1
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Hanssen KM, Wheatley MS, Yu DMT, Conseil G, Norris MD, Haber M, Cole SPC, Fletcher JI. GSH facilitates the binding and inhibitory activity of novel multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) modulators. FEBS J 2022; 289:3854-3875. [PMID: 35080351 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MRP1 (ABCC1) is a membrane transporter that confers multidrug resistance in cancer cells by exporting chemotherapeutic agents, often in a reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent manner. This transport activity can be altered by compounds (modulators) that block drug transport while simultaneously stimulating GSH efflux by MRP1. In MRP1-expressing cells, modulator-stimulated GSH efflux can be sufficient to deplete GSH and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy, enhancing cancer cell death. Further development of clinically useful MRP1 modulators requires a better mechanistic understanding of modulator binding and its relationship to GSH binding and transport. Here, we explore the mechanism of two MRP1 small molecule modulators, 5681014 and 7914321, in relation to a bipartite substrate-binding cavity of MRP1. Binding of these modulators to MRP1 was dependent on the presence of GSH but not its reducing capacity. Accordingly, the modulators poorly inhibited organic anion transport by K332L-mutant MRP1, where GSH binding and transport is limited. However, the inhibitory activity of the modulators was also diminished by mutations that limit E2 17βG but spare GSH-conjugate binding and transport (W553A, M1093A, W1246A), suggesting overlap between the E2 17βG and modulator binding sites. Immunoblots of limited trypsin digests of MRP1 suggest that binding of GSH, but not the modulators, induces a conformation change in MRP1. Together, these findings support the model, in which GSH binding induces a conformation change that facilitates binding of MRP1 modulators, possibly in a proposed hydrophobic binding pocket of MRP1. This study may facilitate the structure-guided design of more potent and selective MRP1 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Hanssen
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Madeleine S Wheatley
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Gwenaëlle Conseil
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Canada
| | - Murray D Norris
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Susan P C Cole
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Canada
| | - Jamie I Fletcher
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
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2
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Nasr R, Lorendeau D, Khonkarn R, Dury L, Pérès B, Boumendjel A, Cortay JC, Falson P, Chaptal V, Baubichon-Cortay H. Molecular analysis of the massive GSH transport mechanism mediated by the human Multidrug Resistant Protein 1/ABCC1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7616. [PMID: 32377003 PMCID: PMC7203140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) is implicated in multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype of cancer cells. Glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in MRP1 transport activities. In addition, a ligand-stimulated GSH transport which triggers the death of cells overexpressing MRP1, by collateral sensitivity (CS), has been described. This CS could be a way to overcome the poor prognosis for patients suffering from a chemoresistant cancer. The molecular mechanism of such massive GSH transport and its connection to the other transport activities of MRP1 are unknown. In this context, we generated MRP1/MRP2 chimeras covering different regions, MRP2 being a close homolog that does not trigger CS. The one encompassing helices 16 and 17 led to the loss of CS and MDR phenotype without altering basal GSH transport. Within this region, the sole restoration of the original G1228 (D1236 in MRP2) close to the extracellular loop between the two helices fully rescued the CS (massive GSH efflux and cell death) but not the MDR phenotype. The flexibility of that loop and the binding of a CS agent like verapamil could favor a particular conformation for the massive transport of GSH, not related to other transport activities of MRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachad Nasr
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Doriane Lorendeau
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Ruttiros Khonkarn
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Lauriane Dury
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Basile Pérès
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry (DPM), UMR 5063, Grenoble Alpes University, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry (DPM), UMR 5063, Grenoble Alpes University, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Claude Cortay
- INSERM U1052, CNRS-University of Lyon UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Baubichon-Cortay
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
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3
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Wiese M, Stefan SM. The A‐B‐C of small‐molecule ABC transport protein modulators: From inhibition to activation—a case study of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (ABCC1). Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2031-2081. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wiese
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Sven Marcel Stefan
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of Bonn Bonn Germany
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4
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Stefan SM, Wiese M. Small-molecule inhibitors of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and related processes: A historic approach and recent advances. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:176-264. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Marcel Stefan
- Pharmaceutical Institute; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael Wiese
- Pharmaceutical Institute; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
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5
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Ween MP, Armstrong MA, Oehler MK, Ricciardelli C. The role of ABC transporters in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:220-56. [PMID: 26100653 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of ovarian cancer patients develop chemoresistance which results in a lethal course of the disease. A well-established cause of chemoresistance involves the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters, or ABC transporters that transport a wide range of substrates including metabolic products, nutrients, lipids, and drugs across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. Expressions of various ABC transporters, shown to reduce the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapy drugs, are increased following chemotherapy and impact on ovarian cancer survival. Although clinical trials to date using ABC transporter inhibitors have been disappointing, ABC transporter inhibition remains an attractive potential adjuvant to chemotherapy. A greater understanding of their physiological functions and role in ovarian cancer chemoresistance will be important for the development of more effective targeted therapies. This article will review the role of the ABC transporter family in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance as well as the clinical attempts used to date to reverse chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide
| | - M A Armstrong
- Data Management and Analysis Centre, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - M K Oehler
- Gynaecological Oncology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Ricciardelli
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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6
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Abstract
Organic anions and cations (OAs and OCs, respectively) comprise an extraordinarily diverse array of compounds of physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological importance. The kidney, primarily the renal proximal tubule, plays a critical role in regulating the plasma concentrations of these organic electrolytes and in clearing the body of potentially toxic xenobiotics agents, a process that involves active, transepithelial secretion. This transepithelial transport involves separate entry and exit steps at the basolateral and luminal aspects of renal tubular cells. Basolateral and luminal OA and OC transport reflects the concerted activity of a suite of separate proteins arranged in parallel in each pole of proximal tubule cells. The cloning of multiple members of several distinct transport families, the subsequent characterization of their activity, and their subcellular localization within distinct regions of the kidney, now allows the development of models describing the molecular basis of the renal secretion of OAs and OCs. New information on naturally occurring genetic variation of many of these processes provides insight into the basis of observed variability of drug efficacy and unwanted drug-drug interactions in human populations. The present review examines recent work on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Pelis
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Translational Sciences, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Qin L, Tam SP, Deeley RG. Effect of Multiple Cysteine Substitutions on the Functionality of Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 Expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells: Identification of Residues Essential for Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1403-13. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Keppler D. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs, ABCCs): importance for pathophysiology and drug therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:299-323. [PMID: 21103974 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nine multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) represent the major part of the 12 members of the MRP/CFTR subfamily belonging to the 48 human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Cloning, functional characterization, and cellular localization of most MRP subfamily members have identified them as ATP-dependent efflux pumps with a broad substrate specificity for the transport of endogenous and xenobiotic anionic substances localized in cellular plasma membranes. Prototypic substrates include glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C(4) for MRP1, MRP2, and MRP4, bilirubin glucuronosides for MRP2 and MRP3, and cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP for MRP4, MRP5, and MRP8. Reduced glutathione (GSH), present in living cells at millimolar concentrations, modifies the substrate specificities of several MRPs, as exemplified by the cotransport of vincristine with GSH by MRP1, or by the cotransport of GSH with bile acids or of GSH with leukotriene B(4) by MRP4.The role of MRP subfamily members in pathophysiology may be illustrated by the MRP-mediated release of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostanoids. Pathophysiological consequences of many genetic variants leading to a lack of functional MRP protein in the plasma membrane are observed in the hereditary MRP2 deficiency associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Dubin-Johnson syndrome, in pseudoxanthoma elasticum due to mutations in the MRP6 (ABCC6) gene, or in the type of human earwax and osmidrosis determined by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MRP8 (ABCC8) gene. The hepatobiliary and renal elimination of many drugs and their metabolites is mediated by MRP2 in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane and by MRP4 as well as MRP2 in the luminal membrane of kidney proximal tubules. Therefore, inhibition of these efflux pumps affects pharmacokinetics, unless compensated by other ATP-dependent efflux pumps with overlapping substrate specificities.
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9
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Qian Y, Jing Y, Li ZJ. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated reduction of IgG-fusion protein aggregation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 26:1417-23. [PMID: 20549677 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Formation of high molecular weight (HMW) species is a common issue encountered during manufacture of protein therapeutics. With advanced purification techniques, efficient removal of protein aggregates is no longer a challenging task, but it is important to minimize protein aggregation level at the culture stage to reduce the downstream burden and improve overall process yield. In this regard, our recent effort on medium optimization has led us to unexpectedly discover that glucocorticoids can significantly reduce the formation of HMW species in IgG-fusion protein produced by CHO cells. First, the effectiveness of dexamethasone can be seen at nanomolar concentrations, which allows this glucocorticoid analog to be a cost-efficient chemical for reducing protein aggregation in cell cultures. Second, this reduction is mediated through glucocorticoid receptors (GR) as it is antagonized by GR antagonist RU486. Third, GR activation upregulates expression of glutathione reductase but not protein disulfide-isomerase, which may help with providing a balanced redox condition in the cells. Last, the beneficial effect of dexamethasone is not limited to one cell line, and it can be repeated in a different cell line, indicating that glucocorticoids are also applicable to other DG44 cell lines for reducing protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Qian
- Process Sciences, Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4755, Syracuse, NY 13221, USA
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10
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Role of glutathione in the regulation of Cisplatin resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Met Based Drugs 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20885916 PMCID: PMC2946579 DOI: 10.1155/2010/430939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three mechanisms have been proposed for the role of glutathione (GSH) in regulating cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivities that affects its ultimate cell-killing ability: (i) GSH may serve as a cofactor in facilitating multidrug resistance protein 2- (MRP2-) mediated CDDP efflux in mammalian cells, since MRP2-transfected cells were shown to confer CDDP resistance; (ii) GSH may serve as a redox-regulating cytoprotector based on the observations that many CDDP-resistant cells overexpress GSH and γ-glutamylcysteine synthesis (γ-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH biosynthesis; (iii) GSH may function as a copper (Cu) chelator. Elevated GSH expression depletes the cellular bioavailable Cu pool, resulting in upregulation of the high-affinity Cu transporter (hCtr1) which is also a CDDP transporter. This has been demonstrated that overexpression of GSH by transfection with γ-GCS conferred sensitization to CDDP toxicity. This review describes how these three models were developed and critically reviews their importance to overall CDDP cytotoxicity in cancer cell treatments.
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11
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Pickin KA, Ezenwajiaku N, Overcash H, Sethi M, Knecht MR, Paumi CM. Suppression of Ycf1p function by Cka1p-dependent phosphorylation is attenuated in response to salt stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:839-57. [PMID: 20812950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast vacuolar membrane protein Ycf1p and its mammalian counterpart, MRP1, belong to the ABCC subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters. Genetic evidence suggests that the yeast casein kinase 2α, Cka1p, negatively regulates Ycf1p function via phosphorylation of Ser251 within the N-terminus. In this study, we provide strong evidence that Cka1p regulates Ycf1p function via phosphorylation of Ser251. We show that the CK2 holoenzyme interacts with Ycf1p. However, genetic analysis suggests that only Cka1p is required for Ser251 phosphorylation, as the deletion of CKA1 significantly reduces Ser251 phosphorylation in vivo. Furthermore, purified recombinant Cka1p phosphorylates a Ycf1p-derived peptide containing Ser251. We also demonstrate that Ycf1p function is induced in response to high salt stress. Induction of the Ycf1p function strongly correlates with reduced phosphorylation of Ser251. Importantly, Cka1p activity in vivo is similarly reduced in response to salt stress, consistent with our finding that Cka1p directly phosphorylates Ser251 of Ycf1p. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that strongly suggests that the induction of Ycf1p function is the result of decreased phosphorylation of Ser251. In conclusion, our work demonstrates a novel biochemical role for Cka1p regulation of Ycf1p function in the cellular response of yeast to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Pickin
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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12
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Targeting drug transporters - combining in silico and in vitro approaches to predict in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:65-103. [PMID: 20419430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter proteins are expressed throughout the human body in different vital organs. They play an important role to various extents in determining absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of therapeutic molecules. Over the past decade, numerous drug transporters have been cloned and considerable progress has been made toward understanding the molecular characteristics of individual transporters. In this chapter several in vitro and in silico techniques are described with applications to understand transporter behavior. These include employing new techniques to rapidly identify novel ligands for transporters. Ultimately these methods should lead to a greater overall appreciation of the role of transporters in vivo.
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13
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Chang XB. Molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 596:223-49. [PMID: 19949927 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Millions of new cancer patients are diagnosed each year and over half of these patients die from this devastating disease. Thus, cancer causes a major public health problem worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Over-expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs across the cell membrane barrier. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-bao Chang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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14
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Kuo MT. Redox regulation of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:99-133. [PMID: 18699730 PMCID: PMC2577715 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of human malignancies. It has been established that membrane proteins, notably multidrug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance protein (MRP), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family encoding efflux pumps, play important roles in the development of multidrug resistance. Overexpression of these transporters has been observed frequently in many types of human malignancies and correlated with poor responses to chemotherapeutic agents. Evidence has accumulated showing that redox signals are activated in response to drug treatments that affect the expression and activity of these transporters by multiple mechanisms, including (a) conformational changes in the transporters, (b) regulation of the biosynthesis cofactors required for the transporter's function, (c) regulation of the expression of transporters at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic levels, and (d) amplification of the copy number of genes encoding these transporters. This review describes various specific factors and their relevant signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation. Finally, the roles of redox signaling in the maintenance and evolution of cancer stem cells and their implications in the development of intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology (Unit 951), The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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15
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Grant CE, Gao M, DeGorter MK, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Structural Determinants of Substrate Specificity Differences between Human Multidrug Resistance Protein (MRP) 1 (ABCC1) and MRP3 (ABCC3). Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2571-81. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Paumi CM, Chuk M, Chevelev I, Stagljar I, Michaelis S. Negative regulation of the yeast ABC transporter Ycf1p by phosphorylation within its N-terminal extension. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27079-88. [PMID: 18667437 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802569200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast vacuolar membrane protein Ycf1p and its mammalian counterpart, MRP1, belong to the ABCC subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that rid cells of toxic endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Like most members of the ABCC subfamily, Ycf1p contains an N-terminal extension in addition to its ABC "core" domain and transports substrates in the form of glutathione conjugates. Ycf1p is subject to complex regulation to ensure its optimal function. Previous studies showed that Ycf1p activity is stimulated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Tus1p, and is positively regulated by phosphorylation in its ABC core domain at residues Ser-908 and Thr-911. Here we provide evidence that phosphorylation of Ser-251 in the Ycf1p N-terminal extension negatively regulates activity. Mutant Ycf1p-S251A exhibits increased resistance to cadmium in vivo and increased Ycf1p-dependent transport of [(3)H]estradiol-beta-17-glucuronide in vitro as compared with wild-type Ycf1p. Activity is restored to the wild-type level for Ycf1-S251E. To identify kinase(s) that negatively regulate Ycf1p function, we conducted an integrated membrane yeast two-hybrid (iMYTH) screen and identified two kinase genes, CKA1 and HAL5, deletion of which increases Ycf1p function. Genetic evidence suggests that Cka1p may regulate Ycf1p function through phosphorylation of Ser-251 either directly or indirectly. Overall, this study provides compelling evidence that negative, as well as positive, regulation of Ycf1p is mediated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Paumi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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17
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Bandler PE, Westlake CJ, Grant CE, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Identification of regions required for apical membrane localization of human multidrug resistance protein 2. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:9-19. [PMID: 18381564 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.045674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2 transport a wide range of endo- and xenobiotics. However, with the exception of certain parts of the brain, MRP1 traffics to basolateral membranes of polarized cells, whereas MRP2 is apical in location and thus it is particularly important for systemic elimination of such compounds. Different regions of MRP1 and MRP2 seem to target them to their respective membrane locations. In addition to two "core" membrane spanning domains (MSDs) characteristic of ATP-binding cassette transporters, MRP1 and MRP2 have a third NH2-terminal MSD (MSD0), which is not required for basolateral targeting of MRP1, or for transport of at least some substrates. Here, we demonstrate that all elements necessary for apical targeting of MRP2 reside in MSD0 and the adjacent cytoplasmic loop (CL) 3. Furthermore, we show that this region of MRP2 can target the core of MRP1 to an exclusively apical location. Within MRP2 CL3, we identified a lysine-rich element that is essential for apical targeting. When introduced into MRP1, this element alone is sufficient to result in partial apical localization. However, exclusive targeting to the apical membrane seems to require the integrity of the entire region encompassing MSD0 and CL3 of MRP2. Because CL3 of MRP1 is critical for binding, transport, or both of several compounds, we also examined the function of hybrids containing all, or portions of MRP2 MSD0 and CL3. Our results indicate that CL3 is important for interaction with both the glutathione and glucuronide conjugates tested, but that different regions may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bandler
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
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18
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Chang XB. A molecular understanding of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26:15-37. [PMID: 17295059 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over a million new cases of cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States and over half of these patients die from these devastating diseases. Thus, cancers cause a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Numerous mechanisms of MDR exist in cancer cells, such as intrinsic or acquired MDR. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP or ABCG2) and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1 or ABCC1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs. In addition to their roles in MDR, there is substantial evidence suggesting that these drug transporters have functions in tissue defense. Basically, these drug transporters are expressed in tissues important for absorption, such as in lung and gut, and for metabolism and elimination, such as in liver and kidney. In addition, these drug transporters play an important role in maintaining the barrier function of many tissues including blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier, blood-testis barrier and the maternal-fetal barrier. Thus, these ATP-dependent drug transporters play an important role in the absorption, disposition and elimination of the structurally diverse array of the endobiotics and xenobiotics. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-bao Chang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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19
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Cerf E, Gasper R, Belani JD, Rychnovsky S, Chang XB, Buyse F, Ruysschaert JM. Multidrug resistance protein 1 is not associated to detergent-resistant membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:1025-30. [PMID: 17336270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. Using the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis, it transports a broad spectrum of substrates across the plasma membrane, including hormones, leukotriene C(4), bile salts, and anti-cancer drugs. Recent works have suggested that P-glycoprotein is associated to cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains and that cholesterol upregulates its ATPase and drug transport activities. Confocal microscopy experiments and Triton X-100 extraction of detergent-resistant membranes provide evidence that MRP1 is not located in raft-like structures and that its activity is downregulated by cholesterol. The data are discussed in terms of cholesterol-protein interaction and topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cerf
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Centre de Biologie Structurale et de Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Bakos E, Homolya L. Portrait of multifaceted transporter, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1). Pflugers Arch 2006; 453:621-41. [PMID: 17187268 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
MRP1 (ABCC1) is a peculiar member of the ABC transporter superfamily for several aspects. This protein has an unusually broad substrate specificity and is capable of transporting not only a wide variety of neutral hydrophobic compounds, like the MDR1/P-glycoprotein, but also facilitating the extrusion of numerous glutathione, glucuronate, and sulfate conjugates. The transport mechanism of MRP1 is also complex; a composite substrate-binding site permits both cooperativity and competition between various substrates. This versatility and the ubiquitous tissue distribution make this transporter suitable for contributing to various physiological functions, including defense against xenobiotics and endogenous toxic metabolites, leukotriene-mediated inflammatory responses, as well as protection from the toxic effect of oxidative stress. In this paper, we give an overview of the considerable amount of knowledge which has accumulated since the discovery of MRP1 in 1992. We place special emphasis on the structural features essential for function, our recent understanding of the transport mechanism, and the numerous assignments of this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Cnubben NHP, Wortelboer HM, van Zanden JJ, Rietjens IMCM, van Bladeren PJ. Metabolism of ATP-binding cassette drug transporter inhibitors: complicating factor for multidrug resistance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 1:219-32. [PMID: 16922638 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport proteins belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transport proteins play a central role in the defence of organisms against toxic compounds, including anticancer drugs. However, for compounds that are designed to display a toxic effect, this defence system diminishes their effectiveness. This is typically the case in the development of cellular resistance to anticancer drugs. Inhibitors of these transporters are thus potentially useful tools to reverse this transporter-mediated cellular resistance to anticancer drugs and, eventually, to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment of patients with drug-resistant cancer. This review highlights the various types of inhibitors of several multidrug resistance-related ABC proteins, and demonstrates that the metabolism of inhibitors, as illustrated by recent data obtained for various natural compound inhibitors, may have considerable implications for their effect on drug transport and their potential for treatment of drug resistance.
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22
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Deeley RG, Westlake C, Cole SPC. Transmembrane transport of endo- and xenobiotics by mammalian ATP-binding cassette multidrug resistance proteins. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:849-99. [PMID: 16816140 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs), together with the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) comprise the 13 members of the human "C" branch of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. All C branch proteins share conserved structural features in their nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) that distinguish them from other ABC proteins. The MRPs can be further divided into two subfamilies "long" (MRP1, -2, -3, -6, and -7) and "short" (MRP4, -5, -8, -9, and -10). The short MRPs have a typical ABC transporter structure with two polytropic membrane spanning domains (MSDs) and two NBDs, while the long MRPs have an additional NH2-terminal MSD. In vitro, the MRPs can collectively confer resistance to natural product drugs and their conjugated metabolites, platinum compounds, folate antimetabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, arsenical and antimonial oxyanions, peptide-based agents, and, under certain circumstances, alkylating agents. The MRPs are also primary active transporters of other structurally diverse compounds, including glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates of a large number of xeno- and endobiotics. In vivo, several MRPs are major contributors to the distribution and elimination of a wide range of both anticancer and non-anticancer drugs and metabolites. In this review, we describe what is known of the structure of the MRPs and the mechanisms by which they recognize and transport their diverse substrates. We also summarize knowledge of their possible physiological functions and evidence that they may be involved in the clinical drug resistance of various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Deeley
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University Kingdom, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates by MRP1. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:438-46. [PMID: 16820223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH)-conjugated xenobiotics and GSH-conjugated metabolites (e.g. the cysteinyl leukotriene C4) must be exported from the cells in which they are formed before they can be eliminated from the body or act on their cellular targets. This efflux is often mediated by the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) transporter, which also confers drug resistance to tumour cells and can protect normal cells from toxic insults. In addition to drugs and GSH conjugates, MRP1 exports GSH and GSH disulfide, and might thus have a role in cellular responses to oxidative stress. The transport of several drugs and conjugated organic anions by MRP1 requires the presence of GSH, but it is not well understood how GSH (and its analogues) enhances transport. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and biophysical analyses have provided important insights into the structural determinants of MRP1 that influence GSH and GSH conjugate binding and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P C Cole
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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24
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Bernardi D, Battaglia E, Kirsch G. Synthesis and evaluation of an N-acylated photoactivatable analogue of glutathione as probe for glutathione-utilizing enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1601-4. [PMID: 16387494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of an N-acylated photoactivatable analogue of reduced glutathione is described. N-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)glutathione (8) was found to be an inhibitor and a photoaffinity probe of purified rat liver glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bernardi
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Biochimie Pharmacologique, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078 METZ Cedex 3, France
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25
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Frelet A, Klein M. Insight in eukaryotic ABC transporter function by mutation analysis. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1064-84. [PMID: 16442101 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With regard to structure-function relations of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters several intriguing questions are in the spotlight of active research: Why do functional ABC transporters possess two ATP binding and hydrolysis domains together with two ABC signatures and to what extent are the individual nucleotide-binding domains independent or interacting? Where is the substrate-binding site and how is ATP hydrolysis functionally coupled to the transport process itself? Although much progress has been made in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of ABC transporters in the last years by several crystallographic studies including novel models for the nucleotide hydrolysis and translocation catalysis, site-directed mutagenesis as well as the identification of natural mutations is still a major tool to evaluate effects of individual amino acids on the overall function of ABC transporters. Apart from alterations in characteristic sequence such as Walker A, Walker B and the ABC signature other parts of ABC proteins were subject to detailed mutagenesis studies including the substrate-binding site or the regulatory domain of CFTR. In this review, we will give a detailed overview of the mutation analysis reported for selected ABC transporters of the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies, namely HsCFTR/ABCC7, HsSUR/ABCC8,9, HsMRP1/ABCC1, HsMRP2/ABCC2, ScYCF1 and P-glycoprotein (Pgp)/MDR1/ABCB1 and their effects on the function of each protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet
- Zurich Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Plant Biology, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Zhang DW, Nunoya K, Vasa M, Gu HM, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Mutational analysis of polar amino acid residues within predicted transmembrane helices 10 and 16 of multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1): effect on substrate specificity. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:539-46. [PMID: 16415113 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.007740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) has a total of 17 transmembrane (TM) helices arranged in three membrane-spanning domains, MSD0, MSD1, and MSD2, with a 5 + 6 + 6 TM configuration. Photolabeling studies indicate that TMs 10 and 11 in MSD1 and 16 and 17 in MSD2 contribute to the substrate binding pocket of the protein. Previous mutational analyses of charged and polar amino acids in predicted TM helices 11, 16, and 17 support this suggestion. Mutation of Trp(553) in TM10 also affects substrate specificity. To extend this analysis, we mutated six additional polar residues within TM10 and the remaining uncharacterized polar residue in TM16, Asn(1208). Although mutation of Asn(1208) was without effect, two of six mutations in TM10, T550A and T556A, modulated the drug resistance profile of MRP1 without affecting transport of leukotriene C4, 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-d-glucuronide) (E(2)17betaG), and glutathione. Mutation T550A increased vincristine resistance but decreased doxorubicin resistance, whereas mutation T556A decreased resistance to etoposide (VP-16) and doxorubicin. Although conservative mutation of Tyr(568) in TM10 to Phe or Trp had no apparent effect on substrate specificity, substitution with Ala decreased the affinity of MRP1 for E(2)17betaG without affecting drug resistance or the transport of other substrates tested. These analyses confirm that several amino acids in TM10 selectively alter the substrate specificity of MRP1, suggesting that they interact directly with certain substrates. The location of these and other functionally important residues in TM helices 11, 16, and 17 is discussed in the context of an energy-minimized model of the membrane-spanning domains of MRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Suite 300, 10 Stuart St. Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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27
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Deeley RG, Cole SPC. Substrate recognition and transport by multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1). FEBS Lett 2005; 580:1103-11. [PMID: 16387301 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 1 belongs to the 'C' branch of the ABC transporter superfamily. MRP1 is a high-affinity transporter of the cysteinyl leukotriene C(4) and is responsible for the systemic release of this cytokine in response to an inflammatory stimulus. However, the substrate specificity of MRP1 is extremely broad and includes many organic anion conjugates of structurally unrelated endo- and xenobiotics. In addition, MRP1 transports unmodified hydrophobic compounds, such as natural product type chemotherapeutic agents and mutagens, such as aflatoxin B(1). Transport of several of these compounds has been shown to be dependent on the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH). More recently, GSH has also been shown to stimulate the transport of some conjugated compounds, including sulfates and glucuronides. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the substrate specificity and modes of transport of MRP1 and discuss how the protein may recognize its structurally diverse substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Deeley
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6.
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28
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Noguchi T, Ren XQ, Aoki S, Igarashi Y, Che XF, Nakajima Y, Takahashi H, Mitsuo R, Tsujikawa K, Sumizawa T, Haraguchi M, Kobayashi M, Goto S, Kanehisa M, Aikou T, Akiyama SI, Furukawa T. MRP1 mutated in the L0 region transports SN-38 but not leukotriene C4 or estradiol-17 (beta-D-glucuronate). Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1056-65. [PMID: 16098482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that confers multidrug resistance on tumor cells. Much convincing evidence has accumulated that MRP1 transports most substances in a GSH-dependent manner. On the other hand, several reports have revealed that MRP1 can transport some substrates independently of GSH; however, the importance of GSH-independent transport activity is not well established and the mechanistic differences between GSH-dependent and -independent transport by MRP1 are unclear. We previously demonstrated that the amino acids W261 and K267 in the L0 region of MRP1 were important for leukotriene C4 (LTC4) transport activity of MRP1 and for GSH-dependent photolabeling of MRP1 with azidophenyl agosterol-A (azidoAG-A). In this paper, we further tested the effect of W222L, W223L and R230A mutations in MRP1, designated dmL0MRP1, on MRP1 transport activity. SN-38 is an active metabolic form of CPT-11 that is one of the most promising anti-cancer drugs. Membrane vesicles prepared from cells expressing dmL0MRP1 could transport SN-38, but not LTC4 or estradiol-17 (beta-D-glucuronate), and could not be photolabeled with azidoAG-A. These data suggested that SN-38 was transported by a different mechanism than that of GSH-dependent transport. Understanding the GSH-independent transport mechanism of MRP1, and identification of drugs that are transported by this mechanism, will be critical for combating MRP1-mediated drug resistance. We performed a pairwise comparison of compounds that are transported by MRP1 in a GSH-dependent or -independent manner. These data indicated that it may be possible to predict compounds that are transported by MRP1 in a GSH-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Noguchi
- Department Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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29
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Ren XQ, Furukawa T, Nakajima Y, Takahashi H, Aoki S, Sumizawa T, Haraguchi M, Kobayashi M, Chijiiwa K, Akiyama SI. GSH Inhibits Trypsinization of the C-terminal Half of Human MRP1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6231-7. [PMID: 15579473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409498200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MRP1 is a 190-kDa membrane glycoprotein that confers multidrug resistance to tumor cells. The accumulated evidence has proved that GSH interacts with MRP1 and stimulates drug transport. However, the mechanism of GSH-dependent drug transport by MRP1 remains unclear. In this study, we used limited tryptic digestion of MRP1 in isolated membrane vesicles, in the presence and absence of GSH, to investigate the influence of GSH on MRP1 conformation. We found that GSH inhibited the generation of an approximately 35-kDa C-terminal tryptic fragment (including a C-terminal His tag) termed C2 from MRP1. This effect of GSH was not because of direct inhibition of trypsin activity, and agosterol A enhanced the inhibitory effect of GSH. The main cleavage site in MRP1 for the generation of the C2 fragment by trypsin resided between TMD2 and NBD2 of MRP1. Limited tryptic digestion of membrane vesicles expressing various truncated and co-expressed MRP1 fragments in the presence and absence of GSH revealed that GSH inhibited the production of the C2 fragment only in the presence of the L(0) region of MRP1. Thus the L(0) region is required for the inhibition of trypsinization of the C-terminal half of MRP1 by GSH. These findings, together with previous reports, suggest that GSH induces a conformational change at a site within the MRP1 that is indispensable for the interaction of MRP1 with its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Ren
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Field of Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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30
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Tian Q, Zhang J, Chan E, Duan W, Zhou S. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and implication in drug development. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Westlake CJ, Payen L, Gao M, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Identification and characterization of functionally important elements in the multidrug resistance protein 1 COOH-terminal region. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:53571-83. [PMID: 15459206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402528200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1), transports a broad spectrum of conjugated and unconjugated compounds, including natural product chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we have investigated the importance of the COOH-terminal region of MRP1 for transport activity and basolateral plasma membrane trafficking. The COOH-terminal regions of some ABCC proteins have been implicated in protein trafficking, but the function of this region of MRP1 has not been defined. In contrast to results obtained with other ABCC proteins, we found that the COOH-proximal 30 amino acids of MRP1 can be removed without affecting trafficking to basolateral membranes. However, the truncated protein is inactive. Furthermore, removal of as few as 4 COOH-terminal amino acids profoundly decreases transport activity. Although amino acid sequence conservation of the COOH-terminal regions of ABC proteins is low, secondary structure predictions indicate that they consist of a broadly conserved helix-sheet-sheet-helix-helix structure. Consistent with a conservation of secondary and tertiary structure, MRP1 hybrids containing the COOH-terminal regions of either the homologous MRP2 or the distantly related P-glycoprotein were fully active and trafficked normally. Using mutated proteins, we have identified structural elements containing five conserved hydrophobic amino acids that are required for activity. We show that these are important for binding and hydrolysis of ATP by nucleotide binding domain 2. Based on crystal structures of several ABC proteins, we suggest that the conserved amino acids may stabilize a helical bundle formed by the COOH-terminal three helices and may contribute to interactions between the COOH-terminal region and the protein's two nucleotide binding domains.
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32
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Situ D, Haimeur A, Conseil G, Sparks KE, Zhang D, Deeley RG, Cole SPC. Mutational analysis of ionizable residues proximal to the cytoplasmic interface of membrane spanning domain 3 of the multidrug resistance protein, MRP1 (ABCC1): glutamate 1204 is important for both the expression and catalytic activity of the transporter. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38871-80. [PMID: 15208328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403832200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance protein MRP1 is an ATP-dependent transporter of organic anions and chemotherapeutic agents. A significant number of ionizable amino acids are found in or proximal to the 17 transmembrane (TM) helices of MRP1, and we have investigated 6 of these at the cytoplasmic interface of TM13-17 for their role in MRP1 expression and transport activity. Opposite charge substitutions of TM13 Arg(1046) and TM15 Arg(1131) did not alter MRP1 expression nor did they substantially affect activity. In contrast, opposite charge substitutions of TM16 Arg(1202) and Glu(1204) reduced protein expression by >80%; however, MRP1 expression was not affected when Arg(1202) and Glu(1204) were replaced with neutral or same-charge residues. In addition, organic anion transport levels of the R1202L, R1202G, and R1202K mutants were comparable with wild-type MRP1. In contrast, organic anion transport by E1204L was substantially reduced, whereas transport by E1204D was comparable with wild-type MRP1, with the notable exception of GSH. Opposite charge substitutions of TM16 Arg(1197) and TM17 Arg(1249) did not affect MRP1 expression but substantially reduced transport. Mutants containing like-charge substitutions of Arg(1197) or Arg(1249) were also transport-inactive and no longer bound leukotriene C(4). In contrast, substrate binding by the transport-compromised E1204L mutant remained intact. Furthermore, vanadate-induced trapping of azido-ADP by E1204L was dramatically increased, indicating that this mutation may cause a partial uncoupling of the catalytic and transport activities of MRP1. Thus, Glu(1204) serves a dual role in membrane expression of MRP1 and a step in its catalytic cycle subsequent to initial substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Situ
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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33
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Dantzig AH, Shepard RL, Pratt SE, Tabas LB, Lander PA, Ma L, Paul DC, Williams DC, Peng SB, Slapak CA, Godinot N, Perry WL. Evaluation of the binding of the tricyclic isoxazole photoaffinity label LY475776 to multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) orthologs and several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1111-21. [PMID: 15006547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters confer resistance to anticancer agents and/or antiviral agents when overexpressed in drug-sensitive cells. Recently a MRP1 (ABCC1) tricyclic isoxazole inhibitor, LY475776 was shown to be a glutathione-dependent photoaffinity label of human MRP1 and showed poor labeling of murine mrp1, an ortholog that does not confer anthracycline resistance. In the present study, the specificity of LY475776 was examined for its ability to modulate or photolabel orthologs of MRP1 and several other drug efflux transporters of the ABC transporter family. LY475776 modulated MRP1 and Pgp-mediated resistance (MDR, ABCB1) in, respectively, HeLa-T5 and CEM/VLB(100) cells to both vincristine and doxorubicin. LY475776 photolabeled 170kDa Pgp and was inhibited by the potent Pgp inhibitor LY335979 (Zosuquidar.3HCl). The labeling of the 190kDa MRP1 protein in membranes of HeLa-T5 cells was inhibited by substrates of MRP1 such as leukotriene C(4), vincrisine, and doxorubicin and by the inhibitor, MK571. LY475776 did not photolabel human MRP2 (ABCC2), MRP3 (ABCC3), MRP5 (ABCC5) or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Because LY475776 photolabels murine mrp1 less well than human MRP1 and binds to a region believed important for anthracycline binding, studies were conducted with monkey and canine MRP1 which also show a reduced ability to confer resistance to anthracyclines. Unlike murine mrp1, both orthologs were photolabeled well by LY475776. These studies indicate that the specificity of LY475776 is fairly limited to Pgp and MRP1 and further studies will help to define the binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Dantzig
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The MRP family is comprised of nine related ABC transporters that are able to transport structurally diverse lipophilic anions and function as drug efflux pumps. Investigations of this family have provided insights not only into cellular resistance mechanisms associated with natural product chemotherapeutic agents, antifolates and nucleotide analogs, but also into factors that influence drug distribution in the body, membrane systems that are involved in the extrusion of reduced folates, cysteinyl leukotrienes and bile acids, and the molecular basis of two hereditary conditions in humans. The review will describe the biochemical properties, drug resistance activities and potential in vivo functions of these unusual pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Kruh
- Medical Science Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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35
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Zhang DW, Gu HM, Situ D, Haimeur A, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Functional importance of polar and charged amino acid residues in transmembrane helix 14 of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1): identification of an aspartate residue critical for conversion from a high to low affinity substrate binding state. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46052-63. [PMID: 12954620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308403200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) confers resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents and transports diverse conjugated organic anions. We previously demonstrated that Glu1089 in transmembrane (TM) 14 is critical for the protein to confer anthracycline resistance. We have now assessed the functional importance of all polar and charged amino acids in this TM helix. Asn1100, Ser1097, and Lys1092, which are all predicted to be on the same face of the helix as to Glu1089, are involved in determining the substrate specificity of the protein. Notably, elimination of the positively charged side chain of Lys1092, increased resistance to the cationic drugs vincristine and doxorubicin, but not the electroneutral drug etoposide (VP-16). In addition, mutations S1097A and N1100A selectively decreased transport of 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-d-glucuronide) (E217betaG) but not cysteinyl leukotriene 4 (LTC4), demonstrating the importance of multiple residues in this helix in determining substrate specificity. In contrast, mutations of Asp1084 that eliminate the carboxylate side chain markedly decreased resistance to all drugs tested, as well as transport of both E217betaG and LTC4, despite the fact that LTC4 binding was unaffected. We show that these mutations prevent the ATP-dependent transition of the protein from a high to low affinity substrate binding state and drastically diminish ADP trapping at nucleotide binding domain 2. Based on results presented here and crystal structures of prokaryotic ATP binding cassette transporters, Asp1084 may be critical for interaction between the cytoplasmic loop connecting TM13 and TM14 and a region of nucleotide binding domain 2 between the conserved Walker A and ABC signature motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Nunoya K, Grant CE, Zhang D, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of rat multidrug resistance protein 1 (mrp1). Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1016-26. [PMID: 12867490 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.8.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) transports a wide range of structurally diverse conjugated and nonconjugated organic anions and some peptides, including oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH). The protein confers resistance to certain heavy metal oxyanions and a variety of natural product-type chemotherapeutic agents. Elevated levels of MRP1 have been detected in many human tumors, and the protein is a candidate therapeutic target for drug resistance reversing agents. Previously, we have shown that human MRP1 (hMRP1) and murine MRP1 (mMRP1) differ in their substrate specificity despite a high degree of structural conservation. Since rat models are widely used in the drug discovery and development stage, we have cloned and functionally characterized rat MRP1 (rMRP1). Like mMRP1 and in contrast to hMRP1, rMRP1 confers no, or very low, resistance to anthracyclines and transports the two estrogen conjugates, 17beta-estradiol-17-(beta-d-glucuronide) (E217betaG) and estrone 3-sulfate, relatively poorly. Mutational studies combined with vesicle transport assays identified several amino acids conserved between rat and mouse, but not hMRP1, that make major contributions to these differences in substrate specificity. Despite the fact that the rodent proteins transport E217betaG poorly and the GSH-stimulated transport of estrone 3-sulfate is low compared with hMRP1, site-directed mutagenesis studies indicate that different nonconserved amino acids are involved in the low efficiency with which each of the two estrogen conjugates is transported. Our studies also suggest that although rMRP1 and mMRP1 are 95% identical in primary structure, their substrate specificities may be influenced by amino acids that are not conserved between the two rodent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nunoya
- Department of Xenobiotic and Disposition, Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, OSaka, Japan
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Leslie EM, Bowers RJ, Deeley RG, Cole SPC. Structural requirements for functional interaction of glutathione tripeptide analogs with the human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:643-53. [PMID: 12538817 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is a primary active transporter of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione, as well as GSH-, glucuronate-, and sulfate-conjugated organic anions. In addition, the transport of certain MRP1 substrates is stimulated by the presence of GSH. To evaluate the structural features of GSH required for interaction with the protein, we investigated the ability of a series of GSH analogs to enhance GSH stimulatable transport of [(3)H]estrone 3-sulfate (E(1)SO(4)). We found that substitution of the gamma-Glu residue with Gly, beta-Asp, and alpha-Glu resulted in complete loss of transport stimulation. In contrast, substitution of Gly with Glu or beta-Ala resulted in only a partial loss of stimulatory activity. E(1)SO(4) transport activity surpassed GSH-stimulated levels in the presence of tripeptides in which Cys was substituted with the hydrophobic amino acids Leu, Phe, and homo-Phe. Moreover, polar substitutions of Cys did not enhance transport to the same extent as nonpolar substitutions of comparable size. gamma-Glu-Leu-Gly was 1.6-fold more effective than GSH in stimulating E(1)SO(4) uptake, and kinetic analysis indicated this was due to an increased V(max). In addition, this tripeptide was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of apigenin-stimulated GSH transport (K(i) value of 14 microM), confirming that it either interacts with the same site on MRP1 as GSH or that the binding of the two tripeptides is mutually exclusive. These data provide insight into the architecture of the GSH binding domain of MRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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