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Pombo-García K, Adame-Arana O, Martin-Lemaitre C, Jülicher F, Honigmann A. Membrane prewetting by condensates promotes tight-junction belt formation. Nature 2024; 632:647-655. [PMID: 39112699 PMCID: PMC11324514 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates enable cell compartmentalization by acting as membraneless organelles1. How cells control the interactions of condensates with other cellular structures such as membranes to drive morphological transitions remains poorly understood. We discovered that formation of a tight-junction belt, which is essential for sealing epithelial tissues, is driven by a wetting phenomenon that promotes the growth of a condensed ZO-1 layer2 around the apical membrane interface. Using temporal proximity proteomics in combination with imaging and thermodynamic theory, we found that the polarity protein PATJ mediates a transition of ZO-1 into a condensed surface layer that elongates around the apical interface. In line with the experimental observations, our theory of condensate growth shows that the speed of elongation depends on the binding affinity of ZO-1 to the apical interface and is constant. Here, using PATJ mutations, we show that ZO-1 interface binding is necessary and sufficient for tight-junction belt formation. Our results demonstrate how cells exploit the collective biophysical properties of protein condensates at membrane interfaces to shape mesoscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pombo-García
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Omar Adame-Arana
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Zeng Y, Lockhart AC, Jin RU. The preclinical discovery and development of zolbetuximab for the treatment of gastric cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:873-886. [PMID: 38919123 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2370332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer remains a formidable challenge in oncology with high mortality rates and few advancements in treatment. Claudin-18.2 (CLDN18.2) is a tight junction protein primarily expressed in the stomach and is frequently overexpressed in certain subsets of gastric cancers. Targeting CLDN18.2 with monoclonal antibodies, such as zolbetuximab (IMAB362), has shown promising efficacy results in combination with chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED The molecular cell biology of CLDN18.2 is discussed along with studies demonstrating the utility of CLDN18.2 expression as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Important clinical studies are reviewed, including Phase III trials, SPOTLIGHT and GLOW, which demonstrate the efficacy of zolbetuximab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with CLDN18.2-positive advanced gastric cancer. EXPERT OPINION CLDN18.2 is involved in gastric differentiation through maintenance of epithelial barrier function and coordination of signaling pathways, and its expression in gastric cancers reflects a 'gastric differentiation' program. Targeting Claudin-18.2 represents the first gastric cancer specific 'targeted' treatment. Further studies are needed to determine its role within current gastric cancer treatment sequencing, including HER2-targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Management strategies will also be needed to better mitigate zolbetuximab-related treatment side effects, including gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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3
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Zanotta N, Panzeri E, Minghetti S, Citterio A, Giorda R, Marelli S, Bassi MT, Zucca C. A case of a childhood onset developmental encephalopathy with a novel de novo truncating variant in the Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) gene. Seizure 2024; 116:151-155. [PMID: 36710240 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) is a highly conserved apical complex protein, essential for cell polarity. Defects in neuronal cell polarity are associated with neurologic disorders. Only three patients with heterozygous MPP5 de novo variants have been reported so far, with global developmental delay, behavioral changes and in only one case epileptic seizures. OBJECTIVE To describe a new patient with a novel truncating de novo mutation in MPP5 and to characterize in detail the epileptic phenotype and electroencephalographic features of the encephalopathy. METHODS We identified a novel truncating de novo mutation in MPP5 in a 44 year old patient by exome sequencing (p.Ser498Phefs*15). We retrospectively analyzed his clinical and instrumental data along a thirty-year follow up. RESULT Our patient presents with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic and clonic seizures, non-epileptic myoclonus, tremor, severe intellectual disability, mild face dysmorphic traits, and psychosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We present a case of a childhood onset developmental encephalopathy with a likely-pathogenic variant in the MPP5 gene.. This represents the first complete description of the epileptic syndrome associated with the MPP5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Zanotta
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy.
| | - Elena Panzeri
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Sara Minghetti
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Andrea Citterio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Susan Marelli
- Medical Genetic Service, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Claudio Zucca
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea Via don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
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4
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Groh AC, Möller-Kerutt A, Gilhaus K, Höffken V, Nedvetsky P, Kleimann S, Behrens M, Ghosh S, Hansen U, Krahn MP, Ebnet K, Pavenstädt H, Ludwig A, Weide T. PALS1 is a key regulator of the lateral distribution of tight junction proteins in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261303. [PMID: 38265145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved apical Crumbs (CRB) complex, consisting of the core components CRB3a (an isoform of CRB3), PALS1 and PATJ, plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell contact formation and cell polarization. Recently, we observed that deletion of one Pals1 allele in mice results in functional haploinsufficiency characterized by renal cysts. Here, to address the role of PALS1 at the cellular level, we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PALS1-knockout MDCKII cell lines. The loss of PALS1 resulted in increased paracellular permeability, indicating an epithelial barrier defect. This defect was associated with a redistribution of several tight junction-associated proteins from bicellular to tricellular contacts. PALS1-dependent localization of tight junction proteins at bicellular junctions required its interaction with PATJ. Importantly, reestablishment of the tight junction belt upon transient F-actin depolymerization or upon Ca2+ removal was strongly delayed in PALS1-deficient cells. Additionally, the cytoskeleton regulator RhoA was redistributed from junctions into the cytosol under PALS1 knockout. Together, our data uncover a critical role of PALS1 in the coupling of tight junction proteins to the F-actin cytoskeleton, which ensures their correct distribution along bicellular junctions and the formation of tight epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Möller-Kerutt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Höffken
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kleimann
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malina Behrens
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Uwe Hansen
- University Hospital of Münster, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Head Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Medina-Dols A, Cañellas G, Capó T, Solé M, Mola-Caminal M, Cullell N, Jaume M, Nadal-Salas L, Llinàs J, Gómez L, Tur S, Jiménez C, Díaz RM, Carrera C, Muiño E, Gallego-Fabrega C, Soriano-Tárraga C, Ruiz-Guerra L, Pol-Fuster J, Asensio V, Muncunill J, Fleischer A, Iglesias A, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Lazcano U, Fernández-Pérez I, Jiménez-Balado J, Gabriel-Salazar M, Garcia-Gabilondo M, Lei T, Torres-Aguila NP, Cárcel-Márquez J, Lladó J, Olmos G, Rosell A, Montaner J, Planas AM, Rabionet R, Hernández-Guillamon M, Jiménez-Conde J, Fernández-Cadenas I, Vives-Bauzá C. Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:85. [PMID: 38368420 PMCID: PMC10874379 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Through GWAS studies we identified PATJ associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome. PATJ expression analyses in patient's blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression of PATJ, (ii) PATJ is downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4-5). In mice brains, PATJ was also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects of PATJ downregulation, we generated PATJ-knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest that PATJ downregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Medina-Dols
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Guillem Cañellas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Toni Capó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa/Fundacio Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Jaume
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal-Salas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Llinàs
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Lluis Gómez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Rosa M Díaz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Caty Carrera
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gallego-Fabrega
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ruiz-Guerra
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Josep Pol-Fuster
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Víctor Asensio
- Department of Genetics (GEN-IB), HUSE, IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | - Amanda Iglesias
- Department of Respiratory Medicine,, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-IdISBa Palma, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Uxue Lazcano
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Gabriel-Salazar
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Gabilondo
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ting Lei
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria-Paz Torres-Aguila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmos
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, IBUB, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Israel Fernández-Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristòfol Vives-Bauzá
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain.
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Pan C, Xu A, Ma X, Yao Y, Zhao Y, Wang C, Chen C. Research progress of Claudin-low breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1226118. [PMID: 37904877 PMCID: PMC10613467 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1226118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-low breast cancer (CLBC) is a subgroup of breast cancer discovered at the molecular level in 2007. Claudin is one of the primary proteins that make up tight junctions, and it plays crucial roles in anti-inflammatory and antitumor responses as well as the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance. Decreased expression of claudin results in the disruption of tight junction structures and the activation of downstream signaling pathways, which can lead to tumor formation. The origin of Claudin-low breast cancer is still in dispute. Claudin-low breast cancer is characterized by low expression of Claudin3, 4, 7, E-cadherin, and HER2 and high expression of Vimentin, Snai 1/2, Twist 1/2, Zeb 1/2, and ALDH1, as well as stem cell characteristics. The clinical onset of claudin-low breast cancer is at menopause age, and its histological grade is higher. This subtype of breast cancer is more likely to spread to lymph nodes than other subtypes. Claudin-low breast cancer is frequently accompanied by increased invasiveness and a poor prognosis. According to a clinical retrospective analysis, claudin-low breast cancer can achieve low pathological complete remission. At present, although several therapeutic targets of claudin-low breast cancer have been identified, the effective treatment remains in basic research stages, and no animal studies or clinical trials have been designed. The origin, molecular biological characteristics, pathological characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of CLBC are extensively discussed in this article. This will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of CLBC and serve as the foundation for the individualization of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Pan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Anqi Xu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Anesthesia, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanfei Yao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youmei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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7
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Shaha S, Patel K, Riddell M. Cell polarity signaling in the regulation of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and inflammatory response. Placenta 2023; 141:26-34. [PMID: 36443107 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cell polarity and the structure of the apical surface of epithelial cells is a tightly regulated process necessary for tissue homeostasis. The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is an entirely unique epithelial layer. It is a single giant multinucleate syncytial layer that comprises the maternal-facing surface of the human placenta. Like other epithelia, the syncytiotrophoblast is highly polarized with the apical surface dominated by microvillar membrane protrusions. Syncytiotrophoblast dysfunction is a key feature of pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is commonly associated with a heightened maternal immune response and pro-inflammatory environment. Importantly, reports have observed disruption of syncytiotrophoblast apical microvilli in placentas from preeclamptic pregnancies, indicating a loss of apical polarity, but little is known about how the syncytiotrophoblast regulates polarity. Here, we review the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that regulate apical-basal polarization in epithelial cells, and the emerging evidence that PAR polarity complex components are critical regulators of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and apical membrane structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to disrupt the expression of polarity regulating proteins. We also discuss initial data showing that syncytiotrophoblast apical polarity can be disrupted by the addition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, revealing that physiologically relevant signals can modulate syncytiotrophoblast polarization. Since disrupted polarity is a feature of preeclampsia, further elucidation of the syncytiotrophoblast-specific polarity signaling network and testing whether the disruption of polarity-factor signaling networks may contribute to the development of preeclampsia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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8
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Fan S, Smith MS, Keeney J, O’Leary MN, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. JAM-A signals through the Hippo pathway to regulate intestinal epithelial proliferation. iScience 2022; 25:104316. [PMID: 35602956 PMCID: PMC9114518 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
JAM-A is a tight-junction-associated protein that contributes to regulation of intestinal homeostasis. We report that JAM-A interacts with NF2 and LATS1, functioning as an initiator of the Hippo signaling pathway, well-known for regulation of proliferation. Consistent with these findings, we observed increased YAP activity in JAM-A-deficient intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Furthermore, overexpression of a dimerization-deficient mutant, JAM-A-DL1, failed to initiate Hippo signaling, phenocopying JAM-A-deficient IEC, whereas overexpression of JAM-A-WT activated Hippo signaling and suppressed proliferation. Lastly, we identify EVI1, a transcription factor reported to promote cellular proliferation, as a contributor to the pro-proliferative phenotype in JAM-A-DL1 overexpressing IEC downstream of YAP. Collectively, our findings establish a new role for JAM-A as a cell-cell contact sensor, raising implications for understanding the contribution(s) of JAM-A to IEC proliferation in the mammalian epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michelle Sydney Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin Keeney
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Monique N. O’Leary
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Castiglioni VG, Ramalho JJ, Kroll JR, Stucchi R, van Beuzekom H, Schmidt R, Altelaar M, Boxem M. Identification and characterization of Crumbs polarity complex proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101786. [PMID: 35247383 PMCID: PMC9006659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins with essential roles in promoting the formation of the apical domain in epithelial cells. The short intracellular tail of Crumbs proteins are known to interact with several proteins, including the scaffolding protein PALS1 (protein associated with LIN7, Stardust in Drosophila). PALS1 in turn binds to a second scaffolding protein PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction protein) to form the core Crumbs/PALS1/PATJ complex. While essential roles in epithelial organization have been shown for Crumbs proteins in Drosophila and mammalian systems, the three Caenorhabditis elegans crumbs genes are dispensable for epithelial polarization and development. Here, we investigated the presence and function of PALS1 and PATJ orthologs in C. elegans. We identified MAGU-2 as the C. elegans ortholog of PALS1 and show that MAGU-2 interacts with all three Crumbs proteins and localizes to the apical membrane domain of intestinal epithelial cells in a Crumbs-dependent fashion. Similar to crumbs mutants, magu-2 deletion showed no epithelial polarity defects. We also identified MPZ-1 as a candidate ortholog of PATJ based on the physical interaction with MAGU-2 and sequence similarity with PATJ proteins. However, MPZ-1 is not broadly expressed in epithelial tissues and, therefore, not likely a core component of the C. elegans Crumbs complex. Finally, we show overexpression of the Crumbs proteins EAT-20 or CRB-3 can lead to apical membrane expansion in the intestine. Our results shed light on the composition of the C. elegans Crumbs complex and indicate that the role of Crumbs proteins in promoting apical domain formation is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Castiglioni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - João J Ramalho
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason R Kroll
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna van Beuzekom
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Schmidt
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Division of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M. The blood-brain and gut-vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1926190. [PMID: 34152937 PMCID: PMC8489939 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
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11
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Javorsky A, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Structural basis of coronavirus E protein interactions with human PALS1 PDZ domain. Commun Biol 2021; 4:724. [PMID: 34117354 PMCID: PMC8196010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with severe and life-threatening pneumonia and respiratory failure. However, the molecular basis of these symptoms remains unclear. SARS-CoV-1 E protein interferes with control of cell polarity and cell-cell junction integrity in human epithelial cells by binding to the PALS1 PDZ domain, a key component of the Crumbs polarity complex. We show that C-terminal PDZ binding motifs of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 E proteins bind the PALS1 PDZ domain with 29.6 and 22.8 μM affinity, whereas the related sequence from MERS-CoV did not bind. We then determined crystal structures of PALS1 PDZ domain bound to both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 E protein PDZ binding motifs. Our findings establish the structural basis for SARS-CoV-1/2 mediated subversion of Crumbs polarity signalling and serve as a platform for the development of small molecule inhibitors to suppress SARS-CoV-1/2 mediated disruption of polarity signalling in epithelial cells. Airah Javorsky et al. present the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 E proteins in complex with the PALS1 PDZ domain. Their results suggest that the coronavirus E protein can interfere with normal PALS1 binding, potentially disrupting epithelial tissue integrity, and may provide future insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. .,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. .,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. .,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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12
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Recruitment of Polarity Complexes and Tight Junction Proteins to the Site of Apical Bulk Endocytosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:59-80. [PMID: 33548596 PMCID: PMC8082271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular motor, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is well documented for its role in trafficking cargo to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Despite its involvement in regulating apical proteins, the role of MYO5B in cell polarity is less clear. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a disorder characterized by loss of key apical transporters and the presence of intracellular inclusions in enterocytes. We previously identified that inclusions in Myo5b knockout (KO) mice form from invagination of the apical brush border via apical bulk endocytosis. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins during the formation of inclusions. METHODS Intestinal tissue from neonatal control and Myo5b KO littermates was analyzed by immunofluorescence to determine the localization of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins. RESULTS Proteins that make up the apical polarity complexes-Crumbs3 and Pars complexes-were associated with inclusions in Myo5b KO mice. In addition, tight junction proteins were observed to be concentrated over inclusions that were present at the apical membrane of Myo5b-deficient enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Our mouse findings are complemented by immunostaining in a large animal swine model of MVID genetically engineered to express a human MVID-associated mutation that shows an accumulation of Claudin-2 over forming inclusions. The findings from our swine model of MVID suggest that a similar mechanism of tight junction accumulation occurs in patients with MVID. CONCLUSIONS These data show that apical bulk endocytosis involves the altered localization of apical polarity proteins and tight junction proteins after loss of Myo5b.
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13
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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14
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Wang WJ, Lyu TJ, Li Z. Research Progress on PATJ and Underlying Mechanisms Associated with Functional Outcomes After Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2811-2818. [PMID: 34471355 PMCID: PMC8405222 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s310764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an intrinsic property of epithelial cells regulated by scaffold proteins. The CRB (crumbs) complex is known to play a predominant role in the dynamic cooperative network of polarity scaffold proteins. PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction) is the core component in the CRB complex and has been highly conserved throughout evolution. PATJ is crucial to several important events in organisms' survival, including embryonic development, cell polarity, and barrier establishment. A recent study shows that PATJ plays an important role in functional outcomes of stroke. In this article, we elaborate on the biological structure and physiological functions of PATJ and explore the underlying mechanisms of PATJ genetic polymorphism that are associated with poor functional outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Jie Lyu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
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15
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Heinemann U, Schuetz A. Structural Features of Tight-Junction Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6020. [PMID: 31795346 PMCID: PMC6928914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex supramolecular entities composed of integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated and soluble cytoplasmic proteins engaging in an intricate and dynamic system of protein-protein interactions. Three-dimensional structures of several tight-junction proteins or their isolated domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy. These structures provide direct insight into molecular interactions that contribute to the formation, integrity, or function of tight junctions. In addition, the known experimental structures have allowed the modeling of ligand-binding events involving tight-junction proteins. Here, we review the published structures of tight-junction proteins. We show that these proteins are composed of a limited set of structural motifs and highlight common types of interactions between tight-junction proteins and their ligands involving these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Protein Production & Characterization Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Maturi V, Morén A, Enroth S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Genomewide binding of transcription factor Snail1 in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1153-1174. [PMID: 29729076 PMCID: PMC6026864 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation mediated by the zinc finger protein Snail1 controls early embryogenesis. By binding to the epithelial tumor suppressor CDH1 gene, Snail1 initiates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT generates stem‐like cells and promotes invasiveness during cancer progression. Accordingly, Snail1 mRNA and protein is abundantly expressed in triple‐negative breast cancers with enhanced metastatic potential and phenotypic signs of the EMT. Such high endogenous Snail1 protein levels permit quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) analysis. Snail1 associated with 185 genes at cis regulatory regions in the Hs578T triple‐negative breast cancer cell model. These genes include morphogenetic regulators and signaling components that control polarized differentiation. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Hs578T cells, a double deletion of 10 bp each was engineered into the first exon and into the second exon–intron junction of Snail1, suppressing Snail1 expression and causing misregulation of several hundred genes. Specific attention to regulators of chromatin organization provides a possible link to new phenotypes uncovered by the Snail1 loss‐of‐function mutation. On the other hand, genetic inactivation of Snail1 was not sufficient to establish a full epithelial transition to these tumor cells. Thus, Snail1 contributes to the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells via diverse new mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Maturi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
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19
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Steinbacher T, Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional adhesion molecule-A: functional diversity through molecular promiscuity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1393-1409. [PMID: 29238845 PMCID: PMC11105642 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) regulate important processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. This activity is primarily due to their ability to initiate intracellular signaling cascades at cell-cell contact sites. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an IgSF-CAM with a short cytoplasmic tail that has no catalytic activity. Nevertheless, JAM-A is involved in a variety of biological processes. The functional diversity of JAM-A resides to a large part in a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif which directly interacts with nine different PDZ domain-containing proteins. The molecular promiscuity of its PDZ domain motif allows JAM-A to recruit protein scaffolds to specific sites of cell-cell adhesion and to assemble signaling complexes at those sites. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of JAM-A, including its dimerization, its interaction with scaffolding proteins, and the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain, and we describe how these characteristics translate into diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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20
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Zhang L, Feng T, Spicer LJ. The role of tight junction proteins in ovarian follicular development and ovarian cancer. Reproduction 2018; 155:R183-R198. [PMID: 29374086 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are protein structures that control the transport of water, ions and macromolecules across cell layers. Functions of the transmembrane TJ protein, occluding (OCLN) and the cytoplasmic TJ proteins, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1; also known as zona occludens protein-1), cingulin (CGN) and claudins (CLDN) are reviewed, and current evidence of their role in the ovarian function is reviewed. Abundance of OCLN, CLDNs and TJP1 mRNA changed during follicular growth. In vitro treatment with various growth factors known to affect ovarian folliculogenesis indicated that CGN, OCLN and TJP1 are hormonally regulated. The summarized studies indicate that expression of TJ proteins (i.e., OCLN, CLDN, TJP1 and CGN) changes with follicle size in a variety of vertebrate species but whether these changes in TJ proteins are increased or decreased depends on species and cell type. Evidence indicates that autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulators, such as fibroblast growth factor-9, epidermal growth factor, androgens, tumor necrosis factor-α and glucocorticoids may modulate these TJ proteins. Additional evidence presented indicates that TJ proteins may be involved in ovarian cancer development in addition to normal follicular and luteal development. A model is proposed suggesting that hormonal downregulation of TJ proteins during ovarian follicular development could reduce barrier function (i.e., selective permeability of molecules between theca and granulosa cells) and allow for an increase in the volume of follicular fluid as well as allow additional serum factors into the follicle that may directly impact granulosa cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Zhang
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tao Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary MedicineBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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21
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Wen JK, Wang YT, Chan CC, Hsieh CW, Liao HM, Hung CC, Chen GC. Atg9 antagonizes TOR signaling to regulate intestinal cell growth and epithelial homeostasis in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:29338. [PMID: 29144896 PMCID: PMC5690286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under various stress conditions. Autophagy-related gene 9 (Atg9) encodes a multipass transmembrane protein thought to act as a membrane carrier for forming autophagosomes. However, the molecular regulation and physiological importance of Atg9 in animal development remain largely unclear. Here, we generated Atg9 null mutant flies and found that loss of Atg9 led to shortened lifespan, locomotor defects, and increased susceptibility to stress. Atg9 loss also resulted in aberrant adult midgut morphology with dramatically enlarged enterocytes. Interestingly, inhibiting the TOR signaling pathway rescued the midgut defects of the Atg9 mutants. In addition, Atg9 interacted with PALS1-associated tight junction protein (Patj), which associates with TSC2 to regulate TOR activity. Depletion of Atg9 caused a marked decrease in TSC2 levels. Our findings revealed an antagonistic relationship between Atg9 and TOR signaling in the regulation of cell growth and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kun Wen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Man Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Hung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Campbell HK, Maiers JL, DeMali KA. Interplay between tight junctions & adherens junctions. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:39-44. [PMID: 28372972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are critical for the development and maintenance of tissues. Present at sites of cell-cell contact are the adherens junctions and tight junctions. The adherens junctions mediate cell-cell adhesion via the actions of nectins and cadherins. The tight junctions regulate passage of ions and small molecules between cells and establish cell polarity. Historically, the adherens and tight junctions have been thought of as discrete complexes. However, it is now clear that a high level of interdependency exists between the two junctional complexes. The adherens junctions and tight junctions are physically linked, by the zonula occludens proteins, and linked via signaling molecules including several polarity complexes and actin cytoskeletal modifiers. This review will first describe the individual components of both the adherens and tight junctions and then discuss the coupling of the two complexes with an emphasis on the signaling links and physical interactions between the two junctional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kris A DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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23
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Buckley A, Shashikanth N, Joseph NE, Wang Y, Warren MH, Buschmann MM, Pavlyuk R, Hildebrand J, Margolis B, Fanning AS, Turner JR. ZO-1 interactions with F-actin and occludin direct epithelial polarization and single lumen specification in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:243-259. [PMID: 27802160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia within tubular organs form and expand lumens. Failure of these processes can result in serious developmental anomalies. Although tight junction assembly is crucial to epithelial polarization, the contribution of specific tight junction proteins to lumenogenesis is undefined. Here, we show that ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) is necessary for the formation of single lumens. Epithelia lacking this tight junction scaffolding protein form cysts with multiple lumens and are defective in the earliest phases of polarization, both in two and three dimensions. Expression of ZO-1 domain-deletion mutants demonstrated that the actin-binding region and U5-GuK domain are crucial to single lumen development. For actin-binding region, but not U5-GuK domain, mutants, this could be overcome by strong polarization cues from the extracellular matrix. Analysis of the U5-GuK binding partners shroom2, α-catenin and occludin showed that only occludin deletion led to multi-lumen cysts. Like ZO-1-deficiency, occludin deletion led to mitotic spindle orientation defects. Single lumen formation required the occludin OCEL domain, which binds to ZO-1. We conclude that ZO-1-occludin interactions regulate multiple phases of epithelial polarization by providing cell-intrinsic signals that are required for single lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Yitang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael H Warren
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mary M Buschmann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roman Pavlyuk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan S Fanning
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Zihni C, Mills C, Matter K, Balda MS. Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:564-80. [PMID: 27353478 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia and endothelia separate different tissue compartments and protect multicellular organisms from the outside world. This requires the formation of tight junctions, selective gates that control paracellular diffusion of ions and solutes. Tight junctions also form the border between the apical and basolateral plasma-membrane domains and are linked to the machinery that controls apicobasal polarization. Additionally, signalling networks that guide diverse cell behaviours and functions are connected to tight junctions, transmitting information to and from the cytoskeleton, nucleus and different cell adhesion complexes. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the molecular architecture and cellular functions of tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare Mills
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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26
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Gao Y, Xiao X, Lui WY, Lee WM, Mruk D, Cheng CY. Cell polarity proteins and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:62-70. [PMID: 27292315 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
When the cross-section of a seminiferous tubule from an adult rat testes is examined microscopically, Sertoli cells and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium are notably polarized cells. For instance, Sertoli cell nuclei are found near the basement membrane. On the other hand, tight junction (TJ), basal ectoplasmic specialization (basal ES, a testis-specific actin-rich anchoring junction), gap junction (GJ) and desmosome that constitute the blood-testis barrier (BTB) are also located near the basement membrane. The BTB, in turn, divides the epithelium into the basal and the adluminal (apical) compartments. Within the epithelium, undifferentiated spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes restrictively reside in the basal compartment whereas spermatocytes and post-meiotic spermatids reside in the adluminal compartment. Furthermore, the heads of elongating/elongated spermatids point toward the basement membrane with their elongating tails toward the tubule lumen. However, the involvement of polarity proteins in this unique cellular organization, in particular the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which polarity proteins confer cellular polarity in the seminiferous epithelium is virtually unknown until recent years. Herein, we discuss latest findings regarding the role of different polarity protein complexes or modules and how these protein complexes are working in concert to modulate Sertoli cell and spermatid polarity. These findings also illustrate polarity proteins exert their effects through the actin-based cytoskeleton mediated by actin binding and regulatory proteins, which in turn modulate adhesion protein complexes at the cell-cell interface since TJ, basal ES and GJ utilize F-actin for attachment. We also propose a hypothetical model which illustrates the antagonistic effects of these polarity proteins. This in turn provides a unique mechanism to modulate junction remodeling in the testis to support germ cell transport across the epithelium in particular the BTB during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Xiang Xiao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dolores Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States.
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27
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Liu F, Koval M, Ranganathan S, Fanayan S, Hancock WS, Lundberg EK, Beavis RC, Lane L, Duek P, McQuade L, Kelleher NL, Baker MS. Systems Proteomics View of the Endogenous Human Claudin Protein Family. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:339-59. [PMID: 26680015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major transmembrane protein components of tight junctions in human endothelia and epithelia. Tissue-specific expression of claudin members suggests that this protein family is not only essential for sustaining the role of tight junctions in cell permeability control but also vital in organizing cell contact signaling by protein-protein interactions. How this protein family is collectively processed and regulated is key to understanding the role of junctional proteins in preserving cell identity and tissue integrity. The focus of this review is to first provide a brief overview of the functional context, on the basis of the extensive body of claudin biology research that has been thoroughly reviewed, for endogenous human claudin members and then ascertain existing and future proteomics techniques that may be applicable to systematically characterizing the chemical forms and interacting protein partners of this protein family in human. The ability to elucidate claudin-based signaling networks may provide new insight into cell development and differentiation programs that are crucial to tissue stability and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine , 205 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - William S Hancock
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma K Lundberg
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-171 21 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Beavis
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba , 744 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Lydie Lane
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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29
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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30
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Ngok SP, Lin WH, Anastasiadis PZ. Establishment of epithelial polarity--GEF who's minding the GAP? J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3205-15. [PMID: 24994932 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is a fundamental process that underlies epithelial morphogenesis, cell motility, cell division and organogenesis. Loss of polarity predisposes tissues to developmental disorders and contributes to cancer progression. The formation and establishment of epithelial cell polarity is mediated by the cooperation of polarity protein complexes, namely the Crumbs, partitioning defective (Par) and Scribble complexes, with Rho family GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. The activation of different GTPases triggers distinct downstream signaling pathways to modulate protein-protein interactions and cytoskeletal remodeling. The spatio-temporal activation and inactivation of these small GTPases is tightly controlled by a complex interconnected network of different regulatory proteins, including guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). In this Commentary, we focus on current understanding on how polarity complexes interact with GEFs and GAPs to control the precise location and activation of Rho GTPases (Crumbs for RhoA, Par for Rac1, and Scribble for Cdc42) to promote apical-basal polarization in mammalian epithelial cells. The mutual exclusion of GTPase activities, especially that of RhoA and Rac1, which is well established, provides a mechanism through which polarity complexes that act through distinct Rho GTPases function as cellular rheostats to fine-tune specific downstream pathways to differentiate and preserve the apical and basolateral domains. This article is part of a Minifocus on Establishing polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu P Ngok
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Panos Z Anastasiadis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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31
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Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Jia W, Lu R, Martin TA, Jiang WG. The role of claudin-5 in blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain metastases (review). Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:779-85. [PMID: 24366267 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic brain tumours are frequently observed in patients with lung, breast and malignant melanoma and a severe complication of metastatic cancers. With improved primary cancer treatments, including surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, patients are now living longer following initial treatment, compared with previous treatments. Brain metastasis (BM) remains a significant clinical issue. Since BM represents a major therapeutic challenge, it is vital that the mechanisms of interaction between tumour cells and the blood‑brain barrier (BBB), as well as the method by which tumour cells establish metastatic tumours in the brain, are understood. A key step in BM is the interaction and penetration of the BBB by cancer cells. The BBB consists of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and a number of molecular structures between these cells. The BBB relies on the tight junctions (TJs) that are present between the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries to provide a closed environment for the brain. TJs comprise a number of proteins, including occludin, claudins and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). Among them, claudins are the key integral proteins that regulate BBB permeability. It has previously been shown that claudin‑5, not only regulates paracellular ionic selectivity, but also plays a role in the regulation of tumour cell motility, suggesting that TJs and claudin‑5 contribute to the control of BM. This study reviews the role of claudin‑5 in the regulation of BBB permeability during the brain metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Runchun Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Cardiff University‑Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University‑Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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33
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Owens MB, Hill AD, Hopkins AM. Ductal barriers in mammary epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25933. [PMID: 24665412 PMCID: PMC3783220 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue barriers play an integral role in the biology and pathobiology of mammary ductal epithelium. In normal breast physiology, tight and adherens junctions undergo dynamic changes in permeability in response to hormonal and other stimuli, while several of their proteins are directly involved in mammary tumorigenesis. This review describes first the structure of mammary ductal epithelial barriers and their role in normal mammary development, examining the cyclical changes in response to puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. It then examines the role of adherens and tight junctions and the participation of their constituent proteins in mammary tumorigenic functions such as migration, invasion and metastasis. Finally, it discusses the potential of these adhesion proteins as both prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Owens
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold Dk Hill
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
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34
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Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Claudin interactions in and out of the tight junction. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25247. [PMID: 24665401 PMCID: PMC3875638 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins form the paracellular tight junction seal in epithelial tissues. Although there is still limited information on how these proteins are organized at the junction, a number of recent studies have provided useful insights both into claudin-claudin interactions and into interactions between claudins and other proteins. The focus of this review is to summarize recent information about claudin interactions and to identify critical unanswered questions about claudin organization and tight junction structure which will be required to understand claudin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - James Melvin Anderson
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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35
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Gonçalves A, Ambrósio AF, Fernandes R. Regulation of claudins in blood-tissue barriers under physiological and pathological states. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e24782. [PMID: 24665399 PMCID: PMC3867514 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are pivotal building blocks of tight junctions that form the paracellular barrier in epithelia and endothelia. In mammals, claudins are a 27-gene family that encodes tetraspan membrane proteins, playing a crucial role in the formation and integrity of tight junctions and regulate the barrier function. Claudin isoforms are expressed in a tissue- and/or developmental stage-dependent manner. A growing body of evidence indicates that pathological states characterized by neuroinflammation, such as Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity share a common feature: the barrier breakdown. This review aims integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work developed in the field of claudins, with particular attention to their role in blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, as well as describing their regulation in the aforementioned human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; IBILI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal ; AIBILI; Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal ; Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; IBILI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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Koval M. Differential pathways of claudin oligomerization and integration into tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e24518. [PMID: 24665398 PMCID: PMC3867512 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are the critical intercellular structure required to establish an epithelial barrier. Among the several classes of proteins required to form tight junctions are the tetraspan transmembrane proteins known as claudins that directly determine paracellular permeability. Considerable progress has been made in understanding how incorporation of different claudins into tight junctions increase or decrease paracellular permeability and ion selectivity. However, it has proven difficult to identify discrete steps in claudin assembly and whether claudins exist in distinct oligomerization states prior to tight junction assembly. Studies of homomeric and heteromeric claudin-claudin interactions using complementary techniques suggest a diversity of pathways used by different claudins to oligomerize and integrate into tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Cell Biology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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37
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Su W, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Regulation of actin dynamics and protein trafficking during spermatogenesis--insights into a complex process. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:153-72. [PMID: 23339542 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.758084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian testis, extensive restructuring takes place across the seminiferous epithelium at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis, which is important to facilitate changes in the cell shape and morphology of developing germ cells. However, precise communications also take place at the cell junctions to coordinate the discrete events pertinent to spermatogenesis, namely spermatogonial renewal via mitosis, cell cycle progression and meiosis, spermiogenesis and spermiation. It is obvious that these cellular events are intimately related to the underlying actin-based cytoskeleton which is being used by different cell junctions for their attachment. However, little is known on the biology and regulation of this cytoskeleton, in particular its possible involvement in endocytic vesicle-mediated trafficking during spermatogenesis, which in turn affects cell adhesive function and communication at the cell-cell interface. Studies in other epithelia in recent years have shed insightful information on the intimate involvement of actin dynamics and protein trafficking in regulating cell adhesion and communications. The goal of this critical review is to provide an updated assessment of the latest findings in the field on how these complex processes are being regulated during spermatogenesis. We also provide a working model based on the latest findings in the field including our laboratory to provide our thoughts on an apparent complicated subject, which also serves as the framework for investigators in the field. It is obvious that this model will be rapidly updated when more data are available in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Su
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
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38
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Abstract
Lung epithelial cells interconnected by tight junctions provide a barrier to the free diffusion of solutes into airspaces. Transmembrane tight junction proteins known as claudins are essential for epithelial barrier function. Claudins are regulated through interactions with each other that are coordinated with other transmembrane tight junction proteins and cytosolic scaffold proteins. Of the 14 claudins expressed by the alveolar epithelium, claudin-3, claudin-4, and claudin-18 are the most prominent; each confers unique properties to alveolar barrier function. In particular, a protective role for claudin-4 in preventing lung injury has emerged. By contrast, lung diseases that affect claudin expression and impair barrier function, including alcoholic lung syndrome and sepsis, prime the lung for pulmonary edema. Thus, approaches to restore and/or augment lung claudin expression provide potential targets for promoting healthy barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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39
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Shang X, Lin X, Manorek G, Howell SB. Claudin-3 and claudin-4 regulate sensitivity to cisplatin by controlling expression of the copper and cisplatin influx transporter CTR1. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:85-94. [PMID: 23053666 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-3 (CLDN3) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) are the major structural molecules that form tight junctions (TJs) between epithelial cells. We found that knockdown of the expression of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 produced marked changes in the phenotype of ovarian cancer cells, including an increase in resistance to cisplatin (cDDP). The effect of CLND3 and CLDN4 on cDDP cytotoxicity, cDDP cellular accumulation, and DNA adduct formation was compared in the CLDN3- and CLDN4-expressing parental human ovarian carcinoma 2008 cells and CLDN3 and CLDN4 knockdown sublines (CLDN3KD and CLDN4KD, respectively). Knockdown of CLDN3 or CLDN4 rendered human ovarian carcinoma 2008 cells resistant to cDDP in both in vitro culture and in vivo xenograft model. The net accumulation of platinum (Pt) and the Pt-DNA adduct levels were reduced in CLDN3KD and CLDN4KD cells. The endogenous mRNA levels of copper influx transporter CTR1 were found to be significantly reduced in the knockdown cells, and exogenous expression of CTR1 restored their sensitivity to cDDP. Reexpression of an shRNAi-resistant CLDN3 or CLDN4 up-regulated CTR1 levels, reversed the cDDP resistance, and enhanced TJ formation in the knockdown cells. Baseline copper (Cu) level, Cu uptake, and Cu cytotoxicity were also reduced in CLDN3KD and CLDN4KD cells. Cu-dependent tyrosinase activity was also markedly reduced in both types of CLDN knockdown cells when incubated with the substrate l-DOPA. These results indicate that CLDN3 and CLDN4 affect sensitivity of the ovarian cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of cDDP by regulating expression of the Cu transporter CTR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Shang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
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40
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Schlüter MA, Margolis B. Apicobasal polarity in the kidney. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1033-9. [PMID: 22421511 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The apicobasal polarization of epithelia is critical for many aspects of kidney function. Over the last decade there have been major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this polarity. Critical to this understanding has been the identification of protein complexes on the apical and basolateral sides of epithelial cells that act in a mutually antagonistic manner to define these domains. Concomitant with the creation of apical and basolateral domains is the formation of highly specialized cell-cell junctions including adherens junctions and tight junctions. Recent research points to variability in the polarity and junctional complexes amongst different species and between different cell types of the kidney. Defects in apicobasal polarity are prominent in several disorders including acute renal failure and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schlüter
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Germany
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41
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Xia W, Liang F. 4.1G promotes arborization and tight junction formation of oligodendrocyte cell line OLN-93. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2730-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Fanning AS, Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Zonula occludens-1 and -2 regulate apical cell structure and the zonula adherens cytoskeleton in polarized epithelia. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:577-90. [PMID: 22190737 PMCID: PMC3279387 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ETOC: Our study reveals that ZO proteins in fully polarized cells regulate the assembly and contractility of the perijunctional actomyosin ring associated with the adherens junction. The structure and function of both adherens (AJ) and tight (TJ) junctions are dependent on the cortical actin cytoskeleton. The zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and -2 proteins have context-dependent interactions with both junction types and bind directly to F-actin and other cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting ZO-1 and -2 might regulate cytoskeletal activity at cell junctions. To address this hypothesis, we generated stable Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines depleted of both ZO-1 and -2. Both paracellular permeability and the localization of TJ proteins are disrupted in ZO-1/-2–depleted cells. In addition, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a significant expansion of the perijunctional actomyosin ring associated with the AJ. These structural changes are accompanied by a recruitment of 1-phosphomyosin light chain and Rho kinase 1, contraction of the actomyosin ring, and expansion of the apical domain. Despite these changes in the apical cytoskeleton, there are no detectable changes in cell polarity, localization of AJ proteins, or the organization of the basal and lateral actin cytoskeleton. We conclude that ZO proteins are required not only for TJ assembly but also for regulating the organization and functional activity of the apical cytoskeleton, particularly the perijunctional actomyosin ring, and we speculate that these activities are relevant both to cellular organization and epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Fanning
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.
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43
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Maia-Brigagão C, Morgado-Díaz JA, De Souza W. Giardia disrupts the arrangement of tight, adherens and desmosomal junction proteins of intestinal cells. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:280-7. [PMID: 22146155 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic protozoan that causes diarrhea and other symptoms which together constitute a disease known as giardiasis. Although the disease has been well defined, the mechanisms involving the establishment of the infection have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that after 24h of interaction between parasites and intestinal Caco-2 cells, there was an alteration of the paracellular permeability, as observed by an approximate 42% of reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance and permeation to ruthenium red, which was concomitant with ultrastructural changes. Nevertheless, epithelium viability was not affected. We also demonstrate that there was no change in expression of junctional proteins (tight and adherens) but that the distribution of these proteins in Caco-2 cells after parasite adhesion was significantly altered, as observed via laser scanning confocal microscopy 3D reconstruction. The present work shows that adhesion of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites to intestinal cells in vitro induces disturbances of the tight, adherens and desmosomal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maia-Brigagão
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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44
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Possible involvement of tight junctions, extracellular matrix and nuclear receptors in epithelial differentiation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:253048. [PMID: 22162632 PMCID: PMC3227411 DOI: 10.1155/2011/253048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are intercellular junctions localized at the most apical end of the lateral plasma membrane. They consist of four kinds of transmembrane proteins (occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and tricellulin) and huge numbers of scaffolding proteins and contribute to the paracellular barrier and fence function. The mutation and deletion of these proteins impair the functions of tight junctions and cause various human diseases. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent studies on transmembrane proteins of tight junctions and highlight the functional significance of tight junctions, extracellular matrix, and nuclear receptors in epithelial differentiation.
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45
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Zhang J, Yang X, Shen Y, Long J. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray data collection of the L27(PATJ)-(L27N,L27C)(Pals1)-L27(MALS) tripartite complex. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1443-7. [PMID: 22102253 PMCID: PMC3212472 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911103689x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The L27 (LIN-2/LIN-7) domain is a protein-protein interaction module capable of assembling proteins into biologically important complexes. Pals1 contains two L27 domains: the first, L27N, interacts with PATJ, and the second, L27C, interacts with MALS, forming a tripartite complex that plays a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. To provide a better understanding of the mechanism of assembly of this tripartite complex, four different L27(PATJ)-(L27N,L27C)(Pals1)-L27(MALS) constructs were cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized. Crystals of tripartite complex 1 of L27(PATJ)-(L27N,L27C)(Pals1)-L27(MALS) diffracted to 2.05 Å resolution. These crystals belonged to either space group P6(1)22 or P6(5)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 145.2, c = 202.5 Å. Assuming the presence of four molecules in the asymmetric unit, a Matthews coefficient of 2.69 Å(3) Da(-1) was calculated, corresponding to a solvent content of 54.25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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46
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Overgaard CE, Daugherty BL, Mitchell LA, Koval M. Claudins: control of barrier function and regulation in response to oxidant stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1179-93. [PMID: 21275791 PMCID: PMC3144428 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a family of nearly two dozen transmembrane proteins that are a key part of the tight junction barrier that regulates solute movement across polarized epithelia. Claudin family members interact with each other, as well as with other transmembrane tight junction proteins (such as occludin) and cytosolic scaffolding proteins (such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)). Although the interplay between all of these different classes of proteins is critical for tight junction formation and function, claudin family proteins are directly responsible for forming the equivalent of paracellular ion selective channels (or pores) with specific permeability and thus are essential for barrier function. In this review, we summarize current progress in identifying structural elements of claudins that regulate their transport, assembly, and function. The effects of oxidant stress on claudins are also examined, with particular emphasis on lung epithelial barrier function and oxidant stress induced by chronic alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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47
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Edemir B, Pavenstädt H, Schlatter E, Weide T. Mechanisms of cell polarity and aquaporin sorting in the nephron. Pflugers Arch 2011; 461:607-21. [PMID: 21327781 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The kidneys participate in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and regulation of blood pressure. Many of the kidney's functions are accomplished by relatively simple mechanisms of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which take place in the nephron. The kidneys generate 140-180 l of primary urine per day, while reabsorbing a large percentage, allowing for only the excretion of approximately 2 l of urine. Within the nephron, the majority of the filtered water and solutes are reabsorbed. This is mainly facilitated by specialized transporters and channels which are localized at different segments of the nephron and asymmetrically localized within the polarized epithelial cells. The asymmetric localization of these transporters and channels is essential for the physiological tasks of the renal tissues. One family of these proteins are the water-permeable aquaporins which are selectively expressed in cells along the nephron and localized at different compartments. Here, we discuss potential molecular links between mechanisms involved in the establishment of cell polarity and the members of the aquaporin family. In the first part of this review, we will focus on aspects of apical cell polarity. In the second part, we will review the motifs identified so far that are involved in aquaporin sorting and point out potential molecular links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Edemir
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Experimentelle und Molekulare Nephrologie, Universität Münster, Germany.
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48
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Pieczynski J, Margolis B. Protein complexes that control renal epithelial polarity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F589-601. [PMID: 21228104 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00615.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of epithelial apicobasal polarity is crucial for proper kidney development and function. In recent years, there have been important advances in our understanding of the factors that mediate the initiation of apicobasal polarization. Key among these are the polarity complexes that are evolutionarily conserved from simple organisms to humans. Three of these complexes are discussed in this review: the Crumbs complex, the Par complex, and the Scribble complex. The apical Crumbs complex consists of three proteins, Crumbs, PALS1, and PATJ, whereas the apical Par complex consists of Par-3, Par-6, and atypical protein kinase C. The lateral Scribble complex consists of Scribble, discs large, and lethal giant larvae. These complexes modulate kinase and small G protein activity such that the apical and basolateral complexes signal antagonistically, leading to the segregation of the apical and basolateral membranes. The polarity complexes also serve as scaffolds to direct and retain proteins at the apical membrane, the basolateral membrane, or the intervening tight junction. There is plasticity in apicobasal polarity, and this is best seen in the processes of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the converse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. These transitions are important in kidney disease as well as kidney development, and modulation of the polarity complexes are critical for these transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Pieczynski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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49
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Abstract
The morphological feature of tight junctions (TJs) fits well with their functions. The core of TJs is a fibril-like proteinaceous structure within the lipid bilayer, the so-called TJ strands. TJ strands in apposing plasma membranes associate with each other to eliminate the intercellular space. A network of paired TJ strands generates a continuous belt that circumscribes each cell to establish the diffusion barrier to the solutes in the paracellular pathway throughout the cellular sheet. Identification and characterization of TJ-associated proteins during the last two decades has unveiled the nature of TJ strands and how they are spatially organized. The interplay between integral membrane proteins, claudins, and cytoplasmic plaque proteins, ZO-1/ZO-2, is critical for TJ formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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50
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Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a002584. [PMID: 20066090 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of tight junctions has evolved from their historical perception as inert solute barriers to recognition of their physiological and biochemical complexity. Many proteins are specifically localized to tight junctions, including cytoplasmic actin-binding proteins and adhesive transmembrane proteins. Among the latter are claudins, which are critical barrier proteins. Current information suggests that the paracellular barrier is most usefully modeled as having two physiologic components: a system of charge-selective small pores, 4 A in radius, and a second pathway created by larger discontinuities in the barrier, lacking charge or size discrimination. The first pathway is influenced by claudin expression patterns and the second is likely controlled by different proteins and signals. Recent information on claudin function and disease-causing mutations have led to a more complete understanding of their role in barrier formation, but progress is impeded by lack of high resolution structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Anderson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6312 MBRB, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.
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