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Erdos T, Masuda M, Venketaraman V. Glutathione in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5530-5549. [PMID: 38921002 PMCID: PMC11202908 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A large portion of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have neurologic sequelae. Those with better-controlled HIV via antiretroviral therapies generally have less severe neurologic symptoms. However, for many patients, antiretrovirals do not adequately resolve symptoms. Since much of the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS (Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome) involves oxidative stress either directly, through viral interaction, or indirectly, through inflammatory mechanisms, we have reviewed relevant trials of glutathione supplementation in each of the HIV-associated neurocognitive diseases and have found disease-specific results. For diseases for which trials have not been completed, predicted responses to glutathione supplementation are made based on relevant mechanisms seen in the literature. It is not sufficient to conclude that all HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) will benefit from the antioxidant effects of glutathione supplementation. The potential effects of glutathione supplementation in patients with HAND are likely to differ based on the specific HIV-associated neurocognitive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (T.E.); (M.M.)
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Fu W, Ye Y, Hu F. LncRNA XIST promotes neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy by regulating miR-101-3p/VEGFA. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2024; 68:e230097. [PMID: 38739522 PMCID: PMC11156180 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study sought to investigate the regulation of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) XIST on the microRNA (miR)-101-3p/vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) axis in neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Materials and methods Serum of patients with DR was extracted for the analysis of XIST, miR-101-3p, and VEGFA expression levels. High glucose (HG)-insulted HRMECs and DR model rats were treated with lentiviral vectors. MTT, transwell, and tube formation assays were performed to evaluate cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis, and ELISA was conducted to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Dual-luciferase reporter, RIP, and RNA pull-down experiments were used to validate the relationships among XIST, miR-101-3p, and VEGFA. Results XIST and VEGFA were upregulated and miR-101-3p was downregulated in serum from patients with DR. XIST knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, vessel tube formation, and inflammatory responsein HG-treated HRMECs, whereas the above effects were nullified by miR-101-3p inhibition or VEGFA overexpression. miR-101-3p could bind to XIST and VEGFA. XIST promoted DR development in rats by regulating the miR-101-3p/VEGFA axis. Conclusion LncRNA XIST promotes VEGFA expression by downregulating miR-101-3p, thereby stimulating angiogenesis and inflammatory response in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China,
| | - Yunyan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Jiang J, Wang L, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang Z. HIV-1 gp120 amplifies astrocyte elevated gene-1 activity to compromise the integrity of the outer blood-retinal barrier. AIDS 2024; 38:779-789. [PMID: 38578957 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the functions and mechanistic pathways of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) caused by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. DESIGN We utilized ARPE-19 cells challenged with gp120 as our model system. METHODS Several analytical techniques were employed to decipher the intricate interactions at play. These included PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays for the molecular characterization, and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements to evaluate barrier integrity. RESULTS We observed that AEG-1 expression was elevated, whereas the expression levels of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin5 were downregulated in gp120-challenged cells. TEER measurements corroborated these findings, indicating barrier dysfunction. Additional mechanistic studies revealed that the activation of NFκB and MMP2/9 pathways mediated the AEG-1-induced barrier destabilization. Through the use of lentiviral vectors, we engineered cell lines with modulated AEG-1 expression levels. Silencing AEG-1 alleviated gp120-induced downregulation of tight junction proteins and barrier impairment while concurrently inhibiting the NFκB and MMP2/9 pathways. Conversely, overexpression of AEG-1 exacerbated these pathological changes, further compromising the integrity of the BRB. CONCLUSION Gp120 upregulates the expression of AEG-1 and activates the NFκB and MMP2/9 pathways. This in turn leads to the downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in the disruption of barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Virtuoso A, Galanis C, Lenz M, Papa M, Vlachos A. Regional Microglial Response in Entorhino-Hippocampal Slice Cultures to Schaffer Collateral Lesion and Metalloproteinases Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2346. [PMID: 38397023 PMCID: PMC10889226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes are essential in sustaining physiological networks in the central nervous system, with their ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, being pivotal for synapse plasticity. Recent findings have challenged the traditional view of homogenous glial populations in the brain, uncovering morphological, functional, and molecular heterogeneity among glial cells. This diversity has significant implications for both physiological and pathological brain states. In the present study, we mechanically induced a Schaffer collateral lesion (SCL) in mouse entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures to investigate glial behavior, i.e., microglia and astrocytes, under metalloproteinases (MMPs) modulation in the lesioned area, CA3, and the denervated region, CA1. We observed distinct response patterns in the microglia and astrocytes 3 days after the lesion. Notably, GFAP-expressing astrocytes showed no immediate changes post-SCL. Microglia responses varied depending on their anatomical location, underscoring the complexity of the hippocampal neuroglial network post-injury. The MMPs inhibitor GM6001 did not affect microglial reactions in CA3, while increasing the number of Iba1-expressing cells in CA1, leading to a withdrawal of their primary branches. These findings highlight the importance of understanding glial regionalization following neural injury and MMPs modulation and pave the way for further research into glia-targeted therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Neuronal Morphology Networks and Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (C.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Christos Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (C.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (C.G.); (A.V.)
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michele Papa
- Neuronal Morphology Networks and Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (C.G.); (A.V.)
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks–BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Che X, Wang L, Ma W, Wang R, Wang Z. Discordance of Aqueous/Plasma HIV Replication on ART. Curr HIV Res 2024; 22:27-30. [PMID: 38151835 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x268730231212112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was conducted to analyze HIV dynamics across blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the relevant risk factors for HIV-associated ocular complications. METHODS This study included a case series of 40 HIV-positive patients with ocular lesions, which were studied retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory examinations included plasma and intraocular viral load (VL). RESULTS HIV VL on paired aqueous/plasma samples was available for 40 patients. Aqueous VL was negatively associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART) duration (p = 0.02 and p < 0.05), and plasma VL was independent of ART duration (p = 0.53). An aqueous/plasma discordance was found in 19/40 (47.5%) patients, eight of whom (20%) had detectable aqueous VL despite a suppressed plasma VL (escape). There were significant differences in CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels (p = 0.011 and p < 0.05) and ART duration (p = 0.007 and p < 0.05) between the patients with HIV-associated ocular complications and the patients without. CONCLUSION This study provides a rationale for initiating ART early in the course of infection to reduce HIV VL in the aqueous humor, and raises the possibility of the ocular sanctuary where HIV replicates. Meanwhile, early and standard ART would be an optimal option to protect against ocular opportunistic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital) of Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Luoziyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimei Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital) of Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital) of Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Varin J, Morival C, Maillard N, Adjali O, Cronin T. Risk Mitigation of Immunogenicity: A Key to Personalized Retinal Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12818. [PMID: 34884622 PMCID: PMC8658027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy (GT) for ocular disorders has advanced the most among adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated therapies, with one product already approved in the market. The bank of retinal gene mutations carefully compiled over 30 years, the small retinal surface that does not require high clinical vector stocks, and the relatively immune-privileged environment of the eye explain such success. However, adverse effects due to AAV-delivery, though rare in the retina have led to the interruption of clinical trials. Risk mitigation, as the key to safe and efficient GT, has become the focus of 'bedside-back-to-bench' studies. Herein, we overview the inflammatory adverse events described in retinal GT trials and analyze which components of the retinal immunological environment might be the most involved in these immune responses, with a focus on the innate immune system composed of microglial surveillance. We consider the factors that can influence inflammation in the retina after GT such as viral sensors in the retinal tissue and CpG content in promoters or transgene sequences. Finally, we consider options to reduce the immunological risk, including dose, modified capsids or exclusion criteria for clinical trials. A better understanding and mitigation of immune risk factors inducing host immunity in AAV-mediated retinal GT is the key to achieving safe and efficient GT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oumeya Adjali
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, Translational Gene Therapy for Genetic Diseases, Université de Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France; (J.V.); (C.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Therese Cronin
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, Translational Gene Therapy for Genetic Diseases, Université de Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France; (J.V.); (C.M.); (N.M.)
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Qian Y, Che X, Jiang J, Wang Z. Mechanisms of Blood-Retinal Barrier Disruption by HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:26-32. [PMID: 30873925 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190315163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA or antigens can be detected in the intraocular tissues of HIV-1 patients even under effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In vivo, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) establishes a critical, physiological guardian against microbial invasion of the eye, but may be compromised in the presence of HIV-1. The envelope glycoprotein gp120 is exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope, essential for virus entry into cells by the attachment to specific cell surface receptors. The BRB disruption by glycoprotein gp120 has been widely recognized, which is toxic to human retinal epithelial cells (RPE) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The present review elaborates on various mechanisms of BRB disruption induced by HIV gp120, which may represent potential targets for the prevention of ocular HIV complications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wang F, Cui Y, Shen X, Wang S, Yang GB. IL-17A and IL-17F repair HIV-1 gp140 damaged Caco-2 cell barriers by upregulating tight junction genes. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:393-400. [PMID: 30951887 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier from HIV/AIDS contributes significantly to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. Such factors present potential targets for novel treatments aimed toward a functional cure. However, the extracellular mechanisms of intestinal barrier repair are poorly understood. In the current study, we investigated the abilities of IL-17A and IL-17F to repair the damaged barrier caused by HIV-1 gp140 using Caco-2 monolayers. It was found that HIV-1 gp140 downregulated the expression of tight junction-associated genes and disrupted the barrier integrity of Caco-2 monolayers. However, IL-17A and IL-17F treatment reversed the HIV-1 gp140-induced barrier dysfunction by upregulating the expression of tight junction-associated genes, the combination of which resulted in a stronger induction of barrier repair. Furthermore, the effects of IL-17A and IL-17F were reduced by downregulation of Act1 with siRNA and inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways with BAY11-7082 and U0126, respectively. These data indicated that the NF-κB and MAPK pathways are involved in the repair of barrier integrity mediated by IL-17A and IL-17F, and IL-17 pathways are potential targets for gut barrier restoration therapies during HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfang Cui
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiuli Shen
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China.
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