1
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Hadchity L, Houard J, Lanois A, Payelleville A, Nassar F, Gualtieri M, Givaudan A, Abi Khattar Z. The AcrAB efflux pump confers self-resistance to stilbenes in Photorhabdus laumondii. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104081. [PMID: 37196776 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Resistance-nodulation-division (RND)-type AcrAB-TolC efflux pump contributes to multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, the bacterium Photorhabdus laumondii TT01 has emerged as a goldmine for novel anti-infective drug discovery. Outside plants, Photorhabdus is the only Gram-negative known to produce stilbene-derivatives including 3,5-dihydroxy-4-ethyl-trans-stilbene and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene (IPS). IPS is a bioactive polyketide which received considerable attention, mainly because of its antimicrobial properties, and is currently in late-stage clinical development as a topical treatment for psoriasis and dermatitis. To date, little is known about how Photorhabdus survives in the presence of stilbenes. We combined genetic and biochemical approaches to assess whether AcrAB efflux pump exports stilbenes in P. laumondii. We demonstrated that the wild-type (WT) exerts an antagonistic activity against its derivative ΔacrA mutant, and that is able to outcompete it in a dual-strain co-culture assay. The ΔacrA mutant also showed high sensitivity to 3,5-dihydroxy-4-ethyl-trans-stilbene and IPS as well as decreased IPS concentrations in its supernatant comparing to the WT. We report here a mechanism of self-resistance against stilbene derivatives of P. laumondii TT01, which enables these bacteria to survive under high concentrations of stilbenes by extruding them out via the AcrAB efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hadchity
- Laboratory of Georesources, Geosciences and Environment (L2GE), Microbiology/Tox-Ecotoxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, P.O.Box 90656, Jdeidet El-Metn, Lebanon; DGIMI, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Anne Lanois
- DGIMI, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Amaury Payelleville
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Fida Nassar
- Laboratory of Georesources, Geosciences and Environment (L2GE), Microbiology/Tox-Ecotoxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, P.O.Box 90656, Jdeidet El-Metn, Lebanon.
| | | | - Alain Givaudan
- DGIMI, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ziad Abi Khattar
- Laboratory of Georesources, Geosciences and Environment (L2GE), Microbiology/Tox-Ecotoxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, P.O.Box 90656, Jdeidet El-Metn, Lebanon.
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2
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Kavakli S, Grammbitter GL, Bode HB. Biosynthesis of the multifunctional isopropylstilbene in Photorhabdus laumondii involves cross-talk between specialized and primary metabolism. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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4
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Li JH, Cho W, Hamchand R, Oh J, Crawford JM. A Conserved Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase in Xenorhabdus bovienii Produces Citrulline-Functionalized Lipopeptides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2692-2699. [PMID: 34581573 PMCID: PMC9970011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii exists in a mutualistic relationship with nematodes of the genus Steinernema. Free-living infective juveniles of Steinernema prey on insect larvae and regurgitate X. bovienii within the hemocoel of a host larva. X. bovienii subsequently produces a complex array of specialized metabolites and effector proteins that kill the insect and regulate various aspects of the trilateral symbiosis. While Xenorhabdus species are rich producers of secondary metabolites, many of their biosynthetic gene clusters remain uncharacterized. Here, we describe a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) identified through comparative genomics analysis that is widely conserved in Xenorhabdus species. Heterologous expression of this NRPS gene from X. bovienii in E. coli led to the discovery of a family of lipo-tripeptides that chromatographically appear as pairs, containing either a C-terminal carboxylic acid or carboxamide. Coexpression of the NRPS with the leupeptin protease inhibitor pathway enhanced production, facilitating isolation and characterization efforts. The new lipo-tripeptides were also detected in wild-type X. bovienii cultures. These metabolites, termed bovienimides, share an uncommon C-terminal d-citrulline residue. The NRPS lacked a dedicated chain termination domain, resulting in product diversification and release from the assembly line through reactions with ammonia, water, or exogenous alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhe-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Wooyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Randy Hamchand
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, United States
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5
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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6
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Stilbene oligomers from the stems of Parthenocissus tricuspidata and their potential anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Prokaryotic Solute/Sodium Symporters: Versatile Functions and Mechanisms of a Transporter Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041880. [PMID: 33668649 PMCID: PMC7918813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute/sodium symporter family (SSS family; TC 2.A.21; SLC5) consists of integral membrane proteins that use an existing sodium gradient to drive the uphill transport of various solutes, such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, or ions across the membrane. This large family has representatives in all three kingdoms of life. The human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and the sodium/glucose transporter (SGLT1) are involved in diseases such as iodide transport defect or glucose-galactose malabsorption. Moreover, the bacterial sodium/proline symporter PutP and the sodium/sialic acid symporter SiaT play important roles in bacteria–host interactions. This review focuses on the physiological significance and structural and functional features of prokaryotic members of the SSS family. Special emphasis will be given to the roles and properties of proteins containing an SSS family domain fused to domains typically found in bacterial sensor kinases.
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8
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Maglangit F, Yu Y, Deng H. Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:782-821. [PMID: 33119013 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the second quarter of 2020 Threat or treat? While pathogenic bacteria pose significant threats, they also represent a huge reservoir of potential pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases. The alarming antimicrobial resistance crisis and the dwindling clinical pipeline urgently call for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria have an enormous potential for natural products drug discovery, yet they remained untapped and understudied. Herein, we review the specialised metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, and human pathogenic bacteria with antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting those currently in pre-clinical trials or with potential for drug development. Selected unusual biosynthetic pathways, the key roles they play (where known) in various ecological niches are described. We also provide an overview of the mode of action (molecular target), activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards bacteria and fungi. The exploitation of pathogenic bacteria as a rich source of antimicrobials, combined with the recent advances in genomics and natural products research methodology, could pave the way for a new golden age of antibiotic discovery. This review should serve as a compendium to communities of medicinal chemists, organic chemists, natural product chemists, biochemists, clinical researchers, and many others interested in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. and Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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9
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Kenney E, Yaparla A, Hawdon JM, O' Halloran DM, Grayfer L, Eleftherianos I. A putative lysozyme and serine carboxypeptidase from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora show differential virulence capacities in Drosophila melanogaster. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103820. [PMID: 32791175 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nematode virulence factors are of interest for a variety of applications including biocontrol against insect pests and the alleviation of autoimmune diseases with nematode-derived factors. In silico "omics" techniques have generated a wealth of candidate factors that may be important in the establishment of nematode infections, although the challenge of characterizing these individual factors in vivo remains. Here we provide a fundamental characterization of a putative lysozyme and serine carboxypeptidase from the host-induced transcriptome of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Both factors accelerated the mortality rate following Drosophila melanogaster infections with Photorhabdus luminescens, and both factors suppressed phenoloxidase activity in D. melanogaster hemolymph. Furthermore, the serine carboxypeptidase was lethal to a subpopulation of flies and suppressed the upregulation of antimicrobial peptides as well as phagocytosis. Together, our findings suggest that this serine carboxypeptidase possess both toxic and immunomodulatory properties while the lysozyme is likely to confer immunomodulatory, but not toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kenney
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - John M Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Damien M O' Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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10
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Stilbenoids: A Natural Arsenal against Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060336. [PMID: 32570824 PMCID: PMC7345618 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating emergence of resistant bacterial strains is one of the most important threats to human health. With the increasing incidence of multi-drugs infections, there is an urgent need to restock our antibiotic arsenal. Natural products are an invaluable source of inspiration in drug design and development. One of the most widely distributed groups of natural products in the plant kingdom is represented by stilbenoids. Stilbenoids are synthesised by plants as means of protection against pathogens, whereby the potential antimicrobial activity of this class of natural compounds has attracted great interest in the last years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent achievements in the study of stilbenoids as antimicrobial agents, with particular emphasis on the sources, chemical structures, and the mechanism of action of the most promising natural compounds. Attention has been paid to the main structure modifications on the stilbenoid core that have expanded the antimicrobial activity with respect to the parent natural compounds, opening the possibility of their further development. The collected results highlight the therapeutic versatility of natural and synthetic resveratrol derivatives and provide a prospective insight into their potential development as antimicrobial agents.
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11
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Park HB, Goddard TN, Oh J, Patel J, Wei Z, Perez CE, Mercado BQ, Wang R, Wyche TP, Piizzi G, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Bacterial Autoimmune Drug Metabolism Transforms an Immunomodulator into Structurally and Functionally Divergent Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7871-7880. [PMID: 32097515 PMCID: PMC7200298 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tapinarof is a stilbene drug that is used to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and is thought to function through regulation of the AhR and Nrf2 signaling pathways, which have also been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases. It is produced by the gammaproteobacterial Photorhabdus genus, which thus represents a model to probe tapinarof structural and functional transformations. We show that Photorhabdus transforms tapinarof into novel drug metabolism products that kill inflammatory bacteria, and that a cupin enzyme contributes to the conversion of tapinarof and related dietary stilbenes into novel dimers. One dimer has activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), and another undergoes spontaneous cyclizations to a cyclopropane-bridge-containing hexacyclic framework that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium. These dimers lack efficacy in a colitis mouse model, whereas the monomer reduces disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Hyun Bong Park, Tyler N. Goddard
| | - Tyler N. Goddard
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Hyun Bong Park, Tyler N. Goddard
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Corey E. Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical and Biophysical Instrumentation Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rurun Wang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grazia Piizzi
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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12
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Abstract
Different model systems have, over the years, contributed to our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the various types of interaction between bacteria and their animal hosts. The genus
Photorhabdus
comprises Gram-negative insect pathogenic bacteria that are normally found as symbionts that colonize the gut of the infective juvenile stage of soil-dwelling nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. The nematodes infect susceptible insects and release the bacteria into the insect haemolymph where the bacteria grow, resulting in the death of the insect. At this stage the nematodes feed on the bacterial biomass and, following several rounds of reproduction, the nematodes develop into infective juveniles that leave the insect cadaver in search of new hosts. Therefore
Photorhabdus
has three distinct and obligate roles to play during this life-cycle: (1)
Photorhabdus
must kill the insect host; (2)
Photorhabdus
must be capable of supporting nematode growth and development; and (3)
Photorhabdus
must be able to colonize the gut of the next generation of infective juveniles before they leave the insect cadaver. In this review I will discuss how genetic analysis has identified key genes involved in mediating, and regulating, the interaction between
Photorhabdus
and each of its invertebrate hosts. These studies have resulted in the characterization of several new families of toxins and a novel inter-kingdom signalling molecule and have also uncovered an important role for phase variation in the regulation of these different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clarke
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Park HB, Goddard TN, Oh J, Patel J, Wei Z, Perez CE, Mercado BQ, Wang R, Wyche TP, Piizzi G, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Bacterial Autoimmune Drug Metabolism Transforms an Immunomodulator into Structurally and Functionally Divergent Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
| | - Tyler N. Goddard
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Corey E. Perez
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical and Biophysical Instrumentation Center Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Rurun Wang
- Exploratory Science Center Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge MA USA
| | - Thomas P. Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge MA USA
| | - Grazia Piizzi
- Exploratory Science Center Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge MA USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Chemical Biology Institute Yale University West Haven CT 06516 USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06536 USA
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14
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Shi YM, Bode HB. Chemical language and warfare of bacterial natural products in bacteria-nematode-insect interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:309-335. [PMID: 29359226 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to November 2017 Organismic interaction is one of the fundamental principles for survival in any ecosystem. Today, numerous examples show the interaction between microorganisms like bacteria and higher eukaryotes that can be anything between mutualistic to parasitic/pathogenic symbioses. There is also increasing evidence that microorganisms are used by higher eukaryotes not only for the supply of essential factors like vitamins but also as biological weapons to protect themselves or to kill other organisms. Excellent examples for such systems are entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema that live in mutualistic symbiosis with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. Although these systems have been used successfully in organic farming on an industrial scale, it was only shown during the last 15 years that several different natural products (NPs) produced by the bacteria play key roles in the complex life cycle of the bacterial symbionts, the nematode host and the insect prey that is killed by and provides nutrients for the nematode-bacteria pair. Since the bacteria can switch from mutualistic to pathogenic lifestyle, interacting with two different types of higher eukaryotes, and since the full system with all players can be established in the lab, they are promising model systems to elucidate the natural function of microbial NPs. This review summarizes the current knowledge as well as open questions for NPs from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus and tries to assign their roles in the tritrophic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Shi
- Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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15
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Hapeshi A, Benarroch JM, Clarke DJ, Waterfield NR. Iso-propyl stilbene: a life cycle signal? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:516-526. [PMID: 30882293 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Gram-negative bacterial genus Photorhabdus are all highly insect pathogenic and exist in an obligate symbiosis with the entomopathogenic nematode worm Heterorhabditis. All members of the genus produce the small-molecule 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene (IPS) as part of their secondary metabolism. IPS is a multi-potent compound that has antimicrobial, antifungal, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities and also plays an important role in symbiosis with the nematode. In this study we have examined the response of Photorhabdus itself to exogenous ectopic addition of IPS at physiologically relevant concentrations. We observed that the bacteria had a measureable phenotypic response, which included a decrease in bioluminescence and pigment production. This was reflected in changes in its transcriptomic response, in which we reveal a reduction in transcript levels of genes relating to many fundamental cellular processes, such as translation and oxidative phosphorylation. Our observations suggest that IPS plays an important role in the biology of Photorhabdus bacteria, fulfilling roles in quorum sensing, antibiotic-competition advantage and maintenance of the symbiotic developmental cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hapeshi
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jonatan Mimon Benarroch
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David James Clarke
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Robin Waterfield
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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16
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Christgen SL, Becker DF. Role of Proline in Pathogen and Host Interactions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:683-709. [PMID: 29241353 PMCID: PMC6338583 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proline metabolism has complex roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell signaling, stress protection, and energy production. Proline also contributes to the pathogenesis of various disease-causing organisms. Understanding the mechanisms of how pathogens utilize proline is important for developing new strategies against infectious diseases. Recent Advances: The ability of pathogens to acquire amino acids is critical during infection. Besides protein biosynthesis, some amino acids, such as proline, serve as a carbon, nitrogen, or energy source in bacterial and protozoa pathogens. The role of proline during infection depends on the physiology of the host/pathogen interactions. Some pathogens rely on proline as a critical respiratory substrate, whereas others exploit proline for stress protection. CRITICAL ISSUES Disruption of proline metabolism and uptake has been shown to significantly attenuate virulence of certain pathogens, whereas in other pathogens the importance of proline during infection is not known. Inhibiting proline metabolism and transport may be a useful therapeutic strategy against some pathogens. Developing specific inhibitors to avoid off-target effects in the host, however, will be challenging. Also, potential treatments that target proline metabolism should consider the impact on intracellular levels of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, a metabolite intermediate that can have opposing effects on pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of how proline metabolism is regulated during infection would provide new insights into the role of proline in pathogenesis. Biochemical and structural characterization of proline metabolic enzymes from different pathogens could lead to new tools for exploring proline metabolism during infection and possibly new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi L. Christgen
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Perez CE, Park HB, Crawford JM. Functional Characterization of a Condensation Domain That Links Nonribosomal Peptide and Pteridine Biosynthetic Machineries in Photorhabdus luminescens. Biochemistry 2018; 57:354-361. [PMID: 29111689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) produce a wide variety of biologically important small molecules. NRPSs can interface with other enzymes to form hybrid biosynthetic systems that expand the structural and functional diversity of their products. The pepteridines are metabolites encoded by an unprecedented pteridine-NRPS-type hybrid biosynthetic gene cluster in Photorhabdus luminescens, but how the distinct enzymatic systems interface to produce these molecules has not been examined at the biochemical level. By an unknown mechanism, the genetic locus can also affect the regulation of other enzymes involved in autoinducer and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Here, through in vitro protein biochemical assays, we demonstrate that an atypical NRPS condensation (C) domain present in the pathway condenses acyl units derived from α-keto acids onto a free 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin core, producing the tertiary cis-amide-containing pepteridines. Solution studies of the chemically synthesized molecules led to the same amide regiochemistries that were observed in the natural products. The biochemical transformations mediated by the C domain destroy the radical scavenging activity of its redox active tetrahydropterin substrate. Secondary metabolite analyses revealed that the pepteridine locus affects select metabolic pathways associated with quorum sensing, antibiosis, and symbiosis. Taken together, the results suggest that the pathway likely regulates cellular redox and specialized metabolic pathways through engagement with the citric acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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