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Okura GC, Bharadwaj AG, Waisman DM. Recent Advances in Molecular and Cellular Functions of S100A10. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1450. [PMID: 37892132 PMCID: PMC10604489 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A10 (p11, annexin II light chain, calpactin light chain) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of physiological activity. S100A10 is unique among the S100 family members of proteins since it does not bind to Ca2+, despite its sequence and structural similarity. This review focuses on studies highlighting the structure, regulation, and binding partners of S100A10. The binding partners of S100A10 were collated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian C. Okura
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (G.C.O.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (G.C.O.); (A.G.B.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - David M. Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (G.C.O.); (A.G.B.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
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Bharadwaj AG, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The ANXA2/S100A10 Complex—Regulation of the Oncogenic Plasminogen Receptor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121772. [PMID: 34944416 PMCID: PMC8698604 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of the serine protease plasmin is initiated by the binding of its zymogenic precursor, plasminogen, to cell surface receptors. The proteolytic activity of plasmin, generated at the cell surface, plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and the invasion of cells through both the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. The seminal observation by Albert Fischer that cancer cells, but not normal cells in culture, produce large amounts of plasmin formed the basis of current-day observations that plasmin generation can be hijacked by cancer cells to allow tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Thus, the cell surface plasminogen-binding receptor proteins are critical to generating plasmin proteolytic activity at the cell surface. This review focuses on one of the twelve well-described plasminogen receptors, S100A10, which, when in complex with its regulatory partner, annexin A2 (ANXA2), forms the ANXA2/S100A10 heterotetrameric complex referred to as AIIt. We present the theme that AIIt is the quintessential cellular plasminogen receptor since it regulates the formation and the destruction of plasmin. We also introduce the term oncogenic plasminogen receptor to define those plasminogen receptors directly activated during cancer progression. We then discuss the research establishing AIIt as an oncogenic plasminogen receptor-regulated during EMT and activated by oncogenes such as SRC, RAS, HIF1α, and PML-RAR and epigenetically by DNA methylation. We further discuss the evidence derived from animal models supporting the role of S100A10 in tumor progression and oncogenesis. Lastly, we describe the potential of S100A10 as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David M. Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
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Saiki Y, Horii A. Multiple functions of S100A10, an important cancer promoter. Pathol Int 2019; 69:629-636. [PMID: 31612598 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The S100 group of calcium binding proteins is composed of 21 members that exhibit tissue/cell specific expressions. These S100 proteins bind a diverse range of targets and regulate multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. S100A10, also known as p11, binds mainly to annexin A2 and mediates the conversion of plasminogen to an active protease, plasmin. Higher S100A10 expression has been reported to link to worse outcome and/or chemoresistance in a number of cancer types in lung, breast, ovary, pancreas, gall bladder and colorectum and leukemia although some discrepancy was reported. In this review, we focused on the roles of the S100A10 in cancer. We summarized its biological functions, role in cancer progression, prognostic value and targeting of S100A10 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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Marandykina A, Palacios-Prado N, Rimkutė L, Skeberdis VA, Bukauskas FF. Regulation of connexin36 gap junction channels by n-alkanols and arachidonic acid. J Physiol 2013; 591:2087-101. [PMID: 23420660 PMCID: PMC3634521 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.250910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined junctional conductance (gj) and its dependence on transjunctional voltage in gap junction (GJ) channels formed of wild-type connexin36 (Cx36) or its fusion form with green fluorescent protein (Cx36-EGFP) transfected in HeLa cells or endogenously expressed in primary culture of pancreatic β-cells. Only a very small fraction (∼0.8%) of Cx36-EGFP channels assembled into junctional plaques of GJs were open under control conditions. We found that short carbon chain n-alkanols (SCCAs) increased gj, while long carbon chain n-alkanols resulted in full uncoupling; cutoff is between heptanol and octanol. The fraction of functional channels and gj increased several fold under an exposure to SCCAs, or during reduction of endogenous levels of arachidonic acid (AA) by exposure to fatty acid-free BSA or cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Moreover, uncoupling caused by exogenously applied AA can be rescued by BSA, which binds AA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but not by BSA modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, which does not bind AA and other PUFAs. We propose that under control conditions, Cx36 GJ channels in HeLa transfectants and β-cells are inhibited by endogenous AA, which stabilizes a closed conformational state of the channel that leads to extremely low fraction of functional channels. In addition, SCCAs increase gj by interfering with endogenous AA-dependent inhibition, increasing open probability and the fraction of functional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Marandykina
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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The biochemistry and regulation of S100A10: a multifunctional plasminogen receptor involved in oncogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:353687. [PMID: 23118506 PMCID: PMC3479961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/353687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen receptors mediate the production and localization to the cell surface of the broad spectrum proteinase, plasmin. S100A10 is a key regulator of cellular plasmin production and may account for as much as 50% of cellular plasmin generation. In parallel to plasminogen, the plasminogen-binding site on S100A10 is highly conserved from mammals to fish. S100A10 is constitutively expressed in many cells and is also induced by many diverse factors and physiological stimuli including dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, interferon-γ, nerve growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, retinoic acid, and thrombin. Therefore, S100A10 is utilized by cells to regulate plasmin proteolytic activity in response to a wide diversity of physiological stimuli. The expression of the oncogenes, PML-RARα and KRas, also stimulates the levels of S100A10, suggesting a role for S100A10 in pathophysiological processes such as in the oncogenic-mediated increases in plasmin production. The S100A10-null mouse model system has established the critical role that S100A10 plays as a regulator of fibrinolysis and oncogenesis. S100A10 plays two major roles in oncogenesis, first as a regulator of cancer cell invasion and metastasis and secondly as a regulator of the recruitment of tumor-associated cells, such as macrophages, to the tumor site.
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Matsuzawa Y, Kiuchi Y, Toyomura K, Matsumoto I, Nakamura H, Fujino H, Murayama T, Kawashima T. Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α by Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Phorbol Ester in HeLa Cells: Different Effects of Inhibitors for EGF Receptor, Protein Kinase C, Src, and C-Raf. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:182-92. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09201fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Tian W, Wijewickrama GT, Kim JH, Das S, Tun MP, Gokhale N, Jung JW, Kim KP, Cho W. Mechanism of regulation of group IVA phospholipase A2 activity by Ser727 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3960-71. [PMID: 18065419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707345200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)alpha) has been reported to be phosphorylated at multiple Ser residues, the mechanisms by which phosphorylation at different sites regulates cPLA(2)alpha activities are not fully understood. To explore the possibility that phosphorylation of Ser(727) modulates cellular protein-protein interactions, we measured the effect of Ser(727) mutations on the interaction of cPLA(2)alpha with a reported cPLA(2)alpha-binding protein, p11. In vitro activity assays and membrane binding measurements by surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that a heterotetramer (A2t) of p11 and annexin A2, but not p11 or annexin A2 alone, directly binds cPLA(2)alpha via Ser(727), which keeps the enzyme from binding the membrane and catalyzing the phospholipid hydrolysis. Phosphorylation of Ser(727) disrupts this inhibitory cPLA(2)alpha-A2t interaction, thereby activating cPLA(2)alpha. Subcellular translocation and activity measurements in HEK293 cells cotransfected with cPLA(2)alpha and p11 also showed that p11, in the form of A2t, inhibits cPLA(2)alpha by the same mechanism and that phosphorylation of Ser(727) activates cPLA(2)alpha by interfering with the inhibitory cPLA(2)alpha-A2t interaction. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of cPLA(2)alpha through Ser(727) phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Dutta PR, Maity A. Cellular responses to EGFR inhibitors and their relevance to cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:165-77. [PMID: 17367921 PMCID: PMC1986742 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EGFR is a trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the HER family of receptors. The EGFR family plays an essential role in normal organ development by mediating morphogenesis and differentiation. Unlike normal cells that have tight regulatory mechanisms controlling EGFR pathways, tumor cells often have dysregulated EGFR signaling through receptor overexpression and/or mutation. This leads to proliferation under adverse conditions, invasion of surrounding tissues, and increased angiogenesis as well as resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Therefore, EGFR is a legitimate therapeutic target. Numerous EGFR inhibitors are under development, but to date only four of them are FDA-approved, including two that inhibit the receptor's intracellular tyrosine kinase activity (gefitinib and erlotinib) and two that block extracellular ligand binding (cetuximab, and most recently panitumumab). In this review, we focus on how these different inhibitors affect EGFR signaling and the mechanisms by which they potentiate the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted with these agents either as monotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy, or concurrently with radiation. Unfortunately, many of the clinical trials reported so far have shown at best limited gains; therefore, understanding the actions of these agents is essential to improving their efficacy in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki R Dutta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zak DE, Hao H, Vadigepalli R, Miller GM, Ogunnaike BA, Schwaber JS. Systems analysis of circadian time-dependent neuronal epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Genome Biol 2006; 7:R48. [PMID: 16784547 PMCID: PMC1779538 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-6-r48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the gene regulatory networks governing physiological signal integration remains an important challenge in circadian biology. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in circadian function and is expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the core circadian pacemaker. The transcription networks downstream of EGFR in the SCN are unknown but, by analogy to other SCN inputs, we expect the response to EGFR activation to depend on circadian timing. RESULTS We have undertaken a systems-level analysis of EGFR circadian time-dependent signaling in the SCN. We collected gene-expression profiles to study how the SCN response to EGFR activation depends on circadian timing. Mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify genes with circadian time-dependent EGFR regulation. The expression data were integrated with transcription-factor binding predictions through gene group enrichment analyses to generate robust hypotheses about transcription-factors responsible for the circadian phase-dependent EGFR responses. CONCLUSION The analysis results suggest that the transcriptional response to EGFR signaling in the SCN may be partly mediated by established transcription-factors regulated via EGFR transcription-factors (AP1, Ets1, C/EBP), transcription-factors involved in circadian clock entrainment (CREB), and by core clock transcription-factors (Ror alpha). Quantitative real-time PCR measurements of several transcription-factor expression levels support a model in which circadian time-dependent EGFR responses are partly achieved by circadian regulation of upstream signaling components. Our study suggests an important role for EGFR signaling in SCN function and provides an example for gaining physiological insights through systems-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Zak
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Locust St, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Academy St, Newark, DE, USA 19716
| | - Haiping Hao
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Locust St, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Locust St, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Gregory M Miller
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Locust St, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Academy St, Newark, DE, USA 19716
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Academy St, Newark, DE, USA 19716
| | - James S Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Locust St, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
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Santamaria-Kisiel L, Rintala-Dempsey A, Shaw G. Calcium-dependent and -independent interactions of the S100 protein family. Biochem J 2006; 396:201-14. [PMID: 16683912 PMCID: PMC1462724 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The S100 proteins comprise at least 25 members, forming the largest group of EF-hand signalling proteins in humans. Although the proteins are expressed in many tissues, each S100 protein has generally been shown to have a preference for expression in one particular tissue or cell type. Three-dimensional structures of several S100 family members have shown that the proteins assume a dimeric structure consisting of two EF-hand motifs per monomer. Calcium binding to these S100 proteins, with the exception of S100A10, results in an approx. 40 degrees alteration in the position of helix III, exposing a broad hydrophobic surface that enables the S100 proteins to interact with a variety of target proteins. More than 90 potential target proteins have been documented for the S100 proteins, including the cytoskeletal proteins tubulin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and F-actin, which have been identified mostly from in vitro experiments. In the last 5 years, efforts have concentrated on quantifying the protein interactions of the S100 proteins, identifying in vivo protein partners and understanding the molecular specificity for target protein interactions. Furthermore, the S100 proteins are the only EF-hand proteins that are known to form both homo- and hetero-dimers, and efforts are underway to determine the stabilities of these complexes and structural rationales for their formation and potential differences in their biological roles. This review highlights both the calcium-dependent and -independent interactions of the S100 proteins, with a focus on the structures of the complexes, differences and similarities in the strengths of the interactions, and preferences for homo- compared with hetero-dimeric S100 protein assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne C. Rintala-Dempsey
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Gary S. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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Jans R, Atanasova G, Jadot M, Poumay Y. Cholesterol Depletion Upregulates Involucrin Expression in Epidermal Keratinocytes Through Activation of p38. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:564-73. [PMID: 15304097 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been recently suggested to regulate the early steps of keratinocyte differentiation through lipid rafts. In many cell types, depletion of cholesterol activates signaling proteins like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) known to affect cell differentiation. In this study, we explored the effects of cholesterol depletion on the phenotype of cultured keratinocytes, using a treatment with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) to extract cholesterol and a treatment with lovastatin to inhibit cholesterol neosynthesis. Analysis of the expression of differentiation marker genes in early differentiating confluent cultures reveals that cholesterol depletion induces downregulation of keratin 14 (K14) and keratin 10 (K10) and upregulation of involucrin. MbetaCD treatment induces phosphorylation of EGFR, HER2, and ERK, but not HER3. Inhibition of EGFR with PD153035 impairs the MbetaCD-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, HER2, and ERK, but does not impair the alteration of K14, K10, or involucrin gene expression, indicating that other signaling proteins regulate this phenomenon. p38 has been suggested to regulate the expression of involucrin during keratinocyte differentiation. We found that MbetaCD treatment induces a prolonged phosphorylation of p38 in general and p38alpha in particular. An inhibition of p38 with PD169316 impairs the upregulation of involucrin mRNAs by a treatment with MbetaCD, but not by a p38delta-activating TPA treatment, which might suggest that cholesterol depletion alters involucrin gene expression through activation of p38alpha/beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Jans
- Département Histologie-Embryologie, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Huang X, Pawliczak R, Yao XL, Madara P, Alsaaty S, Shelhamer JH, Cowan MJ. Characterization of the human p11 promoter sequence. Gene 2003; 310:133-42. [PMID: 12801640 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
p11 is expressed in many different cell types, and serves a variety of regulatory functions. In order to better understand the transcriptional control of this protein, the 5' promoter region of the human p11 gene was cloned and sequenced. After confirming the transcription start point (TSP) using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, the 5' promoter was analysed. The sequence lacks a TATA box, but contains a variety of putative regulatory elements. There are two GAS sites, two AP-1 sites, two overlapping Sp-1 sites, and a gamma-IRE site clustered between -1080 and -1450. There is another cluster of putative regulatory sites between the TSP and -550 which contains two Sp-1 sites, two AP-2 sites, one GAS site, one NF-kappaB site, an incomplete CAAT box (8/9) and an overlapping Sp-1/AP-2 site at -17 to -26. Reporter gene constructs containing 4225 and 1498 bases 5' of the TSP demonstrated excellent unidirectional transcriptional activity in both constructs. Reporter genes containing serial 5' deletions were compared to the -1498 construct. The reporter gene which contained base pairs (bp) -36 to +89 had almost no activity. The reporter gene containing -188 to +89 had 50% of the -1498 construct, indicating that this sequence contains at least the minimal promoter. The Sp-1/AP-2 site near the transcription start site was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene assays. Addition of HeLa cell nuclear extract to labeled double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotide containing this sequence resulted in a gel shift which was inhibited by excess unlabeled ds oligonucleotide and by a consensus cold Sp-1 ds oligonucleotide, indicating specific Sp-1 binding. Excess AP-2 or NF-kappaB ds oligonucleotide had no effect on nuclear protein binding to the sequence. Mutation of the p11 wild-type Sp-1/AP-2 sequence eliminated both nuclear protein binding and the sequences ability to compete with native sequence for nuclear binding protein. A -1048 to +89 reporter construct containing a mutated Sp-1/AP-2 site resulted in a 40% decrease in transcriptional activity. Therefore, the 5' flanking sequence of the p11 gene exhibits promoter activity which may be localized to a variety of controlling regions, of which the proximal Sp-1/AP-2 site appears to be important for basal activity via its Sp-1 binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Huang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fiuza C, Bustin M, Talwar S, Tropea M, Gerstenberger E, Shelhamer JH, Suffredini AF. Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 2003; 101:2652-60. [PMID: 12456506 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation because of sepsis results in endothelial cell activation and microvascular injury. High-mobility group protein-1 (HMGB1), a novel inflammatory molecule, is a late mediator of endotoxin shock and is present in the blood of septic patients. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is expressed on endothelium and is a receptor for HMGB1. Here we examine the effects of HMGB1 on human endothelial cell function. Recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and incubated with human microvascular endothelium. rhHMGB1 caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and RAGE. rhHMGB1 induced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (P <.01). rhHMGB1 stimulation resulted in transient phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and in nuclear translocation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and Sp1. These effects are partially mediated by TNFalpha autocrine stimulation, as anti-TNFalpha antibodies significantly decrease chemokine and adhesion molecule responses (P </=.002). Thus, rhHMGB1 elicits proinflammatory responses on endothelial cells and may contribute to alterations in endothelial cell function in human inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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