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Berrino E, Carradori S, Carta F, Melfi F, Gallorini M, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Fernández-Bolaños JG, López Ó, Petzer JP, Petzer A, Guglielmi P, Secci D, Supuran CT. A Multitarget Approach against Neuroinflammation: Alkyl Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Enzymes Involved in Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2044. [PMID: 38136164 PMCID: PMC10740956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) include a large range of diseases characterized by neural dysfunction with a multifactorial etiology. The most common NDs are Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, in which cholinergic and dopaminergic systems are impaired, respectively. Despite different brain regions being affected, oxidative stress and inflammation were found to be common triggers in the pathogenesis and progression of both diseases. By taking advantage of a multi-target approach, in this work we explored alkyl substituted coumarins as neuroprotective agents, capable to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting enzymes involved in neurodegeneration, among which are Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs), Monoamine Oxidases (MAOs), and Cholinesterases (ChEs). The compounds were synthesized and profiled against the three targeted enzymes. The binding mode of the most promising compounds (7 and 9) within MAO-A and -B was analyzed through molecular modeling studies, providing and explanation for the different selectivities observed for the MAO isoforms. In vitro biological studies using LPS-stimulated rat astrocytes showed that some compounds were able to counteract the oxidative stress-induced neuroinflammation and hamper interleukin-6 secretion, confirming the success of this multitarget approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.G.); (D.S.)
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, ‘‘G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Francesco Melfi
- Department of Pharmacy, ‘‘G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marialucia Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, ‘‘G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (T.T.)
| | - José G. Fernández-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.G.F.-B.); (Ó.L.)
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.G.F.-B.); (Ó.L.)
| | - Jacobus P. Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (J.P.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anél Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (J.P.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
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6-Benzyloxyphthalides as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities for Parkinson’s disease treatment. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Dhanabalan AK, Subaraja M, Palanichamy K, Velmurugan D, Gunasekaran K. Identification of a Chlorogenic Ester as a Monoamine Oxidase (MAO-B) Inhibitor by Integrating "Traditional and Machine Learning" Virtual Screening and In Vitro as well as In Vivo Validation: A Lead against Neurodegenerative Disorders? ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3690-3707. [PMID: 34553601 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the furthermost motor disorder of adult-onset dementia connected to memory and other cognitive abilities. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) have gained significant attention in recent years owing to their possible therapeutic use against PD. Expression of MAO-B has been found to be elevated in PD patients for increased uptake of dopamine, producing hydrogen peroxide and finally causing neuronal injury. In this work, two new compounds have been identified as leads against MAO-B, and one of those compounds has been validated in vitro and in vivo. From the Protein Data Bank, MAO-B protein structures complexed with selegiline, 6-hydroxy-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan, or a chromen derivative have been selected as templates for shape-based virtual screening (SB-VS) against the Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) natural database. In parallel, using machine learning, a molecular-descriptor-based support vector model (SVM) was prepared and screened. For this purpose, naïve Bayesian, logistic regression, and random forest strategies were employed with the best specific molecular descriptor, which yielded a model with an overall accuracy (Q) of 0.81. Two common hit compounds lead-1 and lead-2 resulting from both shape and SVM screenings were analyzed through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (200 ns). Also, from trajectory analysis such as molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGB/SA) and the residual interaction network (RIN) analyzer, both leads were found to bind at the active site with a favorable correlated motion, including domain movements. Lead-2, which is a chlorogenic ester, was synthesized and found to have no cytotoxic effect up to 50 μg/mL on Neuro-2A cells. The significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity by lead-2 could be correlated to its neuroprotective efficacy. Its capacity to inhibit human MAO-B through a competitive mode could be observed. An experimental zebra fish model confirms the neuroprotection by lead-2 by assessing the locomotor activities under malathion influence and treatment of lead-2. Also, histopathology analysis revealed that lead-2 could slow down degeneration in the brain. The present study emphasizes that integrating machine learning in parallel with traditional virtual screening may be useful to identify effective lead compounds for a given target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Krishnan Dhanabalan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamangam Subaraja
- Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Palanichamy
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Abstract
We have structure, a wealth of kinetic data, thousands of chemical ligands and clinical information for the effects of a range of drugs on monoamine oxidase activity in vivo. We have comparative information from various species and mutations on kinetics and effects of inhibition. Nevertheless, there are what seem like simple questions still to be answered. This article presents a brief summary of existing experimental evidence the background and poses questions that remain intriguing for chemists and biochemists researching the chemical enzymology of and drug design for monoamine oxidases (FAD-containing EC 4.1.3.4).
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5
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Rehuman NA, Mathew B, Jat RK, Nicolotti O, Kim H. A Comprehensive Review of Monoamine Oxidase-A Inhibitors in their Syntheses and Potencies. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:898-914. [PMID: 32342809 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200428091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a crucial role during the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. There are two MAO isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A is a flavoenzyme, which binds to the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the oxidative transformations of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focus on synthetic studies has culminated in the preparation of many MAOA inhibitors, and advancements in combinatorial and parallel synthesis have accelerated the developments of synthetic schemes. Here, we provided an overview of the synthetic protocols employed to prepare different classes of MAO-A inhibitors. We classified these inhibitors according to their molecular scaffolds and the synthetic methods used. RESULTS Various synthetic and natural derivatives from a different class of MAO-A inhibitors were reported. CONCLUSION The review provides a valuable tool for the development of a new class of various selective MAO-A inhibitors for the treatment of depression and other anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha A Rehuman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JJTU University, Jhunjhunu, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi-682, India
| | - Rakesh K Jat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JJTU University, Jhunjhunu, India
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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6
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Duarte P, Cuadrado A, León R. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Classic to New Clinical Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:229-259. [PMID: 32852645 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. This pointed them as potential targets for several disorders and along the last 70 years a wide variety of MAO inhibitors have been developed as successful drugs for the treatment of complex diseases, being the first drugs approved for depression in the late 1950s. The discovery of two MAO isozymes (MAO-A and B) with different substrate selectivity and tissue expression patterns led to novel therapeutic approaches and to the development of new classes of inhibitors, such as selective irreversible and reversible MAO-B inhibitors and reversible MAO-A inhibitors. Significantly, MAO-B inhibitors constitute a widely studied group of compounds, some of them approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Further applications are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. This review summarizes the most important aspects regarding the development and clinical use of MAO inhibitors, going through mechanistic and structural details, new indications, and future perspectives. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. The two different isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B, are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane in different tissues. The enzymatic reaction involves formation of the corresponding aldehyde and releasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia or a substituted amine depending on the substrate. MAO's role in neurotransmitter metabolism made them targets for major depression and Parkinson's disease, among other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, these compounds are being studied for other diseases such as cardiovascular ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÚficas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Mathew B, Kim H. Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase and Acetylcholinesterase as a Front Runner in CNS Drug Discovery. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:834-835. [PMID: 33357175 DOI: 10.2174/138620732309201127093123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy Sunchon National University Suncheon 57922, Korea
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8
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Petri L, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Tímea I, Pálfy G, Perczel A, Knez D, Hrast M, Gobec M, Sosič I, Nyíri K, Vértessy BG, Jänsch N, Desczyk C, Meyer-Almes FJ, Ogris I, Golič Grdadolnik S, Iacovino LG, Binda C, Gobec S, Keserű GM. Assessment of Tractable Cysteines for Covalent Targeting by Screening Covalent Fragments. Chembiochem 2020; 22:743-753. [PMID: 33030752 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibition and the use of irreversible chemical probes are important strategies in chemical biology and drug discovery. To date, the availability and reactivity of cysteine residues amenable for covalent targeting have been evaluated by proteomic and computational tools. Herein, we present a toolbox of fragments containing a 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl core that was equipped with chemically diverse electrophilic warheads showing a range of reactivities. We characterized the library members for their reactivity, aqueous stability and specificity for nucleophilic amino acids. By screening this library against a set of enzymes amenable for covalent inhibition, we showed that this approach experimentally characterized the accessibility and reactivity of targeted cysteines. Interesting covalent fragment hits were obtained for all investigated cysteine-containing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Tímea
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Pálfy
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology &, MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology &, MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kinga Nyíri
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Niklas Jänsch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Charlotte Desczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Iza Ogris
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Giacinto Iacovino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Di Paolo ML, Cozza G, Milelli A, Zonta F, Sarno S, Minniti E, Ursini F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Benextramine and derivatives as novel human monoamine oxidases inhibitors: an integrated approach. FEBS J 2019; 286:4995-5015. [PMID: 31291696 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two human monoamine oxidase isoforms (namely MAO A and MAO B) are enzymes involved in the catabolism of monoamines, including neurotransmitters, and for this reason are well-known and attractive pharmacological targets in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for which novel pharmacological approaches are necessary. Benextramine is a tetraamine disulfide mainly known as irreversible α-adrenergic antagonist, but able to hit additional targets involved in neurodegeneration. As the molecular structures of monoamine oxidases contain nine cysteine residues, the aim of this study was to evaluate benextramine and eleven structurally related polyamine disulfides as potential MAO inhibitors. Most of the compounds were found to induce irreversible inactivation of MAOs with inactivation potency depending on both the polyamine structure and the enzyme isoform. The more effective compounds generally showed preference for MAO B. Structure-activity relationships studies revealed the key role played by the disulfide core of these molecules in the inactivation mechanism. Docking experiments pointed to Cys323, in MAO A, and Cys172, in MAO B, as target of this type of inhibitors thus suggesting that their covalent binding inside the MAO active site sterically impedes the entrance of substrate towards the FAD cofactor. The effectiveness of benextramine in inactivating MAOs was demonstrated in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. These results demonstrated for the first time that benextramine and its derivatives can inactivate human MAOs exploiting a mechanism different from that of the classical MAO inhibitors and could be a starting point for the development of pharmacological tools in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi", Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elirosa Minniti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
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10
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Li S, Lv X, Cheng K, Tian Y, Huang X, Kong H, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C, Xie Z. Discovery of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine derivatives as selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1090-1093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Mitra A, Muralidharan M, Srivastava D, Das R, Bhat V, Mandal AK. Assessment of Cysteine Reactivity of Human Hemoglobin at Its Residue Level: A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach. Hemoglobin 2017; 41:300-305. [PMID: 29210301 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2017.1399905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In general, the reactivity of cysteine residues of proteins is measured by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) kinetics using spectrophotometry. Proteins with several cysteine residues may exhibit varying DTNB kinetics but residue level information can only be obtained with the prior knowledge of their three-dimensional structure. However, this method is limited in its application to the proteins containing chromophores having overlapping absorption profile with 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid, such as hemoglobin (Hb). Additionally, this method is incapable of assigning cysteine reactivity at the residue levels of proteins with unknown crystal structures. However, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform might provide a solution to these problems. In the present study, alkylation kinetics of cysteine residues of adult human Hb (Hb A; α2β2) and sickle cell Hb (Hb S; HBB: c.20A>T) were investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS. Differential site-specific reactivities of cysteine residues of Hb were investigated using alkylation kinetics with iodoacetamide (IAM). The observed reactivities corroborated well with the differential surface accessibilities of cysteine residues in the crystal structures of human Hb. The proposed method might be used to investigate cysteine reactivities of all the genetic and post-translational variants of Hb discovered to date. In addition, this method can be extended to explore cysteine reactivities of proteins, irrespective of the presence of chromophores and availability of crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mitra
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Deepsikha Srivastava
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Rajdeep Das
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Vijay Bhat
- b Department of Biochemistry , Manipal Hospital Diagnostic Services, Manipal Hospital , Bangalore , India
| | - Amit K Mandal
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
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12
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Ricq EL, Hooker JM, Haggarty SJ. Activity-dependent Regulation of Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM1A by a Putative Thiol/Disulfide Switch. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24756-24767. [PMID: 27634040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine demethylation of proteins such as histones is catalyzed by several classes of enzymes, including the FAD-dependent amine oxidases KDM1A/B. The KDM1 family is homologous to the mitochondrial monoamine oxidases MAO-A/B and produces hydrogen peroxide in the nucleus as a byproduct of demethylation. Here, we show KDM1A is highly thiol-reactive in vitro and in cellular models. Enzyme activity is potently and reversibly inhibited by the drug disulfiram and by hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide produced by KDM1A catalysis reduces thiol labeling and inactivates demethylase activity over time. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry indicates that hydrogen peroxide blocks labeling of cysteine 600, which we propose forms an intramolecular disulfide with cysteine 618 to negatively regulate the catalytic activity of KDM1A. This activity-dependent regulation is unique among histone-modifying enzymes but consistent with redox sensitivity of epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Ricq
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,; the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and; the Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- the Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
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Tiernan CT, Edwin EA, Hawong HY, Ríos-Cabanillas M, Goudreau JL, Atchison WD, Lookingland KJ. Methylmercury impairs canonical dopamine metabolism in rat undifferentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by indirect inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:347-56. [PMID: 25601988 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) disrupts dopamine (DA) neurochemical homeostasis by stimulating DA synthesis and release. Evidence also suggests that DA metabolism is independently impaired. The present investigation was designed to characterize the DA metabolomic profile induced by MeHg, and examine potential mechanisms by which MeHg inhibits the DA metabolic enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat undifferentiated PC12 cells. MeHg decreases the intracellular concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This is associated with a concomitant increase in intracellular concentrations of the intermediate metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylaldehyde (DOPAL) and the reduced metabolic product 3,4-dihydroxyethanol. This metabolomic profile is consistent with inhibition of ALDH, which catalyzes oxidation of DOPAL to DOPAC. MeHg does not directly impair ALDH enzymatic activity, however MeHg depletes cytosolic levels of the ALDH cofactor NAD(+), which could contribute to impaired ALDH activity following exposure to MeHg. The observation that MeHg shunts DA metabolism along an alternative metabolic pathway and leads to the accumulation of DOPAL, a reactive species associated with protein and DNA damage, as well as cell death, is of significant consequence. As a specific metabolite of DA, the observed accumulation of DOPAL provides evidence for a specific mechanism by which DA neurons may be selectively vulnerable to MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea T Tiernan
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ethan A Edwin
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hae-Young Hawong
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Mónica Ríos-Cabanillas
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - John L Goudreau
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - William D Atchison
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Keith J Lookingland
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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14
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Jiang N, Wang XB, Li ZR, Li SY, Xie SS, Huang M, Kong LY. Design of a structural framework with potential use to develop balanced multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10692j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of small molecules had been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multifunctional ligands against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Sai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
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15
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Krey A, Kwan M, Chan HM. In vivo and in vitro changes in neurochemical parameters related to mercury concentrations from specific brain regions of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2463-2471. [PMID: 25264143 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) has been detected in polar bear brain tissue, but its biological effects are not well known. Relationships between Hg concentrations and neurochemical enzyme activities and receptor binding were assessed in the cerebellum, frontal lobes, and occipital lobes of 24 polar bears collected from Nunavik (Northern Quebec), Canada. The concentration-response relationship was further studied with in vitro experiments using pooled brain homogenate of 12 randomly chosen bears. In environmentally exposed brain samples, there was no correlative relationship between Hg concentration and cholinesterase (ChE) activity or muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) binding in any of the 3 brain regions. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the occipital lobe showed a negative correlative relationship with total Hg concentration. In vitro experiments, however, demonstrated that Hg (mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride) can inhibit ChE and MAO activities and muscarinic mAChR binding. These results show that Hg can alter neurobiochemical parameters but the current environmental Hg exposure level does have an effect on the neurochemistry of polar bears from northern Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Krey
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Tzvetkov NT, Hinz S, Küppers P, Gastreich M, Müller CE. Indazole- and Indole-5-carboxamides: Selective and Reversible Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors with Subnanomolar Potency. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6679-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Küppers
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Gastreich
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757 St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Giustarini D, Fanti P, Sparatore A, Matteucci E, Rossi R. Anethole dithiolethione lowers the homocysteine and raises the glutathione levels in solid tissues and plasma of rats: a novel non-vitamin homocysteine-lowering agent. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:246-54. [PMID: 24637238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High homocysteine (Hcys) levels are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and of other chronic conditions. Failure of B vitamins to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events while lowering the Hcys levels, has prompted the search for alternative treatments. We tested the ability of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) to lower the Hcys levels in rats and we explored possible underlying mechanisms. Parenteral administration of 10mg/kg ADT to normal rats for 3 days lowered the Hcys levels between 51.4% and 31.5% in kidneys, liver, testis and plasma. Concomitantly, glutathione (GSH) increased between 112% and 28% in kidneys, brain, liver and plasma whereas protein thiolation index decreased 30%. In hyperhomocysteinemic rats, the plasma Hcys levels dropped 70% following a single ip injection of 10mg/kg ADT, while they decreased 55% following oral administration of 2mg/kg/day ADT for one week. Significant additive effects occurred when sub-therapeutic doses of ADT and folic acid were used in combination. To test the possible mechanism(s) of these actions, we perfused isolated rat livers and kidneys with albumin-bound Hcys, the prevalent form of plasma Hcys, and physiological thiols and disulfides at different ratios. In both organ preparations, the elimination rate of albumin-bound Hcys was progressively faster as the amount of reduced thiols was increased in the perfusate. These findings indicate that ADT shifts the redox ratio of GSH and other thiols with their oxidized forms toward the reduced forms, thus favoring the dissociation of albumin-bound Hcys and its transfer to renal and hepatic cells for further processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Matteucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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18
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Giron P, Dayon L, Sanchez JC. Cysteine tagging for MS-based proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:366-395. [PMID: 21500242 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid-tagging strategies are widespread in proteomics. Because of the central role of mass spectrometry (MS) as a detection technique in protein sciences, the term "mass tagging" was coined to describe the attachment of a label, which serves MS analysis and/or adds analytical value to the measurements. These so-called mass tags can be used for separation, enrichment, detection, and quantitation of peptides and proteins. In this context, cysteine is a frequent target for modifications because the thiol function can react specifically by nucleophilic substitution or addition. Furthermore, cysteines present natural modifications of biological importance and a low occurrence in the proteome that justify the development of strategies to specifically target them in peptides or proteins. In the present review, the mass-tagging methods directed to cysteine residues are comprehensively discussed, and the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies are addressed. Some concrete applications are given to underline the relevance of cysteine-tagging techniques for MS-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Giron
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Hnízda A, Spiwok V, Jurga V, Kožich V, Kodíček M, Kraus JP. Cross-talk between the catalytic core and the regulatory domain in cystathionine β-synthase: study by differential covalent labeling and computational modeling. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10526-34. [PMID: 21062078 PMCID: PMC3146298 DOI: 10.1021/bi101384m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a modular enzyme which catalyzes condensation of serine with homocysteine. Cross-talk between the catalytic core and the C-terminal regulatory domain modulates the enzyme activity. The regulatory domain imposes an autoinhibition action that is alleviated by S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) binding, by deletion of the C-terminal regulatory module, or by thermal activation. The atomic mechanisms of the CBS allostery have not yet been sufficiently explained. Using pulse proteolysis in urea gradient and proteolytic kinetics with thermolysin under native conditions, we demonstrated that autoinhibition is associated with changes in conformational stability and with sterical hindrance of the catalytic core. To determine the contact area between the catalytic core and the autoinhibitory module of the CBS protein, we compared side-chain reactivity of the truncated CBS lacking the regulatory domain (45CBS) and of the full-length enzyme (wtCBS) using covalent labeling by six different modification agents and subsequent mass spectrometry. Fifty modification sites were identified in 45CBS, and four of them were not labeled in wtCBS. One differentially reactive site (cluster W408/W409/W410) is a part of the linker between the domains. The other three residues (K172 and/or K177, R336, and K384) are located in the same region of the 45CBS crystal structure; computational modeling showed that these amino acid side chains potentially form a regulatory interface in CBS protein. Subtle differences at CBS surface indicate that enzyme activity is not regulated by conformational conversions but more likely by different allosteric mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Hnízda
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 00 Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28 Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28 Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 00 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kodíček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28 Czech Republic
| | - Jan P. Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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20
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Binda C, Valente S, Romanenghi M, Pilotto S, Cirilli R, Karytinos A, Ciossani G, Botrugno OA, Forneris F, Tardugno M, Edmondson DE, Minucci S, Mattevi A, Mai A. Biochemical, structural, and biological evaluation of tranylcypromine derivatives as inhibitors of histone demethylases LSD1 and LSD2. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6827-33. [PMID: 20415477 DOI: 10.1021/ja101557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LSD1 and LSD2 histone demethylases are implicated in a number of physiological and pathological processes, ranging from tumorigenesis to herpes virus infection. A comprehensive structural, biochemical, and cellular study is presented here to probe the potential of these enzymes for epigenetic therapies. This approach employs tranylcypromine as a chemical scaffold for the design of novel demethylase inhibitors. This drug is a clinically validated antidepressant known to target monoamine oxidases A and B. These two flavoenzymes are structurally related to LSD1 and LSD2. Mechanistic and crystallographic studies of tranylcypromine inhibition reveal a lack of selectivity and differing covalent modifications of the FAD cofactor depending on the enantiomeric form. These findings are pharmacologically relevant, since tranylcypromine is currently administered as a racemic mixture. A large set of tranylcypromine analogues were synthesized and screened for inhibitory activities. We found that the common evolutionary origin of LSD and MAO enzymes, despite their unrelated functions and substrate specificities, is reflected in related ligand-binding properties. A few compounds with partial enzyme selectivity were identified. The biological activity of one of these new inhibitors was evaluated with a cellular model of acute promyelocytic leukemia chosen since its pathogenesis includes aberrant activities of several chromatin modifiers. Marked effects on cell differentiation and an unprecedented synergistic activity with antileukemia drugs were observed. These data demonstrate that these LSD1/2 inhibitors are of potential relevance for the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia and, more generally, as tools to alter chromatin state with promise of a block of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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21
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Manley-King CI, Terre’Blanche G, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B by N-methyl-2-phenylmaleimides. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Binda C, Wang J, Li M, Hubalek F, Mattevi A, Edmondson DE. Structural and Mechanistic Studies of Arylalkylhydrazine Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5616-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Min Li
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Frantisek Hubalek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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23
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Braun GH, Jorge DMM, Ramos HP, Alves RM, da Silva VB, Giuliatti S, Sampaio SV, Taft CA, Silva CHTP. Molecular Dynamics, Flexible Docking, Virtual Screening, ADMET Predictions, and Molecular Interaction Field Studies to Design Novel Potential MAO-B Inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2008; 25:347-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2008.10507183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Upadhyay AK, Wang J, Edmondson DE. Comparison of the Structural Properties of the Active Site Cavities of Human and Rat Monoamine Oxidase A and B in Their Soluble and Membrane-Bound Forms. Biochemistry 2007; 47:526-36. [DOI: 10.1021/bi7019707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup K. Upadhyay
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jin Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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25
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Leitner A, Lindner W. Functional probing of arginine residues in proteins using mass spectrometry and an arginine-specific covalent tagging concept. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4481-8. [PMID: 16013863 DOI: 10.1021/ac050217h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of arginine residues in model proteins (ubiquitin, cytochrome c, myoglobin, ribonuclease A, lysozyme) was examined using a selective tagging reaction in combination with on-line monitoring of the reaction progress by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The kinetics of this reaction, based on the cyclization of the guanidine group of arginine with 2,3-butanedione and phenylboronic acid at pH 8-10, allow the grouping of arginines in "exposed" or "partially buried" residues, because they differ substantially in their reaction rate constants for the conversion of the guanidine groups. The method allows one to differentiate between different protein conformations as shown for myoglobin and its apo form and native and reduced ribonuclease A: Removal of the heme group in myoglobin resulted in an increased reactivity for the two partially buried arginines. For RNAse A, quantitative reduction of the disulfide bonds lead to the exposure of an additional arginine residue and two different conformations of the reduced protein were observed by ESI-MS that could be distinguished according to their charge-state distribution. Experimentally obtained accessibilities were compared with solvent-accessibility data calculated from 3D structures and substantial agreement between both techniques was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leitner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Ramadan ZB, Wrang ML, Tipton KF. Species Differences in the Selective Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase (1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)hydrazine and its Potentiation by Cyanide. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1783-90. [PMID: 17404836 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potentiating effects of cyanide on the inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase-A & B and of ox liver mitochondrial MAO-B by pheniprazine [(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)hydrazine] has been studied. Pheniprazine was shown to behave as a mechanism-based MAO inhibitor. For rat liver MAO-B, the initial non-covalent step was characterized by dissociation constant (K (i)) of 2450 nM and the first-order rate constant (k (+2)) for the covalent adduct formation was 0.16 min(-1). As a reversible inhibitor it was selective towards rat liver MAO-A (K (i) = 420 nM) but the rate of irreversible inhibition of that enzyme was considerably slower (k (+2) = 0.06 min(-1)). MAO-B from ox liver more closely resembled MAO-A from the rat in sensitivity to reversible inhibition by pheniprazine (K (i) = 450 nm) but it was closer to rat liver MAO-B in rate of irreversible inhibition (k (+2) = 0.29 min(-1)). The K (i) values were significantly decreased in the presence of KCN but there was little effect on the k (+2) values. However, sensitivities of the different enzymes to KCN varied widely and considerably higher concentrations of KCN were required for this effect to be apparent with the rat liver mitochondrial MAO-A than with MAO-B from rat and ox liver. The kinetic behaviour of cyanide activation was consistent with partial (non-essential) competitive activation in all cases.
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27
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Paterson LM, Tyacke RJ, Robinson ESJ, Nutt DJ, Hudson AL. In vitro and in vivo effect of BU99006 (5-isothiocyanato-2-benzofuranyl-2-imidazoline) on I2 binding in relation to MAO: Evidence for two distinct I2 binding sites. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:395-404. [PMID: 17045310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BU99006 is an irreversible I(2) ligand which selectively inactivates I(2) binding sites, making it an ideal tool with which to study I(2) site mechanism. We sought to determine the effects of BU99006 on I(2) binding in relation to monoamine oxidase (MAO), and the time course of these effects. In vitro, rat brain membranes that were pre-treated with 10 microM BU99006 showed no change in MAO activity, despite suffering a significant reduction in [(3)H]2BFI binding (52.5+/-19.6 to 8.5+/-3.8 fmol mg(-1), 84%). Furthermore, reversible I(2) ligands 2BFI and BU224 were able to inhibit MAO, whether treated with BU99006 or not. In vivo, a 5 mg kg(-1) i.v. dose of BU99006 in rats rapidly reduced [(3)H]2BFI binding with similar magnitude (85%, maximal reduction after 20 min), without effect on either MAO activity or the specific binding of selective MAO-A and MAO-B radioligands. Moreover, following this irreversible treatment, recovery of central [(3)H]2BFI binding occurred with a rapid half-life of 4.3 h in rat brain (2.0 h in mouse), which is not consistent with a site on MAO. These data indicate that the high affinity site which is occupied by [(3)H]2BFI and irreversibly binds BU99006, is not the same as that which causes inhibition of MAO, and may point to the existence of another I(2) binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Paterson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
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28
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Sun A, Shoji M, Lu YJ, Liotta DC, Snyder JP. Synthesis of EF24−Tripeptide Chloromethyl Ketone: A Novel Curcumin-Related Anticancer Drug Delivery System. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3153-8. [PMID: 16722634 DOI: 10.1021/jm051141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood coagulation cascade includes a step in which the soluble protein, factor VIIa (fVIIa), complexes with its transmembrane receptor, tissue factor (TF). The fVIIa/TF protein-protein complex is subsequently drawn into the cell by endocytosis. The observation that TF is aberrantly and abundantly expressed on many cancer cells offers an opportunity to specifically target those cells with an effective anticancer drug. Thus, we propose a new drug delivery system, drug-linker-Phe-Phe-Arg-mk-fVIIa, which can associate with TF on the surface of cancer cells, but release the cytotoxic agent in the cytoplasm. Synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of phenylalanine-phenylalanine-arginine chloromethyl ketone, (FFRck) followed by coupling with the cytotoxin EF24 and subsequently fVIIa to give EF-24-FFRmk-fVIIa. When breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and human melanoma cells (RPMI-7951) are treated with the complex, the cells are arrested to a greater extent than EF24 alone by comparison with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Beyrouty P, Stamler CJ, Liu JN, Loua KM, Kubow S, Chan HM. Effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure on brain monoamine oxidase activity and neurobehaviour of rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006; 28:251-9. [PMID: 16490344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) regulates levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the nervous tissue and is required for proper neuronal development. The purpose of this study was to determine if oral exposure of adult female rats to methylmercury (MeHg) at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg/day before and during pregnancy would affect MAO activity in various brain regions of the offspring. Offspring neurobehaviour performance was also assessed. The brain MAO activity of female offspring was reduced at both MeHg doses with significantly lower values noted in the brainstem region. No significant MeHg dose effects on MAO activity were observed in the male offspring. Neurobehavioural evaluations indicated that MeHg exposure altered auditory startle in the female offspring. Rat whole embryos (gestational day 13.5) cultured with 750 microg/L MeHg in vitro significantly decreased total MAO activity by 15%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that exposure to MeHg in rats before and/or during gestation resulted in a reduction of MAO activity in the developing embryo and brainstem of the female offspring with accompanying changes in auditory startle response. Evaluation of MAO activity may serve as an indicator for neurotoxicity following developmental exposure to MeHg and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Beyrouty
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X-3V9
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Freire T, D'Alayer J, Bay S. Efficient Monitoring of Enzymatic Conjugation Reaction by Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Process Optimization. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:559-64. [PMID: 16536491 DOI: 10.1021/bc0502661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient analysis of bioconjugation reactions is one the most challenging task for optimizing and eventually achieving the reproducible production of large amount of conjugates. In particular, the complexity of some reaction mixtures precludes the use of most of the existing methods, because of the presence of large amounts of contaminants. As an alternative method, we used surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) for monitoring an in vitro enzymatic transglycosylation of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues to a recombinant mucin protein MUC6. For this reaction, catalyzed by the uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts), we used either a recombinant ppGalNAc-T1 or a mixture of ppGalNAc-Ts contained in MCF7 tumor cell extracts. In the present study, we show that SELDI-TOF MS offers unique advantages over the traditional methodologies. It is a rapid, accurate, sensitive, reproducible, and very convenient analytical method for monitoring the course of a bioconjugation, even in heterogeneous samples such as cell extracts. SELDI-TOF MS proved very useful for optimizing the reaction parameters of the transglycosylation and for achieving the large scale preparation of Tn antigen-glycosylated mucins for antitumor immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Freire
- Unité de Chimie Organique URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Drukarch B, Flier J, Jongenelen CAM, Andringa G, Schoffelmeer ANM. The antioxidant anethole dithiolethione inhibits monoamine oxidase-B but not monoamine oxidase A activity in extracts of cultured astrocytes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2005; 113:593-8. [PMID: 16252076 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anethole dithiolethione (ADT) is a clinically available, pluripotent antioxidant proposed as a neuroprotectant for Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, using extracts from cultured astrocytes, containing both monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity, we demonstrate that ADT concentration-dependently inhibits MAO-B activity in a clinically relevant concentration range (0.03-30 microM, IC-50 = 0.5 microM) without affecting MAO A activity. Considering the alleged contribution of MAO activity in general, and MAO-B in particular, to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD, our data further support the neuroprotective potential of ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Drukarch
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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De Colibus L, Li M, Binda C, Lustig A, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A. Three-dimensional structure of human monoamine oxidase A (MAO A): relation to the structures of rat MAO A and human MAO B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12684-9. [PMID: 16129825 PMCID: PMC1200291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505975102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of recombinant human monoamine oxidase A (hMAO A) as its clorgyline-inhibited adduct is described. Although the chain-fold of hMAO A is similar to that of rat MAO A and human MAO B (hMAO B), hMAO A is unique in that it crystallizes as a monomer and exhibits the solution hydrodynamic behavior of a monomeric form rather than the dimeric form of hMAO B and rat MAO A. hMAO A's active site consists of a single hydrophobic cavity of approximately 550 A3, which is smaller than that determined from the structure of deprenyl-inhibited hMAO B (approximately 700 A3) but larger than that of rat MAO A (approximately 450 A3). An important component of the active site structure of hMAO A is the loop conformation of residues 210-216, which differs from that of hMAO B and rat MAO A. The origin of this structural alteration is suggested to result from long-range interactions in the monomeric form of the enzyme. In addition to serving as a basis for the development of hMAO A specific inhibitors, these data support the proposal that hMAO A involves a change from the dimeric to the monomeric form through a Glu-151 --> Lys mutation that is specific of hMAO A [Andrès, A. M., Soldevila, M., Navarro, A., Kidd, K. K., Oliva, B. & Bertranpetit, J. (2004) Hum. Genet. 115, 377-386]. These considerations put into question the use of MAO A from nonhuman sources in drug development for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi De Colibus
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Bauer PJ, Krause E. Accessibility of cysteines in the native bovine rod cGMP-gated channel. Biochemistry 2005; 44:1624-34. [PMID: 15683246 DOI: 10.1021/bi0478749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels of photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons are tetramers consisting of A and B subunits. Here, the accessibility of the cysteines of the bovine rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channel is examined as a function of ligand binding. N-Ethylmaleimide-modified cysteines of both subunits were identified by mass spectrometry after trypsin digestion. In the absence of ligand, the intracellular carboxy-terminal cysteines of both subunits were accessible to N-ethylmaleimide. Activation of the channel abolished the accessibility of Cys505 of the A subunit and Cys1104 of the B subunit, with both being conserved cysteines of the cyclic nucleotide-binding sites. The cysteine of the pore loop of the B subunit was also found to be modified by this reagent in the absence of ligand. The total number of accessible cysteines of each subunit was determined by mass shifting upon modification with polyethylene glycol maleimide. In the absence of cyclic nucleotides, this hydrophilic reagent only weakly labeled cysteines of the A subunit but readily labeled at least three cysteines of the B subunit. Ligand binding exposed two cysteines of the A subunit and one cysteine of the B subunit to chemical modification. Double-modification experiments suggest that some of these cysteines are in or close to membrane-spanning domains. However, these cysteines could not yet be identified. Together, the cysteine accessibility of the native rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channel varies markedly upon ligand binding, thus indicating major structural rearrangements, which are of functional importance for channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bauer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Research Center, D-52425 Juelich, Germany.
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Wei J, Wu JY. Structural and functional analysis of cysteine residues in human glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GAD67. J Neurochem 2005; 93:624-33. [PMID: 15836621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is greatly inhibited by sulfhydryl reactive reagent suggesting cysteine residue(s) may play an important role in GAD function. In this report, we determined the role of cysteine residues in the recombinant human 65-kDa GAD isoform (hGAD65) and 67-kDa GAD isoform (hGAD67), using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. Here, we report that cysteine 446 (C446) in hGAD65 is important for its activity and is present as free sulfhydryl group. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) mutation of C446 in hGAD65 to alanine reduced hGAD65 activity by more than 90%, (ii) MALDI-TOF analysis of the non-reduced, trypsin-digested GAD65 revealed that C446 is present as a free sulfhydryl group as indicated by a peak at m/z (mass/charge) 647.3446 (peptide 443-448) and, when GAD65 was treated with sulfhydryl reagent, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), the peak is shifted to m/z 772.3702,a mass increase of 125.1 daltons (Da) as a result of modification of cysteine by NEM. Parallel studies have also been conducted with hGAD67. Cysteine 455 was found to be important for GAD67 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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Schering CA, Zhong B, Woo JCG, Silverman RB. Poly(ethylene glycol)-Supported Enzyme Inactivators. Efficient Identification of the Site of Covalent Attachment to α-Chymotrypsin by PEG-TPCK. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:673-6. [PMID: 15264852 DOI: 10.1021/bc049940p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology utilizing an enzyme inactivator covalently attached to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is described in which the PEG affords facile and mild quantification, isolation, and identification of the site of enzyme inactivation. As proof of concept, the known affinity labeling agent for alpha-chymotrypsin, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), was linked to PEG. The synthesis of the PEG-bound inactivator PEG-TPCK was carried out in good yields using standard solution-phase chemistry. Inactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin with PEG-TPCK was monitored via UV-vis spectroscopy in aqueous conditions, which resulted in less than 3% remaining activity, indicating that 97% of the alpha-chymotrypsin was covalently modified with PEG-TPCK. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrum showed only one new peak that was distinct in shape and corresponded to the mass of PEG-TPCK-alpha-chymotrypsin. Following proteolytic digestion, the PEG-TPCK-peptide was easily discernible from the rest of the digest in a HPLC trace because of its characteristic prolonged retention time and broad polymer shape. MALDI-TOF MS was used to determine the mass of the PEGylated peptide. Without prior removal of the PEG, the amino acid site to which PEG-TPCK covalently bound was determined via Edman sequencing. In comparison to other methods, the PEG-supported inactivator system is significantly cheaper and safer than the synthesis of radiolabeled compounds; furthermore, isolation of the PEGylated peptide is milder and more selective than standard affinity binding columns. Edman sequencing provides an exact determination of the site of inactivator covalent attachment without extensive, tedious LC-MS analysis of a complex peptide mixture. The method described here could be applied to a variety of enzymes as an alternative to current techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Schering
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Hubálek F, Binda C, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Youdim MBH, Mattevi A, Edmondson DE. Inactivation of purified human recombinant monoamine oxidases A and B by rasagiline and its analogues. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1760-6. [PMID: 15027867 DOI: 10.1021/jm0310885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of purified human recombinant monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B by rasagiline [N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan] and four of its analogues [N-propargyl-1(S)-aminoindan (S-PAI), 6-hydroxy-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan (R-HPAI), N-methyl-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan (R-MPAI), and 6-(N-methyl-N-ethyl carbamoyloxy)-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan (R-CPAI)] has been investigated. All compounds tested, with the exception of R-CPAI, form stoichiometric N(5) flavocyanine adducts with the FAD moiety of either enzyme. No H(2)O(2) is produced during either MAO A or MAO B inactivation, which demonstrates that covalent addition occurs in a single turnover. Rasagiline has the highest specificity for MAO B, as demonstrated by a 100-fold higher inhibition potency (k(inact)/K(i)) compared to MAO A, with the remaining compounds exhibiting lower isozyme specificities. MAO B and MAO A are more selective for the R-enantiomer (rasagiline) compared to the S-enantiomer (S-PAI) by 2500-fold and 17-fold, respectively. Differences in UV/vis and CD spectral data of the complexes of the studied compounds with both MAO A and MAO B are interpreted in light of crystallographic data of complexes of MAO B with rasagiline and its analogues (Binda, C.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 1767-1774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Hubálek
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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