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Bioactive Molecules Derived from Snake Venoms with Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Thrombo-Cardiovascular Disorders Associated with COVID-19. Protein J 2021; 40:799-841. [PMID: 34499333 PMCID: PMC8427918 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As expected, several new variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and have been detected around the world throughout this Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, there is no specific developed drug against COVID-19 and the challenge of developing effective antiviral strategies based on natural agents with different mechanisms of action becomes an urgent need and requires identification of genetic differences among variants. Such data is used to improve therapeutics to combat SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature is known to offer many biotherapeutics from animal venoms, algae and plant that have been historically used in traditional medicine. Among these bioresources, snake venom displays many bioactivities of interest such as antiviral, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumoral. COVID-19 is a viral respiratory sickness due to SARS-CoV-2 which induces thrombotic disorders due to cytokine storm, platelet hyperactivation and endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to: (1) present an overview on the infection, the developed thrombo-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of induced thrombosis of COVID-19 compared to other similar pathogenesis; (2) underline the role of natural compounds such as anticoagulant, antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents; (3) investigate the management of coagulopathy related to COVID-19 and provide insight on therapeutic such as venom compounds. We also summarize the updated advances on antiviral proteins and peptides derived from snake venoms that could weaken coagulopathy characterizing COVID-19.
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Clark JC, Damaskinaki FN, Cheung YFH, Slater A, Watson SP. Structure-function relationship of the platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) receptor: does it matter if it is a dimer or monomer? Platelets 2021; 32:724-732. [PMID: 33634725 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1887469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GPVI is a critical signaling receptor responsible for collagen-induced platelet activation and a promising anti-thrombotic target in conditions such as coronary artery thrombosis, ischemic stroke, and atherothrombosis. This is due to the ability to block GPVI while having minimal effects on hemostasis, making it a more attractive target over current dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with acetyl salicylic acid and P2Y12 inhibitors where bleeding can be a problem. Our current understanding of how the structure of GPVI relates to function is inadequate and recent studies contradict each other. In this article, we summarize the structure-function relationships underlying the activation of GPVI by its major ligands, including collagen, fibrin(ogen), snake venom toxins and charged exogenous ligands such as diesel exhaust particles. We argue that contrary to popular belief dimerization of GPVI is not required for binding to collagen but serves to facilitate binding through increased avidity, and that GPVI is expressed as a mixture of monomers and dimers on resting platelets, with binding of multivalent ligands inducing higher order clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Foteini-Nafsika Damaskinaki
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yam Fung Hilaire Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioanalytics, Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS -e.v, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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Purification and characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme isolated from Vipera lebetina venom: its interaction with platelet receptor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 31:1-10. [PMID: 31764002 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
: Snake venoms contain various molecules that can be used as tools in the diagnosis and in the treatment of hemostatic disorders. This study reports the isolation and functional characterization of a new thrombin-like enzyme and its role in the modulation of platelet aggregation and coagulation. The molecule was purified by gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography and reverse-phase-HPLC on C8 column; its molecular weight was determined. Natural and synthetic substrates were used to evaluate its enzymatic activities. The fibrinogenolytic activity was tested electrophoretically and by reverse-phase-HPLC on C18 column. Otherwise, the effect on blood coagulation and deficient plasma factors were also evaluated. The mechanism by which a thrombin-like enzyme VLCV (thrombin-like enzyme)-induced platelet aggregation was explored in presence of ticlopidin, clopidogrel and aspirin. VLCV (45 kDa) isolated from Vipera lebetina as a thrombin-like enzyme seems to be able to modulate platelet function. This enzyme showed an amidolytic activity by hydrolyzing the chromogenic-specific substrate of thrombin and the α-chain of fibrinogen. It is also able to clot human plasma and the deficient human plasma in factor X, suggesting that it is involved in the intrinsic and common pathways. The aggregating effect of VLCV is more sensitive to ticlopidine than to the clopidogrel suggesting the involvement of ADP/P2Y12/PI3K pathway. VLCV seems to be able to promote human platelet aggregation suggesting an interaction between P2Y12 and PAR1. Due to its ability to replace the missing factor X and its proaggregating activity, VLCV could be used as molecular tool to better understand the hemostasis mechanism.
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Eble JA. Structurally Robust and Functionally Highly Versatile-C-Type Lectin (-Related) Proteins in Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030136. [PMID: 30823637 PMCID: PMC6468738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms contain an astounding variety of different proteins. Among them are numerous C-type lectin family members, which are grouped into classical Ca2+- and sugar-binding lectins and the non-sugar-binding snake venom C-type lectin-related proteins (SV-CLRPs), also called snaclecs. Both groups share the robust C-type lectin domain (CTLD) fold but differ in a long loop, which either contributes to a sugar-binding site or is expanded into a loop-swapping heterodimerization domain between two CLRP subunits. Most C-type lectin (-related) proteins assemble in ordered supramolecular complexes with a high versatility of subunit numbers and geometric arrays. Similarly versatile is their ability to inhibit or block their target molecules as well as to agonistically stimulate or antagonistically blunt a cellular reaction triggered by their target receptor. By utilizing distinct interaction sites differentially, SV-CLRPs target a plethora of molecules, such as distinct coagulation factors and receptors of platelets and endothelial cells that are involved in hemostasis, thrombus formation, inflammation and hematogenous metastasis. Because of their robust structure and their high affinity towards their clinically relevant targets, SV-CLRPs are and will potentially be valuable prototypes to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine, provided that the molecular mechanisms underlying their versatility are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Zainal Abidin SA, Lee YQ, Othman I, Naidu R. Malaysian Cobra Venom: A Potential Source of Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020075. [PMID: 30717096 PMCID: PMC6409816 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. Snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. Malaysia is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, and Ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in Malaysia and are of medical importance. Over the past decades, snake venom has been identified as a potential source of therapeutic agents, including anti-cancer agents. This present review highlights the potential anticancer activity of the venom and purified venom protein of N. kaouthia, N. sumatrana, and O. hannah. In conclusion, this review highlights the important role of the venom from Malaysian cobras as an important resource that researchers can exploit to further investigate its potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Qian Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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BbrzSP-32, the first serine protease isolated from Bothrops brazili venom: Purification and characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 195:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Venomics of the Australian eastern brown snake ( Pseudonaja textilis ): Detection of new venom proteins and splicing variants. Toxicon 2015; 107:252-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Gowtham YJ, Mahadeswaraswamy Y, Girish K, K. K. Cross-reactivity and neutralization of Indian King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom by polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Vaiyapuri S, Hutchinson EG, Ali MS, Dannoura A, Stanley RG, Harrison RA, Bicknell AB, Gibbins JM. Rhinocetin, a venom-derived integrin-specific antagonist inhibits collagen-induced platelet and endothelial cell functions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26235-44. [PMID: 22689571 PMCID: PMC3406708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.381483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snaclecs are small non-enzymatic proteins present in viper venoms reported to modulate hemostasis of victims through effects on platelets, vascular endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a snaclec that we named "rhinocetin" from the venom of West African gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica rhinoceros. Rhinocetin was shown to comprise α and β chains with the molecular masses of 13.5 and 13 kDa, respectively. Sequence and immunoblot analysis of rhinocetin confirmed this to be a novel snaclec. Rhinocetin inhibited collagen-stimulated activation of human platelets in a dose-dependent manner but displayed no inhibitory effects on glycoprotein VI (collagen receptor) selective agonist, CRP-XL-, ADP-, or thrombin-induced platelet activation. Rhinocetin antagonized the binding of monoclonal antibodies against the α2 subunit of integrin α2β1 to platelets and coimmunoprecipitation analysis confirmed integrin α2β1 as a target for this venom protein. Rhinocetin inhibited a range of collagen-induced platelet functions such as fibrinogen binding, calcium mobilization, granule secretion, aggregation, and thrombus formation. It also inhibited integrin α2β1-dependent functions of human endothelial cells. Together, our data suggest rhinocetin to be a modulator of integrin α2β1 function and thus may provide valuable insights into the role of this integrin in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios, including hemostasis, thrombosis, and envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, United Kingdom
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Navdaev A, Lochnit G, Eble JA. The rhodocetin αβ subunit targets GPIb and inhibits von Willebrand factor induced platelet activation. Toxicon 2011; 57:1041-8. [PMID: 21524659 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodocetin, a heterotetrameric snake C-type lectin from Calloselasma rhodostoma is a specific antagonist of α2β1 integrin. Its γδ subunit is responsible for binding to α2β1 integrin. In this study we show that the rhodocetin αβ subunit can bind to platelet glycoprotein GPIb. Binding of the rhodocetin αβ subunit does not depend on divalent cations. When added to washed human platelets the rhodocetin αβ subunit effectively inhibits platelet aggregation induced by von Willebrand factor plus ristocetin. In contrast, it does not affect collagen-induced platelet activation. By itself the rhodocetin αβ subunit does not induce any changes when added to washed platelets or platelet-rich plasma. However, rhodocetin αβ, after biotinylation and cross-linkage with avidin induces small platelet agglutination but not aggregation. These agglutinated platelets change their pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation slightly as kinase p72SYK but not p125FAK is phosphorylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Navdaev
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Center for Molecular Medicine, Dept. Vascular Matrix Biology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Lei W, Zhang Y, Yu G, Jiang P, He Y, Lee W, Zhang Y. Cloning and sequence analysis of an Ophiophagus hannah cDNA encoding a precursor of two natriuretic peptide domains. Toxicon 2011; 57:811-6. [PMID: 21334357 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the largest venomous snake. Despite the components are mainly neurotoxins, the venom contains several proteins affecting blood system. Natriuretic peptide (NP), one of the important components of snake venoms, could cause local vasodilatation and a promoted capillary permeability facilitating a rapid diffusion of other toxins into the prey tissues. Due to the low abundance, it is hard to purify the snake venom NPs. The cDNA cloning of the NPs become a useful approach. In this study, a 957 bp natriuretic peptide-encoding cDNA clone was isolated from an O. hannah venom gland cDNA library. The open-reading frame of the cDNA encodes a 210-amino acid residues precursor protein named Oh-NP. Oh-NP has a typical signal peptide sequence of 26 amino acid residues. Surprisingly, Oh-NP has two typical NP domains which consist of the typical sequence of 17-residue loop of CFGXXDRIGC, so it is an unusual NP precursor. These two NP domains share high amino acid sequence identity. In addition, there are two homologous peptides of unknown function within the Oh-NP precursor. To our knowledge, Oh-NP is the first protein precursor containing two NP domains. It might belong to another subclass of snake venom NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, Kunming 650223, China
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Clemetson KJ. Snaclecs (snake C-type lectins) that inhibit or activate platelets by binding to receptors. Toxicon 2010; 56:1236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Horii K, Brooks MT, Herr AB. Convulxin Forms a Dimer in Solution and Can Bind Eight Copies of Glycoprotein VI: Implications for Platelet Activation. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2907-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Horii
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524
| | - Monica T. Brooks
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524
| | - Andrew B. Herr
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524
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Du XY, Zabel BA, Myles T, Allen SJ, Handel TM, Lee PP, Butcher EC, Leung LL. Regulation of chemerin bioactivity by plasma carboxypeptidase N, carboxypeptidase B (activated thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor), and platelets. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:751-8. [PMID: 19010784 PMCID: PMC2613638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a potent chemoattractant for cells expressing the serpentine receptor CMKLR1 (chemokine-like receptor 1), such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells and tissue macrophages. The bioactivity of chemerin is post-translationally regulated; the attractant circulates in blood in a relatively inactive form (prochemerin) and is activated by carboxyl-terminal proteolytic cleavage. We discovered that plasma carboxypeptidase N (CPN) and B (CPB or activated thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor, TAFIa) enhanced the bioactivity of 10-mer chemerin peptide NH(2)-YFPGQFAFSK-COOH by removing the carboxyl-terminal lysine (K). Sequential cleavages of either a prochemerin peptide (NH(2)-YFPGQFAFSKALPRS-COOH) or recombinant full-length prochemerin by plasmin and CPN/CPB substantially increased their chemotactic activities. Endogenous CPN present in circulating plasma enhanced the activity of plasmin-cleaved prochemerin. In addition, we discovered that platelets store chemerin protein and release it upon stimulation. Thus circulating CPN/CPB and platelets may potentially contribute to regulating the bioactivity of leukocyte chemoattractant chemerin, and further extend the molecular link between blood coagulation/fibrinolysis and CMKLR1-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Lu Q, Clemetson JM, Clemetson KJ. SNAKE VENOM C-TYPE LECTINS INTERACTING WITH PLATELET RECEPTORS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540600567438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chang CH, Chung CH, Kuo HL, Hsu CC, Huang TF. The highly specific platelet glycoprotein (GP) VI agonist trowaglerix impaired collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo through matrix metalloproteinase-dependent GPVI shedding. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:669-76. [PMID: 18221359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type lectin proteins (CLPs) have diverse targets including platelet GPIb, GPVI and integrin alpha(2)beta(1), and affect platelet function in a various way. In this study, we characterized a huge, heterodimeric venom protein, trowaglerix, which belongs to the CLP family. METHODS We purified a potent platelet-aggregation inducer, trowaglerix, from the crude venom of Tropidolaemus wagleri. Biotinylated trowaglerix was used for binding assays, and immunoblotting was used to investigate the signal transduction involved. RESULTS Two distinct subunits of trowaglerix with similar masses of around 16 kDa were eluted by high-performance liquid chromatography after reduction and alkylation. Trowaglerix induced platelet aggregation of washed human platelets and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in a concentration-dependent manner. Biotinylated trowaglerix specifically bound to platelet membrane GPVI, but not to GPIb or alpha(2) integrin. Treatment with trowaglerix induced GPVI loss in human platelets in vitro and impaired the platelet aggregation of mouse PRP ex vivo in response to collagen but not in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). However, GM6001, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, inhibited trowaglerix-induced GPVI cleavage and restored the platelet responsiveness of PRP to collagen. CONCLUSIONS Trowaglerix activates platelets through specific binding to GPVI, leading to kinases-dependent exposure of functional alpha(IIb)beta(3) and platelet aggregation, and also induces MMP-dependent GPVI shedding from platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Doley R, Tram NNB, Reza MA, Kini RM. Unusual accelerated rate of deletions and insertions in toxin genes in the venom glands of the pygmy copperhead (Austrelaps labialis) from Kangaroo island. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:70. [PMID: 18307759 PMCID: PMC2287176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxin profiling helps in cataloguing the toxin present in the venom as well as in searching for novel toxins. The former helps in understanding potential pharmacological profile of the venom and evolution of toxins, while the latter contributes to understanding of novel mechanisms of toxicity and provide new research tools or prototypes of therapeutic agents. Results The pygmy copperhead (Austrelaps labialis) is one of the less studied species. In this present study, an attempt has been made to describe the toxin profile of A. labialis from Kangaroo Island using the cDNA library of its venom glands. We sequenced 658 clones which represent the common families of toxin genes present in snake venom. They include (a) putative long-chain and short-chain neurotoxins, (b) phospholipase A2, (c) Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, (d) CRISPs, (e) C-type lectins and (f) Metalloproteases. In addition, we have also identified a novel protein with two Kunitz-type domains in tandem similar to bikunin. Conclusion Interestingly, the cDNA library reveals that most of the toxin families (17 out of 43 toxin genes; ~40%) have truncated transcripts due to insertion or deletion of nucleotides. These truncated products might not be functionally active proteins. However, cellular trancripts from the same venom glands are not affected. This unusual higher rate of deletion and insertion of nucleotide in toxin genes may be responsible for the lower toxicity of A. labialis venom of Kangroo Island and have significant effect on evolution of toxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Doley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Surin WR, Barthwal MK, Dikshit M. Platelet collagen receptors, signaling and antagonism: Emerging approaches for the prevention of intravascular thrombosis. Thromb Res 2008; 122:786-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Jin Y, Lee WH, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Molecular characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:479-89. [PMID: 17543361 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase from Ophiophagus hannah snake venom (Oh-LAAO) was purified by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin chromatography. Oh-LAAO did not induce platelet aggregation; however, it had potent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by ADP and U46619, but showed no effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, mucetin, ristocetin and stejnulxin. By RT-PCR and 5'-RACE methods, the complete Oh-LAAO cDNA was cloned from the venom gland total RNA preparations. The cDNA sequence contains an open-reading frame (ORF) of 1476-bp, which encodes a protein of 491 amino acids comprising a signal peptide of 25 amino acids and 466-residue mature protein. The predicted protein sequence of Oh-LAAO was confirmed by N-terminal and trypsin-digested internal peptides sequencing together with peptide mass fingerprinting. cDNAs encoding for ORF of LAAOs from Bungarus fasciatus and B. multicinctus were cloned and reported in this study. In addition, partial cDNA encoding for Naja atra LAAO was also reported. Oh-LAAO shared approximately 50% protein sequence identity with other known snake venom LAAOs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Oh-LAAO is evolutionary distant to other snake venom LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Biotoxin Units, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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21
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Lin LP, Lin Q, Wang YQ. Cloning, expression and characterization of two C-type lectins from the venom gland of Bungarus multicinctus. Toxicon 2007; 50:411-9. [PMID: 17561224 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins found in many animals are non-enzymatic proteins and able to bind with mono- and oligosaccharides in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Here, we report the cloning of two C-type lectins named BML-1 and BML-2 from the venom gland of Bungarus multicinctus, and expression of their mature peptides with 135 and 137 amino acids as inclusion bodies. Recombinant BML-1 and BML-2 proteins with 135 amino acids formed monomers, and those with 137 amino acids formed homodimers and monomers and both of them displayed certain hemagglutinating activity to rabbit erythrocytes. The results of Western blotting and immuno-affinity chromatography demonstrated that C-type lectins in B. multicinctus formed dimers in physiological conditions, and their molecular weight is lower than previous predictions. This is the first report of the cloning of the BML-2 gene from the venom gland of B. multicinctus, as well as an investigation of its confirmation and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
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22
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Jin Y, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Molecular cloning of serine proteases from elapid snake venoms. Toxicon 2007; 49:1200-7. [PMID: 17408712 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases are widely distributed in viperid snake venoms, but rare in elapid snake venoms. Previously, we have identified a fibrinogenolytic enzyme termed OhS1 from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah. The results indicated that OhS1 might be a serine protease, but there was no structural evidence previously. In the present study, the primary structure of OhS1 was determined by protein sequencing, in combination with RT-PCR and 5'-RACE methods. OhS1 precursor is composed of an 18-amino acid signal peptide, a 6-amino acid putative activation peptide and 236-amino acid mature protein. OhS1 homologues from Naja atra and Bungarus multicinctus were also cloned and reported. These elapid venom serine proteases exhibited approximately 60% sequence identity with serine proteases from the snake venoms of the Viperidae and Colubridae family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that snake venom serine protease might have a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Biotoxin Units, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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23
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Guo XX, Zeng L, Lee WH, Zhang Y, Jin Y. Isolation and cloning of a metalloproteinase from king cobra snake venom. Toxicon 2007; 49:954-65. [PMID: 17337026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 50 kDa fibrinogenolytic protease, ohagin, from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah was isolated by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography. Ohagin specifically degraded the alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and the proteolytic activity was completely abolished by EDTA, but not by PMSF, suggesting it is a metalloproteinase. It dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, TMVA and stejnulxin. The full sequence of ohagin was deduced by cDNA cloning and confirmed by protein sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting. The full-length cDNA sequence of ohagin encodes an open reading frame of 611 amino acids that includes signal peptide, proprotein and mature protein comprising metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, suggesting it belongs to P-III class metalloproteinase. In addition, P-III class metalloproteinases from the venom glands of Naja atra, Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus fasciatus were also cloned in this study. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis indicated that metalloproteinases from elapid snake venoms form a new subgroup of P-III SVMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Guo
- Biotoxin Units, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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24
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Clemetson KJ, Lu Q, Clemetson JM. Snake C-Type Lectin-Like Proteins and Platelet Receptors. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2006; 34:150-5. [PMID: 16707918 DOI: 10.1159/000092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active proteins and peptides. Many affect haemostasis by activating or inhibiting coagulant factors or platelets, or by disrupting endothelium. Snake venom components are classified into various families, such as serine proteases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, disintegrins and phospholipases. Snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins have a typical fold resembling that in classic C-type lectins such as the selectins and mannose-binding proteins. Many snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins have now been characterized, as heterodimeric structures with alpha and beta subunits that often form large molecules by multimerization. They activate platelets by binding to VWF or specific receptors such as GPIb, alpha2beta1 and GPVI. Simple heterodimeric GPIb-binding molecules mainly inhibit platelet functions, whereas multimeric ones activate platelets. A series of tetrameric snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins activates platelets by binding to GPVI while another series affects platelet function via integrin alpha2beta1. Some act by inducing VWF to bind to GPIb. Many structures of these proteins, often complexed with their ligands, have been determined. Structure-activity studies show that these proteins are quite complex despite similar backbone folding. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins often interact with more than one platelet receptor and have complex mechanisms of action.
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25
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Du XY, Sim DS, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Blood cells as targets of snake toxins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:414-21. [PMID: 16631395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are mixtures of enzymes and peptides which exert toxicological effects by targeting their substrates or receptors upon envenomation. Snake venom proteins widely affect vascular system including circulating blood cells, coagulation factors, and vascular wall components. Many of the toxic proteins have multiple targets. For example, some metalloproteinase domain-containing snake venom protein cleaves not only fibrinogen but also receptors on platelets. Also, it is frequent that toxins from different snake venom protein families are capable of binding to a common target on cells. Most of the cytotoxic effects in the venom are usually results of the activities of metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, disintegrin, cysteine-rich protein, as well as phospholipase A(2). There has been a growing interest in studying the structure and function of these snake venom proteins because many of them have high structural homologies to proteins found in human. Therefore, the understanding of how these toxins interact with their targets may contribute to the discovery of novel physiological processes and the development of therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize how snake toxins target blood cells with an emphasis on their effects on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Biotoxin Unites, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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26
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Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active proteins and peptides. Many of them affect hemostasis by activating or inhibiting coagulant factors or platelets, or by disrupting endothelium. Based on sequence, these snake venom components have been classified into various families, such as serine proteases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, disintegrins and phospholipases. The various members of a particular family act selectively on different blood coagulation factors, blood cells or tissues. For almost every factor involved in coagulation or fibrinolysis there is a venom protein that can activate or inactivate it. Venom proteins affect platelet function by binding or degrading vWF or platelet receptors, activating protease-activated receptors or modulating ADP release and thromboxane A2 formation. Some venom enzymes cleave key basement membrane components and directly affect capillary blood vessels to cause hemorrhaging. L-Amino acid oxidases activate platelets via H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lu
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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27
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Lu Q, Navdaev A, Clemetson JM, Clemetson KJ. Snake venom C-type lectins interacting with platelet receptors. Structure–function relationships and effects on haemostasis. Toxicon 2005; 45:1089-98. [PMID: 15876445 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms contain components that affect the prey either by neurotoxic or haemorrhagic effects. The latter category affect haemostasis either by inhibiting or activating platelets or coagulation factors. They fall into several types based upon structure and mode of action. A major class is the snake C-type lectins or C-type lectin-like family which shows a typical folding like that in classic C-type lectins such as the selectins and mannose-binding proteins. Those in snake venoms are mostly based on a heterodimeric structure with two subunits alpha and beta, which are often oligomerized to form larger molecules. Simple heterodimeric members of this family have been shown to inhibit platelet functions by binding to GPIb but others activate platelets via the same receptor. Some that act via GPIb do so by inducing von Willebrand factor to bind to it. Another series of snake C-type lectins activate platelets by binding to GPVI while yet another series uses the integrin alpha(2)beta(1) to affect platelet function. The structure of more and more of these C-type lectins have now been, and are being, determined, often together with their ligands, casting light on binding sites and mechanisms. In addition, it is relatively easy to model the structure of the C-type lectins if the primary structure is known. These studies have shown that these proteins are quite a complex group, often with more than one platelet receptor as ligand and although superficially some appear to act as inhibitors, in fact most function by inducing thrombocytopenia by various routes. The relationship between structure and function in this group of venom proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Lu
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
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28
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Moroi M, Jung SM. Platelet glycoprotein VI: its structure and function. Thromb Res 2005; 114:221-33. [PMID: 15381385 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) VI is a platelet membrane protein with a molecular weight of 62 kDa that was identified as a physiological collagen receptor from studies of patients deficient in this protein. GPVI-deficient platelets lacked specifically collagen-induced aggregation and the ability to form thrombi on a collagen surface under flow conditions, suggesting that GPVI makes an indispensable contribution to collagen-induced platelet activation. On the platelet surface, GPVI is present as a complex with the Fc receptor (FcR) gamma-chain, probably composed of two GPVI molecules and one FcR gamma-chain dimer. GPVI must form such a dimeric complex to exhibit high affinity binding to collagen. The GPVI-induced activation mechanism is initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of the FcR gamma-chain, and then this signal is transduced to many related proteins, mainly by tyrosine phosphorylation. GPVI is widely recognized as a requisite factor for the formation of platelet aggregates on a collagen surface under blood flow. However, individuals with GPVI-deficient or null platelets do not exhibit any strong bleeding tendency. Analyzing this apparent dichotomy should provide us with a more precise understanding of the mechanism of thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Moroi
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, 2432-3 Aikawa-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan.
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29
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wan SG, Wei SS, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Bm-TFF2, a trefoil factor protein with platelet activation activity from frog Bombina maxima skin secretions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:1027-33. [PMID: 15823546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, trefoil factor family (TFF) proteins are involved in mucosal maintenance and repair, and they are also implicated in tumor suppression and cancer progression. A novel two domain TFF protein from frog Bombina maxima skin secretions (Bm-TFF2) has been purified and cloned. It activated human platelets in a dose-dependent manner and activation of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) was involved. Aspirin and apyrase did not largely reduce platelet response to Bm-TFF2 (a 30% inhibition), indicating that the aggregation is not substantially dependent on ADP and thromboxane A2 autocrine feedback. Elimination of external Ca(2+) with EGTA did not influence the platelet aggregation induced by Bm-TFF2, meanwhile a strong calcium signal (cytoplasmic Ca(2+) release) was detected, suggesting that activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is involved. Subsequent immunoblotting revealed that, unlike in platelets activated by stejnulxin (a glycoprotein VI agonist), PLCgamma2 was not phosphorylated in platelets activated by Bm-TFF2. FITC-labeled Bm-TFF2 bound to platelet membranes. Bm-TFF2 is the first TFF protein reported to possess human platelet activation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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30
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Wijeyewickrema LC, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Snake venom probes of platelet adhesion receptors and their ligands. Toxicon 2005; 45:1051-61. [PMID: 15922774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that modulate platelet adhesive interactions are chiefly from either of two main structural families: the C-type lectin-like family, or the metalloproteinase-disintegrins. Snake venom probes from both families selectively target platelet adhesion receptors, including glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V, GP VI, alpha2beta1 and alphaIIbbeta3 (GP IIb-IIIa). These receptors act together to mediate platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation (thrombus formation) under hydrodynamic shear stress in flowing blood. The receptors are members of the leucine-rich repeat family (GP Ib-IX-V), the immunoglobulin superfamily (GP VI), or integrins (alpha2beta1, alphaIIbbeta3). In addition, adhesive glycoproteins in matrix and/or plasma such as von Willebrand factor (that binds GP Ibalpha and alphaIIbbeta3), collagen (that binds GP V, GP VI and alpha2beta1), or fibrinogen (that binds alphaIIbbeta3), are also targeted by C-type lectin family or metalloproteinase-disintegrin snake venom proteins. Emerging structural and functional evidence is beginning to explain how interactions between the conserved structural module-domains that make up these mammalian and snake proteins are regulated. Whether homologous adhesion/counter-receptors on platelets and other vascular cells are also potential snake venom targets is as yet largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi C Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
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31
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Ogawa T, Chijiwa T, Oda-Ueda N, Ohno M. Molecular diversity and accelerated evolution of C-type lectin-like proteins from snake venom. Toxicon 2005; 45:1-14. [PMID: 15581677 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of C-type lectin-like proteins that affect thrombosis and hemostasis by inhibiting or activating specific platelet membrane receptors or blood coagulation factors have been isolated from the venom of various snake species and characterized and more than 80 have been sequenced. Recent data on the primary sequences and 3D structures of C-type lectins and C-type lectin-like proteins from snake venoms have enabled us to analyze their molecular evolution. Statistical analysis of their cDNA sequences shows that C-type lectin-like proteins, with some exceptions, have evolved in an accelerated manner to acquire their diverse functions. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the A and B chains of C-type lectin-like proteins are clearly separated from C-type lectins and that the A and B chains are further divided into a group of platelet receptor-binding proteins and a group of coagulation factor-binding proteins. Elucidation of the tertiary structures of several C-type lectin-like proteins led to the discovery of a unique domain-swapping interaction between heterodimeric subunits, which creates a concave surface for ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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32
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Gardiner EE, Arthur JF, Kahn ML, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Regulation of platelet membrane levels of glycoprotein VI by a platelet-derived metalloproteinase. Blood 2004; 104:3611-7. [PMID: 15308568 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis can be initiated when activated platelets adhere to injured blood vessels via the interaction of subendothelial collagen with its platelet receptor, glycoprotein (GP) VI. Here we observed that incubation of platelets with convulxin, collagen, or collagen-related peptide (CRP) resulted in GPVI signaling-dependent loss of surface GPVI and the appearance of an approximately 55-kDa soluble fragment of GPVI as revealed by immunoblotting. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or GM6001 (a metalloproteinase inhibitor with broad specificity) prevented this loss. In other receptor systems, calmodulin binding to membrane-proximal cytoplasmic sequences regulates metalloproteinase-mediated ectodomain shedding. In this regard, we have previously shown that calmodulin binds to a positively charged, membrane-proximal sequence within the cytoplasmic tail of GPVI. Incubation of platelets with calmodulin inhibitor W7 (150 μM) resulted in a time-dependent loss of GPVI from the platelet surface. Both EDTA and GM6001 prevented this loss. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that W7 specifically blocked the association of calmodulin with an immobilized synthetic peptide corresponding to the calmodulin-binding sequence of GPVI. These findings suggest that disruption of calmodulin binding to receptor cytoplasmic tails by agonist binding to the receptor triggers metalloproteinase-mediated loss of GPVI from the platelet surface. This process may represent a potential mechanism to regulate GPVI-dependent platelet adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 3800.
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33
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He YY, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Cloning and purification of α-neurotoxins from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Toxicon 2004; 44:295-303. [PMID: 15302536 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen complete and three partial cDNA sequences were cloned from the constructed king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom gland cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of king cobra with those from other snake venoms revealed that obtained cDNAs are highly homologous to snake venom alpha-neurotoxins. Alignment of deduced mature peptide sequences of the obtained clones with those of other reported alpha-neurotoxins from the king cobra venom indicates that our obtained 16 clones belong to long-chain neurotoxins (seven), short-chain neurotoxins (seven), weak toxin (one) and variant (one), respectively. Up to now, two out of 16 newly cloned king cobra alpha-neurotoxins have identical amino acid sequences with CM-11 and Oh-6A/6B, which have been characterized from the same venom. Furthermore, five long-chain alpha-neurotoxins and two short-chain alpha-neurotoxins were purified from crude venom and their N-terminal amino acid sequences were determined. The cDNAs encoding the putative precursors of the purified native peptide were also determined based on the N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The purified alpha-neurotoxins showed different lethal activities on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying He
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao Chang Road, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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