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Zhu L, Ruan WH, Han WQ, Gu WZ. Anatomical and immunohistochemical analyses of the fusion of the premaxillary-maxillary suture in human fetuses. J Orofac Orthop 2024; 85:123-133. [PMID: 35810249 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of the premaxillary-maxillary suture (PMS) in human fetuses and a possible association between the fusion time of the PMS and maxillary deficiency were investigated. Expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1 and TGF-β3) and of fibulins (fibulin‑1 and fibulin-5) were also investigated. METHODS We analyzed 36 human fetus cadavers (19 males, 17 females; average age 23.97 ± 2.57 gestational weeks [gws], range 11-35 gws). Two cases, diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS), were characterized with maxillary deficiency; 34 fetus cadavers did not show any craniofacial abnormalities. The PMS was analyzed anatomically, followed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC)-based expression analyses (i.e., TGF-β1/-β3, fibulin-1/-5). Spearman correlation test was conducted to investigate correlations. RESULTS In the fetuses without DS, the labial region of the PMS was open at 11 gws, after which it began to ossify from the middle to the upper and lower ends of the suture, typically fusing completely at 27 gws. Fetuses with DS demonstrated complete fusion of the labial region of PMS with a spongy bone structure at 23 gws and those without DS at 27 gws. IHC revealed similar patterns of TGF-βs and fibulins expression in the PMS during the human fetal period. There were significant positive correlations between the expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 (r = 0.64, p = 0.009), TGF-β1 and fibulin‑1 (r = 0.66, p = 0.008), and TGF-β3 and fibulin‑1 (r = 0.67, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION Premature fusion of the PMS in the labial region during the human fetal period may be associated with maxillary deficiency, which is related to a class III malocclusion. Overall, the similar expression patterns of TGF-β1, TGF-β3 and fibulin‑1 suggested a close relationship between these factors in regulating the development of the PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, 310052, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hua Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, 310052, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wu-Qun Han
- Department of Ultrasound, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang District, 311400, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Health, 310052, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Zhang M, Chen F, Feng S, Liu X, Wang Z, Shen N, Meng L, Zhu D, Zhu Z. FBLN5 as One Presumably Prognostic Gene Potentially Modulating Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma in Children and Young Adults. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2024; 17:27-40. [PMID: 38264064 PMCID: PMC10804877 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s442803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of FBLN5in renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), in particular on the tumor's immune microenvironment, including children and young adults. Methods FBLN5 expression in tumor and normal samples was explored using SangerBox, TIMER2.0, GEPIA, UALCAN, HPA databases. The Linkedomics database was used to obtain FBLN5 co-expressed genes in KIRC tissue. SangerBox was also used to estimate immune infiltration of FBLN5 in KIRC. The Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to investigate the survival effects of FBLN5 expression in the presence of immune infiltration. We then collected 48 cases from 7 hospitals over a-20 year period to calculate the impact of FBLN5 on the prognosis of children and young adults with KIRC. Results FBLN5 expression was significantly reduced in KIRC tissue compared to normal adjacent tissue. FBLN5 was potentially involved in the immune-related biological processes. In addition, FBLN5 expression has been linked to a number of immune checkpoints, cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in KIRC. At the same time, the expression of FBLN5 affected the survival rates differently in KIRC patients with high or low levels of immune infiltration. High expression of FBLN5 in children and young adults with KIRC was associated with a favorable prognosis. Conclusion This study shed light on the potential of FBLN5 as a prognostic marker in children and young adults with KIRC and as an immune-related target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pediatric, Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoguang Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pediatric, the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingjian Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Chen T, Li D, Wang Y, Shen X, Dong A, Dong C, Duan K, Ren J, Li W, Shu G, Yang J, Xie Y, Qian F, Zhou J. Loss of NDUFS1 promotes gastric cancer progression by activating the mitochondrial ROS-HIF1α-FBLN5 signaling pathway. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1261-1273. [PMID: 37644092 PMCID: PMC10575981 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggested that NDUFS1 has an important role in human cancers; however, the effects of NDUFS1 on gastric cancer (GC) are still not fully understood. METHODS We confirmed that NDUFS1 is downregulated in GC cells through western blot immunohistochemistry and bioinformation analysis. The effect of NDUFS1 on GC was studied by CCK-8, colony formation, transwell assay in vitro and Mouse xenograft assay in vivo. Expression and subcellular localization of NDUFS1 and the content of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) was observed by confocal reflectance microscopy. RESULTS Reduced expression of NDUFS1 was found in GC tissues and cell lines. Also, NDUFS1 overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro as well as growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, NDUFS1 reduction led to the activation of the mROS-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) signaling pathway. We further clarified that NDUFS1 reduction upregulated the expression of fibulin 5 (FBLN5), a transcriptional target of HIF1α, through activation of mROS-HIF1α signaling in GC cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that NDUFS1 downregulation promotes GC progression by activating an mROS-HIF1α-FBLN5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongbao Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Anqi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaipeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ren
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Weikang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Gege Shu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
| | - Fuliang Qian
- Center for Systems Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
- Medical Center of Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
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Palma AM, Bushnell GG, Wicha MS, Gogna R. Tumor microenvironment interactions with cancer stem cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 159:343-372. [PMID: 37268400 PMCID: PMC11218813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer in the United States. Additionally, the low survival rate makes PDAC the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, and it is projected that by 2030, it will become the second-leading cause of cancer mortality. Several biological factors contribute to PDAC aggressiveness, and their understanding will narrow the gap from biology to clinical care of PDAC, leading to earlier diagnoses and the development of better treatment options. In this review, we describe the origins of PDAC highlighting the role of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC, also known as tumor initiating cells, which exhibit a unique metabolism that allows them to maintain a highly plastic, quiescent, immune- and therapy-evasive state. However, CSCs can exit quiescence during proliferation and differentiation, with the capacity to form tumors while constituting a small population in tumor tissues. Tumorigenesis depends on the interactions between CSCs and other cellular and non-cellular components in the microenvironment. These interactions are fundamental to support CSC stemness and are maintained throughout tumor development and metastasis. PDAC is characterized by a massive desmoplastic reaction, which result from the deposition of high amounts of extracellular matrix components by stromal cells. Here we review how this generates a favorable environment for tumor growth by protecting tumor cells from immune responses and chemotherapy and inducing tumor cell proliferation and migration, leading to metastasis formation ultimately leading to death. We emphasize the interactions between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment leading to metastasis formation and posit that better understanding and targeting of these interactions will improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Rajan Gogna
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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5
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Palma AM, Vudatha V, Peixoto ML, Madan E. Tumor heterogeneity: An oncogenic driver of PDAC progression and therapy resistance under stress conditions. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 159:203-249. [PMID: 37268397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a clinically challenging disease usually diagnosed at advanced or metastasized stage. By this year end, there are an expected increase in 62,210 new cases and 49,830 deaths in the United States, with 90% corresponding to PDAC subtype alone. Despite advances in cancer therapy, one of the major challenges combating PDAC remains tumor heterogeneity between PDAC patients and within the primary and metastatic lesions of the same patient. This review describes the PDAC subtypes based on the genomic, transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic signatures observed among patients and within individual tumors. Recent studies in tumor biology suggest PDAC heterogeneity as a major driver of disease progression under conditions of stress including hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, leading to metabolic reprogramming. We therefore advance our understanding in identifying the underlying mechanisms that interfere with the crosstalk between the extracellular matrix components and tumor cells that define the mechanics of tumor growth and metastasis. The bilateral interaction between the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and PDAC cells serves as another important contributor that characterizes the tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing phenotypes providing an opportunity for an effective treatment regime. Furthermore, we highlight the dynamic reciprocating interplay between the stromal and immune cells that impact immune surveillance or immune evasion response and contribute towards a complex process of tumorigenesis. In summary, the review encapsulates the existing knowledge of the currently applied treatments for PDAC with emphasis on tumor heterogeneity, manifesting at multiple levels, impacting disease progression and therapy resistance under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vignesh Vudatha
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Bian X, Yin S, Yin X, Fang T, Wang Y, Yang S, Jiang X, Xue Y, Ye F, Zhang L. Clinical and Biological Significances of FBLN5 in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020553. [PMID: 36672502 PMCID: PMC9856449 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal FBLN5 expression levels are related to various cancer types. This study is the first to explore its clinical and biological significances in gastric cancer (GC). We used The Cancer Genome Atlas-GC (TCGA-GC) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases to identify the differential expression of FBLN5, and its association with clinical pathological characteristics was analyzed. A Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to calculate the impact of FBLN5 on GC patient prognosis, and the biological functions of FBLN5 were analyzed. In addition, we constructed a GC tissue microarray, and performed an immunohistochemical staining of FBLN5 to verify our findings. Western blotting was conducted simultaneously to confirm that FBLN5 was overexpressed in GC. We found that the high level of FBLN5 mRNA in GC was associated with a poor prognosis. High FBLN5 expression levels were significantly correlated with INFc and N3 lymph node metastasis. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that FBLN5 expression levels and lymph node metastasis rate were independent risk factors related to GC patient prognosis, which can be combined to construct a nomogram to serve patients. Therefore, we believe that FBLN5 is significantly related to the poor prognosis of GC patients. FBLN5 is a valuable prognostic indicator to evaluate the prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Bian
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shengjie Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Municipal Hospital of Chifeng, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Tianyi Fang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xinju Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.Z.)
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Kim I, Choi S, Yoo S, Lee M, Kim IS. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143321. [PMID: 35884382 PMCID: PMC9320406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancers have regions of low oxygen concentration where hypoxia-related signaling pathways are activated. The hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been widely accepted as a hallmark of cancer and shown to be a critical factor in the crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells. Fibroblasts are one of the most abundant cellular components in the tumor stroma and are also significantly affected by oxygen deprivation. In this case, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions and their effect on cancer development and progression. Unraveling these regulatory mechanisms could be exploited in developing potential fibroblast-specific therapeutics for cancer. Abstract Solid cancers are composed of malignant cells and their surrounding matrix components. Hypoxia plays a critical role in shaping the tumor microenvironment that contributes to cancer progression and treatment failure. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most prominent components of the tumor microenvironment. CAFs are highly sensitive to hypoxia and participates in the crosstalk with cancer cells. Hypoxic CAFs modulate several mechanisms that induce cancer malignancy, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Key signaling molecules regulating CAFs in hypoxia include transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this article, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the hypoxic regulation of CAFs and how hypoxic CAFs affect cancer development and progression. We also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies focused on targeting CAFs in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iljin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.C.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (I.-S.K.)
| | - Sanga Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seongkyeong Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (I.-S.K.)
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8
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The Synergistic Cooperation between TGF-β and Hypoxia in Cancer and Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050635. [PMID: 35625561 PMCID: PMC9138354 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine regulating homeostasis and immune responses in adult animals and humans. Aberrant and overactive TGF-β signaling promotes cancer initiation and fibrosis through epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as the invasion and metastatic growth of cancer cells. TGF-β is a key factor that is active during hypoxic conditions in cancer and is thereby capable of contributing to angiogenesis in various types of cancer. Another potent role of TGF-β is suppressing immune responses in cancer patients. The strong tumor-promoting effects of TGF-β and its profibrotic effects make it a focus for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against cancer and fibrosis as well as an attractive drug target in combination with immune regulatory checkpoint inhibitors. TGF-β belongs to a family of cytokines that exert their function through signaling via serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptors to intracellular Smad proteins via the canonical pathway and in combination with co-regulators such as the adaptor protein and E3 ubiquitin ligases TRAF4 and TRAF6 to promote non-canonical pathways. Finally, the outcome of gene transcription initiated by TGF-β is context-dependent and controlled by signals exerted by other growth factors such as EGF and Wnt. Here, we discuss the synergistic cooperation between TGF-β and hypoxia in development, fibrosis and cancer.
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9
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Zhang X, Alanazi YF, Jowitt TA, Roseman AM, Baldock C. Elastic Fibre Proteins in Elastogenesis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4087. [PMID: 35456902 PMCID: PMC9027394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As essential components of our connective tissues, elastic fibres give tissues such as major blood vessels, skin and the lungs their elasticity. Their formation is complex and co-ordinately regulated by multiple factors. In this review, we describe key players in elastogenesis: fibrillin-1, tropoelastin, latent TGFβ binding protein-4, and fibulin-4 and -5. We summarise their roles in elastogenesis, discuss the effect of their mutations on relevant diseases, and describe their interactions involved in forming the elastic fibre network. Moreover, we look into their roles in wound repair for a better understanding of their potential application in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (X.Z.); (T.A.J.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Yasmene F. Alanazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thomas A. Jowitt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (X.Z.); (T.A.J.)
| | - Alan M. Roseman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (X.Z.); (T.A.J.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
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Chaudhary B, Kumar P, Arya P, Singla D, Kumar V, Kumar D, S R, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta G, Gupta MM. Recent Developments in the Study of the Microenvironment of Cancer and Drug Delivery. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:1027-1053. [PMID: 36627789 DOI: 10.2174/1389200224666230110145513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by disrupted molecular variables caused by cells that deviate from regular signal transduction. The uncontrolled segment of such cancerous cells annihilates most of the tissues that contact them. Gene therapy, immunotherapy, and nanotechnology advancements have resulted in novel strategies for anticancer drug delivery. Furthermore, diverse dispersion of nanoparticles in normal stroma cells adversely affects the healthy cells and disrupts the crosstalk of tumour stroma. It can contribute to cancer cell progression inhibition and, conversely, to acquired resistance, enabling cancer cell metastasis and proliferation. The tumour's microenvironment is critical in controlling the dispersion and physiological activities of nano-chemotherapeutics which is one of the targeted drug therapy. As it is one of the methods of treating cancer that involves the use of medications or other substances to specifically target and kill off certain subsets of malignant cells. A targeted therapy may be administered alone or in addition to more conventional methods of care like surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment. The tumour microenvironment, stromatogenesis, barriers and advancement in the drug delivery system across tumour tissue are summarised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benu Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Singla
- Department of Pharmacology, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swami Dayanand Post Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Davinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swami Dayanand Post Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Roshan S
- Department of Pharmacology, Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies
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Díaz-García E, García-Tovar S, Casitas R, Jaureguizar A, Zamarrón E, Sánchez-Sánchez B, Sastre-Perona A, López-Collazo E, Garcia-Rio F, Cubillos-Zapata C. Intermittent Hypoxia Mediates Paraspeckle Protein-1 Upregulation in Sleep Apnea. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153888. [PMID: 34359789 PMCID: PMC8345391 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) exhibit an intermittent hypoxia-dependent paraspeckle protein-1 (PSPC1) increase, which is eventually delivered to the plasma through its cleavage from OSA monocytes by matrix metalloprotease-2, promoting tumor growth factor (TGFβ) expression and increasing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a tumor functional model using a melanoma cell line. These results connect the phenomena of sleep apnea with increased plasma PSPC1 levels, which has a functional effect on the TGFβ pathway and accelerates tumor progression. Abstract As some evidence suggests that hypoxia might be an inducer of nuclear paraspeckle formation, we explore whether intermittent hypoxia (IH)-mediated paraspeckle protein-1 (PSPC1) overexpression might contribute to the activation of tumor growth factor (TGF)β-SMAD pathway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This activation would promote changes in intracellular signaling that would explain the increased cancer aggressiveness reported in these patients. Here, we show that patients with OSA exhibit elevated PSPC1 levels both in plasma and in monocytes. Our data suggest that PSPC1 is ultimately delivered to the plasma through its cleavage from OSA monocytes by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). In addition, IH promotes PSPC1, TGFβ, and MMP2 expression in monocytes through the hypoxia-inducible factor. Lastly, both PSPC1 and TGFβ induce increased expression of genes that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our study details the mechanism by which hypoxemia upmodulates the extracellular release of PSPC1 by means of MMP2, such that plasma PSPC1 together with TGFβ activation signaling further promotes tumor metastasis and supports cancer aggressiveness in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-García
- Grupo de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (S.G.-T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Sara García-Tovar
- Grupo de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (S.G.-T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Raquel Casitas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.Z.); (B.S.-S.)
| | - Ana Jaureguizar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Zamarrón
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.Z.); (B.S.-S.)
| | - Begoña Sánchez-Sánchez
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.Z.); (B.S.-S.)
| | - Ana Sastre-Perona
- Grupo deTerapias Experimentales y Biomarcadores en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
- Grupo de Respuesta Inmune Innata, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Rio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.Z.); (B.S.-S.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.G.-R.); (C.C.-Z.); Tel.: +34-639-91-17-18 (F.G.-R.); +34-600-87-71-79 (C.C.-Z.)
| | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Grupo de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (S.G.-T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.J.); (E.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: (F.G.-R.); (C.C.-Z.); Tel.: +34-639-91-17-18 (F.G.-R.); +34-600-87-71-79 (C.C.-Z.)
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Liang W, He X, Bi J, Hu T, Sun Y. Role of reactive oxygen species in tumors based on the 'seed and soil' theory: A complex interaction (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:208. [PMID: 34328200 PMCID: PMC8329912 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) can serve as the 'soil' for the growth and survival of tumor cells and function synergically with tumor cells to mediate tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is somewhat of a double‑edged sword for tumors. Accumulating evidence has reported that regulating ROS levels can serve an anti‑tumor role in the TME, including the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, preventing immune escape, manipulating tumor metabolic reorganization and improving drug resistance. In the present review, the potential role of ROS in anti‑tumor therapy was summarized, including the possibility of directly or indirectly targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Xinying He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Yunchuan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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13
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Estaras M, Gonzalez A. Modulation of cell physiology under hypoxia in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4582-4602. [PMID: 34366624 PMCID: PMC8326256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In solid tumors, the development of vasculature is, to some extent, slower than the proliferation of the different types of cells that form the tissue, both cancer and stroma cells. As a consequence, the oxygen availability is compromised and the tissue evolves toward a condition of hypoxia. The presence of hypoxia is variable depending on where the cells are localized, being less extreme at the periphery of the tumor and more severe in areas located deep within the tumor mass. Surprisingly, the cells do not die. Intracellular pathways that are critical for cell fate such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and others are all involved in cellular responses to the low oxygen availability and are orchestrated by hypoxia-inducible factor. Oxidative stress and inflammation are critical conditions that develop under hypoxia. Together with changes in cellular bioenergetics, all contribute to cell survival. Moreover, cell-to-cell interaction is established within the tumor such that cancer cells and the microenvironment maintain a bidirectional communication. Additionally, the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, represents short and long loops that can convey important information regarding invasion and metastasis. As a result, the tumor grows and its malignancy increases. Currently, one of the most lethal tumors is pancreatic cancer. This paper reviews the most recent advances in the knowledge of how cells grow in a pancreatic tumor by adapting to hypoxia. Unmasking the physiological processes that help the tumor increase its size and their regulation will be of major relevance for the treatment of this deadly tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Cell Biology and Communication Research Group, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
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14
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Role of Fibulins in Embryonic Stage Development and Their Involvement in Various Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050685. [PMID: 34063320 PMCID: PMC8147605 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the evolution of early metazoans, as it provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells through the cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. In multi-cellular organisms, ECM plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of tissues and in the development of organs. Fibulins are ECM glycoproteins, found in a variety of tissues associated with basement membranes, elastic fibers, proteoglycan aggregates, and fibronectin microfibrils. The expression profile of fibulins reveals their role in various developmental processes such as elastogenesis, development of organs during the embryonic stage, tissue remodeling, maintenance of the structural integrity of basement membrane, and elastic fibers, as well as other cellular processes. Apart from this, fibulins are also involved in the progression of human diseases such as cancer, cardiac diseases, congenital disorders, and chronic fibrotic disorders. Different isoforms of fibulins show a dual role of tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting activities, depending on the cell type and cellular microenvironment in the body. Knockout animal models have provided deep insight into their role in development and diseases. The present review covers details of the structural and expression patterns, along with the role of fibulins in embryonic development and disease progression, with more emphasis on their involvement in the modulation of cancer diseases.
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15
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Liu G, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhang N. Preventive but nontherapeutic effect of danshensu on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520914218. [PMID: 32419546 PMCID: PMC7235679 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520914218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Danshensu is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We previously demonstrated its preventive effect against early-stage hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in a rat model. To determine whether danshensu treatment might be useful for patients with chronic HPH, we examined its therapeutic effect in rats with prolonged HPH. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats received danshensu (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg) during or after hypoxia exposure to assess preventive and therapeutic effects, respectively. Right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI), and mean left carotid artery pressure (mCAP) were measured in each group. Western blotting was used to assess transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression levels in rats and cultured cells exposed to hypoxia. RESULTS Preventive danshensu treatment significantly reduced the elevation of RVSP and RVHI in rats exposed to hypoxia, whereas therapeutic danshensu treatment did not; mCAP did not change in any treatment group. The increased expression levels of TGF-β induced by hypoxia were inhibited by preventive danshensu treatment, but not by therapeutic danshensu treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although danshensu treatment could prevent HPH, it had no obvious therapeutic effect after development of HPH. Therefore, danshensu might be suitable for clinical treatment of early-stage HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
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16
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Aggarwal V, Montoya CA, Donnenberg VS, Sant S. Interplay between tumor microenvironment and partial EMT as the driver of tumor progression. iScience 2021; 24:102113. [PMID: 33659878 PMCID: PMC7892926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionary conserved phenomenon, has been extensively studied to address the unresolved variable treatment response across therapeutic regimes in cancer subtypes. EMT has long been envisaged to regulate tumor invasion, migration, and therapeutic resistance during tumorigenesis. However, recently it has been highlighted that EMT involves an intermediate partial EMT (pEMT) phenotype, defined by incomplete loss of epithelial markers and incomplete gain of mesenchymal markers. It has been further emphasized that pEMT transition involves a spectrum of intermediate hybrid states on either side of pEMT spectrum. Emerging evidence underlines bi-directional crosstalk between tumor cells and surrounding microenvironment in acquisition of pEMT phenotype. Although much work is still ongoing to gain mechanistic insights into regulation of pEMT phenotype, it is evident that pEMT plays a critical role in tumor aggressiveness, invasion, migration, and metastasis along with therapeutic resistance. In this review, we focus on important role of tumor-intrinsic factors and tumor microenvironment in driving pEMT and emphasize that engineered controlled microenvironments are instrumental to provide mechanistic insights into pEMT biology. We also discuss the significance of pEMT in regulating hallmarks of tumor progression i.e. cell cycle regulation, collective migration, and therapeutic resistance. Although constantly evolving, current progress and momentum in the pEMT field holds promise to unravel new therapeutic targets to halt tumor progression at early stages as well as tackle the complex therapeutic resistance observed across many cancer types. Partial EMT phenotype drives key hallmarks of tumor progression Role of tumor microenvironment in pEMT phenotype via cellular signaling pathways Engineering 3D in vitro models to study pEMT phenotype Opportunities and challenges in understanding pEMT phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Catalina Ardila Montoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vera S Donnenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, 700 Technology Drive, Room 4307, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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17
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Tao J, Yang G, Zhou W, Qiu J, Chen G, Luo W, Zhao F, You L, Zheng L, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Targeting hypoxic tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:14. [PMID: 33436044 PMCID: PMC7805044 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributable to its late diagnosis, early metastasis, and poor prognosis, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Unlike other solid tumors, pancreatic cancer harbors ample stromal cells and abundant extracellular matrix but lacks vascularization, resulting in persistent and severe hypoxia within the tumor. Hypoxic microenvironment has extensive effects on biological behaviors or malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer, including metabolic reprogramming, cancer stemness, invasion and metastasis, and pathological angiogenesis, which synergistically contribute to development and therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer. Through various mechanisms including but not confined to maintenance of redox homeostasis, activation of autophagy, epigenetic regulation, and those induced by hypoxia-inducible factors, intratumoral hypoxia drives the above biological processes in pancreatic cancer. Recognizing the pivotal roles of hypoxia in pancreatic cancer progression and therapies, hypoxia-based antitumoral strategies have been continuously developed over the recent years, some of which have been applied in clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy and safety in combinatory therapies for patients with pancreatic cancer. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced aggressive and therapeutically resistant phenotypes in both pancreatic cancerous and stromal cells. Additionally, we focus more on innovative therapies targeting the tumor hypoxic microenvironment itself, which hold great potential to overcome the resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and to enhance antitumor efficacy and reduce toxicity to normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenchuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiangdong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Acat M, Sengoren Dikis O, Us Dulger S, Akbay E, Karakaya E, Haskul I, Chousein EG. Fibulins: a new biomarker for pulmonary thromboembolism? Aging Male 2020; 23:556-563. [PMID: 30632874 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1542674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibulin-1, -2, -4, and -5 have important role in several vascular diseases. We aimed to investigate if fibulin-4 and -5 can be used as a biomarker for pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). METHODS This is a prospective case control study. Thirthy patients diagnosed with PTE and 31 in the control group. Data on demographic characteristics, length of hospital stay, blood cell counts, troponin and BNP levels, arterial blood gases, radiological reports, indication for thromboembolitic treatment, intensive care unit (ICU) requirement, and loss of life were recorded for the patients group. Serum Fibulin-4 and Fibulin-5 levels were measured. RESULTS Fibulin 4 levels correlated positively with female gender (p < .01, r = 0.433). Positive results were found in 14 (46.7%) patients for PESI.0.1; in 7 (23.3%) patients for D-dimer; in 7 (23.3%) patients for troponin-I; in 7(23.3%) patients for BNP. Median values for Fibulin 4 level were significantly higher in patients positive for BNP. Fibulin-5 level was found to be correlated with the presence of embolism (p = .041, r = 0.263). CONCLUSIONS Fibulin-4 and -5 have been shown to be relevant to cardiovascular biology and diseases. Experimental studies and observations in humans show that they may play a role in several cardiovascular diseases particularly pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Acat
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Karabuk University, Karabuk Training and Research Hospital, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sengoren Dikis
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Us Dulger
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ertan Akbay
- Department of Cardiology Diseases, Karabuk University, Karabuk Training and Research Hospital, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Karakaya
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Karabuk University, Karabuk Training and Research Hospital, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Ismail Haskul
- Department of Biochemistry, Karabuk University, Karabuk Training and Research Hospital, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Efsun Gonca Chousein
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University Yedikule Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sarkar S, Peng CC, Tung YC. Comparison of VEGF-A secretion from tumor cells under cellular stresses in conventional monolayer culture and microfluidic three-dimensional spheroid models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240833. [PMID: 33175874 PMCID: PMC7657494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major cytokine in tumor biology affecting tumor survival, aggressiveness and pro-angiogenetic activities. In addition, cellular stresses often result in aggressive pro-angiogenetic behavior in tumors. For in vitro study, conventional monolayer cell culture has been broadly exploited; however, it often provides limited information due to its different microenvironment from that in vivo. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroid culture provides in vivo-like microenvironments to study tumor biology and their survival mechanisms with better predictive power. In this work, vascular endothelial growth factor of type A (VEGF-A) secretion from osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells cultured using monolayer and 3D spheroid models under two stress conditions: nutrient deficiency (reduced serum culture) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibition (HIF inhibitor, YC-1) are characterized and systematically compared. In order to obtain ample sample size for consistent characterization of cellular responses from cancer spheroids under the stresses and compare the responses to those from the conventional monolayer model, a microfluidic spheroid formation and culture device is utilized in the experiments. In the analysis, cell viability is estimated from captured images, and quantification of VEGF-A secreted from the cells is achieved using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The experimental results show that the viabilities decrease when the cells face higher stress levels in both monolayer and 3D spheroid culture models; however, the VEGF-A secretion profiles between the cell culture models are different. The VEGF-A secretion decreases when the cells face higher stress conditions in the monolayer cell culture. In contrast, for the 3D spheroid culture, the VEGF-A concentration decreases for low stress levels but increases while the stress level is high. The VEGF-A regulation in the 3D models mimics in vivo cases of tumor survival and can provide insightful information to investigate tumor angiogenesis in vitro. The approach developed in this paper provides an efficient method to quantitatively and statistically study tumor growth kinetics and stress responses from highly uniform samples and it can also be applied to compare the underlying biomolecular mechanisms in monolayer and 3D spheroid culture models to elucidate the effects of microenvironments on cellular response in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Sarkar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Boezio GL, Bensimon-Brito A, Piesker J, Guenther S, Helker CS, Stainier DY. Endothelial TGF-β signaling instructs smooth muscle cell development in the cardiac outflow tract. eLife 2020; 9:57603. [PMID: 32990594 PMCID: PMC7524555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT), which connects the heart to the great arteries, relies on a complex crosstalk between endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle (SMCs) cells. Defects in OFT development can lead to severe malformations, including aortic aneurysms, which are frequently associated with impaired TGF-β signaling. To better understand the role of TGF-β signaling in OFT formation, we generated zebrafish lacking the TGF-β receptor Alk5 and found a strikingly specific dilation of the OFT: alk5-/- OFTs exhibit increased EC numbers as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) and SMC disorganization. Surprisingly, endothelial-specific alk5 overexpression in alk5-/- rescues the EC, ECM, and SMC defects. Transcriptomic analyses reveal downregulation of the ECM gene fibulin-5, which when overexpressed in ECs ameliorates OFT morphology and function. These findings reveal a new requirement for endothelial TGF-β signaling in OFT morphogenesis and suggest an important role for the endothelium in the etiology of aortic malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lm Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Sm Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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21
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Hadden M, Mittal A, Samra J, Zreiqat H, Sahni S, Ramaswamy Y. Mechanically stressed cancer microenvironment: Role in pancreatic cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188418. [PMID: 32827581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies in the world due to its insensitivity to current therapies and its propensity to metastases from the primary tumor mass. This is largely attributed to its complex microenvironment composed of unique stromal cell populations and extracellular matrix (ECM). The recruitment and activation of these cell populations cause an increase in deposition of ECM components, which highly influences the behavior of malignant cells through disrupted forms of signaling. As PDAC progresses from premalignant lesion to invasive carcinoma, this dynamic landscape shields the mass from immune defenses and cytotoxic intervention. This microenvironment influences an invasive cell phenotype through altered forms of mechanical signaling, capable of enacting biochemical changes within cells through activated mechanotransduction pathways. The effects of altered mechanical cues on malignant cell mechanotransduction have long remained enigmatic, particularly in PDAC, whose microenvironment significantly changes over time. A more complete and thorough understanding of PDAC's physical surroundings (microenvironment), mechanosensing proteins, and mechanical properties may help in identifying novel mechanisms that influence disease progression, and thus, provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hadden
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Samra
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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22
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Xu F, Zhang P, Yuan M, Yang X, Chong T. Bioinformatic screening and identification of downregulated hub genes in adrenocortical carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2730-2742. [PMID: 32765768 PMCID: PMC7401943 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) carcinogenesis and progression remain unclear. In the present study, three microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were screened, which identified a total of 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was established for these DEGs and module analysis was performed using STRING and Cytoscape. A total of eight hub genes were identified from the most significant module; namely, calponin 1 (CNN1), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), cysteine and glycine rich protein 1 (CSRP1), myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11), fibulin extracellular matrix protein 2 (EFEMP2), fibulin 1 (FBLN1), microfibril associated protein 4 (MFAP4) and fibulin 5 (FBLN5). The biological functions of these hub genes were analyzed using the DAVID online tool. Changes in the expression of hub genes did not affect overall survival; however, downregulated EFEMP2 decreased disease-free survival. CSRP1 and MFAP4 expression levels were associated with adverse clinicopathological features. In conclusion, although all eight hub genes were downregulated in ACC, they appeared to have important functions in ACC carcinogenesis and progression. Identification of these genes complements the genetic expression profile of ACC and provides insight for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshi Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Tie Chong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
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23
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Yamasaki A, Yanai K, Onishi H. Hypoxia and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 484:9-15. [PMID: 32380129 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have limited success. One reason for this is thought to be the cancer microenvironment surrounding PDAC. Hypoxia is a feature of the cancer microenvironment. Under hypoxia, different various molecules and signaling pathways are activated compared with normoxia. To develop a new effective therapeutic strategy for PDAC, we need to target these hypoxic conditions to overcome PDAC. To inhibit the malignant phenotype, the cellular changes that occur under hypoxia should be elucidated. Various molecules and signaling that are activated by hypoxia may contribute to the induction of malignant phenotypes of PDAC such as proliferation, invasion, tumorigenesis, chemosensitivity, and autophagy. If we can develop therapeutic approaches to target one of these molecules or signaling pathways, we may proceed to the next therapeutic step of successfully treating refractory PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamasaki
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yanai
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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24
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Kumar R, Derbigny WA. TLR3 Deficiency Leads to a Dysregulation in the Global Gene-Expression Profile in Murine Oviduct Epithelial Cells Infected with Chlamydia muridarum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:1-13. [PMID: 31891165 PMCID: PMC6937138 DOI: 10.18689/ijmr-1000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis replicates primarily in the epithelial cells lining the genital tract and induces the innate immune response by triggering cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Our previous studies showed that Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is expressed in murine oviduct epithelial (OE) cells, is the primary PRR triggered by C. muridarum (Cm) early during infection to induce IFN-β synthesis, and that TLR3 signaling regulates the chlamydial induced synthesis of a plethora of other innate inflammatory modulators including IL-6, CXCL10, CXCL16 and CCL5. We also showed that the expression of these cytokines induced by Chlamydia was severely diminished during TLR3 deficiency; however, the replication of Chlamydiain TLR3 deficient OE cells was more robust than in WT cells. These data suggested that TLR3 had a biological impact on the inflammatory response to Chlamydia infection; however, the global effects of TLR3 signaling in the cellular response to Chlamydia infection in murine OE cells has not yet been investigated. To determine the impact of TLR3 signaling on Chlamydia infection in OE cell at the transcriptome level, we infected wild-type (OE-WT) and TLR3-deficient (OE-TLR3KO) cells with Cm, and performed transcriptome analyses using microarray. Genome-wide expression and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified enhanced expression of host genes encoding for components found in multiple cellular processes encompassing: (1) pro-inflammatory, (2) cell adhesion, (3) chemoattraction, (4) cellular matrix and small molecule transport, (5) apoptosis, and (6) antigen-processing and presentation. These results support a role for TLR3 in modulating the host cellular responses to Cm infection that extend beyond inflammation and fibrosis, and shows that TLR3 could serve a potential therapeutic target for drug and/or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana-46202, USA
| | - Wilbert A Derbigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana-46202, USA
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25
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Sanguinarine inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition via targeting HIF-1α/TGF-β feed-forward loop in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:939. [PMID: 31819036 PMCID: PMC6901539 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Hypoxia and excessive transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) have been identified as inducers and target for EMT in HCC. Here, we show hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and TGF-β form a feed-forward loop to induce EMT in HCC cells. Further mechanistic study indicates under both hypoxia and TGF-β stimulation, Smad and PI3K-AKT pathways are activated. We show sanguinarine, a natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid, impairs the proliferation of nine kinds of HCC cell lines and the colony formation of HCC cells. In hypoxic and TGF-β cell models, sanguinarine inhibits HIF-1α signaling and the expression of EMT markers, translocation of Snail and activation of both Smad and PI3K-AKT pathways. Sanguinarine could also inhibit TGF-β-induced cell migration in HCC cells. In vivo studies reveal that the administration of sanguinarine inhibits tumor growth and HIF-1α signaling, inhibits the expression changes of EMT markers as well as Smad and PI3K-AKT pathway proteins. Our findings suggest that sanguinarine is a promising candidate targeting HIF-1α/TGF-β signaling to improve the treatment for HCC patients.
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26
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Chen Y, Li J, Jin L, Lei K, Liu H, Yang Y. Fibulin-5 contributes to colorectal cancer cell apoptosis via the ROS/MAPK and Akt signal pathways by downregulating transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17838-17846. [PMID: 31148262 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibulin-5, a multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, is secreted into the ECM, regulating metastasis and invasion in many malignant tumors. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been reported. In this study, we detected the expression of fibulin-5 in 56 CRC patients and eight CRC cell lines, revealing that fibulin-5 was expressed lower in CRC tumor tissues than in peritumor tissues. Furthermore, our study verified that fibulin-5 promoted cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by inhibiting transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) in CRC cells. Moreover, NAC (the scavenger of ROS), SB203580 (the inhibitor of p38), PD98059 (the inhibitor of ERK), and SC79 (the activator of Akt) were used to uncover that fibulin-5 induced apoptosis through the ROS/mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signal pathways by downregulating TRPV1. Together, these results suggest that fibulin-5 might serve as a novel drug target for the treatment of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of General Surgery 2, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junzhi Li
- Department of Emergency Clinic, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of General Surgery 2, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Lei
- Department of General Surgery 2, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiwang Liu
- Department of General Surgery 2, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of General Surgery 2, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Yeldag G, Rice A, Del Río Hernández A. Chemoresistance and the Self-Maintaining Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E471. [PMID: 30487436 PMCID: PMC6315745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer is associated with alterations in the tumor microenvironment, including changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, matrix rigidity, hypervascularization, hypoxia, and paracrine factors. One key malignant phenotype of cancer cells is their ability to resist chemotherapeutics, and elements of the ECM can promote chemoresistance in cancer cells through a variety of signaling pathways, inducing changes in gene expression and protein activity that allow resistance. Furthermore, the ECM is maintained as an environment that facilitates chemoresistance, since its constitution modulates the phenotype of cancer-associated cells, which themselves affect the microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how the properties of the tumor microenvironment promote chemoresistance in cancer cells, and the interplay between these external stimuli. We focus on both the response of cancer cells to the external environment, as well as the maintenance of the external environment, and how a chemoresistant phenotype emerges from the complex signaling network present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcen Yeldag
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Alistair Rice
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Armando Del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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28
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Extracellular Interactions between Fibulins and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092787. [PMID: 30227601 PMCID: PMC6163299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional peptide growth factor that has a vital role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, inflammation, and repair in a variety of tissues, and its dysregulation mediates a number of pathological conditions including fibrotic disorders, chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer progression. Regulation of TGF-β signaling is multifold, but one critical site of regulation is via interaction with certain extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironments, as TGF-β is primarily secreted as a biologically inactive form sequestrated into ECM. Several ECM proteins are known to modulate TGF-β signaling via cell–matrix interactions, including thrombospondins, SPARC (Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cystein), tenascins, osteopontin, periostin, and fibulins. Fibulin family members consist of eight ECM glycoproteins characterized by a tandem array of calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like modules and a common C-terminal domain. Fibulins not only participate in structural integrity of basement membrane and elastic fibers, but also serve as mediators for cellular processes and tissue remodeling as they are highly upregulated during embryonic development and certain disease processes, especially at the sites of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Emerging studies have indicated a close relationship between fibulins and TGF-β signaling, but each fibulin plays a different role in a context-dependent manner. In this review, regulatory interactions between fibulins and TGF-β signaling are discussed. Understanding biological roles of fibulins in TGF-β regulation may introduce new insights into the pathogenesis of some human diseases.
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29
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Petrova V, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Amelio I. The hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:10. [PMID: 29362402 PMCID: PMC5833859 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression often benefits from the selective conditions present in the tumour microenvironment, such as the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), deregulated ECM deposition, expanded vascularisation and repression of the immune response. Generation of a hypoxic environment and activation of its main effector, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), are common features of advanced cancers. In addition to the impact on tumour cell biology, the influence that hypoxia exerts on the surrounding cells represents a critical step in the tumorigenic process. Hypoxia indeed enables a number of events in the tumour microenvironment that lead to the expansion of aggressive clones from heterogeneous tumour cells and promote a lethal phenotype. In this article, we review the most relevant findings describing the influence of hypoxia and the contribution of HIF activation on the major components of the tumour microenvironment, and we summarise their role in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Petrova
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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30
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Sarkar S, Peng CC, Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Wu HM, Liu YH, Chen P, Tung YC. Study of oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids using microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30320-30329. [PMID: 35546825 PMCID: PMC9085395 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell spheroid culture using microfluidic devices provides a convenient in vitro model for studying tumour spheroid structures and internal microenvironments. Recent studies suggest that oxygen deprived zones inside solid tumors are responsible for stimulating local cytokines and endothelial vasculature proliferation during angiogenesis. In this work, we develop an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to study variations in oxygen tension within live spheroids of human osteosarcoma cells. Uniform shaped, size-controlled spheroids are grown and then harvested using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device. Fluorescence live imaging of the harvested spheroids is performed using MPLSM and a commercially available oxygen sensitive dye, Image-iT Red, to observe the oxygen tension variation within the spheroids and those co-cultured with monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oxygen tension variations are observed within the spheroids with diameters ranging from 90 ± 10 μm to 140 ± 10 μm. The fluorescence images show that the low-oxygenated cores diminish when spheroids are co-cultured with HUVEC monolayers for 6 hours to 8 hours. In the experiments, spheroids subjected to HUVEC conditioned medium treatment and with a cell adherent substrate are also measured and analyzed to study their significance on oxygen tension within the spheroids. The results show that the oxygenation within the spheroids is improved when the spheroids are cultured under those conditions. Our work presents an efficient method to study oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids under the influence of endothelial cells and conditioned medium. The method can be exploited for further investigation of tumor oxygen microenvironments during angiogenesis. This paper reports an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to study variations in oxygen tension within live spheroids of human osteosarcoma cells under various culture conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Sarkar
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Di-Yen Chueh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Wu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsuan Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP)
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31
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Zhang LY, Ge XL, Li Z, Tang YJ, Xiong YY, Li XJ, Liu JF, Wanggou SY, Li CT, Yang K, Chen X, Hu ZL, Liu YS, Liu ZX. Fibroblasts play a potential role in bone destruction via osteopontin related caldesmon expression and polymerization in human non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17523. [PMID: 29235490 PMCID: PMC5727473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most frequent pituitary tumors. The elucidation of the mechanisms of aggressive NFPAs in bone destruction is required in order to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of NFPAs. In the present study, we investigated the differential proteomics of fibroblasts isolated from clinical specimens of NFPAs with or without bone destruction. Proteomic analysis revealed a group of molecules associated with cytoskeleton organization, including caldesmon, were differentially expressed between fibroblasts isolated from bone destruction NFPAs (BD-NFPAs) and fibroblasts isolated from non-bone destruction NFPAs (NBD-NFPAs). The secreted proteins analysis found that osteopontin was significantly upregulated in BD-NFPAs fibroblasts. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the NFPAs clinical samples showed that the expression of caldesmon in stromal cells and the expression of osteopontin in both tumor cells and stroma were significantly increased in BD-NFPAs. Taken together, our results indicate a possible way that osteopontin secreted from both NFPA cells and surrounding fibroblasts modify caldesmon expression and polymerization in fibroblasts, which may contribute to bone destruction in NFPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; 975NE, 10th ST, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
| | - Xiao-Lu Ge
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Advanced Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Advanced Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yi Wanggou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China.
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32
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Kunnen SJ, Malas TB, Semeins CM, Bakker AD, Peters DJM. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of fluid shear stress altered gene expression in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3615-3628. [PMID: 29044509 PMCID: PMC5765508 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal epithelial cells are exposed to mechanical forces due to flow‐induced shear stress within the nephrons. Shear stress is altered in renal diseases caused by tubular dilation, obstruction, and hyperfiltration, which occur to compensate for lost nephrons. Fundamental in regulation of shear stress are primary cilia and other mechano‐sensors, and defects in cilia formation and function have profound effects on development and physiology of kidneys and other organs. We applied RNA sequencing to get a comprehensive overview of fluid‐shear regulated genes and pathways in renal epithelial cells. Functional enrichment‐analysis revealed TGF‐β, MAPK, and Wnt signaling as core signaling pathways up‐regulated by shear. Inhibitors of TGF‐β and MAPK/ERK signaling modulate a wide range of mechanosensitive genes, identifying these pathways as master regulators of shear‐induced gene expression. However, the main down‐regulated pathway, that is, JAK/STAT, is independent of TGF‐β and MAPK/ERK. Other up‐regulated cytokine pathways include FGF, HB‐EGF, PDGF, and CXC. Cellular responses to shear are modified at several levels, indicated by altered expression of genes involved in cell‐matrix, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx remodeling, as well as glycolysis and cholesterol metabolism. Cilia ablation abolished shear induced expression of a subset of genes, but genes involved in TGF‐β, MAPK, and Wnt signaling were hardly affected, suggesting that other mechano‐sensors play a prominent role in the shear stress response of renal epithelial cells. Modulations in signaling due to variations in fluid shear stress are relevant for renal physiology and pathology, as suggested by elevated gene expression at pathological levels of shear stress compared to physiological shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kunnen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tareq B Malas
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis M Semeins
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Labrousse-Arias D, Martínez-Ruiz A, Calzada MJ. Hypoxia and Redox Signaling on Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: From Mechanisms to Pathological Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:802-822. [PMID: 28715969 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential modulator of cell behavior that influences tissue organization. It has a strong relevance in homeostasis and translational implications for human disease. In addition to ECM structural proteins, matricellular proteins are important regulators of the ECM that are involved in a myriad of different pathologies. Recent Advances: Biochemical studies, animal models, and study of human diseases have contributed to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in remodeling of the ECM, both in homeostasis and disease. Some of them might help in the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to review what is known about some of the most studied matricellular proteins and their regulation by hypoxia and redox signaling, as well as the pathological implications of such regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES Matricellular proteins have complex regulatory functions and are modulated by hypoxia and redox signaling through diverse mechanisms, in some cases with controversial effects that can be cell or tissue specific and context dependent. Therefore, a better understanding of these regulatory processes would be of great benefit and will open new avenues of considerable therapeutic potential. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Characterizing the specific molecular mechanisms that modulate matricellular proteins in pathological processes that involve hypoxia and redox signaling warrants additional consideration to harness the potential therapeutic value of these regulatory proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 802-822.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labrousse-Arias
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Calzada
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,3 Departmento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Okuyama T, Shirakawa J, Yanagisawa H, Kyohara M, Yamazaki S, Tajima K, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Identification of the matricellular protein Fibulin-5 as a target molecule of glucokinase-mediated calcineurin/NFAT signaling in pancreatic islets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2364. [PMID: 28539593 PMCID: PMC5443834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase-mediated glucose signaling induces insulin secretion, proliferation, and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrated that glucokinase activation using a glucokinase activator (GKA) significantly upregulated the expression of Fibulin-5 (Fbln5), a matricellular protein involved in matrix-cell signaling, in isolated mouse islets. The islet Fbln5 expression was induced by ambient glucose in a time- and dose-dependent manner and further enhanced by high-fat diet or the deletion of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas the GKA-induced increase in Fbln5 expression was diminished in Irs-2-deficient islets. GKA-induced Fbln5 upregulation in the islets was blunted by a glucokinase inhibitor, KATP channel opener, Ca2+ channel blocker and calcineurin inhibitor, while it was augmented by harmine, a dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) 1 A inhibitor. Although deletion of Fbln5 in mice had no significant effects on the glucose tolerance or β-cell functions, adenovirus-mediated Fbln5 overexpression increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 rat insulinoma cells. Since the islet Fbln5 expression is regulated through a glucokinase/KATP channel/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway crucial for the maintenance of β-cell functions, further investigation of Fbln5 functions in the islets is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Behrens
- EPO - Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology GmbH - GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité, University Medicine, Berlin; Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- EPO - Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology GmbH - GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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