1
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Patel H, Rawat S. A genetic regulatory see-saw of biofilm and virulence in MRSA pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204428. [PMID: 37434702 PMCID: PMC10332168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic human pathogens causing several infectious diseases. Ever since the emergence of the first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain decades back, the organism has been a major cause of hospital-acquired infections (HA-MRSA). The spread of this pathogen across the community led to the emergence of a more virulent subtype of the strain, i.e., Community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Hence, WHO has declared Staphylococcus aureus as a high-priority pathogen. MRSA pathogenesis is remarkable because of the ability of this "superbug" to form robust biofilm both in vivo and in vitro by the formation of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), extracellular DNA (eDNA), wall teichoic acids (WTAs), and capsule (CP), which are major components that impart stability to a biofilm. On the other hand, secretion of a diverse array of virulence factors such as hemolysins, leukotoxins, enterotoxins, and Protein A regulated by agr and sae two-component systems (TCS) aids in combating host immune response. The up- and downregulation of adhesion genes involved in biofilm formation and genes responsible for synthesizing virulence factors during different stages of infection act as a genetic regulatory see-saw in the pathogenesis of MRSA. This review provides insight into the evolution and pathogenesis of MRSA infections with a focus on genetic regulation of biofilm formation and virulence factors secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Rawat
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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2
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Tien N, Ho CY, Lai SJ, Lin YC, Yang CS, Wang YC, Huang WC, Chen Y, Chang JJ. Crystal structure of the capsular polysaccharide-synthesis enzyme CapG from Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:378-385. [PMID: 36322423 PMCID: PMC9629516 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x22008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides provide protection against environmental stress and immune evasion from the host immune system, and are therefore considered to be attractive therapeutic targets for the development of anti-infectious reagents. Here, we focused on CapG, one of the key enzymes in the synthesis pathway of capsular polysaccharides type 5 (CP5) from the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. SaCapG catalyses the 2-epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-D-talosamine (UDP-TalNAc) to UDP-N-acetyl-D-fucosamine (UDP-FucNAc), which is one of the nucleotide-activated precursors for the synthesis of the trisaccharide repeating units of CP5. Here, the cloning, expression and purification of recombinant SaCapG are reported. After extensive efforts, single crystals of SaCapG were successfully obtained which belonged to space group C2 and exhibited unit-cell parameters a = 302.91, b = 84.34, c = 145.09 Å, β = 110.65°. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and was refined to 3.2 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit revealed a homohexameric assembly of SaCapG, which was consistent with gel-filtration analysis. Structural comparison with UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii identified α2, the α2-α3 loop and α10 as a gate-regulated switch controlling substrate entry and/or product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Tien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Ho
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Physical Examination Center, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shin Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeh Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Speciale I, Notaro A, Abergel C, Lanzetta R, Lowary TL, Molinaro A, Tonetti M, Van Etten JL, De Castro C. The Astounding World of Glycans from Giant Viruses. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15717-15766. [PMID: 35820164 PMCID: PMC9614988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a heterogeneous ensemble of entities, all sharing the need for a suitable host to replicate. They are extremely diverse, varying in morphology, size, nature, and complexity of their genomic content. Typically, viruses use host-encoded glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to add and remove sugar residues from their glycoproteins. Thus, the structure of the glycans on the viral proteins have, to date, typically been considered to mimick those of the host. However, the more recently discovered large and giant viruses differ from this paradigm. At least some of these viruses code for an (almost) autonomous glycosylation pathway. These viral genes include those that encode the production of activated sugars, glycosyltransferases, and other enzymes able to manipulate sugars at various levels. This review focuses on large and giant viruses that produce carbohydrate-processing enzymes. A brief description of those harboring these features at the genomic level will be discussed, followed by the achievements reached with regard to the elucidation of the glycan structures, the activity of the proteins able to manipulate sugars, and the organic synthesis of some of these virus-encoded glycans. During this progression, we will also comment on many of the challenging questions on this subject that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Napoli, Via Università
100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Napoli, Via Università
100, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique
& Structurale, Aix-Marseille University, Unité Mixte de Recherche
7256, IMM, IM2B, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique
& Structurale, Aix-Marseille University, Unité Mixte de Recherche
7256, IMM, IM2B, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department
of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - James L. Van Etten
- Nebraska
Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900, United States
- Department
of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722, United States
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Napoli, Via Università
100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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4
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Wang S, Zhang J, Wei F, Li W, Wen L. Facile Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides from Common Sugars by the Cascade Conversion Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9980-9989. [PMID: 35583341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotides are essential glycosylation donors in the carbohydrate metabolism. Naturally, most sugar nucleotides are derived from a limited number of common sugar nucleotides by de novo biosynthetic pathways, undergoing single or multiple reactions such as dehydration, epimerization, isomerization, oxidation, reduction, amination, and acetylation reactions. However, it is widely believed that such complex bioconversions are not practical for synthetic use due to the high preparation cost and great difficulties in product isolation. Therefore, most of the discovered sugar nucleotides are not readily available. Here, based on de novo biosynthesis mainly, 13 difficult-to-access sugar nucleotides were successfully prepared from two common sugars D-Man and sucrose in high yields, at a multigram scale, and without the need for tedious purification manipulations. This work demonstrated that de novo biosynthesis, although undergoing complex reactions, is also practical and cost-effective for synthetic use by employing a cascade conversion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
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5
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F, Wen L. Cofactor-Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115696. [PMID: 35212445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases using sugar nucleotides or occasionally lipid-linked phosphosugars as donors. However, only very few common sugar nucleotides that occur in humans can be obtained readily, while the majority of sugar nucleotides that exist in bacteria, plants, archaea, or viruses cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by either enzymatic or chemical synthesis. The limited availability of such rare sugar nucleotides is one of the major obstacles that has greatly hampered progress in glycoscience. Herein we describe a general cofactor-driven cascade conversion strategy for the efficient synthesis of sugar nucleotides. The described strategy allows the large-scale preparation of rare sugar nucleotides from common sugars in high yields and without the need for tedious purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zheng
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yawen Luo
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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6
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Wen L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F. Cofactor‐Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Chemistry 501 Haike Road 30303 shanghai CHINA
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Jiabinq Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Yawen Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences cArbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
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7
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Jia T, Guo D, Han Y, Zhou D. Biosynthesis of UDP-2-acetamido-4-formamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-hexose by WekG, WekE, WekF, and WekD: Enzymes in the Wek pathway responsible for O-antigen Assembly in Escherichia coli O119. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108388. [PMID: 34271479 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of bacterial glycoconjugates on virulence and host mimicry, there is a need to better understand the biosynthetic pathways of these unusual sugars to identify critical targets involved in bacterial pathogenesis. In this report, we describe the cloning, overexpression, purification, and biochemical characterization of the four central enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway for UDP-2-acetamido-4-formamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-hexose, WekG, WekE, WekF, and WekD. Product peaks from enzyme-substrate reactions were detected by using a combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Putative enzyme assignments were provided by protein sequence analysis. Combined with the mass spectrometric characterization of pathway intermediates, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for UDP-2-acetamido-4-formamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-hexose. This process involves C-4, C-6 dehydration, C-4 amination, and formylation. CID-ESI-MSn result confirmed that the final product is a 4 formamido derivative too rather than the 3 formamido derivatives as reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Jia
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfang Han
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Chakraborty T, Polley S, Sinha D, Seal S, Sinha D, Mitra SK, Hazra J, Sau K, Pal M, Sau S. Structurally distinct unfolding intermediates formed from a staphylococcal capsule-producing enzyme retained NADPH binding activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9126-9143. [PMID: 33977860 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1924269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CapF, a capsule-producing enzyme expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, binds NADPH and exists as a dimer in the aqueous solution. Many other capsule-producing virulent bacteria also express CapF orthologs. To understand the folding-unfolding mechanism of S. aureus CapF, herein a recombinant CapF (rCapF) was individually investigated using urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnCl). Unfolding of rCapF by both the denaturants was reversible but proceeded via the synthesis of a different number of intermediates. While two dimeric intermediates (rCapF4 and rCapF5) were formed at 0.5 M and 1.5 M GdnCl, three dimeric intermediates (rCapF1, rCapF2, and rCapF3) were produced at 1 M, 2 M, and 3 M urea, respectively. rCapF5 showed 3.6 fold less NADPH binding activity, whereas other intermediates retained full NADPH binding activity. Compared to rCapF, all of the intermediates (except rCapF3) had a compressed shape. Conversely, rCapF3 possessed a native protein-like shape. The maximum shape loss was in rCapF4 though its secondary structure remained unperturbed. Additionally, the tertiary structure and hydrophobic surface area of the intermediates neither matched with each other nor with those of the native rCapF. Of the four Trp residues in rCapF, one or more Trp residues in the intermediates may have higher solvent accessibility. Using sequence alignment and a tertiary structural model of CapF, we have demonstrated that the region around Trp 137 of CapF may be most sensitive to unfolding, whereas the NADPH binding motif carrying region at the N-terminal end of this protein may be resistant to unfolding, particularly at the low denaturant concentrations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumitra Polley
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soham Seal
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasmita Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip K Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Joyita Hazra
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Keya Sau
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Sau
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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9
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Li Y, Huang J, Wang X, Xu C, Han T, Guo X. Genetic Characterization of the O-Antigen and Development of a Molecular Serotyping Scheme for Enterobacter cloacae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32411106 PMCID: PMC7198725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae is a well-characterized opportunistic pathogen that is closely associated with various nosocomial infections. The O-antigen, which is one of the most variable constituents on the cell surface, has been used widely and traditionally for serological classification of many gram-negative bacteria. E. cloacae is divided into 30 serotypes, based on its O-antigen diversity. In this study, by using genomic and comparative-genomic approaches, we analyzed the O-antigen gene clusters of 26 E. cloacae serotypes in depth. We also identified the sero-specific gene for each serotype and developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng for genomic DNA and 103 colony forming units for pure cultures. The assay reliability was evaluated by double-blinded testing with 81 clinical strains. Furthermore, we established a valid, genome-based tool for in silico serotyping of E. cloacae. By screening 431 E. cloacae genomes deposited in GenBank, 304 were classified into current antigenic scheme, and 112 were allocated into 55 putative novel serotypes. Our results represent the first genetic basis of the O-antigen diversity and variation of E. cloacae, providing a rationale for studying the O-antigen associated evolution and pathogenesis of this bacterium. In addition, we extended the current serotyping system for E. cloacae, which is important for detection and epidemiological surveillance purposes for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Li
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Han
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Sizova OV, Shashkov AS, Toukach PV, Knirel YA, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Kislichkina AA, Dentovskaya SV. Structure elucidation and gene cluster characterization of the O-antigen of Yersinia kristensenii С-134. Carbohydr Res 2019; 481:9-15. [PMID: 31220629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia kristensenii C-134 afforded a glycerol teichoic acid-like O-polysaccharide, which was studied by sugar analysis, O-deacetylation and dephosphorylation along with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the O-polysaccharide was established: This structure is related to those of other Y. kristensenii O-polysaccharides studied earlier. The O-antigen gene cluster of Y. kristensenii С-134 was analyzed and found to be consistent with the O-polysaccharide structure established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Sizova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Philip V Toukach
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rima Z Shaikhutdinova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei A Ivanov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Angelina A Kislichkina
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana V Dentovskaya
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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11
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Cisar JO, Bush CA, Wiens GD. Comparative Structural and Antigenic Characterization of Genetically Distinct Flavobacterium psychrophilum O-Polysaccharides. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1041. [PMID: 31139169 PMCID: PMC6519341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the underlying basis of serotype specificity among strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold-water disease. The identification of different heat-stable O-serotypes among strains of this gram-negative pathogen does, however, suggest structural variations in the O-polysaccharide (O-PS) moiety of cell surface lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A trisaccharide composed of L-rhamnose (L-Rha), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-fucose (L-FucNAc) and 2-acetamido-4-R-2,4-dideoxy-D-quinovose (D-Qui2NAc4NR), where R represents a dihydroxyhexanamido derivative, was previously identified as the repeating unit of Fp CSF259-93 O-PS. Interestingly, the O-PS gene cluster of this strain and that of Fp 950106-1/1, which belongs to a different O-serotype, are identical except for wzy, which encodes the putative polymerase that links trisaccharide repeats into O-PS chains. We have now found from results of glycosyl composition analysis and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, that the linkage of D-Qui2NAc4NR to L-Rha, which is α1-2 for Fp CSF259-93 versus β1-3 for Fp 950106-1/1, is the only structural difference between O-PS from these strains. The corresponding difference in O-serotype specificity was established from the reactions of rabbit and trout anti-F. psychrophilum antibody with purified O-PS and LPS. Moreover, LPS-based differences in antigenicity were noted between strains with O-PS loci identical to those of Fp CSF259-93 or Fp 950106-1/1, except for the genes predicted to direct synthesis of different R-groups in Qui2NAc4NR. The findings provide a framework for defining the genetic basis of O-PS structure and antigenicity and suggest that the repertoire of F. psychrophilum O-serotypes extends beyond what is presently recognized from serological studies of this important fish pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Cisar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - C Allen Bush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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12
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Coordination of capsule assembly and cell wall biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1404. [PMID: 30926919 PMCID: PMC6441080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive cell wall consists of peptidoglycan functionalized with anionic glycopolymers, such as wall teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharide (CP). How the different cell wall polymers are assembled in a coordinated fashion is not fully understood. Here, we reconstitute Staphylococcus aureus CP biosynthesis and elucidate its interplay with the cell wall biosynthetic machinery. We show that the CapAB tyrosine kinase complex controls multiple enzymatic checkpoints through reversible phosphorylation to modulate the consumption of essential precursors that are also used in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. In addition, the CapA1 activator protein interacts with and cleaves lipid-linked CP precursors, releasing the essential lipid carrier undecaprenyl-phosphate. We further provide biochemical evidence that the subsequent attachment of CP is achieved by LcpC, a member of the LytR-CpsA-Psr protein family, using the peptidoglycan precursor native lipid II as acceptor substrate. The Ser/Thr kinase PknB, which can sense cellular lipid II levels, negatively controls CP synthesis. Our work sheds light on the integration of CP biosynthesis into the multi-component Gram-positive cell wall.
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13
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Cao F, Orth C, Donlin MJ, Adegboyega P, Meyers MJ, Murelli RP, Elagawany M, Elgendy B, Tavis JE. Synthesis and Evaluation of Troponoids as a New Class of Antibiotics. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15125-15133. [PMID: 30533576 PMCID: PMC6275967 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed. The troponoids [tropones, tropolones, and α-hydroxytropolones (α-HT)] can have anti-bacterial activity. We synthesized or purchased 92 troponoids and evaluated their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Preliminary hits were assessed for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC80) and cytotoxicity (CC50) against human hepatoma cells. Sixteen troponoids inhibited S. aureus/E. coli/A. baumannii growth by ≥80% growth at <30 μM with CC50 values >50 μM. Two selected tropolones (63 and 285) inhibited 18 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains with similar MIC80 values as against a reference strain. Two selected thiotropolones (284 and 363) inhibited multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli with MIC80 ≤30 μM. One α-HT (261) inhibited MDR-A. baumannii with MIC80 ≤30 μM. This study opens new avenues for development of novel troponoid antibiotics to address the critical need to combat MDR bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- John
Cochran Division, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63106, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: +1 (314) 289-6358. Fax: +1(314) 289-7920 (F.C.)
| | - Cari Orth
- John
Cochran Division, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63106, United States
| | - Maureen J. Donlin
- Edward
A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Patrick Adegboyega
- John
Cochran Division, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63106, United States
| | - Marvin J. Meyers
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City
University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center
of The City University of New York, New York 10016, United
States
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Center for
Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University
School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 31111, Egypt
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for
Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University
School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - John E. Tavis
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School
of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United
States
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14
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Development of a molecular serotyping scheme and a multiplexed luminex-based array for Providencia. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 153:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kaundinya CR, Savithri HS, Krishnamurthy Rao K, Balaji PV. In vitro characterization of N-terminal truncated EpsC from Bacillus subtilis 168, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4,6-dehydratase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 657:78-88. [PMID: 30222950 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis 168 EpsC is annotated as "Probable polysaccharide biosynthesis protein" in the SwissProt database. epsC is part of the eps operon, thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of exopolymeric substances (EPS). The present study was undertaken to determine the molecular function of EpsC. Sequence analysis of EpsC suggested the presence of a transmembrane domain. Two N-terminal deletion mutants in which residues 1-89 (EpsC89) and 1-115 (EpsC115) are deleted were cloned and overexpressed. Enzyme activity and substrate preferences were investigated by reverse phase HPLC, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. These data show that EpsC has UDP-GlcNAc 4,6-dehydratase activity in vitro. Purified recombinant proteins were found to utilise UDP-Glc and TDP-Glc also as substrates. In addition, EpsC115 could utilise UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc as substrates whereas EpsC89 could only bind these two sugar nucleotides. These results show that deletion of a longer N-terminal region broadens substrate specificity. These broadened specificity is perhaps an outcome of the deletion of the putative transmembrane domain and may not be present in vivo. EpsC, together with the aminotransferase EpsN (Kaundinya CR et al., Glycobiology, 2018) and acetyltransferase EpsM (unpublished data), appears to be involved in the biosynthesis of N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi R Kaundinya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Handanahal S Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - K Krishnamurthy Rao
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Petety V Balaji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Poupel O, Proux C, Jagla B, Msadek T, Dubrac S. SpdC, a novel virulence factor, controls histidine kinase activity in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006917. [PMID: 29543889 PMCID: PMC5854430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Staphylococcus aureus, as both a human and animal pathogen, stems from its ability to rapidly adapt to a wide spectrum of environmental conditions. Two-component systems (TCSs) play a crucial role in this process. Here, we describe a novel staphylococcal virulence factor, SpdC, an Abi-domain protein, involved in signal sensing and/or transduction. We have uncovered a functional link between the WalKR essential TCS and the SpdC Abi membrane protein. Expression of spdC is positively regulated by the WalKR system and, in turn, SpdC negatively controls WalKR regulon genes, effectively constituting a negative feedback loop. The WalKR system is mainly involved in controlling cell wall metabolism through regulation of autolysin production. We have shown that SpdC inhibits the WalKR-dependent synthesis of four peptidoglycan hydrolases, SceD, SsaA, LytM and AtlA, as well as impacting S. aureus resistance towards lysostaphin and cell wall antibiotics such as oxacillin and tunicamycin. We have also shown that SpdC is required for S. aureus biofilm formation and virulence in a murine septicemia model. Using protein-protein interactions in E. coli as well as subcellular localization in S. aureus, we showed that SpdC and the WalK kinase are both localized at the division septum and that the two proteins interact. In addition to WalK, our results indicate that SpdC also interacts with nine other S. aureus histidine kinases, suggesting that this membrane protein may act as a global regulator of TCS activity. Indeed, using RNA-Seq analysis, we showed that SpdC controls the expression of approximately one hundred genes in S. aureus, many of which belong to TCS regulons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poupel
- Department of Microbiology, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- ERL3526, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Proux
- Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernd Jagla
- Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Human Immunology, Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics HUB, Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Msadek
- Department of Microbiology, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- ERL3526, CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (TM); (SD)
| | - Sarah Dubrac
- Department of Microbiology, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- ERL3526, CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (TM); (SD)
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17
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Shah BS, Ashwood HE, Harrop SJ, Farrugia DN, Paulsen IT, Mabbutt BC. Crystal structure of a UDP-GlcNAc epimerase for surface polysaccharide biosynthesis in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191610. [PMID: 29352301 PMCID: PMC5774825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With new strains of Acinetobacter baumannii undergoing genomic analysis, it has been possible to define regions of genomic plasticity (RGPs), encoding specific adaptive elements. For a selected RGP from a community-derived isolate of A. baumannii, we outline sequences compatible with biosynthetic machinery of surface polysaccharides, specifically enzymes utilized in the dehydration and conversion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-D-GlcNAc). We have determined the crystal structure of one of these, the epimerase Ab-WbjB. This dehydratase belongs to the ‘extended’ short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, related in fold to previously characterised enzymes CapE and FlaA1. Our 2.65Å resolution structure of Ab-WbjB shows a hexamer, organised into a trimer of chain pairs, with coenzyme NADP+ occupying each chain. Specific active-site interactions between each coenzyme and a lysine quaternary group of a neighbouring chain interconnect adjacent dimers, so stabilising the hexameric form. We show UDP-GlcNAc to be a specific substrate for Ab-WbjB, with binding evident by ITC (Ka = 0.23 μmol-1). The sequence of Ab-WbjB shows variation from the consensus active-site motifs of many SDR enzymes, demonstrating a likely catalytic role for a specific threonine sidechain (as an alternative to tyrosine) in the canonical active site chemistry of these epimerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika S. Shah
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heather E. Ashwood
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Harrop
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel N. Farrugia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bridget C. Mabbutt
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yu X, Torzewska A, Zhang X, Yin Z, Drzewiecka D, Cao H, Liu B, Knirel YA, Rozalski A, Wang L. Genetic diversity of the O antigens of Proteus species and the development of a suspension array for molecular serotyping. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183267. [PMID: 28817637 PMCID: PMC5560731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus species are well-known opportunistic pathogens frequently associated with skin wound and urinary tract infections in humans and animals. O antigen diversity is important for bacteria to adapt to different hosts and environments, and has been used to identify serotypes of Proteus isolates. At present, 80 Proteus O-serotypes have been reported. Although the O antigen structures of most Proteus serotypes have been identified, the genetic features of these O antigens have not been well characterized. The O antigen gene clusters of Proteus species are located between the cpxA and secB genes. In this study, we identified 55 O antigen gene clusters of different Proteus serotypes. All clusters contain both the wzx and wzy genes and exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity. Potential functions of O antigen-related genes were proposed based on their similarity to genes in available databases. The O antigen gene clusters and structures were compared, and a number of glycosyltransferases were assigned to glycosidic linkages. In addition, an O serotype-specific suspension array was developed for detecting 31 Proteus serotypes frequently isolated from clinical specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report to describe the genetic features of Proteus O antigens and to develop a molecular technique to identify different Proteus serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Agnieszka Torzewska
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Dominika Drzewiecka
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hengchun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Antoni Rozalski
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Evolution of a Biomass-Fermenting Bacterium To Resist Lignin Phenolics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00289-17. [PMID: 28363966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00289-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing the resistance of plant-fermenting bacteria to lignocellulosic inhibitors is useful to understand microbial adaptation and to develop candidate strains for consolidated bioprocessing. Here, we study and improve inhibitor resistance in Clostridium phytofermentans (also called Lachnoclostridium phytofermentans), a model anaerobe that ferments lignocellulosic biomass. We survey the resistance of this bacterium to a panel of biomass inhibitors and then evolve strains that grow in increasing concentrations of the lignin phenolic, ferulic acid, by automated, long-term growth selection in an anaerobic GM3 automat. Ultimately, strains resist multiple inhibitors and grow robustly at the solubility limit of ferulate while retaining the ability to ferment cellulose. We analyze genome-wide transcription patterns during ferulate stress and genomic variants that arose along the ferulate growth selection, revealing how cells adapt to inhibitors through changes in gene dosage and regulation, membrane fatty acid structure, and the surface layer. Collectively, this study demonstrates an automated framework for in vivo directed evolution of anaerobes and gives insight into the genetic mechanisms by which bacteria survive exposure to chemical inhibitors.IMPORTANCE Fermentation of plant biomass is a key part of carbon cycling in diverse ecosystems. Further, industrial biomass fermentation may provide a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Plants are primarily composed of lignocellulose, a matrix of polysaccharides and polyphenolic lignin. Thus, when microorganisms degrade lignocellulose to access sugars, they also release phenolic and acidic inhibitors. Here, we study how the plant-fermenting bacterium Clostridium phytofermentans resists plant inhibitors using the lignin phenolic, ferulic acid. We examine how the cell responds to abrupt ferulate stress by measuring changes in gene expression. We evolve increasingly resistant strains by automated, long-term cultivation at progressively higher ferulate concentrations and sequence their genomes to identify mutations associated with acquired ferulate resistance. Our study develops an inhibitor-resistant bacterium that ferments cellulose and provides insights into genomic evolution to resist chemical inhibitors.
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20
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Senchenkova SN, Zhang Y, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Shashkov AS, Liu B, Knirel YA. Structure and Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of the O-Antigen of Escherichia coli O12. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:401-6. [PMID: 27293097 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two polysaccharides were isolated from Escherichia coli O12, the major being identified as the O12-antigen and the minor as the K5-antigen. The polysaccharides were studied by sugar analysis, Smith degradation, and one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. As a result, the following structure of the O12-polysaccharide was elucidated, which, to our knowledge, has not been hitherto found in bacterial carbohydrates: →2)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-l-FucpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→. The →4)-β-d-GlcpA-(1→4)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→ structure established for the K5-polysaccharide (heparosan) is previously known. Functions of genes in the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster of E. coli O12 were assigned by comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be consistent with the O12-polysaccharide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Senchenkova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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21
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Evidence for a LOS and a capsular polysaccharide in Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38914. [PMID: 27974829 PMCID: PMC5156936 DOI: 10.1038/srep38914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a dog’s and cat’s oral commensal which can cause fatal human infections upon bites or scratches. Infections mainly start with flu-like symptoms but can rapidly evolve in fatal septicaemia with a mortality as high as 40%. Here we present the discovery of a polysaccharide capsule (CPS) at the surface of C. canimorsus 5 (Cc5), a strain isolated from a fulminant septicaemia. We provide genetic and chemical data showing that this capsule is related to the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and probably composed of the same polysaccharide units. A CPS was also found in nine out of nine other strains of C. canimorsus. In addition, the genomes of three of these strains, sequenced previously, contain genes similar to those encoding CPS biosynthesis in Cc5. Thus, the presence of a CPS is likely to be a common property of C. canimorsus. The CPS and not the LOS confers protection against the bactericidal effect of human serum and phagocytosis by macrophages. An antiserum raised against the capsule increased the killing of C. canimorsus by human serum thus showing that anti-capsule antibodies have a protective role. These findings provide a new major element in the understanding of the pathogenesis of C. canimorsus.
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22
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Skarbek K, Milewska MJ. Biosynthetic and synthetic access to amino sugars. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:44-71. [PMID: 27592039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Amino sugars are important constituents of a number of biomacromolecules and products of microbial secondary metabolism, including antibiotics. For most of them, the amino group is located at the positions C1, C2 or C3 of the hexose or pentose ring. In biological systems, amino sugars are formed due to the catalytic activity of specific aminotransferases or amidotransferases by introducing an amino functionality derived from L-glutamate or L-glutamine to the keto forms of sugar phosphates or sugar nucleotides. The synthetic introduction of amino functionalities in a regio- and stereoselective manner onto sugar scaffolds represents a substantial challenge. Most of the modern methods of for the preparation of 1-, 2- and 3-amino sugars are those starting from "an active ester" of carbohydrate derivatives, glycals, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and amino acids. A substantial progress in the development of region- and stereoselective methods of amino sugar synthesis has been made in the recent years, due to the application of metal-based catalysts and tethered approaches. A comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge on biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of amino sugars is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Skarbek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Genetic Diversity of O-Antigens in Hafnia alvei and the Development of a Suspension Array for Serotype Detection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155115. [PMID: 27171009 PMCID: PMC4869667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hafnia alvei is a facultative and rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium
that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although it has been
more than 50 years since the genus was identified, very little is known about
variations among Hafnia species. Diversity in O-antigens
(O-polysaccharide, OPS) is thought to be a major factor in bacterial adaptation to
different hosts and situations and variability in the environment. Antigenic
variation is also an important factor in pathogenicity that has been used to define
clones within a number of species. The genes that are required to synthesize OPS are
always clustered within the bacterial chromosome. A serotyping scheme including 39
O-serotypes has been proposed for H. alvei, but it
has not been correlated with known OPS structures, and no previous report has
described the genetic features of OPS. In this study, we obtained the genome
sequences of 21 H. alvei strains (as defined by
previous immunochemical studies) with different lipopolysaccharides. This is the
first study to show that the O-antigen gene cluster in H.
alvei is located between mpo and
gnd in the chromosome. All 21 of the OPS gene clusters contain
both the wzx gene and the wzy gene and display a
large number of polymorphisms. We developed an O serotype-specific
wzy-based suspension array to detect all 21 of the distinct OPS
forms we identified in H. alvei. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first report to identify the genetic features of
H. alvei antigenic variation and to develop a
molecular technique to identify and classify different serotypes.
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25
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Aguayo S, Strange A, Gadegaard N, Dalby MJ, Bozec L. Influence of biomaterial nanotopography on the adhesive and elastic properties of Staphylococcus aureus cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known beneficial effects of biomaterial nanopatterning on host tissue integration, the influence of controlled nanoscale topography on bacterial colonisation and infection remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aguayo
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- University College London
- London
- WC1X 8LD – UK
| | - A. Strange
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- University College London
- London
- WC1X 8LD – UK
| | - N. Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- University of Glasgow
- UK
| | - M. J. Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology
- University of Glasgow
- UK
| | - L. Bozec
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- University College London
- London
- WC1X 8LD – UK
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26
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Nakano K, Chigira T, Miyafusa T, Nagatoishi S, Caaveiro JMM, Tsumoto K. Discovery and characterization of natural tropolones as inhibitors of the antibacterial target CapF from Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15337. [PMID: 26471247 PMCID: PMC5393024 DOI: 10.1038/srep15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic-resistance among pathogenic bacteria poses a serious risk for public health. The search for novel therapeutic strategies and antimicrobial compounds is needed to ameliorate this menace. The bifunctional metalloenzyme CapF is an antibacterial target produced by certain pathogenic bacteria essential in the biosynthetic route of capsular polysaccharide, a mucous layer on the surface of bacterium that facilitates immune evasion and infection. We report the first inhibitor of CapF from Staphylococcus aureus, which was identified by employing fragment-based methodologies. The hit compound 3-isopropenyl-tropolone inhibits the first reaction catalyzed by CapF, disrupting the synthesis of a key precursor of capsular polysaccharide. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrates that 3-isopropenyl-tropolone binds tightly (KD = 27 ± 7 μM) to the cupin domain of CapF. In addition, the crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex shows that the compound engages the essential Zn2+ ion necessary for the first reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, explaining its inhibitory effect. Moreover, the tropolone compound alters the coordination sphere of the metal, leading to the overall destabilization of the enzyme. We propose 3-isopropenyl-tropolone as a precursor to develop stronger inhibitors for this family of enzymes to impair the synthesis of capsular polysaccharide in Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Nakano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeru Chigira
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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27
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Misawa Y, Kelley KA, Wang X, Wang L, Park WB, Birtel J, Saslowsky D, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus Colonization of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract Is Modulated by Wall Teichoic Acid, Capsule, and Surface Proteins. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26201029 PMCID: PMC4511793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the nose, throat, skin, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans. GI carriage of S. aureus is difficult to eradicate and has been shown to facilitate the transmission of the bacterium among individuals. Although staphylococcal colonization of the GI tract is asymptomatic, it increases the likelihood of infection, particularly skin and soft tissue infections caused by USA300 isolates. We established a mouse model of persistent S. aureus GI colonization and characterized the impact of selected surface antigens on colonization. In competition experiments, an acapsular mutant colonized better than the parental strain Newman, whereas mutants defective in sortase A and clumping factor A showed impaired ability to colonize the GI tract. Mutants lacking protein A, clumping factor B, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, or SdrCDE showed no defect in colonization. An S. aureus wall teichoic acid (WTA) mutant (ΔtagO) failed to colonize the mouse nose or GI tract, and the tagO and clfA mutants showed reduced adherence in vitro to intestinal epithelial cells. The tagO mutant was recovered in lower numbers than the wild type strain in the murine stomach and duodenum 1 h after inoculation. This reduced fitness correlated with the in vitro susceptibility of the tagO mutant to bile salts, proteases, and a gut-associated defensin. Newman ΔtagO showed enhanced susceptibility to autolysis, and an autolysin (atl) tagO double mutant abrogated this phenotype. However, the atl tagO mutant did not survive better in the mouse GI tract than the tagO mutant. Our results indicate that the failure of the tagO mutant to colonize the GI tract correlates with its poor adherence and susceptibility to bactericidal factors within the mouse gut, but not to enhanced activity of its major autolysin. Staphylococcus aureus persistently colonizes ~20% of the human population, and 40–60% of humans are intermittently colonized by this bacterium. The most common reservoir for S. aureus is the anterior nares, and the incidence of staphylococcal disease in higher in individuals who are colonized. Rectal colonization by S. aureus isolates, reflecting gastrointestinal (GI) carriage, has recently been recognized as an important reservoir from which person to person transmission occurs. We developed a murine model of S. aureus GI colonization to investigate bacterial factors that promote staphylococcal colonization of the gut. We identified several surface-associated S. aureus antigens that modulate colonization of the GI tract and identified a surface glycopolymer (cell wall teichoic acid) as critical for the early steps in colonization. The failure of the teichoic acid mutant to colonize the GI tract can be attributed to its defects in bacterial adherence and to its enhanced susceptibility to mammalian host defenses unique to the gastrointestinal tract. Efforts to develop antimicrobials that target WTA may lead to an overall reduction in asymptomatic colonization by antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and may impact the incidence of invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Misawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linhui Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Birtel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Saslowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean C. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Berendsen RL, van Verk MC, Stringlis IA, Zamioudis C, Tommassen J, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM. Unearthing the genomes of plant-beneficial Pseudomonas model strains WCS358, WCS374 and WCS417. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26198432 PMCID: PMC4509608 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can protect plants against pathogenic microbes through a diversity of mechanisms including competition for nutrients, production of antibiotics, and stimulation of the host immune system, a phenomenon called induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the past 30 years, the Pseudomonas spp. PGPR strains WCS358, WCS374 and WCS417 of the Willie Commelin Scholten (WCS) collection have been studied in detail in pioneering papers on the molecular basis of PGPR-mediated ISR and mechanisms of biological control of soil-borne pathogens via siderophore-mediated competition for iron. Results The genomes of the model WCS PGPR strains were sequenced and analyzed to unearth genetic cues related to biological questions that surfaced during the past 30 years of functional studies on these plant-beneficial microbes. Whole genome comparisons revealed important novel insights into iron acquisition strategies with consequences for both bacterial ecology and plant protection, specifics of bacterial determinants involved in plant-PGPR recognition, and diversity of protein secretion systems involved in microbe-microbe and microbe-plant communication. Furthermore, multi-locus sequence alignment and whole genome comparison revealed the taxonomic position of the WCS model strains within the Pseudomonas genus. Despite the enormous diversity of Pseudomonas spp. in soils, several plant-associated Pseudomonas spp. strains that have been isolated from different hosts at different geographic regions appear to be nearly isogenic to WCS358, WCS374, or WCS417. Interestingly, all these WCS look-a-likes have been selected because of their plant protective or plant growth-promoting properties. Conclusions The genome sequences of the model WCS strains revealed that they can be considered representatives of universally-present plant-beneficial Pseudomonas spp. With their well-characterized functions in the promotion of plant growth and health, the fully sequenced genomes of the WCS strains provide a genetic framework that allows for detailed analysis of the biological mechanisms of the plant-beneficial traits of these PGPR. Considering the increasing focus on the role of the root microbiome in plant health, functional genomics of the WCS strains will enhance our understanding of the diversity of functions of the root microbiome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1632-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel C van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christos Zamioudis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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USA300 and USA500 clonal lineages of Staphylococcus aureus do not produce a capsular polysaccharide due to conserved mutations in the cap5 locus. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02585-14. [PMID: 25852165 PMCID: PMC4453534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02585-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface capsular polysaccharide (CP) is a virulence factor that has been used as an antigen in several successful vaccines against bacterial pathogens. A vaccine has not yet been licensed against Staphylococcus aureus, although two multicomponent vaccines that contain CP antigens are in clinical trials. In this study, we evaluated CP production in USA300 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates that have become the predominant community-associated MRSA clones in the United States. We found that all 167 USA300 MRSA and 50 USA300 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were CP negative (CP−). Moreover, all 16 USA500 isolates, which have been postulated to be the progenitor lineage of USA300, were also CP−. Whole-genome sequence analysis of 146 CP− USA300 MRSA isolates revealed they all carry a cap5 locus with 4 conserved mutations compared with strain Newman. Genetic complementation experiments revealed that three of these mutations (in the cap5 promoter, cap5D nucleotide 994, and cap5E nucleotide 223) ablated CP production in USA300 and that Cap5E75 Asp, located in the coenzyme-binding domain, is essential for capsule production. All but three USA300 MSSA isolates had the same four cap5 mutations found in USA300 MRSA isolates. Most isolates with a USA500 pulsotype carried three of these four USA300-specific mutations, suggesting the fourth mutation occurred in the USA300 lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of the cap loci of our USA300 isolates as well as publicly available genomes from 41 other sequence types revealed that the USA300-specific cap5 mutations arose sequentially in S. aureus in a common ancestor of USA300 and USA500 isolates. The USA300 MRSA clone emerged as a community-associated pathogen in the United States nearly 20 years ago. Since then, it has rapidly disseminated and now causes health care-associated infections. This study shows that the CP-negative (CP−) phenotype has persisted among USA300 isolates and is a universal and characteristic trait of this highly successful MRSA lineage. It is important to note that a vaccine consisting solely of CP antigens would not likely demonstrate high efficacy in the U.S. population, where about half of MRSA isolates comprise USA300. Moreover, conversion of a USA300 strain to a CP-positive (CP+) phenotype is unlikely in vivo or in vitro since it would require the reversion of 3 mutations. We have also established that USA300 MSSA isolates and USA500 isolates are CP− and provide new insight into the evolution of the USA300 and USA500 lineages.
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30
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Ouellet MM, Leduc A, Nadeau C, Barbeau J, Charette SJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dental unit waterlines can be divided in two distinct groups, including one displaying phenotypes similar to isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:802. [PMID: 25653647 PMCID: PMC4301018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays broad genetic diversity, giving it an astonishing capacity to adapt to a variety of environments and to infect a wide range of hosts. While many P. aeruginosa isolates of various origins have been analyzed, isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have received the most attention. Less is known about the genetic and phenotypic diversity of P. aeruginosa isolates that colonize other environments where flourishing biofilms can be found. In the present study, 29 P. aeruginosa isolates from dental unit waterlines and CF patients were collected and their genetic and phenotypes profiles were compared to determine whether environmental and clinical isolates are related. The isolates were first classified using the random amplified polymorphic DNA method. This made it possible to distribute the isolates into one clinical cluster and two environmental clusters. The isolates in the environmental cluster that were genetically closer to the clinical cluster also displayed phenotypes similar to the clinical isolates. The isolates from the second environmental cluster displayed opposite phenotypes, particularly an increased capacity to form biofilms. The isolates in this cluster were also the only ones harboring genes that encoded specific epimerases involved in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, which could explain their increased ability to form biofilms. In conclusion, the isolates from the dental unit waterlines could be distributed into two clusters, with some of the environmental isolates resembled the clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M. Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQué, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, UniversitéLaval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, UniversitéLaval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Leduc
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Nadeau
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, UniversitéLaval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Barbeau
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQué, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, UniversitéLaval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, UniversitéLaval, Québec, QC, Canada
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31
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Kenyon JJ, Marzaioli AM, De Castro C, Hall RM. 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid: A novel non-2-ulosonic acid found in the capsule of an Acinetobacter baumannii isolate. Glycobiology 2015; 25:644-54. [PMID: 25595948 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 1 (GC1) isolate was found to carry a novel capsule biosynthesis gene cluster, designated KL12. KL12 contains genes predicted to be involved in the synthesis of simple sugars, as well as ones for N-acetyl-L-fucosamine (L-FucpNAc) and N-acetyl-D-fucosamine (D-FucpNAc). It also contains a module of 10 genes, 6 of which are required for 5,7-di-N-acetyl-legionaminic acid synthesis. Analysis of the composition of the capsule revealed the presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, L-FucpNAc and D-FucpNAc, confirming the role of fnlABC and fnr/gdr genes in the synthesis of L-FucpNAc and D-FucpNAc, respectively. A non-2-ulosonic acid, shown to be 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-altro-non-2-ulosonic acid, was also detected. This sugar has not previously been recovered from biological source, and was designated 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid (Aci5Ac7Ac). Proteins encoded by novel genes, named aciABCD, were predicted to be involved in the conversion of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-legionaminic acid to Aci5Ac7Ac. A pathway for 5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epilegionaminic acid biosynthesis was also proposed. In available A. baumannii genomes, genes for the synthesis of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid were only detected in two closely related capsule gene clusters, KL12 and KL13, which differ only in the wzy gene. KL12 and KL13 are carried by isolates belonging to clinically important clonal groups, GC1, GC2 and ST25. Genes for the synthesis of N-acyl derivatives of legionaminic acid were also found in 10 further A. baumannii capsule gene clusters, and three carried additional genes for production of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epilegionaminic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Weidenmaier C, Lee JC. Structure and Function of Surface Polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 409:57-93. [PMID: 26728067 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The major surface polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus include the capsular polysaccharide (CP), cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin/poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PIA/PNAG). These glycopolymers are important components of the staphylococcal cell envelope, but none of them is essential to S. aureus viability and growth in vitro. The overall biosynthetic pathways of CP, WTA, and PIA/PNAG have been elucidated, and the functions of most of the biosynthetic enzymes have been demonstrated. Because S. aureus CP and WTA (but not PIA/PNAG) utilize a common cell membrane lipid carrier (undecaprenyl-phosphate) that is shared by the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway, there is evidence that these processes are highly integrated and temporally regulated. Regulatory elements that control glycopolymer biosynthesis have been described, but the cross talk that orchestrates the biosynthetic pathways of these three polysaccharides remains largely elusive. CP, WTA, and PIA/PNAG each play distinct roles in S. aureus colonization and the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection. However, they each promote bacterial evasion of the host immune defences, and WTA is being explored as a target for antimicrobial therapeutics. All the three glycopolymers are viable targets for immunotherapy, and each (conjugated to a carrier protein) is under evaluation for inclusion in a multivalent S. aureus vaccine. Future research findings that increase our understanding of these surface polysaccharides, how the bacterial cell regulates their expression, and their biological functions will likely reveal new approaches to controlling this important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weidenmaier
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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33
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Analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule biosynthesis pathway in vitro: Characterization of the UDP-GlcNAc C6 dehydratases CapD and CapE and identification of enzyme inhibitors. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:958-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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34
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Piacente F, De Castro C, Jeudy S, Molinaro A, Salis A, Damonte G, Bernardi C, Abergel C, Tonetti MG. Giant virus Megavirus chilensis encodes the biosynthetic pathway for uncommon acetamido sugars. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24428-39. [PMID: 25035429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses mimicking microbes, by the sizes of their particles and the heavily glycosylated fibrils surrounding their capsids, infect Acanthamoeba sp., which are ubiquitous unicellular eukaryotes. The glycans on fibrils are produced by virally encoded enzymes, organized in gene clusters. Like Mimivirus, Megavirus glycans are mainly composed of virally synthesized N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). They also contain N-acetylrhamnosamine (RhaNAc), a rare sugar; the enzymes involved in its synthesis are encoded by a gene cluster specific to Megavirus close relatives. We combined activity assays on two enzymes of the pathway with mass spectrometry and NMR studies to characterize their specificities. Mg534 is a 4,6-dehydratase 5-epimerase; its three-dimensional structure suggests that it belongs to a third subfamily of inverting dehydratases. Mg535, next in the pathway, is a bifunctional 3-epimerase 4-reductase. The sequential activity of the two enzymes leads to the formation of UDP-l-RhaNAc. This study is another example of giant viruses performing their glycan synthesis using enzymes different from their cellular counterparts, raising again the question of the origin of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piacente
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV,1 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- the Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Italy
| | - Sandra Jeudy
- the Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université UMR7256, IMM, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, FR-13288 Marseille, France, and
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- the Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV,1 16132 Genova, Italy, the Department of Hearth Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV,1 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bernardi
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV,1 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Chantal Abergel
- the Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université UMR7256, IMM, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, FR-13288 Marseille, France, and
| | - Michela G Tonetti
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV,1 16132 Genova, Italy,
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35
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Miyafusa T, Caaveiro JM, Tanaka Y, Tsumoto K. Dynamic elements govern the catalytic activity of CapE, a capsular polysaccharide-synthesizing enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3824-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Crystal structure of the capsular polysaccharide synthesizing protein CapE of Staphylococcus aureus. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130017. [PMID: 23611437 PMCID: PMC3699295 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes synthesizing the bacterial CP (capsular polysaccharide) are attractive antimicrobial targets. However, we lack critical information about the structure and mechanism of many of them. In an effort to reduce that gap, we have determined three different crystal structures of the enzyme CapE of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The structure reveals that CapE is a member of the SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) super-family of proteins. CapE assembles in a hexameric complex stabilized by three major contact surfaces between protein subunits. Turnover of substrate and/or coenzyme induces major conformational changes at the contact interface between protein subunits, and a displacement of the substrate-binding domain with respect to the Rossmann domain. A novel dynamic element that we called the latch is essential for remodelling of the protein–protein interface. Structural and primary sequence alignment identifies a group of SDR proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis that share the two salient features of CapE: the mobile loop (latch) and a distinctive catalytic site (MxxxK). The relevance of these structural elements was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis.
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37
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Kenyon JJ, Hall RM. Variation in the complex carbohydrate biosynthesis loci of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62160. [PMID: 23614028 PMCID: PMC3628348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides are major immunogenic components of the bacterial cell envelope. However, little is known about their biosynthesis in the genus Acinetobacter, which includes A. baumannii, an important nosocomial pathogen. Whether Acinetobacter sp. produce a capsule or a lipopolysaccharide carrying an O antigen or both is not resolved. To explore these issues, genes involved in the synthesis of complex polysaccharides were located in 10 complete A. baumannii genome sequences, and the function of each of their products was predicted via comparison to enzymes with a known function. The absence of a gene encoding a WaaL ligase, required to link the carbohydrate polymer to the lipid A-core oligosaccharide (lipooligosaccharide) forming lipopolysaccharide, suggests that only a capsule is produced. Nine distinct arrangements of a large capsule biosynthesis locus, designated KL1 to KL9, were found in the genomes. Three forms of a second, smaller variable locus, likely to be required for synthesis of the outer core of the lipid A-core moiety, were designated OCL1 to OCL3 and also annotated. Each K locus includes genes for capsule export as well as genes for synthesis of activated sugar precursors, and for glycosyltransfer, glycan modification and oligosaccharide repeat-unit processing. The K loci all include the export genes at one end and genes for synthesis of common sugar precursors at the other, with a highly variable region that includes the remaining genes in between. Five different capsule loci, KL2, KL6, KL7, KL8 and KL9 were detected in multiply antibiotic resistant isolates belonging to global clone 2, and two other loci, KL1 and KL4, in global clone 1. This indicates that this region is being substituted repeatedly in multiply antibiotic resistant isolates from these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Alhassan AB, McCutcheon DC, Zeller M, Norris P. Azidonitration of Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal: X-Ray Crystal Structures of Intermediate Azidodeoxysugars and of the Bacterial Aminosugar N-Acetyl-L-fucosamine. J Carbohydr Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2012.658125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Basit Alhassan
- a Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , OH , 44555 , USA
| | - David C. McCutcheon
- a Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , OH , 44555 , USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- a Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , OH , 44555 , USA
| | - Peter Norris
- a Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , OH , 44555 , USA
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Crystal structure of the enzyme CapF of Staphylococcus aureus reveals a unique architecture composed of two functional domains. Biochem J 2012; 443:671-80. [PMID: 22320426 DOI: 10.1042/bj20112049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CP (capsular polysaccharide) is an important virulence factor during infections by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The enzyme CapF is an attractive therapeutic candidate belonging to the biosynthetic route of CP of pathogenic strains of S. aureus. In the present study, we report two independent crystal structures of CapF in an open form of the apoenzyme. CapF is a homodimer displaying a characteristic dumb-bell-shaped architecture composed of two domains. The N-terminal domain (residues 1-252) adopts a Rossmann fold belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of proteins. The C-terminal domain (residues 252-369) displays a standard cupin fold with a Zn2+ ion bound deep in the binding pocket of the β-barrel. Functional and thermodynamic analyses indicated that each domain catalyses separate enzymatic reactions. The cupin domain is necessary for the C3-epimerization of UDP-4-hexulose. Meanwhile, the N-terminal domain catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of the intermediate species generated by the cupin domain. Analysis by ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) revealed a fascinating thermodynamic switch governing the attachment and release of the coenzyme NADPH during each catalytic cycle. These observations suggested that the binding of coenzyme to CapF facilitates a disorder-to-order transition in the catalytic loop of the reductase (N-terminal) domain. We anticipate that the present study will improve the general understanding of the synthesis of CP in S. aureus and will aid in the design of new therapeutic agents against this pathogenic bacterium.
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Genetic analysis of the Cronobacter sakazakii O4 to O7 O-antigen gene clusters and development of a PCR assay for identification of all C. sakazakii O serotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3966-74. [PMID: 22447597 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07825-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging food-borne pathogen that causes severe invasive infections in neonates. Variation in the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane provides the basis for Gram-negative bacteria serotyping. The O-antigen serotyping scheme for C. sakazakii, which includes seven serotypes (O1 to O7), has been recently established, and the O-antigen gene clusters and specific primers for three C. sakazakii serotypes (O1, O2, and O3) have been characterized. In this study, the C. sakazakii O4, O5, O6, and O7 O-antigen gene clusters were sequenced, and gene functions were predicted on the basis of homology. C. sakazakii O4 shared a similar O-antigen gene cluster with Escherichia coli O103. The general features and anomalies of all seven C. sakazakii O-antigen gene clusters were evaluated and the relationship between O-antigen structures and their gene clusters were investigated. Serotype-specific genes for O4 to O7 were identified, and a molecular serotyping method for all C. sakazakii O serotypes, a multiplex PCR assay, was developed by screening against 136 strains of C. sakazakii and closely related species. The sensitivity of PCR-based serotyping method was determined to be 0.01 ng of genomic DNA and 10(3) CFU of each strain/ml. This study completes the elucidation of C. sakazakii O-antigen genetics and provides a molecular method suitable for the identification of C. sakazakii O1 to O7 strains.
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Elucidation of the structure and characterization of the gene cluster of the O-antigen of Cronobacter sakazakii G2592, the reference strain of C. sakazakii O7 serotype. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1169-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Lam JS, Taylor VL, Islam ST, Hao Y, Kocíncová D. Genetic and Functional Diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:118. [PMID: 21687428 PMCID: PMC3108286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysccharide (LPS) is an integral component of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell envelope, occupying the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in this Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen. It is important for bacterium-host interactions and has been shown to be a major virulence factor for this organism. Structurally, P. aeruginosa LPS is composed of three domains, namely, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and the distal O antigen (O-Ag). Most P. aeruginosa strains produce two distinct forms of O-Ag, one a homopolymer of D-rhamnose that is a common polysaccharide antigen (CPA, formerly termed A band), and the other a heteropolymer of three to five distinct (and often unique dideoxy) sugars in its repeat units, known as O-specific antigen (OSA, formerly termed B band). Compositional differences in the O units among the OSA from different strains form the basis of the International Antigenic Typing Scheme for classification via serotyping of different strains of P. aeruginosa. The focus of this review is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the genetic and resultant functional diversity of LPS produced by P. aeruginosa. The underlying factors contributing to this diversity will be thoroughly discussed and presented in the context of its contributions to host-pathogen interactions and the control/prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Véronique L. Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Salim T. Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Youai Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dana Kocíncová
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Liu B, Perepelov AV, Guo D, Shevelev SD, Senchenkova SN, Feng L, Shashkov AS, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structural and genetic relationships between the O-antigens ofEscherichia coliO118 and O151. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:199-207. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Perepelov AV, Liu B, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Shevelev SD, Feng L, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structure of the O-antigen and characterization of the O-antigen gene cluster of Escherichia coli O108 containing 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic (8-epilegionaminic) acid. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:19-24. [PMID: 20331420 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
On mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O108, the O-polysaccharide was isolated and studied by sugar analysis and one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was found to contain an unusual higher sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (di-N-acetyl-8-epilegionaminic acid, 8eLeg5Ac7Ac). The following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established: -->4)-alpha-8eLegp5Ac7Ac-(2-->6)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-FucpNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->. Functions of the E. coli O108 antigen biosynthetic genes, including seven putative genes for synthesis of 8eLeg5Ac7Ac, were assigned by sequencing the O-antigen gene cluster along with comparison with gene databases and known biosynthetic pathways for related nonulosonic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Perepelov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Tricarboxylic acid cycle-dependent synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:1459-62. [PMID: 20061474 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01377-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus capsule synthesis requires the precursor N-acetyl-glucosamine; however, capsule is synthesized during post-exponential growth when the availability of N-acetyl-glucosamine is limited. Capsule biosynthesis also requires aerobic respiration, leading us to hypothesize that capsule synthesis requires tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Consistent with this hypothesis, S. aureus tricarboxylic acid cycle mutants fail to make capsule.
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46
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Lüders S, Fallet C, Franco-Lara E. Proteome analysis of the Escherichia coli heat shock response under steady-state conditions. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:36. [PMID: 19772559 PMCID: PMC2758844 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a proteomic approach was used to investigate the steady-state response of Escherichia coli to temperature up-shifts in a cascade of two continuously operated bioreactors. The first reactor served as cell source with optimal settings for microbial growth, while in the second chemostat the cells were exposed to elevated temperatures. By using this reactor configuration, which has not been reported to be used for the study of bacterial stress responses so far, it is possible to study temperature stress under well-defined, steady-state conditions. Specifically the effect on the cellular adaption to temperature stress using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was examined and compared at the cultivation temperatures of 37 degrees C and 47.5 degrees C. As expected, the steady-state study with the double bioreactor configuration delivered a different protein spectrum compared to that obtained with standard batch experiments in shaking flasks and bioreactors. Setting a high cut-out spot-to-spot size ratio of 5, proteins involved in defence against oxygen stress, functional cell envelope proteins, chaperones and proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, the energy metabolism and the amino acid biosynthesis were found to be differently expressed at high cultivation temperatures. The results demonstrate the complexity of the stress response in a steady-state culture not reported elsewhere to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Lüders
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gausstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claas Fallet
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gausstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ezequiel Franco-Lara
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gausstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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King JD, Kocíncová D, Westman EL, Lam JS. Review: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Innate Immun 2009; 15:261-312. [PMID: 19710102 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious nosocomial infections, and an important virulence factor produced by this organism is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review summarizes knowledge about biosynthesis of all three structural domains of LPS - lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O polysaccharides. In addition, based on similarities with other bacterial species, this review proposes new hypothetical pathways for unstudied steps in the biosynthesis of P. aeruginosa LPS. Lipid A biosynthesis is discussed in relation to Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and the biosyntheses of core sugar precursors and core oligosaccharide are summarised. Pseudomonas aeruginosa attaches a Common Polysaccharide Antigen and O-Specific Antigen polysaccharides to lipid A-core. Both forms of O polysaccharide are discussed with respect to their independent synthesis mechanisms. Recent advances in understanding O-polysaccharide biosynthesis since the last major review on this subject, published nearly a decade ago, are highlighted. Since P. aeruginosa O polysaccharides contain unusual sugars, sugar-nucleotide biosynthesis pathways are reviewed in detail. Knowledge derived from detailed studies in the O5, O6 and O11 serotypes is applied to predict biosynthesis pathways of sugars in poorly-studied serotypes, especially O1, O4, and O13/O14. Although further work is required, a full understanding of LPS biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa is almost within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Perepelov AV, Liu B, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Feng L, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structure of O-antigen and functional characterization of O-antigen gene cluster of Salmonella enterica O47 containing ribitol phosphate and 2-acetimidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:416-20. [PMID: 19463095 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An O-polysaccharide was isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enterica O47 and studied by sugar analysis along with one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the linear ribitol phosphate-containing repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide was established: -->2)-D-Ribitol-5-P-(O-->6)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-FucpNAm-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->, where FucNAm stands for 2-acetimidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose. About 10% of Gal is O-acetylated at position 4 and another minor O-acetyl group is present at an undetermined position. Functions of the S. enterica O47 antigen biosynthetic genes were tentatively assigned by comparison with gene databases and found to be in agreement with the O-polysaccharide structure. A comparison of the O-antigen gene clusters of S. enterica O47 and E. coli O145 suggested their close evolutionary relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Perepelov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Wang Q, Ding P, Perepelov AV, Xu Y, Wang Y, Knirel YA, Wang L, Feng L. Characterization of the dTDP-D-fucofuranose biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli O52. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:1358-67. [PMID: 19019146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
D-fucofuranose (D-Fucf) is a component of Escherichia coli O52 O antigen. This uncommon sugar is also the sugar moiety of the anticancer drug--gilvocarcin V produced by many streptomycetes. In E. coli O52, rmlA, rmlB, fcf1 and fcf2 were proposed in a previous study by our group to encode the enzymes of the dTDP-D-Fucf (the nucleotide-activated form of D-Fucf) biosynthetic pathway. In this study, Fcf1 and Fcf2 from E. coli O52 were expressed, purified and assayed for their respective activities. Novel product peaks from enzyme-substrate reactions were detected by capillary electrophoresis and the structures of the product compounds were elucidated by electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fcf1 was confirmed to be a dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose reductase for the conversion of dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose to dTDP-D-fucopyranose (dTDP-D-Fucp), and Fcf2 a dTDP-D-Fucp mutase for the conversion of dTDP-D-Fucp to dTDP-D-Fucf. The K(m) of Fcf1 for dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose was determined to be 0.38 mM, and of Fcf2 for dTDP-D-Fucp to be 3.43 mM. The functional role of fcf1 and fcf2 in the biosynthesis of E. coli O52 O antigen were confirmed by mutation and complementation tests. This is the first time that the biosynthetic pathway of dTDP-D-Fucf has been fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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50
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Liu B, Knirel YA, Feng L, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Wang L. Structure and genetics ofShigellaO antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:627-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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