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Matsuno A, Sumida H, Nakanishi H, Ikeyama Y, Ishii T, Omori I, Saito H, Iwasawa O, Sugimori A, Yoshizaki A, Katoh H, Ishikawa S, Sato S. Keratinocyte proline-rich protein modulates immune and epidermal response in imiquimod-induced psoriatic skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:2121-2130. [PMID: 37926955 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a persistent inflammatory skin disease thought to arise as a result of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and activation of keratinocytes. Recent advances in basic research and clinical experience revealed that the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis has been identified as a major immune pathway in psoriasis. However, it remains unclear how keratinocyte factors contribute to the pathology of psoriasis. Keratinocyte proline-rich protein (KPRP) is a proline-rich insoluble protein, which is present in the epidermis and is likely to be involved in the skin barrier function. Here, to investigate the potential roles of KPRP in psoriatic skin inflammation, Kprp-modified mice were applied in the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced skin inflammation model, which develops psoriasis-like epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation features. Then, heterozygous knockout (Kprp+/- ) but not homozygous knockout (Kprp-/- ) mice displayed attenuated skin erythema compared to control wild-type mice. In addition, RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR and/or histological analysis detected changes in the expression of several molecules related to psoriatic inflammation or keratinocyte differentiation in Kprp+/- mice, but not Kprp-/- mice. Further analysis exhibited reduced IL-17-producing γδlow T cells and amplified epidermal hyperplasia in Kprp+/- mice, which were implied to be related to decreased expression of β-defensins and increased expression of LPAR1 (Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1), respectively. Thus, our results imply that KPRP has the potential as a therapeutic target in psoriatic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Matsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayakazu Sumida
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Scleroderma Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- SLE Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakanishi
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ikeyama
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Issei Omori
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hinako Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okuto Iwasawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sugimori
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Tsuji G, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Yumine A, Takemura M, Kido-Nakahara M, Ito T, Yamamura K, Nakahara T. PDE4 inhibition by difamilast regulates filaggrin and loricrin expression via keratinocyte proline-rich protein in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2023:S0923-1811(23)00114-7. [PMID: 37156706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difamilast, a topical phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to be effective for treating atopic dermatitis (AD), but the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Since skin barrier dysfunction including reduced expression of filaggrin (FLG) and loricrin (LOR) contributes to AD development, difamilast treatment may be able to improve this dysfunction. PDE4 inhibition increases transcriptional activity of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Therefore, we hypothesized that difamilast may affect FLG and LOR expression via CREB in human keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism by which difamilast regulates FLG and LOR expression via CREB in human keratinocytes. METHODS We analyzed normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) treated with difamilast. RESULTS We observed increases of intracellular cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation in difamilast (5 μM)-treated NHEKs. Next, we found that difamilast treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of FLG and LOR in NHEKs. Since reduced expression of keratinocyte proline-rich protein (KPRP) is reported to be involved in skin barrier dysfunction in AD, we examined KPRP expression in difamilast-treated NHEKs. We found that difamilast treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of KPRP in NHEKs. Furthermore, KPRP knockdown using siRNA transfection abolished the upregulation of FLG and LOR in difamilast-treated NHEKs. Finally, CREB knockdown canceled the upregulation of FLG, LOR, and KPRP in difamilast-treated NHEKs, indicating that PDE4 inhibition by difamilast treatment positively regulates FLG and LOR expression via the CREB-KPRP axis in NHEKs. CONCLUSION These findings may provide further guidance for therapeutic strategies in the treatment of AD using difamilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayako Yumine
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Takemura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kido-Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Hisamoto T, Suga H, Omori I, Mizuno Y, Oka K, Boki H, Takahashi‐Shishido N, Oka T, Miyagaki T, Sugaya M, Sato S. Decreased keratinocyte
Proline‐Rich
protein expression in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyoshi Hisamoto
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiraku Suga
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Issey Omori
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuka Mizuno
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenta Oka
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hikari Boki
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Departments of Dermatology St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kanagawa Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology International University of Health and Welfare Chiba Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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4
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Springer MS, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Huelsmann M, Collin MA, Danil K, McGowen MR, Oh JW, Ramos R, Hiller M, Plikus MV, Gatesy J. Genomic and anatomical comparisons of skin support independent adaptation to life in water by cetaceans and hippos. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2124-2139.e3. [PMID: 33798433 PMCID: PMC8154672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The macroevolutionary transition from terra firma to obligatory inhabitance of the marine hydrosphere has occurred twice in the history of Mammalia: Cetacea and Sirenia. In the case of Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), molecular phylogenies provide unambiguous evidence that fully aquatic cetaceans and semiaquatic hippopotamids (hippos) are each other's closest living relatives. Ancestral reconstructions suggest that some adaptations to the aquatic realm evolved in the common ancestor of Cetancodonta (Cetacea + Hippopotamidae). An alternative hypothesis is that these adaptations evolved independently in cetaceans and hippos. Here, we focus on the integumentary system and evaluate these hypotheses by integrating new histological data for cetaceans and hippos, the first genome-scale data for pygmy hippopotamus, and comprehensive genomic screens and molecular evolutionary analyses for protein-coding genes that have been inactivated in hippos and cetaceans. We identified eight skin-related genes that are inactivated in both cetaceans and hippos, including genes that are related to sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and epidermal differentiation. However, none of these genes exhibit inactivating mutations that are shared by cetaceans and hippos. Mean dates for the inactivation of skin genes in these two clades serve as proxies for phenotypic changes and suggest that hair reduction/loss, the loss of sebaceous glands, and changes to the keratinization program occurred ∼16 Ma earlier in cetaceans (∼46.5 Ma) than in hippos (∼30.5 Ma). These results, together with histological differences in the integument and prior analyses of oxygen isotopes from stem hippopotamids ("anthracotheres"), support the hypothesis that aquatic skin adaptations evolved independently in hippos and cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Springer
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthias Huelsmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew A Collin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kerri Danil
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Ji Won Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Raul Ramos
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Senckenberg Research Institute, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - John Gatesy
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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5
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Suga H, Oka T, Sugaya M, Sato Y, Ishii T, Nishida H, Ishikawa S, Fukayama M, Sato S. Keratinocyte Proline-Rich Protein Deficiency in Atopic Dermatitis Leads to Barrier Disruption. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1867-1875.e7. [PMID: 30905808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. By allelic copy number analysis at missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms on 26 genes with copy number variation, we identified a significant association between atopic dermatitis and human KPRP. Human KPRP expression, which was localized to the upper granular layer of epidermis, was significantly decreased in atopic dermatitis compared with normal skin. KPRP was histologically colocalized with loricrin and was mainly detected in cytoskeleton fractions of human keratinocytes. To further investigate the role of KPRP in skin, Kprp-knockout mice were generated. Heterozygous knockout (Kprp+/-) mice exhibited reduced KPRP expression to level a similar to that of human AD lesional skin. Kprp+/- mice showed abnormal desmosome structure and detachment of lower layers of the stratum corneum. Percutaneous inflammation by topical application of croton oil or oxazolone was enhanced, and epicutaneous immunization with ovalbumin induced a high level of IgE in Kprp+/- mice. Our study, started from allelic copy number analysis in human AD, identified the importance of KPRP, the decrease of which leads to barrier dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Case-Control Studies
- Croton Oil/immunology
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/deficiency
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Desmosomes/pathology
- Desmosomes/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epidermis/drug effects
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/pathology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Oxazolone/immunology
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Water Loss, Insensible/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Suga
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yasunari Sato
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishida
- Research and Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu M, Jin L, Wu M, Qian D, Li X, Zhen Q, Guo H, Gao J, Yang S, Zhang X. Noninvasive analysis of skin proteins in healthy Chinese subjects using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:424-433. [PMID: 30657212 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Ling Jin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mingshun Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Danfeng Qian
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xueying Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological TechnologyAnhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
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7
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Edqvist PHD, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Danielsson A, Edlund K, Uhlén M, Pontén F. Expression of human skin-specific genes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:129-41. [PMID: 25411189 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414562646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase our understanding of skin, it is important to define the molecular constituents of the cell types and epidermal layers that signify normal skin. We have combined a genome-wide transcriptomics analysis, using deep sequencing of mRNA from skin biopsies, with immunohistochemistry-based protein profiling to characterize the landscape of gene and protein expression in normal human skin. The transcriptomics and protein expression data of skin were compared to 26 (RNA) and 44 (protein) other normal tissue types. All 20,050 putative protein-coding genes were classified into categories based on patterns of expression. We found that 417 genes showed elevated expression in skin, with 106 genes expressed at least five-fold higher than that in other tissues. The 106 genes categorized as skin enriched encoded for well-known proteins involved in epidermal differentiation and proteins with unknown functions and expression patterns in skin, including the C1orf68 protein, which showed the highest relative enrichment in skin. In conclusion, we have applied a genome-wide analysis to identify the human skin-specific proteome and map the precise localization of the corresponding proteins in different compartments of the skin, to facilitate further functional studies to explore the molecular repertoire of normal skin and to identify biomarkers related to various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Henrik D Edqvist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (PHDE, AD, KE, FP)
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (LF, BMH, MU)
| | - Björn M Hallström
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (LF, BMH, MU)
| | - Angelika Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (PHDE, AD, KE, FP)
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (PHDE, AD, KE, FP)
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (LF, BMH, MU)
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (PHDE, AD, KE, FP)
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8
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Kong W, Nuo M, Zhu XP, Han XJ, Luo L, Wang X. Pre-stem cell formation by non-platelet RNA-containing particle fusion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:412-21. [PMID: 23611023 PMCID: PMC3748798 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We found a group of non-platelet RNA-containing particles (NPRCP) in human umbilical cord blood. To understand the origin, characterization and differentiation of NPRCP, we examined cord blood-isolated NPRCP in vitro. The NPRCP range in size from < 1 to 5 μm, have a thin bilayer membrane and various morphological features, contain short RNA and microRNA and express octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), sex-determining region Y 2 (SOX2) and DEAD box polypeptide 4 (DDX4). On coculture with nucleated cells from umbilical cord blood, NPRCP fuse to small, active, non-nucleated cells called 'particle fusion-derived non-nucleated cells' (PFDNC). The PFDNC are approximately 8 μm in diameter and are characterized by their twisting movement in culture plates. They can easily move into and out of nucleated cells and finally differentiate into mesenchymal-like cells. In addition, the larger non-nucleated cellular structures that are derived from the aggregation and fusion of multiple NPRCP can further differentiate into large stem cells that also release OCT4- and SOX2-positive non-nucleated small cells. Our data provide strong evidence that NPRCP can fuse into PFDNC, which further differentiate into mesenchymal-like cells. Multiple NPRCP also fuse into other types of large stem cells. We believe that stem cells are derived from NPRCP fusion. There is considerable potential for the use of NPRCP in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Kong
- Beijing Khasar Medical Technology Co., Beijing, China.
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9
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Abstract
The cornified cell envelope (CE) is a specialized structure assembled beneath the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in the outermost layers of the epidermis. It is essential for the physical and permeability properties of the barrier function of the skin. Our skin is continuously exposed to atmospheric oxygen and threatened by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we identify the CE as a first line of antioxidant defense and show that the small proline-rich (SPRR) family of CE precursor proteins have a major role in ROS detoxification. Cysteine residues within these proteins are responsible for ROS quenching, resulting in inter- and intramolecular S-S bond formation, both in isolated proteins and purified CEs. The related keratinocyte proline-rich protein is also oxidized on several cysteine residues within the CE. Differences in antioxidant potential between various SPRR family members are likely determined by structural differences rather than by the amount of cysteine residues per protein. Loricrin, a major component of the CE with a higher cysteine content than SPRRs, is a weak ROS quencher and oxidized on a single cysteine residue within the CE. It is inferred that SPRR proteins provide the outermost layer of our skin with a highly adaptive and protective antioxidant shield.
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10
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Cladel NM, Bertotto A, Christensen ND. Human alpha and beta papillomaviruses use different synonymous codon profiles. Virus Genes 2010; 40:329-40. [PMID: 20157772 PMCID: PMC3752370 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses use rare codons relative to their hosts. It has been theorized that this is a mechanism to allow the virus to escape immune surveillance. In the present study, we examined the codings of four major genes of 21 human alpha (mucosatropic) viruses and 16 human beta (cutaneous-tropic) viruses. We compared the codon usage of different genes from a given papillomavirus and also the same genes from different papillomaviruses. Our data showed that codon usage was not always uniform between two genes of a given papillomavirus or between the same genes of papillomaviruses from different genera. We speculate as to why this might be and conclude that codon usage in the papillomaviruses may not only play a role in facilitating escape from immune surveillance but may also underlie some of the unanswered questions in the papillomavirus field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Lonergan KM, Chari R, Coe BP, Wilson IM, Tsao MS, Ng RT, MacAulay C, Lam S, Lam WL. Transcriptome profiles of carcinoma-in-situ and invasive non-small cell lung cancer as revealed by SAGE. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9162. [PMID: 20161782 PMCID: PMC2820080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents as a progressive disease spanning precancerous, preinvasive, locally invasive, and metastatic lesions. Identification of biological pathways reflective of these progressive stages, and aberrantly expressed genes associated with these pathways, would conceivably enhance therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Through the construction and analysis of SAGE libraries, we have determined transcriptome profiles for preinvasive carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, and compared these with expression profiles generated from both bronchial epithelium, and precancerous metaplastic and dysplastic lesions using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Expression of genes associated with epidermal development, and loss of expression of genes associated with mucociliary biology, are predominant features of CIS, largely shared with precancerous lesions. Additionally, expression of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism/detoxification is a notable feature of CIS, and is largely maintained in invasive cancer. Genes related to tissue fibrosis and acute phase immune response are characteristic of the invasive SCC phenotype. Moreover, the data presented here suggests that tissue remodeling/fibrosis is initiated at the early stages of CIS. Additionally, this study indicates that alteration in copy-number status represents a plausible mechanism for differential gene expression in CIS and invasive SCC. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first report of large-scale expression profiling of CIS of the lung. Unbiased expression profiling of these preinvasive and invasive lesions provides a platform for further investigations into the molecular genetic events relevant to early stages of squamous NSCLC development. Additionally, up-regulated genes detected at extreme differences between CIS and invasive cancer may have potential to serve as biomarkers for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Lonergan
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Raj Chari
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bradley P. Coe
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian M. Wilson
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond T. Ng
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wu SV, Yuan PQ, Wang L, Peng YL, Chen CY, Taché Y. Identification and characterization of multiple corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor isoforms in the rat esophagus. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1675-87. [PMID: 17218420 PMCID: PMC8103778 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rat esophagus shares some cellular features with skin squamous epithelium and striated muscle that express high levels of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 (CRF2) receptors or their cognate ligand urocortin (Ucn) 1, 2, and 3. We investigated the expression and cell signaling of CRF2 receptors and ligands in the rat esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by RT-PCR and quantitative PCR in normal and corticosterone-treated whole esophageal tissue, laser capture microdissected layers, and isolated esophageal cells. The expression of CRF2 receptor protein and intracellular cAMP and ERK1/2 responses to CRF agonists and CRF2 antagonist were determined in cultured esophageal cells and HEK-293 cells transfected with CRF2b receptors. CRF2 was abundantly expressed in the mucosa and longitudinal muscle layers of the esophagus and LES, whereas CRF1 expression was scarce. CRF2b wild-type transcript was predominantly expressed in the esophagus, and in addition, several new CRF2 splice variants including six CRF2a isoforms were identified. Expression of Ucn 1, Ucn 2, and to a smaller extent Ucn 3, but not CRF mRNA, was detected in the esophagus and LES. Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 stimulated dose-dependent cAMP production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the esophageal cells, whereas CRF and CRF1 agonist, cortagine, had less potent effects. In addition, Ucn 2-stimulated cAMP and ERK responses were blocked by the CRF2 antagonist, astressin2-B. These data established the presence of a prominent CRF2 signaling system in the esophagus and LES-encompassing multiple CRF2 receptor variants and Ucn, suggesting a functional role in secretomotor activity and epithelial and muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vincent Wu
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90073, USA, and Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
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Lee WH, Jang S, Lee JS, Lee Y, Seo EY, You KH, Lee SC, Nam KI, Kim JM, Kee SH, Yang JM, Seo YJ, Park JK, Kim CD, Lee JH. Molecular Cloning and Expression of Human Keratinocyte Proline-Rich Protein (hKPRP), an Epidermal Marker Isolated from Calcium-Induced Differentiating Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:995-1000. [PMID: 16297201 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a human gene encoding keratinocyte proline-rich protein (hKPRP). hKPRP gene is located in the region of epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21, and its approximately 2.5 kb mRNA encodes 579 amino acid protein with high proline content (18%). The mRNA level of hKPRP was markedly increased at both 7 and 14 d after treatment with 1.2 mM calcium in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In situ hybridization demonstrated that hKPRP was expressed in upper granular layer of normal epidermis with characteristic intermittent pattern. In psoriatic lesion, hKPRP expression was increased as compared with normal skin and showed continuous pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of hKPRP at the protein level. Western blot analysis showed that hKPRP protein of approximately 70 kDa size was significantly increased by calcium in a time-dependent manner. In mouse tissue blot assays, the expression of KPRP was detected in stomach and skin tissues, and began at 17.5 embryonic days. Additionally, hKPRP expression was detected in the periderm of human fetal skin from 16 wk estimated gestational age. Together, these results suggest that hKPRP is an epidermal marker expressed in stratified squamous epithelia and has a potential role in keratinocytes differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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