1
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Huang Y, Zhang Z, Tong H, Qin W, Li Q, Ma L, Ren Z, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Yao L, Zhou P. Chondroitin polymerizing factor promotes development and progression of colorectal cancer via facilitating transcription of VEGFB. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18268. [PMID: 38775031 PMCID: PMC11109815 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignancy affecting the digestive system on a global scale. This study aimed to explore the previously unexplored role of CHPF in the progression of CRC. Our results revealed a significant upregulation of CHPF expression in CRC tumour tissues compared to normal tissues, with its levels correlating with tumour malignancy. In vitro experiments using CRC cell lines demonstrated that inhibiting CHPF expression suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation and cell migration, while promoting apoptosis. Conversely, overexpressing CHPF had the opposite effect. Additionally, our xenograft models in mice confirmed the inhibitory impact of CHPF knockdown on CRC progression using various cell models. Mechanistic investigations unveiled that CHPF may enhance VEGFB expression through E2F1-mediated transcription. Functionally, suppressing VEGFB expression successfully mitigated the oncogenic effects induced by CHPF overexpression. Collectively, these findings suggest that CHPF may act as a tumour promoter in CRC, operating in a VEGFB-dependent manner and could be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hanxing Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenzheng Qin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quanlin Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lili Ma
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhong Ren
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunshi Zhong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liqing Yao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pinghong Zhou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Shibata Y, Tanaka Y, Sasakura H, Morioka Y, Sassa T, Fujii S, Mitsuzumi K, Ikeno M, Kubota Y, Kimura K, Toyoda H, Takeuchi K, Nishiwaki K. Endogenous chondroitin extends the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4813. [PMID: 38413743 PMCID: PMC10899230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin, a class of glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides, is found as proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix, plays a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis during development and axonal regeneration. Ingestion of chondroitin prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans. However, the roles of endogenous chondroitin in regulating lifespan and healthspan mostly remain to be investigated. Here, we demonstrate that a gain-of-function mutation in MIG-22, the chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF), results in elevated chondroitin levels and a significant extension of both the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Importantly, the remarkable longevity observed in mig-22(gf) mutants is dependent on SQV-5/chondroitin synthase (ChSy), highlighting the pivotal role of chondroitin in controlling both lifespan and healthspan. Additionally, the mig-22(gf) mutation effectively suppresses the reduced healthspan associated with the loss of MIG-17/ADAMTS metalloprotease, a crucial for factor in basement membrane (BM) remodeling. Our findings suggest that chondroitin functions in the control of healthspan downstream of MIG-17, while regulating lifespan through a pathway independent of MIG-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasakura
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Morioka
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Shion Fujii
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kaito Mitsuzumi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeno
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kubota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Nishiwaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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3
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Luo H, Huang K, Cheng M, Long X, Zhu X, Wu M. The HNF4A-CHPF pathway promotes proliferation and invasion through interactions with MAD1L1 in glioma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11052-11066. [PMID: 37851364 PMCID: PMC10637790 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is an important glycosyltransferases that participates in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS). Our previous study showed that silencing CHPF expression inhibited glioma cell proliferation in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms by which CHPF contributes to development of glioma have not been characterized. In this study, we found that CHPF was up-regulated in glioma tissues and was positively correlated with malignant clinical pathological characteristics of patients with glioma. Silencing CHPF expression inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and cell cycle of glioma cells. Moreover, silencing CHPF suppressed glioma malignance in vivo. Immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays were used to verify the interaction between CHPF and Mitotic arrest deficient 1-like 1 (MAD1L1). In addition, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR analysis showed that HNF4A bound to the CHPF promoter region, which indicated that the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (HNF4A) could regulate the expression of CHPF in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mengqi Cheng
- Department of Health Management Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Science Research Center, East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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4
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Liu CH, Ho YJ, Wang CY, Hsu CC, Chu YH, Hsu MY, Chen SJ, Hsiao WC, Liao WC. Targeting Chondroitin Sulphate Synthase 1 (Chsy1) Promotes Axon Growth Following Neurorrhaphy by Suppressing Versican Accumulation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093742. [PMID: 37175152 PMCID: PMC10180239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), which deposits in perineurium as a physical barrier and prevents the growth of axons out of the fascial boundary. Several studies have indicated that the chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains on versican have several possible functions beyond the physical barrier, including the ability to stabilize versican core protein in the extracellular matrix. As chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (Chsy1) is a crucial enzyme for CS elongation, we hypothesized that in vivo knockdown of Chsy1 at peripheral nerve lesion site may decrease CS and versican accumulation, and result in accelerating neurite regeneration. In the present study, end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) in Wistar rats was used as an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury to evaluate nerve regeneration after surgical intervention. The distribution and expression of versican and Chsy1 in regenerating axons after ESN was studied using confocal microscopy and western blotting. Chsy1 was silenced at the nerve lesion (surgical) site using in vivo siRNA transfection. The results indicated that Chsy1 was successfully silenced in nerve tissue, and its downregulation was associated with functional recovery of compound muscle action potential. Silencing of Chsy1 also decreased the accumulation of versican core protein, suggesting that transient treating of Chsy1-siRNA may be an alternative and an effective strategy to promote injured peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yu Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Hsu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yen Hsu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jau Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252005, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
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5
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Histories of Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase and Dermatan 4- O-Sulfotransferase from Discovery of Their Enzymes and Genes to Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:509. [PMID: 36833436 PMCID: PMC9957132 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans are essential for the assembly of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Various transporters and biosynthetic enzymes for nucleotide sugars, glycosyltransferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, are involved in the biosynthesis of DS. Among these enzymes, dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors of DS biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in human genes encoding DSE and D4ST cause the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, characterized by tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. DS-deficient mice exhibit perinatal lethality, myopathy-related phenotypes, thoracic kyphosis, vascular abnormalities, and skin fragility. These findings indicate that DS is essential for tissue development as well as homeostasis. This review focuses on the histories of DSE as well as D4ST, and their knockout mice as well as human congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Cahyadi DD, Warita K, Takeda-Okuda N, Tamura JI, Hosaka YZ. Qualitative and quantitative analyses in sulfated glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, during 3 T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13894. [PMID: 38054387 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) is a member of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in animal tissues. Major CS/DS subclasses, O, A, C, D, and E units, exist based on the sulfation pattern in d-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine repeating units. DS is formed when GlcA is epimerized into l-iduronic acid. Our study aimed to analyze the CS/DS profile in 3 T3-L1 cells before and after adipogenic induction. CS/DS contents, molecular weight (Mw), and sulfation pattern were analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. CS/DS synthesis- and sulfotransferase-related genes were analyzed by reverse transcription real-time PCR. CS/DS amount was significantly decreased in the differentiated (DI) group compared to the non-differentiated (ND) group, along with a lower expression of CS biosynthesis-related genes, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 and 2, as well as chondroitin polymerizing factor. GAGs in the DI group also showed lower Mw than those of ND. Furthermore, the A unit was the major CS/DS in both groups, with a proportionally higher CS-A in the DI group. This was consistent with the expression of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 that encodes chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase, for CS-A formation. These qualitative and quantitative changes in CS/DS and CS/DS-synthases before and after adipocyte differentiation reveal valuable insights into adipocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danang Dwi Cahyadi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Division of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Syx D, Delbaere S, Bui C, De Clercq A, Larson G, Mizumoto S, Kosho T, Fournel-Gigleux S, Malfait F. Alterations in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1843-C1859. [PMID: 35993517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a core protein substituted with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and execute versatile functions during many physiological and pathological processes. The biosynthesis of GAG chains is a complex process that depends on the concerted action of a variety of enzymes. Central to the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) GAG chains is the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker region followed by biosynthesis of HS or CS/DS-specific repeating disaccharide units, which then undergo modifications and epimerization. The importance of these biosynthetic enzymes is illustrated by several severe pleiotropic disorders that arise upon their deficiency. The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) constitute a special group among these disorders. Although most EDS types are caused by defects in fibrillar types I, III, or V collagen, or their modifying enzymes, a few rare EDS types have recently been linked to defects in GAG biosynthesis. Spondylodysplastic EDS (spEDS) is caused by defective formation of the tetrasaccharide linker region, either due to β4GalT7 or β3GalT6 deficiency, whereas musculocontractural EDS (mcEDS) results from deficiency of D4ST1 or DS-epi1, impairing DS formation. This narrative review highlights the consequences of GAG deficiency in these specific EDS types, summarizes the associated phenotypic features and the molecular spectrum of reported pathogenic variants, and defines the current knowledge on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms based on studies in patient-derived material, in vitro analyses, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Delbaere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ostend, Belgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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The Specific Role of Dermatan Sulfate as an Instructive Glycosaminoglycan in Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137485. [PMID: 35806490 PMCID: PMC9267682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial roles of dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone through construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Although DS classically exerts physiological functions via interaction with collagens, growth factors, and heparin cofactor-II, new functions have been revealed through analyses of human genetic disorders as well as of knockout mice with loss of DS-synthesizing enzymes. Mutations in human genes encoding the epimerase and sulfotransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including spondylodysplastic type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. DS-deficient mice show perinatal lethality, skin fragility, vascular abnormalities, thoracic kyphosis, myopathy-related phenotypes, acceleration of nerve regeneration, and impairments in self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. These findings suggest that DS is essential for tissue development in addition to the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that DS-deficient knockout mice can be utilized as models of human genetic disorders that involve impairment of DS biosynthesis. This review highlights a novel role of DS in tissue development studies from the past decade.
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Basu A, Patel NG, Nicholson ED, Weiss RJ. Spatiotemporal diversity and regulation of glycosaminoglycans in cell homeostasis and human disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C849-C864. [PMID: 35294848 PMCID: PMC9037703 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00085.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These complex carbohydrates play important roles in many cellular processes and have been implicated in many disease states, including cancer, inflammation, and genetic disorders. GAGs are among the most complex molecules in biology with enormous information content and extensive structural and functional heterogeneity. GAG biosynthesis is a nontemplate-driven process facilitated by a large group of biosynthetic enzymes that have been extensively characterized over the past few decades. Interestingly, the expression of the enzymes and the consequent structure and function of the polysaccharide chains can vary temporally and spatially during development and under certain pathophysiological conditions, suggesting their assembly is tightly regulated in cells. Due to their many key roles in cell homeostasis and disease, there is much interest in targeting the assembly and function of GAGs as a therapeutic approach. Recent advances in genomics and GAG analytical techniques have pushed the field and generated new perspectives on the regulation of mammalian glycosylation. This review highlights the spatiotemporal diversity of GAGs and the mechanisms guiding their assembly and function in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Neil G. Patel
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elijah D. Nicholson
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Abstract
Aggrecan (Acan) and versican (Vcan) are large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. They share the same structural domains at both N and C-termini. The N-terminal G1 domain binds hyaluronan (HA), forms an HA-rich matrix, and regulates HA-mediated signaling. The C-terminal G3 domain binds other extracellular matrix molecules and forms a supramolecular structure that stores TGFb and BMPs and regulates their signaling. EGF-like motifs in the G3 domain may directly act like an EGF ligand. Both Acan and Vcan are present in cartilage, intervertebral disc, brain, heart, and aorta. Their localizations are essentially reciprocal. This review describes their structural domains, expression patterns and functions, and regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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12
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Haouari W, Dubail J, Poüs C, Cormier-Daire V, Bruneel A. Inherited Proteoglycan Biosynthesis Defects-Current Laboratory Tools and Bikunin as a Promising Blood Biomarker. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111654. [PMID: 34828260 PMCID: PMC8625474 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of proteins linked to sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains. They constitute a family of macromolecules mainly involved in the architecture of organs and tissues as major components of extracellular matrices. Some proteoglycans also act as signaling molecules involved in inflammatory response as well as cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. Inborn errors of proteoglycan metabolism are a group of orphan diseases with severe and irreversible skeletal abnormalities associated with multiorgan impairments. Identifying the gene variants that cause these pathologies proves to be difficult because of unspecific clinical symptoms, hardly accessible functional laboratory tests, and a lack of convenient blood biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways of proteoglycan biosynthesis, the associated inherited syndromes, and the related biochemical screening techniques, and we focus especially on a circulating proteoglycan called bikunin and on its potential as a new biomarker of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Haouari
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
| | - Johanne Dubail
- INSERM UMR1163, French Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris University, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (J.D.); (V.C.-D.)
- AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- INSERM UMR1163, French Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris University, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (J.D.); (V.C.-D.)
- AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (W.H.); (C.P.)
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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14
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Lin X, Han T, Xia Q, Cui J, Zhuo M, Liang Y, Su W, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Z, Xiao X. CHPF promotes gastric cancer tumorigenesis through the activation of E2F1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:876. [PMID: 34564711 PMCID: PMC8464597 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is an important glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. However, the relationship between CHPF and gastric cancer has not been fully investigated. CHPF expression in gastric cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and correlated with gastric cancer patient prognosis. Cultured gastric cancer cells and human gastric epithelial cell line GES1 were used to investigate the effects of shCHPF and shE2F1 on the development and progression of gastric cancer by MTT, western blotting, flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis, colony formation, transwell and gastric cancer xenograft mouse models, in vitro and in vivo. In gastric cancer tissues, CHPF was found to be significantly upregulated, and its expression correlated with tumor infiltration and advanced tumor stage and shorter patient survival in gastric cancer. CHPF may promote gastric cancer development by regulating cell proliferation, colony formation, cell apoptosis and cell migration, while knockdown induced the opposite effects. Moreover, the results from in vivo experiments demonstrated that tumor growth was suppressed by CHPF knockdown. Additionally, E2F1 was identified as a potential downstream target of CHPF in the regulation of gastric cancer, and its knockdown decreased the CHPF-induced promotion of gastric cancer. Mechanistic study revealed that CHPF may regulate E2F1 through affecting UBE2T-mediated E2F1 ubiquitination. This study showed, for the first time, that CHPF is a potential prognostic indicator and tumor promoter in gastric cancer whose function is likely carried out through the regulation of E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng Zhuo
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wenyu Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Zebing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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15
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Huang YF, Mizumoto S, Fujita M. Novel Insight Into Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis Based on Gene Expression Profiles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709018. [PMID: 34552927 PMCID: PMC8450405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate, except for hyaluronan that is a free polysaccharide, are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. More than 50 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of GAGs. We recently developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, GlycoMaple, for visualization and estimation of glycan structures based on gene expression profiles. Using this tool, the expression levels of GAG biosynthetic genes were analyzed in various human tissues as well as tumor tissues. In brain and pancreatic tumors, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be upregulated. In breast cancerous tissues, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, which are consistent with biochemical findings published in the literature. In addition, the expression levels of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican and the dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan decorin were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These findings may provide new insight into GAG profiles in various human diseases including cancerous tumors as well as neurodegenerative disease using GlycoMaple analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Kai Y, Yoneyama H, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H, Muro S. Chondroitin sulfate in tissue remodeling: Therapeutic implications for pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Investig 2021; 59:576-588. [PMID: 34176780 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, while idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by dysregulated tissue repair and remodeling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, and antifibrotic drugs, like pirfenidone and nintedanib, are used in IPF therapy. However, their limited effects suggest that single mediators are inadequate to control IPF. Therefore, therapies targeting the multifactorial cascades that regulate tissue remodeling in fibrosis could provide alternate solutions. ECM molecules have been shown to modulate various biological functions beyond tissue structure support and thus, could be developed into novel therapeutic targets for modulating tissue remodeling. Among ECM molecules, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are linear polysaccharides consisting of repeated disaccharides, which regulate cell-matrix interactions. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), one of the major GAGs, binds to multifactorial mediators in the ECM and reportedly participates in tissue remodeling in various diseases; however, to date, its biological functions have drawn considerably less attention than other GAGs, like heparan sulfate. In the present review, we discuss the involvement and regulation of CS in tissue remodeling and pulmonary fibrotic diseases, its role in pulmonary fibrosis, and the therapeutic approaches targeting CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, 8-1 Fukugami, Oyodo-cho, Yoshino-gun, Nara, 638-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- TME Therapeutics Inc., 2-16-1 Higashi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0021, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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18
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Duan X, Yang J, Jiang B, Duan W, Wei R, Zhang H, Mao X. Identification of chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) as tumor promotor in cholangiocarcinoma through regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell migration. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:591-602. [PMID: 33651657 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1890951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a variety of biliary epithelial tumors involving intrahepatic, perihilar and distal bile duct. It is the most common malignant bile duct tumor in the liver and the second most common primary liver cancer, whose molecular mechanism not fully understood. Specifically, the relationship between CCA and chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is still not clear. In this study, detection of clinical specimens was performed to preliminarily study the role of CHPF in CCA. CCA cells with CHPF knockdown were constructed for in vitro study, which was also used in the construction of mice xenograft model for investigating the role of CHPF in the development of CCA. The results demonstrated that CHPF was significantly upregulated in CCA tissues compared with normal tissues. High expression of CHPF was correlated with more advanced tumor grade. Moreover, knockdown of CHPF significantly inhibited cell proliferation, cell migration, promoted cell apoptosis and arrest cell cycle in G2 phase in vitro, as well as suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, CHPF was identified as a tumor promotor in the development and metastasis of CCA, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for the targeted therapy against CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rongguang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xianhai Mao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center for Biliary Disease of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Molecular Oncology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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19
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Li Y, Gong H, Feng L, Mao D, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Huang L. Chondroitin polymerizing factor promotes breast carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration and affects expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:423-434. [PMID: 33301643 PMCID: PMC7876491 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) plays an important role in the development of certain malignant tumors. However, the role of CHPF in breast carcinoma (BRCA) and its underlying mechanism are still not fully elucidated. Expression profiles for CHPF in BRCA tissues were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and used for prognostic analysis. Cell viability, invasion and migration were measured in vitro using MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines upon knockdown or over‐expression of CHPF. Bioinformatic analysis showed that CHPF was substantially upregulated in BRCA tissues, and a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR was performed to confirm its upregulation in BRCA cells. High expression of CHPF was observed to be significantly associated with pathologic stage, metastasis and worse prognosis. We also observed that depletion of CHPF significantly inhibited cell proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities, whereas overexpression of CHPF exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, analysis of the GEPIA database revealed that CHPF expression is positively correlated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐related markers vimentin, Snail, Slug and motion‐related protein matrix metallopeptidase 2; these findings were confirmed via western blotting. Our data suggest that CHPF may contribute to BRCA progression by modulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐related markers and matrix metallopeptidase 2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine /Integrative Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Mao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Xiao
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine /Integrative Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lizhong Huang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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20
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Wang B, Chen J, Xiao T, Zhang JV, Chen S, Fan X. Reduction of pl-CSA through ChSy-2 knockout inhibits tumorigenesis and metastasis of choriocarcinoma in JEG3 cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:207-215. [PMID: 33390789 PMCID: PMC7738969 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Placental-like chondroitin sulfate A (pl-CSA) is exclusively expressed in cancerous and placental tissues and is highly correlated with the degree of malignancy. However, the mechanism through which pl-CSA regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in choriocarcinoma remains unclear. Methods: Stable transfectants of the JEG3 choriocarcinoma cell line, including a negative control (NC) line and a cell line with knockout of the biosynthetic enzyme CS synthase-2 (ChSy-2) (ChSy-2-/-), were obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 systems and identified by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation of the cells were determined by a cell counting kit, scratch-wound assays, transwell assays and soft agar colony formation assays in vitro, respectively. The tumorigenesis and metastasis of choriocarcinoma were also investigated through two xenograft models in vivo. Results: The ChSy-2 protein in the ChSy-2-/-group was below the detection threshold, which was accompanied a significant reduction in the pl-CSA level. Reducing pl-CSA through ChSy-2 knockout significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in vitro and tumorigenesis and metastasis of choriocarcinoma, with deceases in tumor volume and metastatic foci and a high percent survival compared to the NC in vivo. Conclusion: pl-CSA, as a necessary component of JEG-3 cells, was efficiently reduced through ChSy-2 knockout, which significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis and metastasis of choriocarcinoma. ChSy-2/pl-CSA could be alternative targets for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzuo Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China.,Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Baobei Wang
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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21
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Wei L, Cao P, Xu C, Zhong H, Wang X, Bai M, Hu B, Wang R, Liu N, Tian Y, Chen H, Li J, Yuan W. Chondroitin synthase‐3 regulates nucleus pulposus degeneration through actin‐induced YAP signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:16581-16600. [PMID: 33089528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leixin Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Huajian Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Xiukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Meizhu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
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22
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Mencio CP, Hussein RK, Yu P, Geller HM. The Role of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Nervous System Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:61-80. [PMID: 32936033 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420959147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orderly development of the nervous system is characterized by phases of cell proliferation and differentiation, neural migration, axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, and stabilization. Each of these processes is a result of the modulation of genetic programs by extracellular cues. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been found to be involved in almost every aspect of this well-orchestrated yet delicate process. The evidence of their involvement is complex, often contradictory, and lacking in mechanistic clarity; however, it remains obvious that CSPGs are key cogs in building a functional brain. This review focuses on current knowledge of the role of CSPGs in each of the major stages of neural development with emphasis on areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Sun W, Zhao F, Xu Y, Huang K, Guo X, Zheng B, Liu X, Luo Z, Kong Y, Xu M, Schadendorf D, Chen Y. Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) promotes development of malignant melanoma through regulation of CDK1. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:496. [PMID: 32612115 PMCID: PMC7329816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is an important member of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the relationship between CHPF and malignant melanoma (MM) is still unknown. In this study, it was demonstrated that CHPF was up-regulated in MM tissues compared with the adjacent normal skin tissues and its high expression was correlated with more advanced T stage. Further investigations indicated that the over-expression/knockdown of CHPF could promote/inhibit proliferation, colony formation and migration of MM cells, while inhibiting/promoting cell apoptosis. Moreover, knockdown of CHPF could also suppress tumorigenicity of MM cells in vivo. RNA-sequencing followed by Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed for exploring downstream of CHPF and identified CDK1 as the potential target. Furthermore, our study revealed that knockdown of CDK1 could inhibit development of MM in vitro, and alleviate the CHPF over-expression induced promotion of MM. In conclusion, our study showed, as the first time, CHPF as a tumor promotor for MM, whose function was carried out probably through the regulation of CDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Brandon Reginal Hospital, HCA Healthcare/USF Morsani College of Medicine, Brandon, FL, USA
| | - Xianling Guo
- Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR, China
| | - Biqiang Zheng
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Midie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Hirose T, Mizumoto S, Hashimoto A, Takahashi Y, Yoshizawa T, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Takahashi N, Nakayama J, Takehana K, Okada T, Nomura Y, Yamada S, Kosho T, Watanabe T. Systematic investigation of the skin in Chst14-/- mice: A model for skin fragility in musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by CHST14 variants (mcEDS-CHST14). Glycobiology 2020; 31:137-150. [PMID: 32601684 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in CHST14 cause a dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase deficiency named musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-CHST14 (mcEDS-CHST14), resulting in complete depletion of the dermatan sulfate moiety of decorin glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which is replaced by chondroitin sulfate. Recently, we uncovered structural alteration of GAG chains in the skin of patients with mcEDS-CHST14. Here, we conducted the first systematic investigation of Chst14 gene-deleted homozygote (Chst14-/-) mice. We used skin samples of wild-type (Chst14+/+) and Chst14-/- mice. Mechanical fragility of the skin was measured with a tensile test. Pathology was observed using light microscopy, decorin immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy (EM) including cupromeronic blue (CB) staining. Quantification of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was performed using enzymatic digestion followed by anion-exchange HPLC. In Chst14-/- mice, skin tensile strength was significantly decreased compared with that in Chst14+/+ mice. EM showed that collagen fibrils were oriented in various directions to form disorganized collagen fibers in the reticular layer. Through EM-based CB staining, rod-shaped linear GAG chains were found to be attached at one end to collagen fibrils and protruded outside of the fibrils, in contrast to them being round and wrapping the collagen fibrils in Chst14+/+ mice. A very low level of dermatan sulfate disaccharides was detected in the skin of Chst14-/- mice by anion-exchange chromatography. Chst14-/- mice, exhibiting similar abnormalities in the GAG structure of decorin and collagen networks in the skin, could be a reasonable model for skin fragility of patients with mcEDS-CHST14, shedding light on the role of dermatan sulfate in maintaining skin strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ayana Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Schoolof Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan.,Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Department of Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Schoolof Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.,Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.,Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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26
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Xu Q, Lin W, Tao C, Huang X, Li J. Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) contributes to malignant proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 98:362-369. [PMID: 32383983 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the human digestive system, and has been recognized as a serious threat to public health worldwide. This study explored the role of chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) in the development and metastasis of HCC. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to detect CHPF expression in HCC tissues and para-carcinoma tissues. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression of CHPF. MTT assays, colony formation assays, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell apoptosis, respectively. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate cell migration. The results show that CHPF was not only up-regulated in HCC tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues, but was also related with more advanced stages of HCC. Further studies revealed that CHPF knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and induce cell apoptosis of HCC cells. Moreover, suppressing the expression of CHPF reduced the migration and invasiveness of HCC cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CHPF plays important roles in the development and progression of HCC, and high expression levels of HCC may be related with poorer prognosis. The results from this study may provide a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Science and Technology Information Center, Wenzhou Medical University Library, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chonglin Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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27
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Cao C, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhao J, Shi M, Zheng J. Expression of CHPF modulates cell proliferation and invasion in lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9021. [PMID: 32348423 PMCID: PMC7205412 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and is characterized by rapid progression, aggressive behavior, frequent recurrence, and poor prognosis. The TCGA database indicates that chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is overexpressed in human lung cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and this overexpression corresponds to shorter overall survival in lung cancer patients. In this study, to investigate the function of CHPF in lung cancer, lentiviral vectors expressing CHPF shRNA were stably transduced into A549 and H1299 cells. Compared to shCtrl cells, CHPF knockdown cells had significantly reduced proliferation. Furthermore, the silencing of CHPF in A549 and H1299 cells resulted in apoptotic induction, which led to decreased colony formation. Wound healing and transwell invasion assays revealed that CHPF could positively regulate the migration of lung cancer cells. The tumorigenic role of CHPF was also validated in nude mouse xenograft models. Affymetrix gene chip analysis indicated that CHPF regulated the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells through CDH1, RRM2, MKI67, and TNFRSF10B. We thus highlight CHPF as a novel target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Cao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Center Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Center Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Center Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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28
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29
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Mizumoto S. [Hereditary Skeletal and Skin Disorders Caused by Defects in the Biosynthesis of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate, and Molecular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Metastasis]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1495-1500. [PMID: 31787635 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in various biological events such as the construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, and growth factors. Human genetic diseases, including skeletal abnormalities, connective tissue diseases, and heart defects, were reported to be caused by mutations in the genes encoding glycosyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases that are responsible for the biosynthesis of CS and DS. Glycobiological approaches revealed that mutations in CS- and DS-biosynthetic enzymes led to reductions in their enzymatic activities and in the levels of CS and DS. Furthermore, CS at the surface of tumor cells plays a key role in pulmonary metastasis. A receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) was predominantly expressed in the lung, and was identified as a functional receptor for CS chains. CS and anti-RAGE antibodies inhibited the pulmonary metastasis of not only Lewis lung carcinoma but also B16 melanoma cells. Hence, RAGE and CS are potential targets of drug discovery for pulmonary metastasis and a number of other pathological conditions involving RAGE in the pathogenetic mechanism. This review provides an overview of glycobiological studies on characterized genetic disorders caused by the impaired biosynthesis of CS, as well as DS, and on the pulmonary metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells involving CS and RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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30
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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31
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Hou XM, Baloch Z, Zheng ZH, Zhang WH, Feng Y, Li DD, Wu XA, Yang SH. Knockdown of CHPF suppresses cell progression of non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3275-3283. [PMID: 31118773 PMCID: PMC6499445 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s192036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to explore the role of CHPF in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to develop an shRNA vector-based therapy to repress the expression of CHPF gene in NSCLC cell lines. Methods: In this study, we used immunohistochemical staining to verify the expression of CHPF in NSCLC tissue. Then, we determined the expression of CHPF gene in different NSCLC cell lines with RT-PCR and Western blotting. Specific CHPF shRNA was used to knockdown the expression of CHPF. Celigo image cytometry, cell cycle analysis, and flow cytometry assay were performed. Results: The results showed that expression level of CHPF was higher in NSCLC tissues than normal lung tissues. Further, we established that CHPF expression knockdown in NSCLC cells could substantially restrain the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle in vitro. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we concluded that CHPF expression has an important role in the progression of human NSCLC cells. Therefore, its interference could possibly be used as a potential therapeutic target against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Hong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan-Duan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-An Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hua Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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32
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Hou XM, Zhang T, Da Z, Wu XA. CHPF promotes lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and anti-apoptosis via the MAPK pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:988-994. [PMID: 30826152 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is abnormally expressed in malignant tumors, however, the expression of CHPF in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been reported. In this study, the relationship of CHPF and LUAD will be explored. METHODS Differential genes present in LUAD were screened by bioinformatics analysis. The expression status of CHPF in LUAD tissues and cell lines were deteced by Western blotting or Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Detecting System (qPCR), and the relationship between CHPF and prognosis of LUAD patients was analyzed. CHPF was effectively silenced in LUAD cell lines by lentivirus- mediated methods. The effect of CHPF on proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of cancer cells was assessed. We further determined the role of CHPF in tumor growth in vivo by using xenograft LUAD tumor models. Western blotting assay was performed to assess the expression changes of MAPK signaling pathway. RESULTS We found that CHPF is highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cell lines. In vitro experiments, CHPF knockdown in LUAD cells can effectively inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of cancer cell. In vivo experiment, tumor growth was markedly inhibited by CHPF knockdown in the xenograft model of LUAD. Notably, CHPF also could promote tumor progression by regulating MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION CHPF can promote the proliferation and antiapoptosis of LUAD cells, which is promising to become a potential target for LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Da
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-An Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Yoshizawa T, Mizumoto S, Takahashi Y, Shimada S, Sugahara K, Nakayama J, Takeda S, Nomura Y, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Okada T, Matsumoto K, Yamada S, Kosho T. Vascular abnormalities in the placenta of Chst14-/- fetuses: implications in the pathophysiology of perinatal lethality of the murine model and vascular lesions in human CHST14/D4ST1 deficiency. Glycobiology 2018; 28:80-89. [PMID: 29206923 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is one of the most important components of the extracellular matrix that is involved in the strength of tissues, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Mutations in several collagen and post-translational modification enzyme genes cause Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) characterized by joint and skin hyperextensibility as well as fragility of various organs. Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14/dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (CHST14/D4ST1) is a critical enzyme for biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate, a side chain of various proteoglycans including biglycan that regulates collagen fibrils through their interaction. Mutations in CHST14 were found to cause a new form of EDS, named musculocontractural type EDS (mcEDS-CHST14). Large subcutaneous hematomas are one of the most serious complications accompanied by decreased quality of life and potential lethality. In this study, Chst14 gene-deleted mice were expected to be an animal model of the vascular abnormalities of mcEDS-CHST14. However, only limited numbers of adult mice were generated because of perinatal lethality in most Chst14 gene-deleted homozygote (Chst14-/-) mice. Therefore, we investigated the placentas of these fetuses. The placentas of Chst14-/- fetuses showed a reduced weight, alterations in the vascular structure, and ischemic and/or necrotic-like changes. Electron microscopy demonstrated an abnormal structure of the basement membrane of capillaries in the placental villus. These findings suggest that Chst14 is essential for placental vascular development and perinatal survival of fetuses. Furthermore, placentas of Chst14-/- fetuses could be a useful model for vascular manifestations in mcEDS-CHST14, such as the large subcutaneous hematomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Tenpakuku Yagotoyama, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Center for Medical Genetics.,Department of Medical Genetics
| | - Shin Shimada
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Tenpakuku Yagotoyama, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashichou, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 3-5-8 Saiwaichou, Huchuu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-5-5 Sendagi, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-5-5 Sendagi, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumoto
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Tenpakuku Yagotoyama, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Center for Medical Genetics.,Department of Medical Genetics
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Tykesson E, Hassinen A, Zielinska K, Thelin MA, Frati G, Ellervik U, Westergren-Thorsson G, Malmström A, Kellokumpu S, Maccarana M. Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 and dermatan 4- O-sulfotransferase 1 form complexes that generate long epimerized 4- O-sulfated blocks. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13725-13735. [PMID: 29976758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), a variable fraction of glucuronic acid is converted to iduronic acid through the activities of two epimerases, dermatan sulfate epimerases 1 (DS-epi1) and 2 (DS-epi2). Previous in vitro studies indicated that without association with other enzymes, DS-epi1 activity produces structures that have only a few adjacent iduronic acid units. In vivo, concomitant with epimerization, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1) sulfates the GalNAc adjacent to iduronic acid. This sulfation facilitates DS-epi1 activity and enables the formation of long blocks of sulfated iduronic acid-containing domains, which can be major components of CS/DS. In this report, we used recombinant enzymes to confirm the concerted action of DS-epi1 and D4ST1. Confocal microscopy revealed that these two enzymes colocalize to the Golgi, and FRET experiments indicated that they physically interact. Furthermore, FRET, immunoprecipitation, and cross-linking experiments also revealed that DS-epi1, DS-epi2, and D4ST1 form homomers and are all part of a hetero-oligomeric complex where D4ST1 directly interacts with DS-epi1, but not with DS-epi2. The cooperation of DS-epi1 with D4ST1 may therefore explain the processive mode of the formation of iduronic acid blocks. In conclusion, the iduronic acid-forming enzymes operate in complexes, similar to other enzymes active in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This knowledge shed light on regulatory mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis of the structurally diverse CS/DS molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tykesson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antti Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, and
| | - Katarzyna Zielinska
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin A Thelin
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marco Maccarana
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden,
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35
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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36
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Shimbo M, Suzuki R, Fuseya S, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Hagiwara K, Okada R, Wakui H, Tsunakawa Y, Watanabe H, Kimata K, Narimatsu H, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Postnatal lethality and chondrodysplasia in mice lacking both chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 and -2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190333. [PMID: 29287114 PMCID: PMC5747463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. In cartilage, CS plays important roles as the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), existing as side chains of the major cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Six glycosyltransferases are known to coordinately synthesize the backbone structure of CS; however, their in vivo synthetic mechanism remains unknown. Previous studies have suggested that two glycosyltransferases, Csgalnact1 (t1) and Csgalnact2 (t2), are critical for initiation of CS synthesis in vitro. Indeed, t1 single knockout mice (t1 KO) exhibit slight dwarfism and a reduction in CS content in cartilage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To reveal the synergetic roles of t1 and t2 in CS synthesis in vivo, we generated systemic single and double knockout (DKO) mice and cartilage-specific t1 and t2 double knockout (Col2-DKO) mice. DKO mice exhibited postnatal lethality, whereas t2 KO mice showed normal size and skeletal development. Col2-DKO mice survived to adulthood and showed severe dwarfism compared with t1 KO mice. Histological analysis of epiphyseal cartilage from Col2-DKO mice revealed disrupted endochondral ossification, characterized by drastic GAG reduction in the ECM. Moreover, DKO cartilage had reduced chondrocyte proliferation and an increased number of apoptotic chondrocytes compared with WT cartilage. Conversely, primary chondrocyte cultures from Col2-DKO knee cartilage had the same proliferation rate as WT chondrocytes and low GAG expression levels, indicating that the chondrocytes themselves had an intact proliferative ability. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of E18.5 cartilage showed that the expression levels of Col2a1 and Ptch1 transcripts tended to decrease in DKO compared with those in WT mice. The CS content in DKO cartilage was decreased compared with that in t1 KO cartilage but was not completely absent. These results suggest that aberrant ECM caused by CS reduction disrupted endochondral ossification. Overall, we propose that both t1 and t2 are necessary for CS synthesis and normal chondrocyte differentiation but are not sufficient for all CS synthesis in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shimbo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fuseya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsue Kiyohara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kozue Hagiwara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Wakui
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
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Sequencing of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using a novel exolyase from a marine bacterium that degrades hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate. Biochem J 2017; 474:3831-3848. [PMID: 28963345 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of chemically heterogeneous polysaccharides that play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Owing to the structural complexity of GAGs, their sophisticated chemical structures and biological functions have not been extensively studied. Lyases that cleave GAGs are important tools for structural analysis. Although various GAG lyases have been identified, exolytic lyases with unique enzymatic property are urgently needed for GAG sequencing. In the present study, a putative exolytic GAG lyase from a marine bacterium was recombinantly expressed and characterized in detail. Since it showed exolytic lyase activity toward hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and dermatan sulfate (DS), it was designated as HCDLase. This novel exolyase exhibited the highest activity in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) at 30°C. Especially, it showed a specific activity that released 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB)-labeled disaccharides from the reducing end of 2-AB-labeled CS oligosaccharides, which suggest that HCDLase is not only a novel exolytic lyase that can split disaccharide residues from the reducing termini of sugar chains but also a useful tool for the sequencing of CS chains. Notably, HCDLase could not digest 2-AB-labeled oligosaccharides from HA, DS, or unsulfated chondroitin, which indicated that sulfates and bond types affect the catalytic activity of HCDLase. Finally, this enzyme combined with CSase ABC was successfully applied for the sequencing of several CS hexa- and octasaccharides with complex structures. The identification of HCDLase provides a useful tool for CS-related research and applications.
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Fan YH, Xiao B, Lv SG, Ye MH, Zhu XG, Wu MJ. Lentivirus‑mediated knockdown of chondroitin polymerizing factor inhibits glioma cell growth in vitro. Oncol Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627702 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary tumor in the central nervous system, characterized by rapid progression, aggressive behavior, frequent recurrence and poor prognosis. In the present study we demonstrated that chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is highly expressed in human glioma tissues and 4 glioma cell lines. To explore the role of CHPF in glioma, a lentiviral vector expressing CHPF shRNA was constructed and transfected into the glioma U251 cells, which stably downregulated the expression levels of the CHPF gene in U251 cells in vitro. U251 cell proliferation inhibition rates were determined by MTT assay. The effect of survivin shRNA on U251 cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Compared to the shRNA‑Ctrl group of cells, the shRNA-CHPF group of cells exhibited decreased proliferation and a significant increase in the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase. In addition, we found that knockdown of the expression of CHPF increased apoptosis in glioma U251 cells. Therefore, our results confirmed that CHPF promotes growth and inhibits apoptosis in glioma U251 cells. Thus, by in vivo and in vitro data, the present study suggests that CHPF could be a new potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hua Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Min-Hua Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Gen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Miao-Jing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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39
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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40
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Pathophysiological Significance of Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycans Revealed by Human Genetic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020034. [PMID: 28346368 PMCID: PMC5490391 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensable roles of dermatan sulfate-proteoglycans (DS-PGs) have been demonstrated in various biological events including construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling through interactions with collagen and transforming growth factor-β, respectively. Defects in the core proteins of DS-PGs such as decorin and biglycan cause congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, and Meester-Loeys syndrome. Furthermore, mutations in human genes encoding the glycosyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility, and by severe skeletal disorders such as kyphoscoliosis, short trunk, dislocation, and joint laxity. Glycobiological approaches revealed that mutations in DS-biosynthetic enzymes cause reductions in enzymatic activities and in the amount of synthesized DS and also disrupt the formation of collagen bundles. This review focused on the growing number of glycobiological studies on recently reported genetic diseases caused by defects in the biosynthesis of DS and DS-PGs.
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41
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Munkley J. Glycosylation is a global target for androgen control in prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R49-R64. [PMID: 28159857 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in glycan composition are common in cancer and can play important roles in all of the recognised hallmarks of cancer. We recently identified glycosylation as a global target for androgen control in prostate cancer cells and further defined a set of 8 glycosylation enzymes (GALNT7, ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, UAP1, PGM3, CSGALNACT1, ST6GAL1 and EDEM3), which are also significantly upregulated in prostate cancer tissue. These 8 enzymes are under direct control of the androgen receptor (AR) and are linked to the synthesis of important cancer-associated glycans such as sialyl-Tn (sTn), sialyl LewisX (SLeX), O-GlcNAc and chondroitin sulfate. Glycosylation has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism. Our results suggest that alterations in patterns of glycosylation via androgen control might modify some or all of these processes in prostate cancer. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Emerging data on these often overlooked glycan modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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42
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Histone deacetylase-mediated regulation of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst11) gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:234-240. [PMID: 27751852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans are abundant extracellular and cell surface molecules that consist of a protein core to which highly sulfated CS chains are covalently attached. The CS backbone is composed of repeating disaccharide units [-GlcA-GalNAc-]n, and during synthesis the CS chains acquire structural variability due to the action of sulfotransferases. Specific sulfation patterns are recognized by a large variety of proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and extracellular matrix proteins, and these interactions regulate key events in development and normal physiology. Therefore, it is important to understand how gene expression of CS sulfotransferases is regulated. We previously found that Wnt signaling regulates the sulfation patterns of cell-associated CS chains by suppressing expression of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotaransferase-1 (C4ST-1), a CS biosynthetic enzyme. Here we investigated the mechanism underlying the regulation of C4ST-1 gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Although C4ST-1 mRNA of 3'-UTR contains three binding sites for microRNAs (miRNA), these miRNAs played little role in controlling C4ST-1 gene expression. In contrast, the suppression of C4ST-1 gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be recovered by treatment with trichostatin A, but not with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. These results suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway controls C4ST-1 gene expression mainly through histone deacetylase.
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43
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans: their distinct roles in stem cell biology. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:725-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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44
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Izumikawa T, Dejima K, Watamoto Y, Nomura KH, Kanaki N, Rikitake M, Tou M, Murata D, Yanagita E, Kano A, Mitani S, Nomura K, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin 4-O-Sulfotransferase Is Indispensable for Sulfation of Chondroitin and Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Normal Life Span and Oxidative Stress Responses in Nematodes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23294-23304. [PMID: 27645998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)/chondroitin (Chn) chains are indispensable for embryonic cell division and cytokinesis in the early developmental stages in Caenorhabditis elegans and mice, whereas heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for axon guidance during nervous system development. These data indicate that the fundamental functions of CS and HS are conserved from worms to mammals and that the function of CS/Chn differs from that of HS. Although previous studies have shown that C. elegans produces HS and non-sulfated Chn, whether the organism produces CS remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that C. elegans produces a small amount of 4-O-sulfated Chn and report the identification of C41C4.1, an orthologue of the human chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase gene. Loss of C41C4.1 in C. elegans resulted in a decline in 4-O-sulfation of CS and an increase in the number of sulfated units in HS. C41C4.1 deletion mutants exhibited reduced survival rates after synchronization with sodium hypochlorite. Collectively, these results show for the first time that CS glycans are present in C. elegans and that the Chn 4-O-sulfotransferase responsible for the sulfation plays an important role in protecting nematodes from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Dejima
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukiko Watamoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuko H Nomura
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nanako Kanaki
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Marika Rikitake
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mai Tou
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murata
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eri Yanagita
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ai Kano
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- the Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan, and
| | - Kazuya Nomura
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan,
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45
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Aït-Mohand K, Mirault A, Jacquinet JC, Lopin-Bon C. Efficient and stereocontrolled synthesis of chondroitin mono- and disaccharide linked to variously sulfated biotinylated trisaccharides of the linkage region of proteoglycans. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7962-71. [PMID: 27492660 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and stereocontrolled preparation of a library of variously sulfated biotinylated tetra- and pentasaccharides possessing the backbone of the partial linkage region plus the first chondroitin sulfate mono- or disaccharide unit (d-GlcA)n-β-d-(1,3)-GalNAc-β-d-(1,4)-GlcA-β-d-(1,3)-Gal-β-d-(1,3)-Gal (n = 0 or 1) is reported herein for the first time. The synthesis of these compounds was achieved using common key intermediates and a disaccharide building block obtained by semisynthesis. Stereoselective glycosylation, selective protection/deprotection steps, efficient reduction of the N-trichloroacetyl group into the corresponding N-acetyl group, efficient sulfation strategy, deprotection and biotinylation afforded target oligomers in good yield with high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Mirault
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, France.
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46
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Dello Russo P, Demori E, Sechi A, Passon N, Romagno D, Gnan C, Zoratti R, Damante G. Microdeletion 15q26.2qter and Microduplication 18q23 in a Patient with Prader-Willi-Like Syndrome: Clinical Findings. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:14-8. [PMID: 27160288 DOI: 10.1159/000445923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The small interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 causing Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome is well known, whereas cases that report terminal deletions in 15q in association with the Prader-Willi-like phenotype are very rare. By using GTG-banding analysis, metaphase FISH, MLPA analysis, and genome-wide array CGH, we detected an unbalanced translocation involving a microdeletion of the distal part of 15q and a microduplication of the distal part of 18q. The unbalanced translocation was found in a boy that was referred with clinical suspicion of Prader-Willi syndrome. In the 15q-deleted region, 23 genes have been identified, and 13 of them are included in the OMIM database. Among these, the deleted IGFR1, MEF2A, CHSY1, and TM2D3 genes could contribute to the patient's phenotype. Seven genes are included in the duplicated chromosome segment 18q, but only one (CTDP1) is present in the OMIM database. We suggest that the deleted chromosome segment 15q26.2qter may be responsible for the phenotype of our case and may also be a candidate locus of Prader-Willi-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dello Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
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The role of specific Smad linker region phosphorylation in TGF-β mediated expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes in vascular smooth muscle. Cell Signal 2016; 28:956-66. [PMID: 27153775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycans facilitates increased lipoprotein binding in the blood vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. Increased mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan chain synthesizing enzymes in vivo is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In human vascular smooth muscle, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates glycosaminoglycan chain hyperelongation via ERK and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region (Smad2L) phosphorylation. In this study, we identified the involvement of TGF-β receptor, intracellular serine/threonine kinases and specific residues on transcription factor Smad2L that regulate glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Of six glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, xylosyltransferase-1, chondroitin sulfate synthase-1, and chondroitin sulfotransferase-1 were regulated by TGF-β. In addition ERK, p38, PI3K and CDK were found to differentially regulate mRNA expression of each enzyme. Four individual residues in the TGF-β receptor mediator Smad2L can be phosphorylated by these kinases and in turn regulate the synthesis and activity of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Smad2L Thr220 was phosphorylated by CDKs and Smad2L Ser250 by ERK. p38 selectively signalled via Smad2L Ser245. Phosphorylation of Smad2L serine residues induced glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes associated with glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. Phosphorylation of Smad2L Thr220 was associated with XT-1 enzyme regulation, a critical enzyme in chain initiation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex signalling pathways that contribute to glycosaminoglycan chain modification that could be targeted using pharmacological agents to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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49
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Protease activated receptor-1 mediated dual kinase receptor transactivation stimulates the expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Barreda-Manso MA, Yanguas-Casás N, Nieto-Sampedro M, Romero-Ramírez L. Salubrinal inhibits the expression of proteoglycans and favors neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:82-90. [PMID: 25882497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After CNS injury, astrocytes and mesenchymal cells attempt to restore the disrupted glia limitans by secreting proteoglycans and extracellular matrix proteins (ECMs), forming the so-called glial scar. Although the glial scar is important in sealing the lesion, it is also a physical and functional barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. The synthesis of secretory proteins in the RER is under the control of the initiation factor of translation eIF2α. Inhibiting the synthesis of secretory proteins by increasing the phosphorylation of eIF2α, might be a pharmacologically efficient way of reducing proteoglycans and other profibrotic proteins present in the glial scar. Salubrinal, a neuroprotective drug, decreased the expression and secretion of proteoglycans and other profibrotic proteins induced by EGF or TGFβ, maintaining eIF2α phosphorylated. Besides, Salubrinal also reduced the transcription of proteoglycans and other profibrotic proteins, suggesting that it induced the degradation of non-translated mRNA. In a model in vitro of the glial scar, cortical neurons grown on cocultures of astrocytes and fibroblasts with TGFβ treated with Salubrinal, showed increased neurite outgrowth compared to untreated cells. Our results suggest that Salubrinal may be considered of therapeutic value facilitating axonal regeneration, by reducing overproduction and secretion of proteoglycans and profibrotic protein inhibitors of axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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