5 generates thin but tight actin bundles that tend to be cross-linked into networks in vitro. Furthermore, PLIM2a/PLIM2b and FIM5 compete for binding to actin filaments in vitro, and PLIM2a/PLIM2b decorate disorganized actin bundles in fim5 pollen tubes. These data together suggest that the disorganized actin bundles in fim5 mutants are at least partially due to gain of function of PLIM2a/PLIM2b. Our data suggest that the balance between FIM5 and PLIM2a/PLIM2b is crucial for the normal bundling and organization of shank-localized actin bundles in pollen tubes. The transcription of PLIM2a and PLIM2b is upregulated in fim5 pollen tubes Downregulation of PLIM2a and/or PLIM2b suppresses the defects in fim5 pollen tubes Both FIM5 and PLIM2a/PLIM2b decorate shank-localized actin filaments FIM5 can inhibit the binding of PLIM2a and PLIM2b to actin filaments
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxiang Jiang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anbang Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dai Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yaxian Lan
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhang S, Wang C, Xie M, Liu J, Kong Z, Su H. Actin Bundles in The Pollen Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123710. [PMID: 30469514 PMCID: PMC6321563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiosperm pollen tube delivers two sperm cells into the embryo sac through a unique growth strategy, named tip growth, to accomplish fertilization. A great deal of experiments have demonstrated that actin bundles play a pivotal role in pollen tube tip growth. There are two distinct actin bundle populations in pollen tubes: the long, rather thick actin bundles in the shank and the short, highly dynamic bundles near the apex. With the development of imaging techniques over the last decade, great breakthroughs have been made in understanding the function of actin bundles in pollen tubes, especially short subapical actin bundles. Here, we tried to draw an overall picture of the architecture, functions and underlying regulation mechanism of actin bundles in plant pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhe Kong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Targeted deletion of the zebrafish actin-bundling protein L-plastin (lcp1). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190353. [PMID: 29293625 PMCID: PMC5749806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the cytoskeleton is essential for cell migration in health and disease. Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (lcp1, also called L-plastin) is a hematopoietic-specific actin-bundling protein that is highly conserved in zebrafish, mice and humans. In addition, L-plastin expression is documented as both a genetic marker and a cellular mechanism contributing to the invasiveness of tumors and transformed cell lines. Despite L-plastin’s role in both immunity and cancer, in zebrafish there are no direct studies of its function, and no mutant, knockout or reporter lines available. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we generated null alleles of zebrafish lcp1 and examined the phenotypes of these fish throughout the life cycle. Our editing strategy used gRNA to target the second exon of lcp1, producing F0 mosaic fish that were outcrossed to wild types to confirm germline transmission. F1 heterozygotes were then sequenced to identify three unique null alleles, here called ‘Charlie’, ‘Foxtrot’ and ‘Lima’. In silico, each allele truncates the endogenous protein to less than 5% normal size and removes both essential actin-binding domains (ABD1 and ABD2). Although none of the null lines express detectable LCP1 protein, homozygous mutant zebrafish (-/-) can develop and reproduce normally, a finding consistent with that of the L-plastin null mouse (LPL -/-). However, such mice do have a profound immune defect when challenged by lung bacteria. Interestingly, we observed reduced long-term survival of zebrafish lcp1 -/- homozygotes (~30% below the expected numbers) in all three of our knockout lines, with greatest mortality corresponding to the period (4–6 weeks post-fertilization) when the innate immune system is functional, but the adaptive immune system is not yet mature. This suggests that null zebrafish may have reduced capacity to combat opportunistic infections, which are more easily transmissible in the aquatic environment. Overall, our novel mutant lines establish a sound genetic model and an enhanced platform for further studies of L-plastin gene function in hematopoiesis and cancer.
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Schwebach CL, Agrawal R, Lindert S, Kudryashova E, Kudryashov DS. The Roles of Actin-Binding Domains 1 and 2 in the Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Actin Filament Bundling by Human Plastins. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2490-2508. [PMID: 28694070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a complex network controlled by a vast array of intricately regulated actin-binding proteins. Human plastins (PLS1, PLS2, and PLS3) are evolutionary conserved proteins that non-covalently crosslink actin filaments into tight bundles. Through stabilization of such bundles, plastins contribute, in an isoform-specific manner, to the formation of kidney and intestinal microvilli, inner ear stereocilia, immune synapses, endocytic patches, adhesion contacts, and invadosomes of immune and cancer cells. All plastins comprise an N-terminal Ca2+-binding regulatory headpiece domain followed by two actin-binding domains (ABD1 and ABD2). Actin bundling occurs due to simultaneous binding of both ABDs to separate actin filaments. Bundling is negatively regulated by Ca2+, but the mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown. In this study, we found that the bundling abilities of PLS1 and PLS2 were similarly sensitive to Ca2+ (pCa50 ~6.4), whereas PLS3 was less sensitive (pCa50 ~5.9). At the same time, all three isoforms bound to F-actin in a Ca2+-independent manner, suggesting that binding of only one of the ABDs is inhibited by Ca2+. Using limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry, we found that in the presence of Ca2+ the EF-hands of human plastins bound to an immediately adjacent sequence homologous to canonical calmodulin-binding peptides. Furthermore, our data from differential centrifugation, Förster resonance energy transfer, native electrophoresis, and chemical crosslinking suggest that Ca2+ does not affect ABD1 but inhibits the ability of ABD2 to interact with actin. A structural mechanism of signal transmission from Ca2+ to ABD2 through EF-hands remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Schwebach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richa Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Qu X, Zhang R, Zhang M, Diao M, Xue Y, Huang S. Organizational Innovation of Apical Actin Filaments Drives Rapid Pollen Tube Growth and Turning. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:930-947. [PMID: 28502709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized tip growth is a fundamental cellular process in many eukaryotes. In this study, we examined the dynamic restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton and its relationship to vesicle transport during pollen tip growth in Arabidopsis. We found that actin filaments originating from the apical membrane form a specialized structure consisting of longitudinally aligned actin bundles at the cortex and inner cytoplasmic filaments with a distinct distribution. Using actin-based pharmacological treatments and genetic mutants in combination with FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) technology to visualize the transport of vesicles within the growth domain of pollen tubes, we demonstrated that cortical actin filaments facilitate tip-ward vesicle transport. We also discovered that the inner apical actin filaments prevent backward movement of vesicles, thus ensuring that sufficient vesicles accumulate at the pollen tube tip to support the rapid growth of the pollen tube. The combinatorial effect of cortical and internal apical actin filaments perfectly explains the generation of the inverted "V" cone-shaped vesicle distribution pattern at the pollen tube tip. When pollen tubes turn, apical actin filaments at the facing side undergo depolymerization and repolymerization to reorient the apical actin structure toward the new growth direction. This actin restructuring precedes vesicle accumulation and changes in tube morphology. Thus, our study provides new insights into the functional relationship between actin dynamics and vesicle transport during rapid and directional pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Min Diao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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