1
|
Pellegrini A, Motta C, Bellan Menegussi E, Pierangelini A, Viglio S, Coppolino F, Beninati C, De Filippis V, Barbieri G, Pietrocola G. The serine-rich repeat glycoprotein Srr2 mediates Streptococcus agalactiae interaction with host fibronectin. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:221. [PMID: 38909237 PMCID: PMC11193222 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a commensal of healthy adults and an important pathogen in newborns, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. GBS displays several virulence factors that promote colonisation and host infection, including the ST-17 strain-specific adhesin Srr2, previously characterised for its binding to fibrinogen. Another common target for bacterial adhesins and for host colonization is fibronectin, a multi-domain glycoprotein found ubiquitously in body fluids, in the extracellular matrix and on the surface of cells. RESULTS In this study, fibronectin was identified as a novel ligand for the Srr2 adhesin of GBS. A derivative of the ST-17 strain BM110 overexpressing the srr2 gene showed an increased ability to bind fibrinogen and fibronectin, compared to the isogenic wild-type strain. Conversely, the deletion of srr2 impaired bacterial adhesion to both ligands. ELISA assays and surface plasmon resonance studies using the recombinant binding region (BR) form of Srr2 confirmed a direct interaction with fibronectin with an estimated Kd of 92 nM. Srr2-BR variants defective in fibrinogen binding also exhibited no interaction with fibronectin, suggesting that Srr2 binds this ligand through the dock-lock-latch mechanism, previously described for fibrinogen binding. The fibronectin site responsible for recombinant Srr2-BR binding was identified and localised in the central cell-binding domain of the protein. Finally, in the presence of fibronectin, the ability of a Δsrr2 mutant to adhere to human cervico-vaginal epithelial cells was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain. CONCLUSION By combining genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate a new role for Srr2, namely interacting with fibronectin. We characterised the molecular mechanism of this interaction and demonstrated that it plays a role in promoting the adhesion of GBS to human cervico-vaginal epithelial cells, further substantiating the role of Srr2 as a factor responsible for the hypervirulence of GBS ST-17 strains. The discovery of the previously undescribed interaction between Srr2 and fibronectin establishes this adhesin as a key factor for GBS colonisation of host tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Motta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pierangelini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou JJ, Ding L, Yang T, Yang YF, Jin YP, Zhang XP, Ma AH, Qin YH. The proteolytic activity in inflammatory bowel disease: insight from gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106560. [PMID: 38272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the destruction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium that affects a growing number of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is complex and still elucidated, the role of dysbiosis and dysregulated proteolysis is well recognized. Various studies observed altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as increased proteolytic activity (PA) in serum, plasma, colonic mucosa, and fecal supernatant of IBD compared to healthy individuals. The imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis were gradually considered to be closely related to IBD. Notably, the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining proteolytic balance received increasing attention. In summary, we have speculated a mesmerizing story, regarding the hidden role of PA and microbiota-derived PA hidden in IBD. Most importantly, we provided the diagnosis and therapeutic targets for IBD as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Ping Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - A-Huo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Acquasaliente L, Pierangelini A, Pagotto A, Pozzi N, De Filippis V. From haemadin to haemanorm: Synthesis and characterization of full-length haemadin from the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris and of a novel bivalent, highly potent thrombin inhibitor (haemanorm). Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4825. [PMID: 37924304 PMCID: PMC10683372 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Hirudin from Hirudo medicinalis is a bivalent α-Thrombin (αT) inhibitor, targeting the enzyme active site and exosite-I, and is currently used in anticoagulant therapy along with its simplified analogue hirulog. Haemadin, a small protein (57 amino acids) isolated from the land-living leech Haemadipsa sylvestris, selectively inhibits αT with a potency identical to that of recombinant hirudin (KI = 0.2 pM), with which it shares a common disulfide topology and overall fold. At variance with hirudin, haemadin targets exosite-II and therefore (besides the free protease) it also blocks thrombomodulin-bound αT without inhibiting the active intermediate meizothrombin, thus offering potential advantages over hirudin. Here, we produced in reasonably high yields and pharmaceutical purity (>98%) wild-type haemadin and the oxidation resistant Met5 → nor-Leucine analogue, both inhibiting αT with a KI of 0.2 pM. Thereafter, we used site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic, ligand-displacement, and Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry techniques to map the αT regions relevant for the interaction with full-length haemadin and with the synthetic N- and C-terminal peptides Haem(1-10) and Haem(45-57). Haem(1-10) competitively binds to/inhibits αT active site (KI = 1.9 μM) and its potency was enhanced by 10-fold after Phe3 → β-Naphthylalanine exchange. Conversely to full-length haemadin, haem(45-57) displays intrinsic affinity for exosite-I (KD = 1.6 μM). Hence, we synthesized a peptide in which the sequences 1-9 and 45-57 were joined together through a 3-Glycine spacer to yield haemanorm, a highly potent (KI = 0.8 nM) inhibitor targeting αT active site and exosite-I. Haemanorm can be regarded as a novel class of hirulog-like αT inhibitors with potential pharmacological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acquasaliente
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Andrea Pierangelini
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Anna Pagotto
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research CenterSaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morfino P, Aimo A, Vergaro G, Sanguinetti C, Castiglione V, Franzini M, Perrone MA, Emdin M. Transthyretin Stabilizers and Seeding Inhibitors as Therapies for Amyloid Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041129. [PMID: 37111614 PMCID: PMC10143494 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a progressive and increasingly recognized cause of heart failure which is associated with high mortality and morbidity. ATTR-CM is characterized by the misfolding of TTR monomers and their deposition within the myocardium as amyloid fibrils. The standard of care for ATTR-CM consists of TTR-stabilizing ligands, such as tafamidis, which aim at maintaining the native structure of TTR tetramers, thus preventing amyloid aggregation. However, their efficacy in advanced-staged disease and after long-term treatment is still a source of concern, suggesting the existence of other pathogenetic factors. Indeed, pre-formed fibrils present in the tissue can further accelerate amyloid aggregation in a self-propagating process known as “amyloid seeding”. The inhibition of amyloidogenesis through TTR stabilizers combined with anti-seeding peptides may represent a novel strategy with additional benefits over current therapies. Finally, the role of stabilizing ligands needs to be reassessed in view of the promising results derived from trials which have evaluated alternative strategies, such as TTR silencers and immunological amyloid disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Morfino
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Sanguinetti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Castiglione
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Alfonso Perrone
- Division of Cardiology and CardioLab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Acquasaliente L, De Filippis V. The Role of Proteolysis in Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010699. [PMID: 36614141 PMCID: PMC9820691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases associated with deposits of amyloid fibrils in different tissues. So far, 36 different types of amyloidosis are known, each due to the misfolding and accumulation of a specific protein. Amyloid deposits can be found in several organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and spleen, and can affect single or multiple organs. Generally, amyloid-forming proteins become prone to aggregate due to genetic mutations, acquired environmental factors, excessive concentration, or post-translational modifications. Interestingly, amyloid aggregates are often composed of proteolytic fragments, derived from the degradation of precursor proteins by yet unidentified proteases, which display higher amyloidogenic tendency compared to precursor proteins, thus representing an important mechanism in the onset of amyloid-based diseases. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the proteolytic susceptibility of three of the main human amyloidogenic proteins, i.e., transthyretin, β-amyloid precursor protein, and α-synuclein, in the onset of amyloidosis. We also highlight the role that proteolytic enzymes can play in the crosstalk between intestinal inflammation and amyloid-based diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acquasaliente
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0498275703 (L.A.); +39-0498275698 (V.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0498275703 (L.A.); +39-0498275698 (V.D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acquasaliente L, Pontarollo G, Radu CM, Peterle D, Artusi I, Pagotto A, Uliana F, Negro A, Simioni P, De Filippis V. Exogenous human α-Synuclein acts in vitro as a mild platelet antiaggregant inhibiting α-thrombin-induced platelet activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9880. [PMID: 35701444 PMCID: PMC9198058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a small disordered protein, highly conserved in vertebrates and involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, αSyn amyloid aggregates are present in the brain of patients with PD. Although the pathogenic role of αSyn is widely accepted, the physiological function of this protein remains elusive. Beyond the central nervous system, αSyn is expressed in hematopoietic tissue and blood, where platelets are a major cellular host of αSyn. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis and are potently activated by thrombin (αT) through the cleavage of protease-activated receptors. Furthermore, both αT and αSyn could be found in the same spatial environment, i.e. the platelet membrane, as αT binds to and activates platelets that can release αSyn from α-granules and microvesicles. Here, we investigated the possibility that exogenous αSyn could interfere with platelet activation induced by different agonists in vitro. Data obtained from distinct experimental techniques (i.e. multiple electrode aggregometry, rotational thromboelastometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy) on whole blood and platelet-rich plasma indicate that exogenous αSyn has mild platelet antiaggregating properties in vitro, acting as a negative regulator of αT-mediated platelet activation by preferentially inhibiting P-selectin expression on platelet surface. We have also shown that both exogenous and endogenous (i.e. cytoplasmic) αSyn preferentially bind to the outer surface of activated platelets. Starting from these findings, a coherent model of the antiplatelet function of αSyn is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acquasaliente
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Maria Radu
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave. 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilaria Artusi
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Pagotto
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Uliana
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padua, Italy.
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy. .,Biotechnology Center, CRIBI, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koltsova EM, Sorokina MA, Pisaryuk AS, Povalyaev NM, Ignatova AA, Polokhov DM, Kotova EO, Balatskiy AV, Ataullakhanov FI, Panteleev MA, Kobalava ZD, Balandina AN. Hypercoagulation detected by routine and global laboratory hemostasis assays in patients with infective endocarditis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261429. [PMID: 34910783 PMCID: PMC8673624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulation system is heavily involved into the process of infective endocarditis (IE) vegetation formation and can facilitate further embolization. In this study we aimed to assess the coagulation and platelet state in IE implementing a wide range of standard and global laboratory assays. We also aim to determine whether prothrombotic genetic polymorphisms play any role in embolization and mortality in IE patients. Methods 37 patients with IE were enrolled into the study. Coagulation was assessed using standard coagulation assays (activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin, fibrinogen, D-dimer concentrations) and integral assays (thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombodynamics (TD)). Platelet functional activity was estimated by flow cytometry. Single nuclear polymorphisms of coagulation system genes were studied. Results Fibrinogen concentration and fibrinogen-dependent parameters of TEG and TD were increased in patients indicating systemic inflammation. In majority of patients clot growth rate in thrombodynamics was significantly shifted towards hypercoagulation in consistency with D-dimers elevation. However, in some patients prothrombin, thromboelastography and thrombodynamics were shifted towards hypocoagulation. Resting platelets were characterized by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation and degranulation. In patients with fatal IE, we observed a significant decrease in fibrinogen and thrombodynamics. In patients with embolism, we observed a significant decrease in the TEG R parameter. No association of embolism or mortality with genetic polymorphisms was found in our cohort. Conclusions Our findings suggest that coagulation in patients with infective endocarditis is characterized by general hypercoagulability and platelet pre-activation. Some patients, however, have hypocoagulant coagulation profile, which presumably can indicate progressing of hypercoagulation into consumption coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Koltsova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria A. Sorokina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra S. Pisaryuk
- City Clinical Hospital named after V.V. Vinogradov, Moscow, Russia Federation
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Nikita M. Povalyaev
- City Clinical Hospital named after V.V. Vinogradov, Moscow, Russia Federation
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Anastasia A. Ignatova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry M. Polokhov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
| | - Zhanna D. Kobalava
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Anna N. Balandina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scapin G, Gasparotto M, Peterle D, Tescari S, Porcellato E, Piovesan A, Righetto I, Acquasaliente L, De Filippis V, Filippini F. A conserved Neurite Outgrowth and Guidance motif with biomimetic potential in neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5622-5636. [PMID: 34712402 PMCID: PMC8529090 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of conserved protein motifs can, in turn, unveil important regulatory signals, and when properly designed, synthetic peptides derived from such motifs can be used as biomimetics for biotechnological and therapeutic purposes. We report here that specific Ig-like repeats from the extracellular domains of neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules share a highly conserved Neurite Outgrowth and Guidance (NOG) motif, which mediates homo- and heterophilic interactions crucial in neural development and repair. Synthetic peptides derived from the NOG motif of such proteins can boost neuritogenesis, and this potential is also retained by peptides with recombinant sequences, when fitting the NOG sequence pattern. The NOG motif discovery not only provides one more tile to the complex puzzle of neuritogenesis, but also opens the route to new neural regeneration strategies via a tunable biomimetic toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scapin
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Matteo Gasparotto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Simone Tescari
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Elena Porcellato
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Alberto Piovesan
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Irene Righetto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Rhimi S, Soussou S, Mkaouar H, Mariaule V, Gruba N, Gargouri A, Maguin E, Lesner A, Rhimi M. SP-1, a Serine Protease from the Gut Microbiota, Influences Colitis and Drives Intestinal Dysbiosis in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:2658. [PMID: 34685638 PMCID: PMC8534766 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protease activity has been linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. While most studies have been focusing on host proteases in gut inflammation, it remains unclear how to address the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. In the present study, we report a functional characterization of a newly identified serine protease, SP-1, from the human gut microbiota. The serine protease repertoire of gut Clostridium was first explored, and the specificity of SP-1 was analyzed using a combinatorial chemistry method. Combining in vitro analyses and a mouse model of colitis, we show that oral administration of recombinant bacteria secreting SP-1 (i) compromises the epithelial barrier, (ii) alters the microbial community, and (ii) exacerbates colitis. These findings suggest that gut microbial protease activity may constitute a valuable contributor to IBD and could, therefore, represent a promising target for the treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Soufien Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Souha Soussou
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax Bp ‘1177’ 3018, Tunisia;
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kårlund A, Paukkonen I, Gómez-Gallego C, Kolehmainen M. Intestinal Exposure to Food-Derived Protease Inhibitors: Digestion Physiology- and Gut Health-Related Effects. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1002. [PMID: 34442141 PMCID: PMC8394810 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived protease inhibitors (PI), such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors and Kunitz-type inhibitors, have been suggested to negatively affect dietary protein digestion by blocking the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the human gastrointestinal system. In addition, some PIs may possess proinflammatory activities. However, there is also scientific evidence on some beneficial effects of PIs, for example, gut-related anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities in vitro and in vivo. Some PIs are sensitive to processing and digestion; thus, their survival is an important aspect when considering their positive and negative bioactivities. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relevance of PIs in protein digestion in humans and to discuss the potential of PIs from whole foods and as purified compounds in decreasing symptoms of bowel-related conditions. Based on the reviewed literature, we concluded that while the complex interactions affecting plant protein digestibility and bioavailability remain unclear, PI supplements could be considered for targeted purposes to mitigate inflammation and gastric pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
| | - Isa Paukkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mkaouar H, Mariaule V, Rhimi S, Hernandez J, Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Akermi N, Maguin E, Lesner A, Korkmaz B, Rhimi M. Gut Serpinome: Emerging Evidence in IBD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116088. [PMID: 34200095 PMCID: PMC8201313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are incurable disorders whose prevalence and global socioeconomic impact are increasing. While the role of host genetics and immunity is well documented, that of gut microbiota dysbiosis is increasingly being studied. However, the molecular basis of the dialogue between the gut microbiota and the host remains poorly understood. Increased activity of serine proteases is demonstrated in IBD patients and may contribute to the onset and the maintenance of the disease. The intestinal proteolytic balance is the result of an equilibrium between the proteases and their corresponding inhibitors. Interestingly, the serine protease inhibitors (serpins) encoded by the host are well reported; in contrast, those from the gut microbiota remain poorly studied. In this review, we provide a concise analysis of the roles of serine protease in IBD physiopathology and we focus on the serpins from the gut microbiota (gut serpinome) and their relevance as a promising therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Soufien Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Juan Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 Route de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Nizar Akermi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, “Research Center for Respiratory Diseases” and University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (H.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (A.K.); (A.J.); (N.A.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hou JJ, Wang X, Li Y, Su S, Wang YM, Wang BM. The relationship between gut microbiota and proteolytic activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104995. [PMID: 34048892 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease that affects 3.8-9.2% of the world population. It affects the physiology and psychology of patients and increases the burden on families, the healthcare system, society, and economic development. Presently, a large number of studies have shown that compared to healthy individuals, the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in IBS patients have changed, and the proteolytic activity (PA) in fecal supernatant and colonic mucosa of IBS patients has also increased. These findings indicate that the imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis is closely related to IBS. Furthermore, the intestinal flora is a key substance that regulates the PA and is associated with IBS. The current review described the intestinal microecology and intestinal proteolytic activity of patients with IBS and also discussed the effect of intestinal flora on PA. In summary, this study proposed a pivotal role of gut microbiota and PA in IBS, respectively, and provided an in-depth insight into the diagnosis and treatment targets of IBS as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shuai Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mariaule V, Kriaa A, Soussou S, Rhimi S, Boudaya H, Hernandez J, Maguin E, Lesner A, Rhimi M. Digestive Inflammation: Role of Proteolytic Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062817. [PMID: 33802197 PMCID: PMC7999743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the proteolytic balance is often associated with diseases. Serine proteases and matrix metalloproteases are involved in a multitude of biological processes and notably in the inflammatory response. Within the framework of digestive inflammation, several studies have stressed the role of serine proteases and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) as key actors in its pathogenesis and pointed to the unbalance between these proteases and their respective inhibitors. Substantial efforts have been made in developing new inhibitors, some of which have reached clinical trial phases, notwithstanding that unwanted side effects remain a major issue. However, studies on the proteolytic imbalance and inhibitors conception are directed toward host serine/MMPs proteases revealing a hitherto overlooked factor, the potential contribution of their bacterial counterpart. In this review, we highlight the role of proteolytic imbalance in human digestive inflammation focusing on serine proteases and MMPs and their respective inhibitors considering both host and bacterial origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Souha Soussou
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Soufien Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Houda Boudaya
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Juan Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 Route de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (H.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A serine protease secreted from Bacillus subtilis cleaves human plasma transthyretin to generate an amyloidogenic fragment. Commun Biol 2020; 3:764. [PMID: 33311636 PMCID: PMC7733459 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of human wild-type transthyretin (hTTR), a homo-tetrameric plasma protein, leads to acquired senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), recently recognised as a major cause of cardiomyopathies in 1-3% older adults. Fragmented hTTR is the standard composition of amyloid deposits in SSA, but the protease(s) responsible for amyloidogenic fragments generation in vivo is(are) still elusive. Here, we show that subtilisin secreted from Bacillus subtilis, a gut microbiota commensal bacterium, translocates across a simulated intestinal epithelium and cleaves hTTR both in solution and human plasma, generating the amyloidogenic fragment hTTR(59-127), which is also found in SSA amyloids in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, these findings highlight a novel pathogenic mechanism for SSA whereby increased permeability of the gut mucosa, as often occurs in elderly people, allows subtilisin (and perhaps other yet unidentified bacterial proteases) to reach the bloodstream and trigger generation of hTTR fragments, acting as seeding nuclei for preferential amyloid fibrils deposition in the heart.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine proteases at the cutting edge of IBD: Focus on gastrointestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2020; 34:7270-7282. [PMID: 32307770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases have been long recognized to coordinate many physiological processes and play key roles in regulating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, their dysregulation has been regularly associated with several inflammatory disorders and suggested as a central mechanism in the pathophysiology of digestive inflammation. So far, studies addressing the proteolytic homeostasis in the gut have mainly focused on host serine proteases as candidates of interest, while largely ignoring the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. The human gut microbiota comprises a complex ecosystem that contributes to host health and disease. Yet, our understanding of microbially produced serine proteases and investigation of whether they are causally linked to IBD is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the emerging roles of host and bacterial serine proteases in digestive inflammation. We also discuss the application of available tools in the gut to monitor disease-related serine proteases. An exhaustive representation and understanding of such functional potential would help in closing existing gaps in mechanistic knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pontarollo G, Mann A, Brandão I, Malinarich F, Schöpf M, Reinhardt C. Protease-activated receptor signaling in intestinal permeability regulation. FEBS J 2019; 287:645-658. [PMID: 31495063 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, which revolutionized the perception of proteases from degradative enzymes to context-specific signaling factors. Although PARs are traditionally known to affect several vascular responses, recent investigations have started to pinpoint the functional role of PAR signaling in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This organ is exposed to the highest number of proteases, either from the gut lumen or from the mucosa. Luminal proteases include the host's digestive enzymes and the proteases released by the commensal microbiota, while mucosal proteases entail extravascular clotting factors and the enzymes released from resident and infiltrating immune cells. Active proteases and, in case of a disrupted gut barrier, even entire microorganisms are capable to translocate the intestinal epithelium, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Especially PAR-1 and PAR-2, expressed throughout the GI tract, impact gut permeability regulation, a major factor affecting intestinal physiology and metabolic inflammation. In addition, PARs are critically involved in the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and tumor progression. Due to the number of proteases involved and the multiple cell types affected, selective regulation of intestinal PARs represents an interesting therapeutic strategy. The analysis of tissue/cell-specific knockout animal models will be of crucial importance to unravel the intrinsic complexity of this signaling network. Here, we provide an overview on the implication of PARs in intestinal permeability regulation under physiologic and disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,Centro de Apoio Tecnológico Agro Alimentar (CATAA), Zona Industrial de Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Schöpf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hirakawa Y, Tsuchishima M, Fukumura A, Kinoshita K, Hayashi N, Saito T, George J, Toshikuni N, Ueda Y, Tsutsumi M. Recombinant thrombomodulin prevented hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172681. [PMID: 31542482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) is a novel anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from liver. We evaluated the protective effects of rTM on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Ischemia was induced by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median lobes of the liver. At 30 min before ischemia and at 6 h after reperfusion, 0.3 ml of saline (IR group) or 0.3 ml of saline containing 6 mg/kg body weight of rTM (IR-rTM group) was injected into the liver through inferior vena cava or caudate vein. Blood flow was restored at 60 min of ischemia. Blood was collected 30 min prior to induction of ischemia and before restoration of blood flow, and at 6, 12, and 24 h after reperfusion. All the animals were euthanized at 24 h after reperfusion and the livers were harvested and subjected to biochemical and pathological evaluations. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and HMGB1 were significantly lower after reperfusion in the IR-rTM group compared to IR group. Marked hepatic necrosis was present in the IR group, while necrosis was almost absent in IR-rTM group. Treatment with rTM significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and formation of 4-hydroxynonenal in the IR-rTM group compared to IR group. The results of the present study indicate that rTM could be used as a potent therapeutic agent to prevent IR-induced hepatic injury and the related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Fukumura
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kaori Kinoshita
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Toshikuni
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- Department of Pathology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park S, Kim J, Kim S, Kim G, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Combined Signal Amplification Using a Propagating Cascade Reaction and a Redox Cycling Reaction for Sensitive Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Detection. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7894-7901. [PMID: 31184125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Propagating cascade reactions based on two proteases are promising for obtaining high signal amplification. However, in many cases, biosensors that use cascade reactions do not have low detection limits because of the inherent slowness of proteolytic reactions. Here, we report a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a high-signal-amplification method that combines a propagating cascade reaction and a redox cycling reaction. The cascade reaction uses ecarin and prothrombin: the ecarin label proteolytically converts inactive prothrombin into active thrombin, which then proteolytically liberates electroactive p-aminophenol (AP) from an AP-conjugated peptide. The liberated AP is electrochemically oxidized to p-benzoquinone imine (QI), regenerated by the reduction of QI by NADH, and then electrochemically reoxidized. This electrochemical-chemical (EC) redox cycling reaction significantly increases the electrochemical signal. The developed immunosensor is also compared with an immunosensor that uses only a propagating cascade reaction and an immunosensor that uses a single proteolytic reaction and an EC redox cycling reaction. The detection limits for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) obtained using the three immunosensors are 3 pg/mL, 2 ng/mL, and 4 ng/mL, respectively, indicating that the newly developed immunosensor is more sensitive than the other two. The measured concentrations of TSH in clinical serum are found to agree well with those determined using a commercial instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Jihyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Seheon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ziliotto N, Bernardi F, Jakimovski D, Zivadinov R. Coagulation Pathways in Neurological Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 31068896 PMCID: PMC6491577 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the complex interactions between the coagulation system and inflammation and autoimmunity. Increased blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, a key event in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to the irruption into the central nervous system of blood components that include virtually all coagulation/hemostasis factors. Besides their cytotoxic deposition and role as a possible trigger of the coagulation cascade, hemostasis components cause inflammatory response and immune activation, sustaining neurodegenerative events in MS. Early studies showing the contribution of altered hemostasis in the complex pathophysiology of MS have been strengthened by recent studies using methodologies that permitted deeper investigation. Fibrin(ogen), an abundant protein in plasma, has been identified as a key contributor to neuroinflammation. Perturbed fibrinolysis was found to be a hallmark of progressive MS with abundant cortical fibrin(ogen) deposition. The immune-modulatory function of the intrinsic coagulation pathway still remains to be elucidated in MS. New molecular details in key hemostasis components participating in MS pathophysiology, and particularly involved in inflammatory and immune responses, could favor the development of novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate the evolution of MS. This review article introduces essential information on coagulation factors, inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic pathway, and highlights key aspects of their involvement in the immune system and inflammatory response. It discusses how hemostasis components are (dys)regulated in MS, and summarizes histopathological post-mortem human brain evidence, as well as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and serum studies of hemostasis and fibrinolytic pathways in MS. Studies of disease-modifying treatments as potential modifiers of coagulation factor levels, and case reports of autoimmunity affecting hemostasis in MS are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Clinical Translational Science Institute, Center for Biomedical Imaging, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comment on "Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR), Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) and Their Interplay in Cancer Growth and Metastatic Dissemination" Cancers 2019, 11, 51. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030374. [PMID: 30884838 PMCID: PMC6468748 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
21
|
Ricatti J, Acquasaliente L, Ribaudo G, De Filippis V, Bellini M, Llovera RE, Barollo S, Pezzani R, Zagotto G, Persaud KC, Mucignat-Caretta C. Effects of point mutations in the binding pocket of the mouse major urinary protein MUP20 on ligand affinity and specificity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:300. [PMID: 30670733 PMCID: PMC6342991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs) contain a conserved β-barrel structure with a characteristic central hydrophobic pocket that binds a variety of volatile compounds. After release of urine, these molecules are slowly emitted in the environment where they play an important role in chemical communication. MUPs are highly polymorphic and conformationally stable. They may be of interest in the construction of biosensor arrays capable of detection of a broad range of analytes. In this work, 14 critical amino acids in the binding pocket involved in ligand interactions were identified in MUP20 using in silico techniques and 7 MUP20 mutants were synthesised and characterised to produce a set of proteins with diverse ligand binding profiles to structurally different ligands. A single amino acid substitution in the binding pocket can dramatically change the MUPs binding affinity and ligand specificity. These results have great potential for the design of new biosensor and gas-sensor recognition elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Ricatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Council (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marino Bellini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ramiro Esteban Llovera
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, National Scientific and Technical Council (CONICET) and Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susi Barollo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Krishna C Persaud
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Proteases drive the life cycle of all proteins, ensuring the transportation and activation of newly minted, would-be proteins into their functional form while recycling spent or unneeded proteins. Far from their image as engines of protein digestion, proteases play fundamental roles in basic physiology and regulation at multiple levels of systems biology. Proteases are intimately associated with disease and modulation of proteolytic activity is the presumed target for successful therapeutics. "Proteases: Pivot Points in Functional Proteomics" examines the crucial roles of proteolysis across a wide range of physiological processes and diseases. The existing and potential impacts of proteolysis-related activity on drug and biomarker development are presented in detail. All told the decisive roles of proteases in four major categories comprising 23 separate subcategories are addressed. Within this construct, 15 sets of subject-specific, tabulated data are presented that include identification of proteases, protease inhibitors, substrates, and their actions. Said data are derived from and confirmed by over 300 references. Cross comparison of datasets indicates that proteases, their inhibitors/promoters and substrates intersect over a range of physiological processes and diseases, both chronic and pathogenic. Indeed, "Proteases: Pivot Points …" closes by dramatizing this very point through association of (pro)Thrombin and Fibrin(ogen) with: hemostasis, innate immunity, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and bacterial self-defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah E Leonard
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana School of Chemical Sciences, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ray C Perkins
- New Liberty Proteomics Corporation, New Liberty, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Pozzi N. Structure of Coagulation Factor II: Molecular Mechanism of Thrombin Generation and Development of Next-Generation Anticoagulants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:281. [PMID: 30333979 PMCID: PMC6176116 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor II, or prothrombin, is a multi-domain glycoprotein that is essential for life and a key target of anticoagulant therapy. In plasma, prothrombin circulates in two forms at equilibrium, “closed” (~80%) and “open” (~20%), brokered by the flexibility of the linker regions. Its structure remained elusive until recently when our laboratory solved the first X-ray crystal structure of the zymogen locked in the predominant closed form. Because of this technical breakthrough, fascinating aspects of the biology of prothrombin have started to become apparent, and with this, novel and important questions arise. Here, we examine the significance of the “closed”/“open” equilibrium in the context of the mechanism of thrombin generation. Further, we discuss the potential translational opportunities for the development of next-generation anticoagulants that arise from this discovery. By providing a structural overview of each alternative conformation, this minireview also offers a relevant example of modern structural biology and establishes a practical workflow to elucidate the structural features of analogous clotting and complement factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William Planer
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chakraborty P, Acquasaliente L, Pelc LA, Di Cera E. Interplay between conformational selection and zymogen activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4080. [PMID: 29511224 PMCID: PMC5840343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like proteases are synthesized as zymogens and activated through a mechanism that folds the active site for efficient binding and catalysis. Ligand binding to the active site is therefore a valuable source of information on the changes that accompany zymogen activation. Using the physiologically relevant transition of the clotting zymogen prothrombin to the mature protease thrombin, we show that the mechanism of ligand recognition follows selection within a pre-existing ensemble of conformations with the active site accessible (E) or inaccessible (E*) to binding. Prothrombin exists mainly in the E* conformational ensemble and conversion to thrombin produces two dominant changes: a progressive shift toward the E conformational ensemble triggered by removal of the auxiliary domains upon cleavage at R271 and a drastic drop of the rate of ligand dissociation from the active site triggered by cleavage at R320. Together, these effects produce a significant (700-fold) increase in binding affinity. Limited proteolysis reveals how the E*-E equilibrium shifts during prothrombin activation and influences exposure of the sites of cleavage at R271 and R320. These new findings on the molecular underpinnings of prothrombin activation are relevant to other zymogens with modular assembly involved in blood coagulation, complement and fibrinolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Chakraborty
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Leslie A Pelc
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Enrico Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Filippis V, Acquasaliente L, Pontarollo G, Peterle D. Noncoded amino acids in protein engineering: Structure-activity relationship studies of hirudin-thrombin interaction. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:69-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| |
Collapse
|