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Takeda-Uchimura Y, Ikezaki M, Akama TO, Ihara Y, Allain F, Nishitsuji K, Uchimura K. GlcNAc6ST2/CHST4 Is Essential for the Synthesis of R-10G-Reactive Keratan Sulfate/Sulfated N-Acetyllactosamine Oligosaccharides in Mouse Pleural Mesothelium. Molecules 2024; 29:764. [PMID: 38398516 PMCID: PMC10893525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that 6-sulfo sialyl N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) in O-linked glycans recognized by the CL40 antibody is abundant in the pleural mesothelium under physiological conditions and that these glycans undergo complementary synthesis by GlcNAc6ST2 (encoded by Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (encoded by Chst5) in mice. GlcNAc6ST3 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive keratan sulfate (KS) in the brain. The predicted minimum epitope of the R-10G antibody is a dimeric asialo 6-sulfo LacNAc. Whether R-10G-reactive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides are also present in the pleural mesothelium was unknown. The question of which GlcNAc6STs are responsible for R-10G-reactive glycans was an additional issue to be clarified. Here, we show that R-10G-reactive glycans are as abundant in the pulmonary pleura as CL40-reactive glycans and that GlcNAc6ST3 is only partially involved in the synthesis of these pleural R-10G glycans, unlike in the adult brain. Unexpectedly, GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides in the lung pleura. The type of GlcNAc6ST and the magnitude of its contribution to KS glycan synthesis varied among tissues in vivo. We show that GlcNAc6ST2 is required and sufficient for R-10G-reactive KS synthesis in the lung pleura. Interestingly, R-10G immunoreactivity in KSGal6ST (encoded by Chst1) and C6ST1 (encoded by Chst3) double-deficient mouse lungs was markedly increased. MUC16, a mucin molecule, was shown to be a candidate carrier protein for pleural R-10G-reactive glycans. These results suggest that R-10G-reactive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides may play a role in mesothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Further elucidation of the functions of sulfated glycans synthesized by GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3, such as R-10G and CL40 glycans, in pathological conditions may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the physiopathology of the lung mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Tomoya O. Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Japan;
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
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2
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Wu Y, Vos GM, Huang C, Chapla D, Kimpel ALM, Moremen KW, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Exploiting Substrate Specificities of 6- O-Sulfotransferases to Enzymatically Synthesize Keratan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JACS AU 2023; 3:3155-3164. [PMID: 38034954 PMCID: PMC10685434 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is widely expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissue types, where it is involved in many biological processes. Herein, we describe a chemo-enzymatic approach to preparing well-defined KS oligosaccharides by exploiting the known and newly discovered substrate specificities of relevant sulfotransferases. The premise of the approach is that recombinant GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases (CHST2) only sulfate terminal GlcNAc moieties to give GlcNAc6S that can be galactosylated by B4GalT4. Furthermore, CHST1 can modify the internal galactosides of a poly-LacNAc chain; however, it was found that a GlcNAc6S residue greatly increases the reactivity of CHST1 of a neighboring and internal galactoside. The presence of a 2,3-linked sialoside further modulates the site of modification by CHST1, and a galactoside flanked by 2,3-Neu5Ac and GlcNAc6S is preferentially sulfated over the other Gal residues. The substrate specificities of CHST1 and 2 were exploited to prepare a panel of KS oligosaccharides, including selectively sulfated N-glycans. The compounds and several other reference derivatives were used to construct a microarray that was probed for binding by several plant lectins, Siglec proteins, and hemagglutinins of influenza viruses. It was found that not only the sulfation pattern but also the presentation of epitopes as part of an O- or N-glycan determines binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M. Vos
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Anne L. M. Kimpel
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bijvoet
Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht
University, Padualaan
8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Huang K, Li C, Zong G, Prabhu SK, Chapla DG, Moremen KW, Wang LX. Site-selective sulfation of N-glycans by human GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (CHST2) and chemoenzymatic synthesis of sulfated antibody glycoforms. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106070. [PMID: 35939855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is a common modification of glycans and glycoproteins. Sulfated N-glycans have been identified in various glycoproteins and implicated for biological functions, but in vitro synthesis of structurally well-defined full length sulfated N-glycans remains to be described. We report here the first in vitro enzymatic sulfation of biantennary complex type N-glycans by recombinant human CHST2 (GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase 1, GlcNAc6ST-1). We found that the sulfotransferase showed high antennary preference and could selectively sulfate the GlcNAc moiety located on the Manα1,3Man arm of the biantennary N-glycan. The glycan chain was further elongated by bacterial β1,4 galactosyltransferase from Neiserria meningitidis and human β1,4 galactosyltransferase IV(B4GALT4), which led to the formation of different sulfated N-glycans. Using rituximab as a model IgG antibody, we further demonstrated that the sulfated N-glycans could be efficiently transferred to an intact antibody by using a chemoenzymatic Fc glycan remodeling method, providing homogeneous sulfated glycoforms of antibodies. Preliminary binding analysis indicated that sulfation did not affect the apparent affinity of the antibody for FcγIIIa receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Sunaina Kiran Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Digantkumar G Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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4
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Lee WK, Ho CL. Ecological and evolutionary diversification of sulphated polysaccharides in diverse photosynthetic lineages: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118764. [PMID: 34893214 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) are carbohydrate macromolecules with sulphate esters that are found among marine algae, seagrasses, mangroves and some terrestrial plants. The sulphate concentration in the ocean (28 mM) since ancient time could have driven the production of SPs in marine algae. SPs have a gelatinous property that can protect marine algae against desiccation and salinity stress. Agar and carrageenan are red algal SPs that are widely used as gelling agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The information on the SPs from freshwater and land plants are limited. In this review, we reviewed the taxonomic distribution and composition of SPs in different photosynthetic lineages, and explored the association of SP production in these diversified photosynthetic organisms with evolution history and environmental stresses. We also reviewed the genes/proteins involved in SP biosynthesis. Insights into SP biosynthetic machinery may shed light on the evolution that accompanied adaptation to life on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chai-Ling Ho
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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5
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Sun L, Konstantinidi A, Ye Z, Nason R, Zhang Y, Büll C, Kahl-Knutson B, Hansen L, Leffler H, Vakhrushev SY, Yang Z, Clausen H, Narimatsu Y. Installation of O-glycan sulfation capacities in human HEK293 cells for display of sulfated mucins. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101382. [PMID: 34954141 PMCID: PMC8789585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains at least 35 genes that encode Golgi sulfotransferases that function in the secretory pathway, where they are involved in decorating glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, and glycoproteins with sulfate groups. Although a number of important interactions by proteins such as selectins, galectins, and sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectins are thought to mainly rely on sulfated O-glycans, our insight into the sulfotransferases that modify these glycoproteins, and in particular GalNAc-type O-glycoproteins, is limited. Moreover, sulfated mucins appear to accumulate in respiratory diseases, arthritis, and cancer. To explore further the genetic and biosynthetic regulation of sulfated O-glycans, here we expanded a cell-based glycan array in the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line with sulfation capacities. We stably engineered O-glycan sulfation capacities in HEK293 cells by site-directed knockin of sulfotransferase genes in combination with knockout of genes to eliminate endogenous O-glycan branching (core2 synthase gene GCNT1) and/or sialylation capacities in order to provide simplified substrates (core1 Galβ1–3GalNAcα1–O-Ser/Thr) for the introduced sulfotransferases. Expression of the galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 in HEK293 cells resulted in sulfation of core1 and core2 O-glycans, whereas expression of galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase 4 resulted in sulfation of core1 only. We used the engineered cell library to dissect the binding specificity of galectin-4 and confirmed binding to the 3-O-sulfo-core1 O-glycan. This is a first step toward expanding the emerging cell-based glycan arrays with the important sulfation modification for display and production of glycoconjugates with sulfated O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Andriana Konstantinidi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Nason
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Jan Waldenströms gata 25, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Büll
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Barbro Kahl-Knutson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section MIG, Lund University BMC-C1228b, Klinikgatan28, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section MIG, Lund University BMC-C1228b, Klinikgatan28, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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6
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Haouari W, Dubail J, Poüs C, Cormier-Daire V, Bruneel A. Inherited Proteoglycan Biosynthesis Defects-Current Laboratory Tools and Bikunin as a Promising Blood Biomarker. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111654. [PMID: 34828260 PMCID: PMC8625474 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of proteins linked to sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains. They constitute a family of macromolecules mainly involved in the architecture of organs and tissues as major components of extracellular matrices. Some proteoglycans also act as signaling molecules involved in inflammatory response as well as cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. Inborn errors of proteoglycan metabolism are a group of orphan diseases with severe and irreversible skeletal abnormalities associated with multiorgan impairments. Identifying the gene variants that cause these pathologies proves to be difficult because of unspecific clinical symptoms, hardly accessible functional laboratory tests, and a lack of convenient blood biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways of proteoglycan biosynthesis, the associated inherited syndromes, and the related biochemical screening techniques, and we focus especially on a circulating proteoglycan called bikunin and on its potential as a new biomarker of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Haouari
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
| | - Johanne Dubail
- INSERM UMR1163, French Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris University, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (J.D.); (V.C.-D.)
- AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- INSERM UMR1163, French Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris University, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (J.D.); (V.C.-D.)
- AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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Huang YF, Mizumoto S, Fujita M. Novel Insight Into Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis Based on Gene Expression Profiles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709018. [PMID: 34552927 PMCID: PMC8450405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate, except for hyaluronan that is a free polysaccharide, are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. More than 50 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of GAGs. We recently developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, GlycoMaple, for visualization and estimation of glycan structures based on gene expression profiles. Using this tool, the expression levels of GAG biosynthetic genes were analyzed in various human tissues as well as tumor tissues. In brain and pancreatic tumors, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be upregulated. In breast cancerous tissues, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, which are consistent with biochemical findings published in the literature. In addition, the expression levels of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican and the dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan decorin were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These findings may provide new insight into GAG profiles in various human diseases including cancerous tumors as well as neurodegenerative disease using GlycoMaple analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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8
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Gottschalk J, Elling L. Current state on the enzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 61:71-80. [PMID: 33271474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear anionic polysaccharides, and most of them show a specific sulfation pattern. GAGs have been studied for decades, and still, new biological functions are discovered. Hyaluronic acid and heparin are sold for medical or cosmetic applications. With increased market and applications, the production of GAGs stays in the focus of research groups and the industry. Common industrial GAG production relies on the extraction of animal tissue. Contamination, high dispersity, and uncontrolled sulfation pattern are still obstacles to this process. Tailored production strategies for the chemoenzymatic synthesis have been developed to address these obstacles. In recent years, enzyme cascades, including uridine-5'-diphosphate sugar syntheses, were established to obtain defined polymer size and dispersity, as well as defined sulfation patterns. Nevertheless, the complex synthesis of GAGs is still a challenging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gottschalk
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Ocampo Daza D, Haitina T. Reconstruction of the Carbohydrate 6-O Sulfotransferase Gene Family Evolution in Vertebrates Reveals Novel Member, CHST16, Lost in Amniotes. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:993-1012. [PMID: 32652010 PMCID: PMC7353957 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are sulfated polysaccharide molecules, essential for many biological processes. The 6-O sulfation of glycosaminoglycans is carried out by carbohydrate 6-O sulfotransferases (C6OSTs), previously named Gal/GalNAc/GlcNAc 6-O sulfotransferases. Here, for the first time, we present a detailed phylogenetic reconstruction, analysis of gene synteny conservation and propose an evolutionary scenario for the C6OST family in major vertebrate groups, including mammals, birds, nonavian reptiles, amphibians, lobe-finned fishes, ray-finned fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and jawless vertebrates. The C6OST gene expansion likely started early in the chordate lineage, giving rise to four ancestral genes after the divergence of tunicates and before the emergence of extant vertebrates. The two rounds of whole-genome duplication in early vertebrate evolution (1R/2R) only contributed two additional C6OST subtype genes, increasing the vertebrate repertoire from four genes to six, divided into two branches. The first branch includes CHST1 and CHST3 as well as a previously unrecognized subtype, CHST16 that was lost in amniotes. The second branch includes CHST2, CHST7, and CHST5. Subsequently, local duplications of CHST5 gave rise to CHST4 in the ancestor of tetrapods, and to CHST6 in the ancestor of primates. The teleost-specific gene duplicates were identified for CHST1, CHST2, and CHST3 and are result of whole-genome duplication (3R) in the teleost lineage. We could also detect multiple, more recent lineage-specific duplicates. Thus, the vertebrate repertoire of C6OST genes has been shaped by gene duplications and gene losses at several stages of vertebrate evolution, with implications for the evolution of skeleton, nervous system, and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ocampo Daza
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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11
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Yu SY, Hsiao CT, Izawa M, Yusa A, Ishida H, Nakamura S, Yagi H, Kannagi R, Khoo KH. Distinct substrate specificities of human GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases revealed by mass spectrometry-based sulfoglycomic analysis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15163-15177. [PMID: 30093410 PMCID: PMC6166739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycans are known to be involved in several glycan-mediated cell adhesion and recognition pathways. Our mRNA transcript analyses on the genes involved in synthesizing GlcNAc-6-O-sulfated glycans in human colon cancer tissues indicated that GlcNAc6ST-2 (CHST4) is preferentially expressed in cancer cells compared with nonmalignant epithelial cells among the three known major GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases. On the contrary, GlcNAc6ST-3 (CHST5) was only expressed in nonmalignant epithelial cells, whereas GlcNAc6ST-1 (CHST2) was expressed equally in both cancerous and nonmalignant epithelial cells. These results suggest that 6-O-sulfated glycans that are synthesized only by GlcNAc6ST-2 may be highly colon cancer-specific, as supported by immunohistochemical staining of cancer cells using the MECA-79 antibody known to be relatively specific to the enzymatic reaction products of GlcNAc6ST-2. By more precise MS-based sulfoglycomic analyses, we sought to further infer the substrate specificities of GlcNAc6STs via a definitive mapping of various sulfo-glycotopes and O-glycan structures expressed in response to overexpression of transfected GlcNAc6STs in the SW480 colon cancer cell line. By detailed MS/MS sequencing, GlcNAc6ST-3 was shown to preferentially add sulfate onto core 2-based O-glycan structures, but it does not act on extended core 1 structures, whereas GlcNAc6ST-1 prefers core 2-based O-glycans to extended core 1 structures. In contrast, GlcNAc6ST-2 could efficiently add sulfate onto both extended core 1- and core 2-based O-glycans, leading to the production of unique sulfated extended core 1 structures such as R-GlcNAc(6-SO3-)β1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc(6-SO3-)β1-3Galβ1-3GalNAcα, which are good candidates to be targeted as cancer-specific glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Yu
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry and
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Akiko Yusa
- the Department of Molecular Pathology and
| | - Hiroji Ishida
- Laboratory for Clinical Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan, and
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Laboratory for Clinical Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan, and
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan,
- the Department of Molecular Pathology and
- Laboratory for Clinical Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan, and
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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12
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Islam S, Mate DM, Martínez R, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. A robust protocol for directed aryl sulfotransferase evolution toward the carbohydrate building block GlcNAc. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1106-1115. [PMID: 29288579 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial aryl sulfotransferases (AST) utilize p-nitrophenylsulfate (pNPS) as a phenolic donor to sulfurylate typically a phenolic acceptor. Interest in aryl sulfotransferases is growing because of their broad variety of acceptors and cost-effective sulfuryl-donors. For instance, aryl sulfotransferase A (ASTA) from Desulfitobacterium hafniense was recently reported to sulfurylate d-glucose. In this study, a directed evolution protocol was developed and validated for aryl sulfotransferase B (ASTB). Thereby the well-known pNPS quantification system was advanced to operate efficiently as a continuous screening system in 96-well MTP format with a true coefficient of variation of 14.3%. A random mutagenesis library (SeSaM library) of ASTB was screened (1,760 clones) to improve sulfurylation of the carbohydrate building block N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The beneficial variant ASTB-V1 (Val579Asp) showed an up to 3.4-fold increased specific activity toward GlcNAc when compared to ASTB-WT. HPLC- and MS-analysis confirmed ASTB-V1's increased GlcNAc monosulfurylation (2.4-fold increased product formation) representing the validation of the first successful directed evolution round of an AST for a saccharide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohana Islam
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana M Mate
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Ronny Martínez
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Takeda-Okuda N, Yamaguchi Y, Uzawa J, Tamura JI. Synthesis of a biotinylated keratan sulfate tetrasaccharide composed of dimeric Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:97-107. [PMID: 29096187 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We successfully synthesized the biotinylated keratan sulfate tetrasaccharide, Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ in a stereocontrolled manner. The suitably protected Galβ1-4GlcNPhth unit was converted to the corresponding donor and acceptor. Optimization in 2 + 2 coupling using AgOTf, CuBr2, and n-Bu4NBr in CH3NO2 at a low temperature afforded the desired tetrasaccharide that suppressed glycal formation. The subsequent chemoselective removal of the protecting group at O-6 of two GlcNAcs, sulfation, and deprotection procedures as well as biotinylation gave the target compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan; Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jun Uzawa
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan; Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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14
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Gao C, Fujinawa R, Yoshida T, Ueno M, Ota F, Kizuka Y, Hirayama T, Korekane H, Kitazume S, Maeno T, Ohtsubo K, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi Y, Lepenies B, Aretz J, Rademacher C, Kabata H, Hegab AE, Seeberger PH, Betsuyaku T, Kida K, Taniguchi N. A keratan sulfate disaccharide prevents inflammation and the progression of emphysema in murine models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L268-L276. [PMID: 28011617 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is a typical component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive and inflammatory airway disease. However, no effective treatment currently exists. Here, we show that keratan sulfate (KS), one of the major glycosaminoglycans produced in the small airway, decreased in lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. To confirm the protective effect of KS in the small airway, a disaccharide repeating unit of KS designated L4 ([SO3--6]Galβ1-4[SO3--6]GlcNAc) was administered to two murine models: elastase-induced-emphysema and LPS-induced exacerbation of a cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Histological and microcomputed tomography analyses revealed that, in the mouse elastase-induced emphysema model, administration of L4 attenuated alveolar destruction. Treatment with L4 significantly reduced neutrophil influx, as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines, tissue-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases), and myeloperoxidase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, suggesting that L4 suppressed inflammation in the lung. L4 consistently blocked the chemotactic migration of neutrophils in vitro. Moreover, in the case of the exacerbation model, L4 inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation to the same extent as that of dexamethasone. Taken together, L4 represents one of the potential glycan-based drugs for the treatment of COPD through its inhibitory action against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiao Gao
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiko Fujinawa
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Manabu Ueno
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumi Ota
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirayama
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Korekane
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Maeno
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yoshida
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Infection Immunology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Aretz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kabata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kozui Kida
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan;
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15
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Chia J, Goh G, Bard F. Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1623-39. [PMID: 26968459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications, changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a common hypothesis, short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Road, 119077, Singapore.
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16
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Lange B, Šimonová A, Fischöder T, Pelantová H, Křen V, Elling L. Towards Keratan Sulfate - Chemoenzymatic Cascade Synthesis of SulfatedN-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) Glycan Oligomers. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Hoshino H, Foyez T, Ohtake-Niimi S, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Michikawa M, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. KSGal6ST is essential for the 6-sulfation of galactose within keratan sulfate in early postnatal brain. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:145-56. [PMID: 24152993 PMCID: PMC3902094 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413511619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) comprises repeating disaccharides of galactose (Gal) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Residues of Gal and GlcNAc in KS are potentially modified with sulfate at their C-6 positions. The 5D4 monoclonal antibody recognizes KS structures containing Gal and GlcNAc, both 6-sulfated, and has been used most extensively to evaluate KS expression in mammalian brains. We previously showed that GlcNAc6ST1 is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the 5D4 epitope in developing brain and in the adult brain, where it is induced after injury. It has been unclear which sulfotransferase is responsible for Gal-6-sulfation within the 5D4 KS epitope in developing brains. We produced mice deficient in KSGal6ST, a Gal-6-sulfotransferase. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation revealed that all 5D4-immunoreactivity to proteins, including phosphacan, were abolished in KSGal6ST-deficient postnatal brains. Likewise, the 5D4 epitope, expressed primarily in the cortical marginal zone and subplate and dorsal thalamus, was eliminated in KSGal6ST-deficient mice. Disaccharide analysis showed the loss of Gal-6-sulfate in KS of the KSGal6ST-deficient brains. Transfection studies revealed that GlcNAc6ST1 and KSGal6ST cooperated in the expression of the 5D4 KS epitope in HeLa cells. These results indicate that KSGal6ST is essential for C-6 sulfation of Gal within KS in early postnatal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Hoshino
- Section of Pathophysiology and Neurobiology, Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, (HH, SO, KU), Obu, Japan
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18
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Ramakrishnan B, Moncrief AJ, Davis TA, Holland LA, Qasba PK. Investigations on β1,4-galactosyltransferase I using 6-sulfo-GlcNAc as an acceptor sugar substrate. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:835-42. [PMID: 23942731 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
6-sulfate modified N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfo-GlcNAc) is often found as part of many biologically important carbohydrate epitopes such as 6-sulfo-Le(X). In these epitopes, the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc moiety is extended by a galactose sugar in a β1-4 linkage. The β4GalT1 enzyme transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the presence of manganese. Here we report that the β4GalT1 enzyme transfers Gal to the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc and 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (6-sulfo-βGlcNAc-MU) acceptor substrates, although with very low efficiency. To understand the effect that the 6-sulfate group on the GlcNAc acceptor has on the catalytic activity of the β4GalT1 molecule, we have determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of bovine β4GalT1 mutant enzyme M344H-β4GalT1 complex with the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc molecule. In the crystal structure, the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc is bound to the protein in a way that is similar to the GlcNAc molecule. However, the 6-sulfate group engages in additional interactions with the hydrophobic region, residues 276-285, of the protein molecule, and this group is found wedged between the aromatic side chains of Phe-280 and Trp314 residues. Since the side chain of the Trp314 residue undergoes conformational changes during the catalytic cycle of the enzyme, molecular interaction between Trp314 and the 6-sulfate group might hinder this conformational change. Therefore, the lack of a favorable binding environment, together with hindrance to the conformational changes, might be responsible for the poor catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section, Basic Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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19
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Hu D, Tateno H, Kuno A, Yabe R, Hirabayashi J. Directed evolution of lectins with sugar-binding specificity for 6-sulfo-galactose. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20313-20. [PMID: 22493425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
6-sulfo-galactose (6S-Gal) is a prevalent motif observed in highly sulfated keratan sulfate, which is closely associated with the glioblastoma malignancy while acting as a critical determinant for endogenous lectins. However, facile detection of this unique glycoepitope is greatly hampered because of a lack of appropriate probes. We have previously reported tailoring an α2-6-linked sialic acid-binding lectin from a ricin-B chain-like galactose-binding protein, EW29Ch, by a reinforced ribosome display system following an error-prone PCR. In this study, we challenged the creation of novel lectins to recognize 6S-Gal-terminated glycans by incorporating a high-throughput screening system with a glycoconjugate microarray. After two rounds of selection procedures, 20 mutants were obtained and 12 were then successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, 8 of which showed a significant affinity for 6'-Sulfo-LN (6-O-sulfo-Galβ1-4GlcNAc), which the parental EW29Ch lacked. Analysis of two representative mutants by frontal affinity chromatography revealed a substantial affinity (K(d) ∼3 μm) for a 6S-Gal-terminated glycan. On the basis of the observation that all eight mutants have a common mutation at Glu-20 to Lys, site-directed mutagenesis experiments were performed focusing on this aspect. The results clearly indicated that the E20K mutation is necessary and sufficient to acquire the specificity for 6S-Gal. We also confirmed a difference in binding between E20K and EW29Ch to CHO cells, in which enzymes to catalyze the synthesis of 6S-Gal were overexpressed. The results clearly demonstrate that these mutants have potential to distinguish between cells containing different amounts of 6S-Gal-terminated glycans. This new technology will be used to provide novel tools essential for sulfoglycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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20
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Shibata TK, Matsumura F, Wang P, Yu S, Chou CC, Khoo KH, Kitayama K, Akama TO, Sugihara K, Kanayama N, Kojima-Aikawa K, Seeberger PH, Fukuda M, Suzuki A, Aoki D, Fukuda MN. Identification of mono- and disulfated N-acetyl-lactosaminyl Oligosaccharide structures as epitopes specifically recognized by humanized monoclonal antibody HMOCC-1 raised against ovarian cancer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6592-602. [PMID: 22194598 PMCID: PMC3307324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A humanized monoclonal antibody raised against human ovarian cancer RMG-I cells and designated as HMOCC-1 (Suzuki, N., Aoki, D., Tamada, Y., Susumu, N., Orikawa, K., Tsukazaki, K., Sakayori, M., Suzuki, A., Fukuchi, T., Mukai, M., Kojima-Aikawa, K., Ishida, I., and Nozawa, S. (2004) Gynecol. Oncol. 95, 290-298) was characterized for its carbohydrate epitope structure. Specifically, a series of co-transfections was performed using mammalian expression vectors encoding specific glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. These experiments identified one sulfotransferase, GAL3ST3, and one glycosyltransferase, B3GNT7, as required for HMOCC-1 antigen formation. They also suggested that the sulfotransferase CHST1 regulates the abundance and intensity of HMOCC-1 antigen. When HEK293T cells were co-transfected with GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7 expression vectors, transfected cells weakly expressed HMOCC-1 antigen. When cells were first co-transfected with GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7 and then with CHST1, the resulting cells strongly expressed HMOCC-1 antigen. However, when cells were transfected with a mixture of GAL3ST3 and CHST1 before or after transfection with B3GNT7, the number of antigen-positive cells decreased relative to the number seen with only GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7, suggesting that CHST1 plays a regulatory role in HMOCC-1 antigen formation. Because these results predicted that HMOCC-1 antigens are SO(3) → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 → 3(±SO(3) → 6)Galβ1 → 4GlcNAc, we chemically synthesized mono- and disulfated and unsulfated oligosaccharides. Immunoassays using these oligosaccharides as inhibitors showed the strongest activity by disulfated tetrasaccharide, weak but positive activity by monosulfated tetrasaccharide at the terminal galactose, and no activity by nonsulfated tetrasaccharides. These results establish the HMOCC-1 epitope, which should serve as a useful reagent to further characterize ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki K. Shibata
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - Fumiko Matsumura
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - Ping Wang
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - ShinYi Yu
- the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kazuko Kitayama
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - Tomoya O. Akama
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - Kazuhiro Sugihara
- the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kanayama
- the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- the Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
- the Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Michiko N. Fukuda
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920137
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Lau K, Thon V, Yu H, Ding L, Chen Y, Muthana MM, Wong D, Huang R, Chen X. Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of beta1-4-linked galactosides with promiscuous bacterial beta1-4-galactosyltransferases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6066-8. [PMID: 20625591 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two bacterial beta1-4-galactosyltransferases, NmLgtB and Hp1-4GalT, exhibit promiscuous and complementary acceptor substrate specificity. They have been used in an efficient one-pot multienzyme system to synthesize LacNAc, lactose, and their derivatives including those containing negatively charged 6-O-sulfated GlcNAc and C2-substituted GlcNAc or Glc, from monosaccharide derivatives and inexpensive Glc-1-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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22
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Quantock AJ, Young RD, Akama TO. Structural and biochemical aspects of keratan sulphate in the cornea. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:891-906. [PMID: 20213925 PMCID: PMC11115788 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulphate (KS) is the predominant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the cornea of the eye, where it exists in proteoglycan (PG) form. KS-PGs have long been thought to play a pivotal role in the establishment and maintenance of the array of regularly-spaced and uniformly- thin collagen fibrils which make up the corneal stroma. This characteristic arrangement of fibrils allows light to pass through the cornea. Indeed, perturbations to the synthesis of KS-PG core proteins in genetically altered mice lead to structural matrix alterations and corneal opacification. Similarly, mutations in enzymes responsible for the sulphation of KS-GAG chains are causative for the inherited human disease, macular corneal dystrophy, which is manifested clinically by progressive corneal cloudiness starting in young adulthood.
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Kato Y, Hayatsu N, Kaneko MK, Ogasawara S, Hamano T, Takahashi S, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M, Mishima K, Narimatsu H. Increased expression of highly sulfated keratan sulfate synthesized in malignant astrocytic tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:1041-6. [PMID: 18329383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) proteoglycans are expressed on a subpopulation of microglia in normal adult brain. We previously showed the up-regulated expression of KS in one of glioblastoma cell lines using anti-KS antibody (5D4). However, it has not been clarified whether KS is expressed in brain tumors and is involved in their malignancy. In this study, 54 astrocytic tumors were investigated about KS-expression using Western-blot with 5D4. In six of 14 anaplastic astrocytomas (43%) and 23 of 34 glioblastomas (68%), KS was detected by 5D4. KS was hardly detected by 5D4 in diffuse astrocytoma, suggesting that KS-expression is significantly expressed in malignant astrocytic tumors. In immunohistochemistry, KS is highly expressed in cell surface of malignant astrocytic tumors. Taken together, KS might be associated with the malignancy of astrocytic tumors, and be useful for a prognostic factor of astrocytic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinari Kato
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Open Space Laboratory C-2, 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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Expression of highly sulfated keratan sulfate synthesized in human glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:217-22. [PMID: 18211804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) proteoglycan is expressed in the extracellular matrix or cell surface in numerous tissues, predominantly in those of the cornea, cartilage, and brain. However, its structure, function, and regulation remain poorly understood. Our investigation of KS expression in glioblastoma cell lines using Western-blot and flow cytometry with anti-KS antibody (5D4) revealed that LN229 glioblastoma cell highly expresses KS on a cell surface. Real-time PCR analysis showed that LN229 expresses a high level of keratan sulfate Gal-6-sulfotransferase. Results of this study also demonstrate that recombinant 5D4-reactive aggrecan is produced in LN229. Taken together, these results suggest that LN229 produces 5D4-reactive highly sulfated KS and is useful to investigate the KS structure and function in glioblastoma.
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25
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Kitayama K, Hayashida Y, Nishida K, Akama TO. Enzymes responsible for synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30085-96. [PMID: 17690104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703695200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are among the most abundant carbohydrate components of the cornea and are suggested to play an important role in maintaining corneal extracellular matrix structure. Keratan sulfate carbohydrate chains consist of repeating N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides with sulfation on the 6-O positions of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose. Despite its importance for corneal function, the biosynthetic pathway of the carbohydrate chain and particularly the elongation steps are poorly understood. Here we analyzed enzymatic activity of two glycosyltransferases, beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltansferase-7 (beta3GnT7) and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-4 (beta4GalT4), in the production of keratan sulfate carbohydrate in vitro. These glycosyltransferases produced only short, elongated carbohydrates when they were reacted with substrate in the absence of a carbohydrate sulfotransferase; however, they produced extended GlcNAc-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures with more than four repeats of the GlcNAc-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine unit in the presence of corneal N-acetylglucosamine 6-O sulfotransferase (CGn6ST). Moreover, we detected production of highly sulfated keratan sulfate by a two-step reaction in vitro with a mixture of beta3GnT7/beta4GalT4/CGn6ST followed by keratan sulfate galactose 6-O sulfotransferase treatment. We also observed that production of highly sulfated keratan sulfate in cultured human corneal epithelial cells was dramatically reduced when expression of beta3GnT7 or beta4GalT4 was suppressed by small interfering RNAs, indicating that these glycosyltransferases are responsible for elongation of the keratan sulfate carbohydrate backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kitayama
- Glycobiology Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Ohmae M, Sakaguchi K, Kaneto T, Fujikawa SI, Kobayashi S. Keratanase II-Catalyzed Synthesis of Keratan Sulfate Oligomers by Using Sugar Oxazolines as Transition-State Analogue Substrate Monomers: A Novel Insight into the Enzymatic Catalysis Mechanism. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1710-20. [PMID: 17705309 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) oligomers with well-defined structures were synthesized by keratanase II (KSase II)-catalyzed transglycosylation. N-Acetyllactosamine [Galbeta(1-->4)GlcNAc; LacNAc] oxazoline derivatives with sulfate groups at the C-6 (1 a) and both the C-6 and the C-6' (1 b) were prepared as transition-state analogue substrate monomers for KSase II. Monomer 1 a was effectively oligomerized by the enzyme under weak alkaline conditions, to give alternating 6-sulfated KS oligomers (2 a) in good yields, and with total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. KSase II also recognized 1 b, which provided fully 6-sulfated KS oligomers (2 b) in good yields under similar conditions. Nonsulfated LacNAc oxazoline was difficult to oligomerize enzymatically. These results imply that the catalysis mechanism of KSase II involves a sugar oxazolinium ion that requires the 6-sulfate group in the GlcNAc residue not only in hydrolysis of KS chains, but also in oligomerization of oxazoline monomers. This is the first report of KSase II-catalyzed transglycosylation to form beta(1-->3)-glycosidic bond through a substrate-assisted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ohmae
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Hiraoka N, Petryniak B, Kawashima H, Mitoma J, Akama TO, Fukuda MN, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Significant decrease in alpha1,3-linked fucose in association with increase in 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine in peripheral lymph node addressin of FucT-VII-deficient mice exhibiting diminished lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2007; 17:277-93. [PMID: 17172261 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is mediated by binding of L-selectin on lymphocytes with L-selectin ligands present on high-endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. L-selectin ligands are specific O-linked carbohydrates, 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X, composed of sialylated, fucosylated, and sulfated glycans. Abrogation of fucosyltransferase-VII (FucT-VII) results in almost complete loss of lymphocyte homing, but structural analysis of carbohydrates has not been carried out on FucT-VII null mice. To determine whether functional losses seen in FucT-VII null mice are caused by structural changes in carbohydrates, we elucidated the carbohydrate structure of GlyCAM-1, a major L-selectin counter-receptor. Our results show that most alpha1,3-fucosylated structures in 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X are absent and 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine is increased in the mutant mice. Surprisingly, the amount of 6'-sulfated galactose (Gal) that bound to Sumbucus nigra agglutinin column was also increased. We found that structures of those oligosaccharides containing 6'-sulfated Gal are almost identical to those synthesized by keratan sulfate sulfotransferase (KSST). We then showed that overexpression of KSST suppresses the expression of sialyl Lewis X on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express sialyl Lewis X. Moreover, KSST expression in those cells suppressed lymphocyte rolling compared with mock-transfected CHO cells expressing 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X. 6'-Sulfo sialyl Lewis X can neither be found in GlyCAM-1 from CHO cells expressing both KSST and FucT-VII nor be found in GlyCAM-1 from HEV of mice. These results combined together suggest that KSST competes with FucT-VII for the same acceptor substrate and downregulates the synthesis of L-selectin ligand by inhibiting alpha1,3-fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Hayashida Y, Akama TO, Beecher N, Lewis P, Young RD, Meek KM, Kerr B, Hughes CE, Caterson B, Tanigami A, Nakayama J, Fukada MN, Tano Y, Nishida K, Quantock AJ. Matrix morphogenesis in cornea is mediated by the modification of keratan sulfate by GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13333-8. [PMID: 16938851 PMCID: PMC1569164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605441103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix assembly and homeostasis in collagen-rich tissues are mediated by interactions with proteoglycans (PGs) substituted with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The major GAG in cornea is keratan sulfate (KS), which is N-linked to one of three PG core proteins. To ascertain the importance of the carbohydrate chain sulfation step in KS functionality, we generated a strain of mice with a targeted gene deletion in Chst5, which encodes an N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase that is integral to the sulfation of KS chains. Corneas of homozygous mutants were significantly thinner than those of WT or heterozygous mice. They lacked high-sulfated KS, but contained the core protein of the major corneal KSPG, lumican. Histochemically stained KSPGs coassociated with fibrillar collagen in WT corneas, but were not identified in the Chst5-null tissue. Conversely, abnormally large chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate PG complexes were abundant throughout the Chst5-deficient cornea, indicating an alteration of controlled PG production in the mutant cornea. The corneal stroma of the Chst5-null mouse exhibited widespread structural alterations in collagen fibrillar architecture, including decreased interfibrillar spacing and a more spatially disorganized collagen array. The enzymatic sulfation of KS GAG chains is thus identified as a key requirement for PG biosynthesis and collagen matrix organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Hayashida
- *Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya O. Akama
- Glycobiology Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicola Beecher
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Lewis
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Young
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M. Meek
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Briedgeen Kerr
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E. Hughes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
| | - Akira Tanigami
- Otsuka GEN Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; and
| | - Michiko N. Fukada
- Glycobiology Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yasuo Tano
- *Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- **Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Medical School, 1-1 Seiryo-cho, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Andrew J. Quantock
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
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Müller D, Kuiper H, Böneker C, Mömke S, Drögemüller C, Chowdhary BP, Distl O. Assignment of BGLAP, BMP2, CHST4, SLC1A3, SLC4A1, SLC9A5 and SLC20A1 to equine chromosomes by FISH and confirmation by RH mapping. Anim Genet 2006; 36:457-61. [PMID: 16167999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Müller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Seko A, Sumiya JI, Yamashita K. Porcine, mouse and human galactose 3-O-sulphotransferase-2 enzymes have different substrate specificities; the porcine enzyme requires basic compounds for its catalytic activity. Biochem J 2005; 391:77-85. [PMID: 15926885 PMCID: PMC1237141 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulphation of galactose at the C-3 position is one of the major post-translational modifications of colorectal mucin. Thus we partially purified a Gal 3-O-sulphotransferase from porcine colonic mucosa (pGal3ST) and studied its enzymatic characteristics. The enzyme was purified 48500-fold by sequential chromatographies on hydroxyapatite, Con A (concanavalin A)-Sepharose, porcine colonic mucin-Sepharose, Cu2+-chelating Sepharose and AMP-agarose. Interestingly, the purified pGal3ST required submillimolar concentrations of spermine or basic lipids, such as D-sphingosine and N,N-dimethylsphingosine, for enzymatic activity. pGal3ST recognized Galbeta1-->3GalNAc (core 1) as an optimal substrate, and had weaker activity for Galbeta1-->3GlcNAc (type 1) and Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc (type 2). Substrate competition experiments proved that a single enzyme catalyses sulphation of all three oligosaccharides. Among the four human Gal3STs cloned to date, the substrate specificity of pGal3ST is most similar to that of human Gal3ST-2, which is also strongly expressed in colonic mucosa, although the kinetics of pGal3ST and human Gal3ST-2 were rather different. To determine whether pGal3ST is the orthologue of human Gal3ST-2, a cDNA encoding porcine Gal3ST-2 was isolated and the enzyme was expressed in COS-7 cells for analysis of substrate specificity. This revealed that porcine Gal3ST-2 has the same specificity as pGal3ST, indicating that pGal3ST is indeed the porcine equivalent of Gal3ST-2. The substrate specificity of mouse Gal3ST-2 was also different from those of human and porcine Gal3ST-2 enzymes. Mouse Gal3ST-2 preferred core 1 and type 2 glycans to type 1, and the K(m) values were much higher than those of human Gal3ST-2. These results suggest that porcine Gal3ST-2 requires basic compounds for catalytic activity and that human, mouse and porcine Gal3ST-2 orthologues have diverse substrate specificities.
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Key Words
- colonic mucosa
- mucin
- spermine
- sphingosine
- sulphotransferase
- bigp, galβ1→4glcnacβ1→2manα1→3(galβ1→4glcnacβ1→2manα1→6)manβ1→4glcnacβ1→4glcnac
- bn, benzyl
- con a, concanavalin a
- core 1, galβ1→3galnacα1→
- core 2, galβ1→3(glcnacβ1→6)galnacα1→
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- galcer, galactosylceramide
- galdg, galactosyldiacylglycerol
- gal3st, gal 3-o-sulphotransferase
- laccer, lactosylceramide
- lnt, galβ1→3glcnacβ1→3galβ1→4glc
- monogp, galβ1→4glcnacβ1→2manα1→3/6manβ1→4glcnac
- paps, adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulphate
- pgal3st, porcine gal3st
- pna, peanut agglutinin
- pnp, p-nitrophenyl
- race, rapid amplification of cdna ends
- sult, sulphotransferase
- type 1, galβ1→3glcnac (lacto-n-biose i)
- type 2, galβ1→4glcnac (n-acetyllactosamine)
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Seko
- *Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
- †CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Sumiya
- *Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Katsuko Yamashita
- *Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
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Misra AK, Agnihotri G, Madhusudan SK, Tiwari P. Practical Synthesis of Sulfated Analogs of Lactosamine and Sialylated Lactosamine Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/car-200030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Seko A, Yamashita K. β1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-7 (β3Gn-T7) acts efficiently on keratan sulfate-related glycans. FEBS Lett 2003; 556:216-20. [PMID: 14706853 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
beta1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-7 (beta3Gn-T7) has been identified as an anti-migration factor for a lung cancer cell line but its enzymatic activity has not yet been characterized. Here we show that beta3Gn-T7 efficiently acts on keratan sulfate-related glycans including Galbeta1-->4(SO(3)(-)-->6)GlcNAcbeta1-->3Galbeta1-->4(SO(3)(-)-->6)GlcNAc (L2L2), while lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neo-tetraose were poor substrates. Moreover, we found that among the other five beta3Gn-Ts and i antigen-producing beta3Gn-T (iGn-T), beta3Gn-T2 and iGn-T act well on L2L2, although these specific activities were lower than those for a tetraantennary N-glycan. These results indicate that beta3Gn-T7 is the one that most efficiently elongates L2L2 and may be involved in the biosynthesis of keratan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Seko
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0062, Tokyo, Japan
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