1
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Lefèbre J, Falk T, Ning Y, Rademacher C. Secondary Sites of the C-type Lectin-Like Fold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400660. [PMID: 38527187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a large superfamily of proteins involved in a multitude of biological processes. In particular, their involvement in immunity and homeostasis has rendered them attractive targets for diverse therapeutic interventions. They share a characteristic C-type lectin-like domain whose adaptability enables them to bind a broad spectrum of ligands beyond the originally defined canonical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding. Together with variable domain architecture and high-level conformational plasticity, this enables C-type lectins to meet diverse functional demands. Secondary sites provide another layer of regulation and are often intricately linked to functional diversity. Located remote from the canonical primary binding site, secondary sites can accommodate ligands with other physicochemical properties and alter protein dynamics, thus enhancing selectivity and enabling fine-tuning of the biological response. In this review, we outline the structural determinants allowing C-type lectins to perform a large variety of tasks and to accommodate the ligands associated with it. Using the six well-characterized Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent C-type lectin receptors DC-SIGN, langerin, MGL, dectin-1, CLEC-2 and NKG2D as examples, we focus on the characteristics of non-canonical interactions and secondary sites and their potential use in drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lefèbre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torben Falk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yunzhan Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Abbas M, Maalej M, Nieto-Fabregat F, Thépaut M, Kleman JP, Ayala I, Molinaro A, Simorre JP, Marchetti R, Fieschi F, Laguri C. The unique 3D arrangement of macrophage galactose lectin enables Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide recognition through two distinct interfaces. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad310. [PMID: 37780233 PMCID: PMC10538476 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are a hallmark of gram-negative bacteria, and their presence at the cell surface is key for bacterial integrity. As surface-exposed components, they are recognized by immunity C-type lectin receptors present on antigen-presenting cells. Human macrophage galactose lectin binds Escherichia coli surface that presents a specific glycan motif. Nevertheless, this high-affinity interaction occurs regardless of the integrity of its canonical calcium-dependent glycan-binding site. NMR of macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) carbohydrate recognition domain and complete extracellular domain revealed a glycan-binding site opposite to the canonical site. A model of trimeric macrophage galactose lectin was determined based on a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering and AlphaFold. A disulfide bond positions the carbohydrate recognition domain perpendicular to the coiled-coil domain. This unique configuration for a C-type lectin orients the six glycan sites of MGL in an ideal position to bind lipopolysaccharides at the bacterial surface with high avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massilia Abbas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Meriem Maalej
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Ferran Nieto-Fabregat
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Isabel Ayala
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Laguri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble 38000, France
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3
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Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Scheenstra MR, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, van Hengel ORJ, Gentenaar M, Manurung MD, Harvey MR, Codée JDC, Chiodo F, Heijke AM, Kalinowska A, van Diepen A, Hensbergen PJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Guigas B, Hokke CH, Smits HH. Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived thioredoxin and Sm14 drive the development of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011344. [PMID: 37363916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic schistosome infections, a complex regulatory network is induced to regulate the host immune system, in which IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells play a significant role. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) are bound and internalized by B cells and induce both human and mouse IL-10 producing Breg cells. To identify Breg-inducing proteins in SEA, we fractionated SEA by size exclusion chromatography and found 6 fractions able to induce IL-10 production by B cells (out of 18) in the high, medium and low molecular weight (MW) range. The high MW fractions were rich in heavily glycosylated molecules, including multi-fucosylated proteins. Using SEA glycoproteins purified by affinity chromatography and synthetic glycans coupled to gold nanoparticles, we investigated the role of these glycan structures in inducing IL-10 production by B cells. Then, we performed proteomics analysis on active low MW fractions and identified a number of proteins with putative immunomodulatory properties, notably thioredoxin (SmTrx1) and the fatty acid binding protein Sm14. Subsequent splenic murine B cell stimulations and hock immunizations with recombinant SmTrx1 and Sm14 showed their ability to dose-dependently induce IL-10 production by B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of unique Breg cells-inducing molecules may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde A M Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Gentenaar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Harvey
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anouk M Heijke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Stravalaci M, Pagani I, Paraboschi EM, Pedotti M, Doni A, Scavello F, Mapelli SN, Sironi M, Perucchini C, Varani L, Matkovic M, Cavalli A, Cesana D, Gallina P, Pedemonte N, Capurro V, Clementi N, Mancini N, Invernizzi P, Bayarri-Olmos R, Garred P, Rappuoli R, Duga S, Bottazzi B, Uguccioni M, Asselta R, Vicenzi E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Recognition and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by humoral innate immunity pattern recognition molecules. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:275-286. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Dendrimer end-terminal motif-dependent evasion of human complement and complement activation through IgM hitchhiking. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4858. [PMID: 34381048 PMCID: PMC8357934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an enzymatic humoral pattern-recognition defence system of the body. Non-specific deposition of blood biomolecules on nanomedicines triggers complement activation through the alternative pathway, but complement-triggering mechanisms of nanomaterials with dimensions comparable to or smaller than many globular blood proteins are unknown. Here we study this using a library of <6 nm poly(amido amine) dendrimers bearing different end-terminal functional groups. Dendrimers are not sensed by C1q and mannan-binding lectin, and hence do not trigger complement activation through these pattern-recognition molecules. While, pyrrolidone- and carboxylic acid-terminated dendrimers fully evade complement response, and independent of factor H modulation, binding of amine-terminated dendrimers to a subset of natural IgM glycoforms triggers complement activation through lectin pathway-IgM axis. These findings contribute to mechanistic understanding of complement surveillance of dendrimeric materials, and provide opportunities for dendrimer-driven engineering of complement-safe nanomedicines and medical devices. Understanding nanomaterials interactions with complement is important for a number of applications. Here, the authors study the interaction of sub 6 nm dendrimers with complement and show the small dendrimers escape complement activation but do interact with IgM to trigger lectin-pathway complement activation.
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6
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Manabe N, Yamaguchi Y. 3D Structural View of Pathogen Recognition by Mammalian Lectin Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:670780. [PMID: 34113651 PMCID: PMC8185196 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.670780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other mammals resist exogenous pathogens by recognizing them as non-self. How do they do this? The answer lies in the recognition by mammalian lectin receptors of glycans usually found on the surface of pathogens and whose chemical structure is species-specific. Some glycan components, such as galactofuranose, only occur in microbes, and is the principal means by which mammalian lectin receptors recognize non-self. Several lectins may function together as pattern recognition receptors to survey the infecting pathogen before the adaptive immune system is invoked. Most lectins have primary and secondary monosaccharide-binding sites which together determine the specificity of a receptor toward microbial glycans. There may also be a hydrophobic groove alongside the sugar binding sites that increases specificity. Another elaboration is through oligomerization of lectin domains with defined spacing and arrangement that creates high-affinity binding towards multiply-presented glycans on microbes. Microbe-specific polysaccharides may arise through unique sugar linkages. Specificity can come from mammalian receptors possessing a shallow binding site and binding only internal disaccharide units, as in the recognition of mannan by Dectin-2. The accumulation of 3D structural information on lectins receptors has allowed the recognition modes of microbe glycans to be classified into several groupings. This review is an introduction to our current knowledge on the mechanisms of pathogen recognition by representative mammalian lectin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Manabe
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Gabba A, Bogucka A, Luz JG, Diniz A, Coelho H, Corzana F, Cañada FJ, Marcelo F, Murphy PV, Birrane G. Crystal Structure of the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain of the Human Macrophage Galactose C-Type Lectin Bound to GalNAc and the Tumor-Associated Tn Antigen. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1327-1336. [PMID: 33724805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) is an endocytic type II transmembrane receptor expressed on immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells and activated macrophages and plays a role in modulating the immune system in response to infections and cancer. MGL contains an extracellular calcium-dependent (C-type) carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) that specifically binds terminal N-acetylgalactosamine glycan residues such as the Tn and sialyl-Tn antigens found on tumor cells, as well as other N- and O-glycans displayed on certain viruses and parasites. Even though the glycan specificity of MGL is known and several binding glycoproteins have been identified, the molecular basis for substrate recognition has remained elusive due to the lack of high-resolution structures. Here we present crystal structures of the MGL CRD at near endosomal pH and in several complexes, which reveal details of the interactions with the natural ligand, GalNAc, the cancer-associated Tn-Ser antigen, and a synthetic GalNAc mimetic ligand. Like the asialoglycoprotein receptor, additional calcium atoms are present and contribute to stabilization of the MGL CRD fold. The structure provides the molecular basis for preferential binding of N-acetylgalactosamine over galactose and prompted the re-evaluation of the binding modes previously proposed in solution. Saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance data acquired using the MGL CRD and interpreted using the crystal structure indicate a single binding mode for GalNAc in solution. Models of MGL1 and MGL2, the mouse homologues of MGL, explain how these proteins might recognize LewisX and GalNAc, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/metabolism
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Acetylgalactosamine/metabolism
- Acetylgalactosamine/chemistry
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains
- Binding Sites
- Protein Binding
- Animals
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Gabba
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Agnieszka Bogucka
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - John G Luz
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ana Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Helena Coelho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Avda Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Paterson JM, Shaw AJ, Burns I, Dodds AW, Prasad A, Reid KB, Greenhough TJ, Shrive AK. Atomic-resolution crystal structures of the immune protein conglutinin from cow reveal specific interactions of its binding site with N-acetylglucosamine. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17155-17165. [PMID: 31562242 PMCID: PMC6851296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine conglutinin is an immune protein that is involved in host resistance to microbes and parasites and interacts with complement component iC3b, agglutinates erythrocytes, and neutralizes influenza A virus. Here, we determined the high-resolution (0.97–1.46 Å) crystal structures with and without bound ligand of a recombinant fragment of conglutinin's C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The structures disclosed that the high-affinity ligand N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) binds in the collectin CRD calcium site by interacting with the O3′ and O4′ hydroxyls alongside additional specific interactions of the N-acetyl group oxygen and nitrogen with Lys-343 and Asp-320, respectively. These residues, unique to conglutinin and differing both in sequence and in location from those in other collectins, result in specific, high-affinity binding for GlcNAc. The binding pocket flanking residue Val-339, unlike the equivalent Arg-343 in the homologous human surfactant protein D, is sufficiently small to allow conglutinin Lys-343 access to the bound ligand, whereas Asp-320 lies in an extended loop proximal to the ligand-binding site and bounded at both ends by conserved residues that coordinate to both calcium and ligand. This loop becomes ordered on ligand binding. The electron density revealed both α and β anomers of GlcNAc, consistent with the added α/βGlcNAc mixture. Crystals soaked with α1–2 mannobiose, a putative component of iC3b, reported to bind to conglutinin, failed to reveal bound ligand, suggesting a requirement for presentation of mannobiose as part of an extended physiological ligand. These results reveal a highly specific GlcNAc-binding pocket in conglutinin and a novel collectin mode of carbohydrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Paterson
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Burns
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Alister W Dodds
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alpana Prasad
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ken B Reid
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor J Greenhough
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Annette K Shrive
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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9
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Watanabe Y, Bowden TA, Wilson IA, Crispin M. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1480-1497. [PMID: 31121217 PMCID: PMC6686077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to glycosylate their own proteins during replication. Viral envelope proteins from a variety of human pathogens including HIV-1, influenza virus, Lassa virus, SARS, Zika virus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus have evolved to be extensively glycosylated. These host-cell derived glycans facilitate diverse structural and functional roles during the viral life-cycle, ranging from immune evasion by glycan shielding to enhancement of immune cell infection. In this review, we highlight the imperative and auxiliary roles glycans play, and how specific oligosaccharide structures facilitate these functions during viral pathogenesis. We discuss the growing efforts to exploit viral glycobiology in the development of anti-viral vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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10
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Ouyang Z, Felix J, Zhou J, Pei Y, Ma B, Hwang PM, Lemieux MJ, Gutsche I, Zheng F, Wen Y. Trimeric structure of the mouse Kupffer cell C-type lectin receptor Clec4f. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:189-198. [PMID: 31369681 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor Clec4f has been identified as a specific surface marker for Kupffer cells, although its ortholog is absent in humans and its biological function remains elusive. Here, we report the crystal structure of a truncated mouse trimeric Clec4f. The orientation between the carbohydrate-recognition domain of Clec4f and its neck region differs from other C-type lectins, resulting in an observed distance of 45 Å between the glycan-binding sites within the Clec4f trimer. Interestingly, the trimeric coiled-coil interface within its heptad neck region contains multiple polyglutamine interactions instead of the predominantly hydrophobic leucine zipper found in other C-type lectin receptors. The Clec4f trimeric structure displays unique features regarding its assembly and ligand recognition, shedding light on the evolution and diversity of the C-type lectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Jan Felix
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jinhong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yingmei Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Bohan Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Peter M Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Irina Gutsche
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yurong Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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11
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Nagae M, Yamaguchi Y. Structural Aspects of Carbohydrate Recognition Mechanisms of C-Type Lectins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 429:147-176. [PMID: 31781867 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate recognition is an essential function occurring in all living organisms. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and are classified into several families. In mammals, Ca2+-dependent C-type lectins, such as β-galactoside-binding galectin and sialic acid-binding siglec, play crucial roles in the immune response and homeostasis. C-type lectins are abundant and diverse in animals. Their immunological activities include lymphocyte homing, pathogen recognition, and clearance of apoptotic bodies. C-type lectin domains are composed of 110-130 amino acid residues with highly conserved structural folds. Remarkably, individual lectins can accept a wide variety of sugar ligands and can distinguish subtle structural differences in closely related ligands. In addition, several C-type lectin-like proteins specifically bind to carbohydrate ligands in Ca2+-independent ways. The accumulated 3D structural evidence clarifies the unexpected structural versatility of C-type lectins underlying the variety of ligand binding modes. In this issue, we focus on the structural aspects of carbohydrate recognition mechanisms of C-type lectins and C-type lectin-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
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Hu J, Wei P, Seeberger PH, Yin J. Mannose-Functionalized Nanoscaffolds for Targeted Delivery in Biomedical Applications. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3448-3459. [PMID: 30251341 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery by nanomaterials has been extensively investigated as an effective strategy to surmount obstacles in the conventional treatment of cancer and infectious diseases, such as systemic toxicity, low drug efficacy, and drug resistance. Mannose-binding C-type lectins, which primarily include mannose receptor (MR, CD206) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), are highly expressed on various cancer cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), which make them attractive targets for therapeutic effect. Mannosylated nanomaterials hold great potential in cancer and infection treatment on account of their direct therapeutic effect on targeted cells, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and stimulation of immune response through antigen presentation. This review presents the recent advances in mannose-based targeted delivery nanoplatforms incorporated with different therapies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jian Yin
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
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13
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Zheng RB, Jégouzo SAF, Joe M, Bai Y, Tran HA, Shen K, Saupe J, Xia L, Ahmed MF, Liu YH, Patil PS, Tripathi A, Hung SC, Taylor ME, Lowary TL, Drickamer K. Insights into Interactions of Mycobacteria with the Host Innate Immune System from a Novel Array of Synthetic Mycobacterial Glycans. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2990-3002. [PMID: 29048873 PMCID: PMC5735379 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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An
array of homogeneous glycans representing all the major carbohydrate
structures present in the cell wall of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria has been
probed with a panel of glycan-binding receptors expressed on cells
of the mammalian innate immune system. The results provide an overview
of interactions between mycobacterial glycans and receptors that mediate
uptake and survival in macrophages, dendritic cells, and sinusoidal
endothelial cells. A subset of the wide variety of glycan structures
present on mycobacterial surfaces interact with cells of the innate
immune system through the receptors tested. Endocytic receptors, including
the mannose receptor, DC-SIGN, langerin, and DC-SIGNR (L-SIGN), interact
predominantly with mannose-containing caps found on the mycobacterial
polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan. Some of these receptors also interact
with phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides and mannose-containing
phenolic glycolipids. Many glycans are ligands for overlapping sets
of receptors, suggesting multiple, redundant routes by which mycobacteria
can enter cells. Receptors with signaling capability interact with
two distinct sets of mycobacterial glycans: targets for dectin-2 overlap
with ligands for the mannose-binding endocytic receptors, while mincle
binds exclusively to trehalose-containing structures such as trehalose
dimycolate. None of the receptors surveyed bind furanose residues,
which often form part of the epitopes recognized by antibodies to
mycobacteria. Thus, the innate and adaptive immune systems can target
different sets of mycobacterial glycans. This array, the first of
its kind, represents an important new tool for probing, at a molecular
level, biological roles of a broad range of mycobacterial glycans,
a task that has not previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Blake Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Maju Joe
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yu Bai
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Huu-Anh Tran
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ke Shen
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jörn Saupe
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Li Xia
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Md. Faiaz Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Ashish Tripathi
- Genomics
Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics
Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Maureen E. Taylor
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Sager CP, Eriş D, Smieško M, Hevey R, Ernst B. What contributes to an effective mannose recognition domain? Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2584-2595. [PMID: 29259668 PMCID: PMC5727865 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, carbohydrate-lectin interactions are characterized by high specificity but also low affinity. The main reason for the low affinities are desolvation costs, due to the numerous hydroxy groups present on the ligand, together with the typically polar surface of the binding sites. Nonetheless, nature has evolved strategies to overcome this hurdle, most prominently in relation to carbohydrate-lectin interactions of the innate immune system but also in bacterial adhesion, a process key for the bacterium's survival. In an effort to better understand the particular characteristics, which contribute to a successful carbohydrate recognition domain, the mannose-binding sites of six C-type lectins and of three bacterial adhesins were analyzed. One important finding is that the high enthalpic penalties caused by desolvation can only be compensated for by the number and quality of hydrogen bonds formed by each of the polar hydroxy groups engaged in the binding process. In addition, since mammalian mannose-binding sites are in general flat and solvent exposed, the half-lives of carbohydrate-lectin complexes are rather short since water molecules can easily access and displace the ligand from the binding site. In contrast, the bacterial lectin FimH benefits from a deep mannose-binding site, leading to a substantial improvement in the off-rate. Together with both a catch-bond mechanism (i.e., improvement of affinity under shear stress) and multivalency, two methods commonly utilized by pathogens, the affinity of the carbohydrate-FimH interaction can be further improved. Including those just described, the various approaches explored by nature to optimize selectivity and affinity of carbohydrate-lectin interactions offer interesting therapeutic perspectives for the development of carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Eriş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Feinberg H, Jégouzo SAF, Rex MJ, Drickamer K, Weis WI, Taylor ME. Mechanism of pathogen recognition by human dectin-2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13402-13414. [PMID: 28652405 PMCID: PMC5555199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-2, a C-type lectin on macrophages and other cells of the innate immune system, functions in response to pathogens, particularly fungi. The carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) in dectin-2 is linked to a transmembrane sequence that interacts with the common Fc receptor γ subunit to initiate immune signaling. The molecular mechanism by which dectin-2 selectively binds to pathogens has been investigated by characterizing the CRD expressed in a bacterial system. Competition binding studies indicated that the CRD binds to monosaccharides with modest affinity and that affinity was greatly enhanced for mannose-linked α1–2 or α1–4 to a second mannose residue. Glycan array analysis confirmed selective binding of the CRD to glycans that contain Manα1–2Man epitopes. Crystals of the CRD in complex with a mammalian-type high-mannose Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide exhibited interaction with Manα1–2Man on two different termini of the glycan, with the reducing-end mannose residue ligated to Ca2+ in a primary binding site and the nonreducing terminal mannose residue occupying an adjacent secondary site. Comparison of the binding sites in DC-SIGN and langerin, two other pathogen-binding receptors of the innate immune system, revealed why these two binding sites accommodate only terminal Manα1–2Man structures, whereas dectin-2 can bind Manα1–2Man in internal positions in mannans and other polysaccharides. The specificity and geometry of the dectin-2-binding site provide the molecular mechanism for binding of dectin-2 to fungal mannans and also to bacterial lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and lipoarabinomannans that contain the Manα1–2Man disaccharide unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Feinberg
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and
| | - Sabine A F Jégouzo
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maximus J Rex
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - William I Weis
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Unno H, Matsuyama K, Tsuji Y, Goda S, Hiemori K, Tateno H, Hirabayashi J, Hatakeyama T. Identification, Characterization, and X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of a Novel Type of Mannose-Specific Lectin CGL1 from the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29135. [PMID: 27377186 PMCID: PMC4932603 DOI: 10.1038/srep29135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mannose-specific lectin, named CGL1 (15.5 kDa), was isolated from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Characterization of CGL1 involved isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), glycoconjugate microarray, and frontal affinity chromatography (FAC). This analysis revealed that CGL1 has strict specificity for the mannose monomer and for high mannose-type N-glycans (HMTGs). Primary structure of CGL1 did not show any homology with known lectins but did show homology with proteins of the natterin family. Crystal structure of the CGL1 revealed a unique homodimer in which each protomer was composed of 2 domains related by a pseudo two-fold axis. Complex structures of CGL1 with mannose molecules showed that residues have 8 hydrogen bond interactions with O1, O2, O3, O4, and O5 hydroxyl groups of mannose. The complex interactions that are not observed with other mannose-binding lectins revealed the structural basis for the strict specificity for mannose. These characteristics of CGL1 may be helpful as a research tool and for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Unno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Tsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiemori
- Research Center for Medical Glycosciences, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- Research Center for Medical Glycosciences, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Jun Hirabayashi
- Research Center for Medical Glycosciences, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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17
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Loke I, Kolarich D, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Emerging roles of protein mannosylation in inflammation and infection. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:31-55. [PMID: 27086127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are frequently modified by complex carbohydrates (glycans) that play central roles in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues in humans and lower organisms. Mannose forms an essential building block of protein glycosylation, and its functional involvement as components of larger and diverse α-mannosidic glycoepitopes in important intra- and intercellular glycoimmunological processes is gaining recognition. With a focus on the mannose-rich asparagine (N-linked) glycosylation type, this review summarises the increasing volume of literature covering human and non-human protein mannosylation, including their structures, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal expression. The review also covers their known interactions with specialised host and microbial mannose-recognising C-type lectin receptors (mrCLRs) and antibodies (mrAbs) during inflammation and pathogen infection. Advances in molecular mapping technologies have recently revealed novel immuno-centric mannose-terminating truncated N-glycans, termed paucimannosylation, on human proteins. The cellular presentation of α-mannosidic glycoepitopes on N-glycoproteins appears tightly regulated; α-mannose determinants are relative rare glycoepitopes in physiological extracellular environments, but may be actively secreted or leaked from cells to transmit potent signals when required. Simultaneously, our understanding of the molecular basis on the recognition of mannosidic epitopes by mrCLRs including DC-SIGN, mannose receptor, mannose binding lectin and mrAb is rapidly advancing, together with the functional implications of these interactions in facilitating an effective immune response during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Ultimately, deciphering these complex mannose-based receptor-ligand interactions at the detailed molecular level will significantly advance our understanding of immunological disorders and infectious diseases, promoting the development of future therapeutics to improve patient clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Loke
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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18
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Makyio H, Kato R. Classification and Comparison of Fucose-Binding Lectins Based on Their Structures. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1429.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Makyio
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
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19
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Makyio H, Kato R. Classification and Comparison of Fucose-Binding Lectins Based on Their Structures. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1429.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Makyio
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
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20
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Jégouzo SAF, Feinberg H, Dungarwalla T, Drickamer K, Weis WI, Taylor ME. A Novel Mechanism for Binding of Galactose-terminated Glycans by the C-type Carbohydrate Recognition Domain in Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen 2. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16759-71. [PMID: 25995448 PMCID: PMC4505424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2; also designated CLEC4C or CD303) is uniquely expressed on plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Stimulation of BDCA-2 with antibodies leads to an anti-inflammatory response in these cells, but the natural ligands for the receptor are not known. The C-type carbohydrate recognition domain in the extracellular portion of BDCA-2 contains a signature motif typical of C-type animal lectins that bind mannose, glucose, or GlcNAc, yet it has been reported that BDCA-2 binds selectively to galactose-terminated, biantennary N-linked glycans. A combination of glycan array analysis and binding competition studies with monosaccharides and natural and synthetic oligosaccharides have been used to define the binding epitope for BDCA-2 as the trisaccharide Galβ1-3/4GlcNAcβ1-2Man. X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis studies show that mannose is ligated to the conserved Ca(2+) in the primary binding site that is characteristic of C-type carbohydrate recognition domains, and the GlcNAc and galactose residues make additional interactions in a wide, shallow groove adjacent to the primary binding site. As predicted from these studies, BDCA-2 binds to IgG, which bears galactose-terminated glycans that are not commonly found attached to other serum glycoproteins. Thus, BDCA-2 has the potential to serve as a previously unrecognized immunoglobulin Fc receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A F Jégouzo
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hadar Feinberg
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and
| | - Tabassum Dungarwalla
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - William I Weis
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Mannose-recognition mutant of the galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin CEL-I engineered by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1457-65. [PMID: 25869490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CEL-I is a galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria echinata. Its carbohydrate-binding site contains a QPD (Gln-Pro-Asp) motif, which is generally recognized as the galactose specificity-determining motif in the C-type lectins. In our previous study, replacement of the QPD motif by an EPN (Glu-Pro-Asn) motif led to a weak binding affinity for mannose. Therefore, we examined the effects of an additional mutation in the carbohydrate-binding site on the specificity of the lectin. METHODS Trp105 of EPN-CEL-I was replaced by a histidine residue using site-directed mutagenesis, and the binding affinity of the resulting mutant, EPNH-CEL-I, was examined by sugar-polyamidoamine dendrimer assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and glycoconjugate microarray analysis. Tertiary structure of the EPNH-CEL-I/mannose complex was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. RESULTS Sugar-polyamidoamine dendrimer assay and glycoconjugate microarray analysis revealed a drastic change in the specificity of EPNH-CEL-I from galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine to mannose. The association constant of EPNH-CEL-I for mannose was determined to be 3.17×10(3) M(-1) at 25°C. Mannose specificity of EPNH-CEL-I was achieved by stabilization of the binding of mannose in a correct orientation, in which the EPN motif can form proper hydrogen bonds with 3- and 4-hydroxy groups of the bound mannose. CONCLUSIONS Specificity of CEL-I can be engineered by mutating a limited number of amino acid residues in addition to the QPD/EPN motifs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Versatility of the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain structure in the recognition of various carbohydrate chains could become a promising platform to develop novel molecular recognition proteins.
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22
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Ruiz-Arellano RR, Medrano FJ, Moreno A, Romero A. Structure of struthiocalcin-1, an intramineral protein from Struthio camelus eggshell, in two crystal forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:809-18. [PMID: 25849392 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471500125x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals. One remarkable example is the formation of eggshells in birds. Struthiocalcins present in the ostrich (Struthio camellus) eggshell matrix act as biosensors of calcite growth during eggshell formation. Here, the crystal structure of struthiocalcin-1 (SCA-1) is reported in two different crystal forms. The structure is a compact single domain with an α/β fold characteristic of the C-type lectin family. In contrast to the related avian ovocleidin OC17, the electrostatic potential on the molecular surface is dominated by an acidic patch. Scanning electron microscopy combined with Raman spectroscopy indicates that these intramineral proteins (SCA-1 and SCA-2) induce calcium carbonate precipitation, leading to the formation of a stable form of calcite in the mature eggshell. Finally, the implications of these two intramineral proteins SCA-1 and SCA-2 in the nucleation of calcite during the formation of eggshells in ratite birds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana R Ruiz-Arellano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Moreno
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Romero
- Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Agostino M, Gandhi NS, Mancera RL. Development and application of site mapping methods for the design of glycosaminoglycans. Glycobiology 2014; 24:840-51. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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24
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Goh BC, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cafarella TR, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Allen K, Crouch EC, Calin O, Seeberger PH, Schulten K, Seaton BA. Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of influenza by surfactant protein D revealed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8527-38. [PMID: 24224757 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a mammalian C-type lectin, is the primary innate inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung. Interactions of SP-D with highly branched viral N-linked glycans on hemagglutinin (HA), an abundant IAV envelope protein and critical virulence factor, promote viral aggregation and neutralization through as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Two truncated human SP-D forms, wild-type (WT) and double mutant D325A+R343V, representing neck and carbohydrate recognition domains are compared in this study. Whereas both WT and D325A+R343V bind to isolated glycosylated HA, WT does not inhibit IAV in neutralization assays; in contrast, D325A+R343V neutralization compares well with that of full-length native SP-D. To elucidate the mechanism for these biochemical observations, we have determined crystal structures of D325A+R343V in the presence and absence of a viral nonamannoside (Man9). On the basis of the D325A+R343V-Man9 structure and other crystallographic data, models of complexes between HA and WT or D325A+R343V were produced and subjected to molecular dynamics. Simulations reveal that whereas WT and D325A+R343V both block the sialic acid receptor site of HA, the D325A+R343V complex is more stable, with stronger binding caused by additional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with HA residues. Furthermore, the blocking mechanism of HA differs for WT and D325A+R343V because of alternate glycan binding modes. The combined results suggest a mechanism through which the mode of SP-D-HA interaction could significantly influence viral aggregation and neutralization. These studies provide the first atomic-level molecular view of an innate host defense lectin inhibiting its viral glycoprotein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chong Goh
- Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Carrero P, Ardá A, Alvarez M, Doyagüez EG, Rivero-Buceta E, Quesada E, Prieto A, Solís D, Camarasa MJ, Peréz-Pérez MJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, San-Félix A. Differential Recognition of Mannose-Based Polysaccharides by Tripodal Receptors Based on a Triethylbenzene Scaffold Substituted with Trihydroxybenzoyl Moieties. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Enhanced binding of trigonal DNA–carbohydrate conjugates to lectin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6139-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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28
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Johal AR, Schuman B, Alfaro JA, Borisova S, Seto NOL, Evans SV. Sequence-dependent effects of cryoprotectants on the active sites of the human ABO(H) blood group A and B glycosyltransferases. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:268-76. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Conformations, dynamics and interactions of di-, tri- and pentamannoside with mannose binding lectin: a molecular dynamics study. Carbohydr Res 2012; 349:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mamidyala SK, Dutta S, Chrunyk BA, Préville C, Wang H, Withka JM, McColl A, Subashi TA, Hawrylik SJ, Griffor MC, Kim S, Pfefferkorn JA, Price DA, Menhaji-Klotz E, Mascitti V, Finn M. Glycomimetic Ligands for the Human Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1978-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreeman K. Mamidyala
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Boris A. Chrunyk
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jane M. Withka
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alexander McColl
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy A. Subashi
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven J. Hawrylik
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew C. Griffor
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sung Kim
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A. Price
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Elnaz Menhaji-Klotz
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Gjelstrup LC, Kaspersen JD, Behrens MA, Pedersen JS, Thiel S, Kingshott P, Oliveira CLP, Thielens NM, Vorup-Jensen T. The role of nanometer-scaled ligand patterns in polyvalent binding by large mannan-binding lectin oligomers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1292-306. [PMID: 22219330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is an important protein of the innate immune system and protects the body against infection through opsonization and activation of the complement system on surfaces with an appropriate presentation of carbohydrate ligands. The quaternary structure of human MBL is built from oligomerization of structural units into polydisperse complexes typically with three to eight structural units, each containing three lectin domains. Insight into the connection between the structure and ligand-binding properties of these oligomers has been lacking. In this article, we present an analysis of the binding to neoglycoprotein-coated surfaces by size-fractionated human MBL oligomers studied with small-angle x-ray scattering and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The MBL oligomers bound to these surfaces mainly in two modes, with dissociation constants in the micro to nanomolar order. The binding kinetics were markedly influenced by both the density of ligands and the number of ligand-binding domains in the oligomers. These findings demonstrated that the MBL-binding kinetics are critically dependent on structural characteristics on the nanometer scale, both with regard to the dimensions of the oligomer, as well as the ligand presentation on surfaces. Therefore, our work suggested that the surface binding of MBL involves recognition of patterns with dimensions on the order of 10-20 nm. The recent understanding that the surfaces of many microbes are organized with structural features on the nanometer scale suggests that these properties of MBL ligand recognition potentially constitute an important part of the pattern-recognition ability of these polyvalent oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Gjelstrup
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Ito JI, Tabei Y, Shimizu K, Tomii K, Tsuda K. PDB-scale analysis of known and putative ligand-binding sites with structural sketches. Proteins 2011; 80:747-63. [PMID: 22113700 DOI: 10.1002/prot.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigation of protein functions is one of the most urgent and demanding tasks in the field of structural bioinformatics. Exhaustive pairwise comparison of known and putative ligand-binding sites, across protein families and folds, is essential in elucidating the biological functions and evolutionary relationships of proteins. Given the vast amounts of data available now, existing 3D structural comparison methods are not adequate due to their computation time complexity. In this article, we propose a new bit string representation of binding sites called structural sketches, which is obtained by random projections of triplet descriptors. It allows us to use ultra-fast all-pair similarity search methods for strings with strictly controlled error rates. Exhaustive comparison of 1.2 million known and putative binding sites finished in ∼30 h on a single core to yield 88 million similar binding site pairs. Careful investigation of 3.5 million pairs verified by TM-align revealed several notable analogous sites across distinct protein families or folds. In particular, we succeeded in finding highly plausible functions of several pockets via strong structural analogies. These results indicate that our method is a promising tool for functional annotation of binding sites derived from structural genomics projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Ito
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
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Hung LD, Sato Y, Hori K. High-mannose N-glycan-specific lectin from the red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Carrageenophyte). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:855-61. [PMID: 21489583 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
From a fresh sample (1 kg) of cultivated red alga Kappaphycus striatum, three isolectins, KSA-1 (15.1 mg), KSA-2 (58.0 mg) and KSA-3 (6.9 mg), were isolated by a combination of extraction with aqueous ethanol, ethanol precipitation, and ion exchange chromatography. Isolated KSAs were monomeric proteins of about 28kDa having identical 20N-terminal amino acid sequences to each other. Their hemagglutination activities were not inhibited by monosaccharides, but inhibited by glycoproteins bearing high-mannose N-glycans. In a binding experiment with pyridylaminated oligosaccharides by centrifugal ultrafiltration-HPLC assay, the isolectin KSA-2 was exclusively bound to high-mannose type N-glycans, but not to other glycans. Including complex types and a pentasaccharide core of N-glycans, indicating that it recognized branched oligomannosides. The binding activity of KSA-2 was slightly different among high-mannose N-glycans examined, indicating that the lectin has a higher affinity for those having the exposed (α1-3) Man in the D2 arm. On the other hand, KSA-2 did not bind to a free oligomannose that is a constituent of the branched oligomannosides, implying that the portion of the core GlcNAc residue(s) of the N-glycans is also essential for binding. Thus, KSA-2 appears to recognize the extended carbohydrate structure with a minimal length of a tetrasaccharide, Man(α1-3)Man(α1-6)Man(β1-4)GlcNAc. This study indicates that K. striatum, which has extensively been cultivated as a source of carrageenan, is a good source of a valuable lectin(s) that is strictly specific for high-mannose N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Dinh Hung
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi - Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, 2A-Hungvuong Street, Nhatrang City, Khanhhoa Province, Viet Nam
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi - Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi - Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Hatakeyama T, Kamiya T, Kusunoki M, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J, Goda S, Unno H. Galactose recognition by a tetrameric C-type lectin, CEL-IV, containing the EPN carbohydrate recognition motif. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10305-15. [PMID: 21247895 PMCID: PMC3060485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CEL-IV is a C-type lectin isolated from a sea cucumber, Cucumaria echinata. This lectin is composed of four identical C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). X-ray crystallographic analysis of CEL-IV revealed that its tetrameric structure was stabilized by multiple interchain disulfide bonds among the subunits. Although CEL-IV has the EPN motif in its carbohydrate-binding sites, which is known to be characteristic of mannose binding C-type CRDs, it showed preferential binding of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. Structural analyses of CEL-IV-melibiose and CEL-IV-raffinose complexes revealed that their galactose residues were recognized in an inverted orientation compared with mannose binding C-type CRDs containing the EPN motif, by the aid of a stacking interaction with the side chain of Trp-79. Changes in the environment of Trp-79 induced by binding to galactose were detected by changes in the intrinsic fluorescence and UV absorption spectra of WT CEL-IV and its site-directed mutants. The binding specificity of CEL-IV toward complex oligosaccharides was analyzed by frontal affinity chromatography using various pyridylamino sugars, and the results indicate preferential binding to oligosaccharides containing Galβ1-3/4(Fucα1-3/4)GlcNAc structures. These findings suggest that the specificity for oligosaccharides may be largely affected by interactions with amino acid residues in the binding site other than those determining the monosaccharide specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takuro Kamiya
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kusunoki
- the Research Center for Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Sachiko Nakamura-Tsuruta
- the Research Center for Medical Glycosciences, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Jun Hirabayashi
- the Research Center for Medical Glycosciences, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hideaki Unno
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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36
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Feinberg H, Taylor ME, Razi N, McBride R, Knirel YA, Graham SA, Drickamer K, Weis WI. Structural basis for langerin recognition of diverse pathogen and mammalian glycans through a single binding site. J Mol Biol 2010; 405:1027-39. [PMID: 21112338 PMCID: PMC3065333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerin mediates the carbohydrate-dependent uptake of pathogens by Langerhans cells in the first step of antigen presentation to the adaptive immune system. Langerin binds to an unusually diverse number of endogenous and pathogenic cell surface carbohydrates, including mannose-containing O-specific polysaccharides derived from bacterial lipopolysaccharides identified here by probing a microarray of bacterial polysaccharides. Crystal structures of the carbohydrate-recognition domain from human langerin bound to a series of oligomannose compounds, the blood group B antigen, and a fragment of β-glucan reveal binding to mannose, fucose, and glucose residues by Ca2+ coordination of vicinal hydroxyl groups with similar stereochemistry. Oligomannose compounds bind through a single mannose residue, with no other mannose residues contacting the protein directly. There is no evidence for a second Ca2+-independent binding site. Likewise, a β-glucan fragment, Glcβ1–3Glcβ1–3Glc, binds to langerin through the interaction of a single glucose residue with the Ca2+ site. The fucose moiety of the blood group B trisaccharide Galα1–3(Fucα1–2)Gal also binds to the Ca2+ site, and selective binding to this glycan compared to other fucose-containing oligosaccharides results from additional favorable interactions of the nonreducing terminal galactose, as well as of the fucose residue. Surprisingly, the equatorial 3-OH group and the axial 4-OH group of the galactose residue in 6SO4–Galβ1–4GlcNAc also coordinate Ca2+, a heretofore unobserved mode of galactose binding in a C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain bearing the Glu-Pro-Asn signature motif characteristic of mannose binding sites. Salt bridges between the sulfate group and two lysine residues appear to compensate for the nonoptimal binding of galactose at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Feinberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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37
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Ma Z, Zhang L, Nishiyama Y, Marais MF, Mazeau K, Vignon M. The molecular structure and solution conformation of an acidic heteropolysaccharide from Auricularia auricula-judae. Biopolymers 2010; 95:217-27. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Shang F, Rynkiewicz MJ, McCormack FX, Wu H, Cafarella TM, Head JF, Seaton BA. Crystallographic complexes of surfactant protein A and carbohydrates reveal ligand-induced conformational change. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:757-65. [PMID: 21047777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.175265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a C-type lectin, plays an important role in innate lung host defense against inhaled pathogens. Crystallographic SP-A·ligand complexes have not been reported to date, limiting available molecular information about SP-A interactions with microbial surface components. This study describes crystal structures of calcium-dependent complexes of the C-terminal neck and carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-A with d-mannose, D-α-methylmannose, and glycerol, which represent subdomains of glycans on pathogen surfaces. Comparison of these complexes with the unliganded SP-A neck and carbohydrate recognition domain revealed an unexpected ligand-associated conformational change in the loop region surrounding the lectin site, one not previously reported for the lectin homologs SP-D and mannan-binding lectin. The net result of the conformational change is that the SP-A lectin site and the surrounding loop region become more compact. The Glu-202 side chain of unliganded SP-A extends out into the solvent and away from the calcium ion; however, in the complexes, the Glu-202 side chain translocates 12.8 Å to bind the calcium. The availability of Glu-202, together with positional changes involving water molecules, creates a more favorable hydrogen bonding environment for carbohydrate ligands. The Lys-203 side chain reorients as well, extending outward into the solvent in the complexes, thereby opening up a small cation-friendly cavity occupied by a sodium ion. Binding of this cation brings the large loop, which forms one wall of the lectin site, and the adjacent small loop closer together. The ability to undergo conformational changes may help SP-A adapt to different ligand classes, including microbial glycolipids and surfactant lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Shang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Garber KCA, Wangkanont K, Carlson EE, Kiessling LL. A general glycomimetic strategy yields non-carbohydrate inhibitors of DC-SIGN. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6747-9. [PMID: 20717628 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid can be transformed into monovalent and multivalent glycomimetics that target different members of the C-type lectin class, including DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell lectin that facilitates HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C A Garber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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Ho MR, Lou YC, Wei SY, Luo SC, Lin WC, Lyu PC, Chen C. Human RegIV protein adopts a typical C-type lectin fold but binds mannan with two calcium-independent sites. J Mol Biol 2010; 402:682-95. [PMID: 20692269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human RegIV protein, which contains a sequence motif homologous to calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin-like domain, is highly expressed in mucosa cells of the gastrointestinal tract during pathogen infection and carcinogenesis and may be applied in both diagnosis and treatment of gastric and colon cancers. Here, we provide evidence that, unlike other C-type lectins, human RegIV binds to polysaccharides, mannan, and heparin in the absence of calcium. To elucidate the structural basis for carbohydrate recognition by NMR, we generated the mutant with Pro91 replaced by Ser (hRegIV-P91S) and showed that the structural property and carbohydrate binding ability of hRegIV-P91S are almost identical with those of wild-type protein. The solution structure of hRegIV-P91S was determined, showing that it adopts a typical fold of C-type lectin. Based on the chemical shift perturbations of amide resonances, two calcium-independent mannan-binding sites were proposed. One site is similar to the calcium-independent sugar-binding site on human RegIII and Langerin. Interestingly, the other site is adjacent to the conserved calcium-dependent site at position Ca-2 of typical C-type lectins. Moreover, model-free analysis of (15)N relaxation parameters and simplified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill relaxation dispersion experiments showed that a slow microsecond-to-millisecond time-scale backbone motion is involved in mannan binding by this site, suggesting a potential role for specific carbohydrate recognition. Our findings shed light on the sugar-binding mode of Reg family proteins, and we postulate that Reg family proteins evolved to bind sugar without calcium to keep the carbohydrate recognition activity under low-pH environments in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
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Fortpied J, Vertommen D, Van Schaftingen E. Binding of mannose-binding lectin to fructosamines: a potential link between hyperglycaemia and complement activation in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:254-60. [PMID: 20503257 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement activation via the MBL pathway has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. As protein glycation is increased in diabetes, we tested the possibility that the glycation product fructoselysine is a ligand for MBL and that its interaction with this protein may initiate complement activation. METHODS We investigated the binding of MBL to fructoselysine by chromatography of human serum on fructoselysine-Sepharose, followed by Western blot and mass spectrometry analysis. We also performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using purified MBL and fructoselysine-derivatized (binding assay) or mannan-coated plates (inhibition assay). Complement activation was determined by the fixation of C3d following incubation of fructoselysine-derivatized plates with serum from subjects with different levels of MBL. RESULTS MBL and its associated proteases were selectively purified from serum by chromatography on fructoselysine-Sepharose. Competition experiments indicated that MBL had a similar affinity for mannose, fructose and fructoselysine. MBL bound, in a highly cooperative manner, to fructoselysine-derivatized plates. This binding was associated with complement activation and was much lower with serum from subjects with low-MBL genotypes. CONCLUSIONS MBL binding to fructoselysine and the ensuing complement activation may provide a physiopathological link between enhanced glycation and complement activation in diabetes. The cooperative character of this binding may explain the high sensitivity of diabetic complications to hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Fortpied
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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42
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Taylor ME, Drickamer K. Structural insights into what glycan arrays tell us about how glycan-binding proteins interact with their ligands. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1155-62. [PMID: 19528664 PMCID: PMC2757572 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening of glycan arrays represents a powerful, high-throughput approach to defining oligosaccharide ligands for glycan-binding receptors, commonly referred to as lectins. Correlating results from such arrays with structural analysis of receptor-ligand complexes provide one way to validate the arrays. Using examples drawn from the family of proteins that contain C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains, this review illustrates how information from the arrays reflects the way that selectivity and affinity for glycan ligands is achieved. A range of binding profiles is observed, from very restricted binding to a small set of structurally similar ligands to binding of broad classes of ligands with related terminal sugars and even to failure to bind any of the glycans on an array. These outcomes provide insights into the importance of multiple factors in defining the selectivity of these receptors, including the presence of conformationally defined units in some oligosaccharide ligands, local and extended interactions between glycans and the surfaces of receptors, and steric factors that exclude binding of some ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Thépaut M, Valladeau J, Nurisso A, Kahn R, Arnou B, Vivès C, Saeland S, Ebel C, Monnier C, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Imberty A, Fieschi F. Structural studies of langerin and Birbeck granule: a macromolecular organization model. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2684-98. [PMID: 19175323 DOI: 10.1021/bi802151w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells, a sentinel immunity cell lineage, include different cell subsets that express various C-type lectins. For example, epidermal Langerhans cells express langerin, and some dermal dendritic cells express DC-SIGN. Langerin is a crucial component of Birbeck granules, the Langerhans cell hallmark organelle, and may have a preventive role toward HIV, by its internalization into Birbeck granules. Since langerin carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) is crucial for HIV interaction and Birbeck granule formation, we produced the CRD of human langerin and solved its structure at 1.5 A resolution. On this basis gp120 high-mannose oligosaccharide binding has been evaluated by molecular modeling. Hydrodynamic studies reveal a very elongated shape of recombinant langerin extracellular domain (ECD). A molecular model of the langerin ECD, integrating the CRD structure, has been generated and validated by comparison with hydrodynamic parameters. In parallel, Langerhans cells were isolated from human skin. From their analysis by electron microscopy and the langerin ECD model, an ultrastructural organization is proposed for Birbeck granules. To delineate the role of the different langerin domains in Birbeck granule formation, we generated truncated and mutated langerin constructs. After transfection into a fibroblastic cell line, we highlighted, in accordance with our model, the role of the CRD in the membrane zipping occurring in BG formation as well as some contribution of the cytoplasmic domain. Finally, we have shown that langerin ECD triggering with a specific mAb promotes global rearrangements of LC morphology. Our results open the way to the definition of a new membrane deformation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Thépaut
- Laboratoire des Proteines Membranaires, CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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Shrive AK, Martin C, Burns I, Paterson JM, Martin JD, Townsend JP, Waters P, Clark HW, Kishore U, Reid KBM, Greenhough TJ. Structural characterisation of ligand-binding determinants in human lung surfactant protein D: influence of Asp325. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:776-88. [PMID: 19799916 PMCID: PMC2791854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of a biologically and therapeutically active recombinant homotrimeric fragment of human lung surfactant protein D with a series of bound ligands have been determined. While the structures reveal various different binding modes, all utilise a similarly positioned pair of mannose-type O3' and O4' hydroxyls with no direct interaction between any non-terminal sugar and protein. The orientation, position, and interactions of the bound terminal sugar depend on the sugar itself, the presence and form of glycosidic linkage, and the environment in the crystal, which, via Asp325, places stereochemical and electronic constraints, different for the three different subunits in the homotrimer, on the ligand-binding site. As a direct consequence of this influence, the other binding-pocket flanking residue, Arg343, exhibits variable conformation and variable interactions with bound ligand and leaves open to question which orientation of terminal mannobiose, and of other terminal disaccharides, may be present in extended physiological ligands. The combined structural evidence shows that there is significant flexibility in recognition; that Asp325, in addition to Arg343, is an important determinant of ligand selectivity, recognition, and binding; and that differences in crystal contact interfaces exert, through Asp325, significant influence on preferred binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shrive
- Research Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Datta A, Raymond KN. Gd-hydroxypyridinone (HOPO)-based high-relaxivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:938-47. [PMID: 19505089 DOI: 10.1021/ar800250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particularly effective tool in medicine because of its high depth penetration (from 1 mm to 1 m) and ability to resolve different soft tissues. The MRI signal is generated by the relaxation of in vivo water molecule protons. MRI images can be improved by administering paramagnetic agents, which increase the relaxation rates of nearby water protons, thereby enhancing the MRI signal. The lanthanide cation Gd(3+) is generally used because of its favorable electronic properties; high toxicity, however, necessitates strongly coordinating ligands to keep Gd(3+) completely bound while in the patient. In this Account, we give a coordination chemistry overview of contrast agents (CAs) based on Gd-hydroxypyridinone (HOPO), which show improved MRI contrast and high thermodynamic stabilities. Tris-bidentate HOPO-based ligands developed in our laboratory were designed to complement the coordination preferences of Gd(3+), especially its oxophilicity. The HOPO ligands provide a hexadentate coordination environment for Gd(3+), in which all of the donor atoms are oxygen. Because Gd(3+) favors eight or nine coordination, this design provides two to three open sites for inner-sphere water molecules. These water molecules rapidly exchange with bulk solution, hence affecting the relaxation rates of bulk water molecules. The parameters affecting the efficiency of these contrast agents have been tuned to improve contrast while still maintaining a high thermodynamic stability for Gd(3+) binding. The Gd-HOPO-based contrast agents surpass current commercially available agents because of a higher number of inner-sphere water molecules, rapid exchange of inner-sphere water molecules via an associative mechanism, and a long electronic relaxation time. The contrast enhancement provided by these agents is at least twice that of commercial contrast agents, which are based on polyaminocarboxylate ligands. Advances in MRI technology have made significant contributions to the improvement of clinical diagnostics by allowing visualization of underlying pathology. However, understanding the mechanism of a disease at the molecular level requires improved imaging sensitivity. The ultimate goal is to visually distinguish between different disease targets or markers, such as enzymes, hormones, proteins, or small molecules, at biologically relevant concentrations (from micro- to nanomolar). Although MRI techniques can provide images of the organs and tissues in which these biomarkers are regulated, the high sensitivity required to visualize the biological targets within the tissues is currently lacking; contrast enhancements of 50-fold beyond current agents are required to achieve this goal. According to the theory of paramagnetic relaxation, the contrast enhancement can be further improved by slowing the tumbling rate of the MRI agent. Theoretically, this enhancement would be greater for contrast agents with an optimal rate of water exchange. The Gd-HOPO-based contrast agents have optimal water-exchange rates, whereas the commercial agents have slower non-optimal water-exchange rates; thus, the Gd-HOPO agents are ideal for attachment to macromolecules, which will slow down the tumbling rate and increase contrast. This strategy has been recently tested with the Gd-HOPO agents via covalent attachment to virus capsids, affording contrast enhancements 10-fold beyond commercial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankona Datta
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Jayaraman N. Multivalent ligand presentation as a central concept to study intricate carbohydrate–protein interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:3463-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b815961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Vandenbussche S, Díaz D, Fernández-Alonso MC, Pan W, Vincent SP, Cuevas G, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bartik K. Aromatic-carbohydrate interactions: an NMR and computational study of model systems. Chemistry 2008; 14:7570-8. [PMID: 18481803 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of simple carbohydrates with aromatic moieties have been investigated experimentally by NMR spectroscopy. The analysis of the changes in the chemical shifts of the sugar proton signals induced upon addition of aromatic entities has been interpreted in terms of interaction geometries. Phenol and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) have been used. The observed sugar-aromatic interactions depend on the chemical nature of the sugar, and thus on the stereochemistries of the different carbon atoms, and also on the solvent. A preliminary study of the solvation state of a model monosaccharide (methyl beta-galactopyranoside) in aqueous solution, both alone and in the presence of benzene and phenol, has also been carried out by monitoring of intermolecular homonuclear solvent-sugar and aromatic-sugar NOEs. These experimental results have been compared with those obtained by density functional theory methods and molecular mechanics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vandenbussche
- Molecular & Biomolecular Engineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Irache JM, Salman HH, Gamazo C, Espuelas S. Mannose-targeted systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:703-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Recombinant production and characterization of the carbohydrate recognition domain from Atlantic salmon C-type lectin receptor C (SCLRC). Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:38-46. [PMID: 18272393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic salmon C-type lectin receptor C (SCLRC) locus encodes a potential oligomeric type II receptor. C-type lectins recognize carbohydrates in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner through structurally conserved, yet functionally diverse, C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs). Many conserved amino acids in animal CTLDs are present in SCLRC, with the notable exception of an asparagine crucially involved in Ca(2+)- and carbohydrate-binding, which is tyrosine in SCLRC. SCLRC also contains six cysteines that form three disulfide bonds. Although SCLRC was originally identified as an up-regulated transcript responding to Aeromonas salmonicida infection, the biological role of this protein is still unknown. To study the structure and ligand binding properties of SCLRC, we created a homology model of the 17kDa CTLD and produced it as an affinity-tagged protein in the periplasm of Escherichia coli by co-expression of proteins that facilitate disulfide bond formation. The recombinant form of SCLRC was characterized by a protease protection assay, a solid-phase carbohydrate-binding assay, and frontal affinity chromatography. On the basis of this characterization, we classify SCLRC as a C-type lectin that binds to mannose and its derivatives.
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Hatakeyama T, Unno H, Kouzuma Y, Uchida T, Eto S, Hidemura H, Kato N, Yonekura M, Kusunoki M. C-type Lectin-like Carbohydrate Recognition of the Hemolytic Lectin CEL-III Containing Ricin-type β-Trefoil Folds. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37826-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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