1
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Mori S, Nakamura N, Fuchigami A, Yoshimoto S, Sakakibara M, Ozawa T, Aoki J, Inoue A, Sumida H, Ando H, Nakamura M. Intracellular TAS2Rs act as a gatekeeper for the excretion of harmful substances via ABCB1 in keratinocytes. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:424-441. [PMID: 39372126 PMCID: PMC11452442 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2024-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are not only expressed in the oral cavity but also in skin. Extraoral TAS2Rs are thought to be involved in non-taste perception and tissue-specific functions. Keratinocytes that express TAS2Rs in the skin provide a first-line defense against external threats. However, the functional roles of these receptors in host defense remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated the sensory role of intracellularly located TAS2Rs against toxic substances in keratinocytes. Although many G protein-coupled receptors elicit signals from the surface, TAS2Rs were found to localize intracellularly, possibly to the ER, in human keratinocytes and HaCaT cells. TAS2R38, one of the TAS2R members, activated the Gα12/13/RhoA/ROCK/p38 MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway upon stimulation by phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), an agonist for this receptor, leading to the production of ABC transporters, such as ABCB1, in these cells. Notably, treatment with bitter compounds, such as PTC and saccharin, induced the upregulation of ABCB1 in HaCaT cells. Mechanistically, intracellular TAS2R38 and its downstream signaling Gα12/13/RhoA/ROCK/p38 MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway were identified to be responsible for the above effect. Pretreatment with PTC prevented the accumulation of rhodamine 123 because of its excretion via ABCB1. Furthermore, pretreatment with PTC or saccharin counteracted the effect of the toxic compound, diphenhydramine, and pretreated HaCaT cells were found to proliferate faster than untreated cells. This anti-toxic effect was suppressed by treatment with verapamil, an ABCB1 inhibitor, indicating that enhanced ABCB1 helps clear toxic substances. Altogether, harmless activators of TAS2Rs may be promising drugs that enhance the excretion of toxic substances from the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazanami Mori
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Natsuki Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Ayane Fuchigami
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Moe Sakakibara
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Pharmaco‐Physiology and Kinetics Collaborate Research Division, Graduate School of MedicineOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentCore Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagiJapan
| | - Hayakazu Sumida
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hideya Ando
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life ScienceOkayama University of ScienceOkayamaJapan
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Wu D, Casey PJ. GPCR-Gα13 Involvement in Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7162. [PMID: 39000269 PMCID: PMC11241654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gα13 and Gα12, encoded by the GNA13 and GNA12 genes, respectively, are members of the G12 family of Gα proteins that, along with their associated Gβγ subunits, mediate signaling from specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Advanced prostate cancers have increased expression of GPCRs such as CXC Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4), lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR), and protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). These GPCRs signal through either the G12 family, or through Gα13 exclusively, often in addition to other G proteins. The effect of Gα13 can be distinct from that of Gα12, and the role of Gα13 in prostate cancer initiation and progression is largely unexplored. The oncogenic effect of Gα13 on cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer has been characterized, but little is known about other biological processes such as mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Current knowledge on the link between Gα13 and oxidative stress is based on animal studies in which GPCR-Gα13 signaling decreased superoxide levels, and the overexpression of constitutively active Gα13 promoted antioxidant gene activation. In human samples, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) correlates with prostate cancer risk and prognostic Gleason grade. However, overexpression of SOD2 in prostate cancer cells yielded conflicting results on cell growth and survival under basal versus oxidative stress conditions. Hence, it is necessary to explore the effect of Gα13 on prostate cancer tumorigenesis, as well as the effect of Gα13 on SOD2 in prostate cancer cell growth under oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Patrick J. Casey
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Zhao J, Li Z, Zhang H, Qin T, Zhao J, Pei Q. Recombinant hirudin suppresses angiogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through regulation of the PAR-1-VEGF. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14533. [PMID: 38684373 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Hirudin is one of the specific inhibitors of thrombin, which has been confirmed to have strong bioactivities, including inhibiting tumors. However, the function and mechanism of hirudin and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been clear. Detecting the expression PAR-1 in DLBCL tissues and cells by RT-qPCR and IHC. Transfected sh-NC, sh-PAR-1, or pcDNA3.1-PAR-1 in DLBCL cells or processed DLBCL cells through added thrombin, Vorapaxar, Recombinant hirudin (RH), or Na2S2O4 and co-culture with EA.hy926. And built DLBCL mice observed tumor growth. Detecting the expression of related genes by RT-qPCR, Western blot, IHC, and immunofluorescence, measured the cellular hypoxia with Hypoxyprobe-1 Kit, and estimated the cell inflammatory factors, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis by ELISA, CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound-healing and Transwell. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down measurement were used to verify the relationship. PAR-1 was highly expressed in DLBCL tissues and cells, especially in SUDHL2. Na2S2O4 induced SUDHL2 hypoxia, and PAR-1 did not influence thrombin-activated hypoxia. PAR-1 could promote SUDHL2 proliferation, migration, and invasion, and it was unrelated to cellular hypoxia. PAR-1 promoted proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of EA.hy926 or SUDHL2 through up-regulation vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RH inhibited tumor growth, cell proliferation, and migration, promoted apoptosis of DLBCL, and inhibited angiogenesis by down-regulating PAR-1-VEGF. RH inhibits proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of DLBCL cells by down-regulating PAR-1-VEGF.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hirudins/pharmacology
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Animals
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Angiogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Haixi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Center for Hematologic Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Center for Hematologic Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Center for Hematologic Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Pei
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Center for Hematologic Disease, Kunming, China
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Grover SP, Bharathi V, Posma JJ, Griffin JH, Palumbo JS, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Thrombin-mediated activation of PAR1 enhances doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury in mice. Blood Adv 2023; 7:1945-1953. [PMID: 36477178 PMCID: PMC10189413 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin is cardiotoxic and can cause irreversible heart failure. In addition to being cardiotoxic, doxorubicin also induces the activation of coagulation. We determined the effect of thrombin-mediated activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. Administration of doxorubicin to mice resulted in a significant increase in plasma prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, and extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity. Doxorubicin-treated mice expressing low levels of tissue factor, but not factor XII-deficient mice, had reduced plasma thrombin-antithrombin complexes compared to controls. To evaluate the role of thrombin-mediated activation of PAR1, transgenic mice insensitive to thrombin (Par1R41Q) or activated protein C (Par1R46Q) were subjected to acute and chronic models of doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury and compared with Par1 wild-type (Par1+/+) and PAR1 deficient (Par1-/-) mice. Par1R41Q and Par1-/- mice, but not Par1R46Q mice, demonstrated similar reductions in the cardiac injury marker cardiac troponin I, preserved cardiac function, and reduced cardiac fibrosis compared to Par1+/+ controls after administration of doxorubicin. Furthermore, inhibition of Gαq signaling downstream of PAR1 with the small molecule inhibitor Q94 significantly preserved cardiac function in Par1+/+ mice, but not in Par1R41Q mice subjected to the acute model of cardiac injury when compared to vehicle controls. In addition, mice with PAR1 deleted in either cardiomyocytes or cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated reduced cardiac injury compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest that thrombin-mediated activation of PAR1 contributes to doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Grover
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jens J. Posma
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nigel Mackman
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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5
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Yagi H, Onoyama I, Asanoma K, Kawakami M, Maenohara S, Kodama K, Matsumura Y, Hamada N, Hori E, Hachisuga K, Yasunaga M, Ohgami T, Okugawa K, Yahata H, Kato K. Tumor-derived ARHGAP35 mutations enhance the Gα 13-Rho signaling axis in human endometrial cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:313-323. [PMID: 36257976 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated G protein-coupled receptor signaling is involved in the formation and progression of human cancers. The heterotrimeric G protein Gα13 is highly expressed in various cancers and regulates diverse cancer-related transcriptional networks and cellular functions by activating Rho. Herein, we demonstrate that increased expression of Gα13 promotes cell proliferation through activation of Rho and the transcription factor AP-1 in human endometrial cancer. Of interest, the RhoGTPase activating protein (RhoGAP), ARHGAP35 is frequently mutated in human endometrial cancers. Among the 509 endometrial cancer samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, 108 harbor 152 mutations at 126 different positions within ARHGAP35, representing a somatic mutation frequency of 20.2%. We evaluated the effect of 124 tumor-derived ARHGAP35 mutations on Gα13-mediated Rho and AP-1 activation. The RhoGAP activity of ARHGAP35 was impaired by 55 of 124 tumor-derived mutations, comprised of 23 nonsense, 15 frame-shift, 15 missense mutations, and two in-frame deletions. Considering that ARHGAP35 is mutated in >2% of all tumors, it ranks among the top 30 most significantly mutated genes in human cancer. Our data suggest potential roles of ARHGAP35 as an oncogenic driver gene, providing novel therapeutic opportunities for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Onoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Asanoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Minoru Kawakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Maenohara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kodama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Matsumura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Emiko Hori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Hachisuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yasunaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ohgami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okugawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yahata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Sharp AK, Newman D, Libonate G, Borns-Stern M, Bevan DR, Brown AM, Anandakrishnan R. Biophysical insights into OR2T7: Investigation of a potential prognostic marker for glioblastoma. Biophys J 2022; 121:3706-3718. [PMID: 35538663 PMCID: PMC9617130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and prevalent form of brain cancer, with an expected survival of 12-15 months following diagnosis. GBM affects the glial cells of the central nervous system, which impairs regular brain function including memory, hearing, and vision. GBM has virtually no long-term survival even with treatment, requiring novel strategies to understand disease progression. Here, we identified a somatic mutation in OR2T7, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), that correlates with reduced progression-free survival for glioblastoma (log rank p-value = 0.05), suggesting a possible role in tumor progression. The mutation, D125V, occurred in 10% of 396 glioblastoma samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas, but not in any of the 2504 DNA sequences in the 1000 Genomes Project, suggesting that the mutation may have a deleterious functional effect. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB proto-oncogenes, and putative tumor suppressors RhoB and caspase-14 were underexpressed in glioblastoma samples with the D125V mutation (false discovery rate < 0.05). Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations have provided preliminary structural insight and indicate a dynamic helical movement network that is influenced by the membrane-embedded, cytofacial-facing residue 125, demonstrating a possible obstruction of G-protein binding on the cytofacial exposed region. We show that the mutation impacts the "open" GPCR conformation, potentially affecting Gα-subunit binding and associated downstream activity. Overall, our findings suggest that the Val125 mutation in OR2T7 could affect glioblastoma progression by downregulating GPCR-p38 MAPK tumor-suppression pathways and impacting the biophysical characteristics of the structure that facilitates Gα-subunit binding. This study provides the theoretical basis for further experimental investigation required to confirm that the D125V mutation in OR2T7 is not a passenger mutation. With validation, the aforementioned mutation could represent an important prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Sharp
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (GBCB), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - David Newman
- Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Gianna Libonate
- Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mary Borns-Stern
- Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - David R Bevan
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (GBCB), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Anne M Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (GBCB), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Research and Informatics, University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
| | - Ramu Anandakrishnan
- Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), Blacksburg, Virginia; Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg, South Carolina.
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7
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Sapochnik D, Raimondi AR, Medina V, Naipauer J, Mesri EA, Coso O. A major role for Nrf2 transcription factors in cell transformation by KSHV encoded oncogenes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:890825. [PMID: 36212441 PMCID: PMC9534600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.890825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in AIDS patients. The highly vascularized patient’s skin lesions are composed of cells derived from the endothelial tissue transformed by the KSHV virus. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme upregulated by the Kaposi´s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and highly expressed in human Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) lesions. The oncogenic G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV-GPCR or vGPCR) is expressed by the viral genome in infected cells. It is involved in KS development, HO-1 expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. vGPCR induces HO-1 expression and HO-1 dependent transformation through the Ga13 subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins and the small GTPase RhoA. We have found several lines of evidence supporting a role for Nrf2 transcription factors and family members in the vGPCR-Ga13-RhoA signaling pathway that converges on the HO-1 gene promoter. Our current information assigns a major role to ERK1/2MAPK pathways as intermediates in signaling from vGPCR to Nrf2, influencing Nrf2 translocation to the cell nucleus, Nrf2 transactivation activity, and consequently HO-1 expression. Experiments in nude mice show that the tumorigenic effect of vGPCR is dependent on Nrf2. In the context of a complete KSHV genome, we show that the lack of vGPCR increased cytoplasmic localization of Nrf2 correlated with a downregulation of HO-1 expression. Moreover, we also found an increase in phospho-Nrf2 nuclear localization in mouse KS-like KSHV (positive) tumors compared to KSHV (negative) mouse KS-like tumors. Our data highlights the fundamental role of Nrf2 linking vGPCR signaling to the HO-1 promoter, acting upon not only HO-1 gene expression regulation but also in the tumorigenesis induced by vGPCR. Overall, these data pinpoint this transcription factor or its associated proteins as putative pharmacological or therapeutic targets in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Sapochnik
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana R. Raimondi
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Victoria Medina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Julian Naipauer
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Omar Coso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Omar Coso,
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8
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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9
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Arang N, Gutkind JS. G Protein-Coupled receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins as cancer drivers. FEBS Lett 2021; 594:4201-4232. [PMID: 33270228 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and heterotrimeric G proteins play central roles in a diverse array of cellular processes. As such, dysregulation of GPCRs and their coupled heterotrimeric G proteins can dramatically alter the signalling landscape and functional state of a cell. Consistent with their fundamental physiological functions, GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins are implicated in some of the most prevalent human diseases, including a complex disease such as cancer that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. GPCR/G protein-mediated signalling impacts oncogenesis at multiple levels by regulating tumour angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we summarize the growing body of research on GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins as drivers of cancer initiation and progression, and as emerging antitumoural therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Rayees S, Rochford I, Joshi JC, Joshi B, Banerjee S, Mehta D. Macrophage TLR4 and PAR2 Signaling: Role in Regulating Vascular Inflammatory Injury and Repair. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2091. [PMID: 33072072 PMCID: PMC7530636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in dictating the tissue response to infection and orchestrating subsequent repair of the damage. In this context, macrophages residing in the lungs continuously sense and discriminate among a wide range of insults to initiate the immune responses important to host-defense. Inflammatory tissue injury also leads to activation of proteases, and thereby the coagulation pathway, to optimize injury and repair post-infection. However, long-lasting inflammatory triggers from macrophages can impair the lung's ability to recover from severe injury, leading to increased lung vascular permeability and neutrophilic injury, hallmarks of Acute Lung Injury (ALI). In this review, we discuss the roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease activating receptor 2 (PAR2) expressed on the macrophage cell-surface in regulating lung vascular inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rayees
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rochford
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jagdish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bhagwati Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Somenath Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Yang YM, Kuen DS, Chung Y, Kurose H, Kim SG. Gα 12/13 signaling in metabolic diseases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:896-910. [PMID: 32576930 PMCID: PMC7338450 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key governors of diverse physiological processes, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have drawn attention as primary targets for several diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Heterotrimeric G proteins converge signals from ~800 members of the GPCR family. Among the members of the G protein α family, the Gα12 family members comprising Gα12 and Gα13 have been referred to as gep oncogenes. Gα12/13 levels are altered in metabolic organs, including the liver and muscles, in metabolic diseases. The roles of Gα12/13 in metabolic diseases have been investigated. In this review, we highlight findings demonstrating Gα12/13 amplifying or dampening regulators of phenotype changes. We discuss the molecular basis of G protein biology in the context of posttranslational modifications to heterotrimeric G proteins and the cell signaling axis. We also highlight findings providing insights into the organ-specific, metabolic and pathological roles of G proteins in changes associated with specific cells, energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, liver fibrosis and the immune and cardiovascular systems. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on the importance of Gα12/13 in the physiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, which is presented according to the basic understanding of their metabolic actions and underlying cellular and molecular bases. Understanding the activities of two members of a vital category of proteins called G proteins, which initiate metabolic changes when signaling molecules bind to cells, could lead to new therapies for many diseases. Researchers in South Korea and Japan, led by Sang Geon Kim at Seoul National University, review the significance of the Gα12 and Gα13 proteins in diseases characterised by significant changes in metabolism, including liver conditions and disorders of the cardiovascular and immune systems. Specific roles for the proteins have been identified by a variety of methods, including studying the effect of disabling the genes that code for them in mice. Recent insights suggest that drugs interfering with the activity of these Gα proteins might help treat many conditions in which the molecular signalling networks involving the proteins are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Da-Sol Kuen
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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12
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Tutunea-Fatan E, Lee JC, Denker BM, Gunaratnam L. Heterotrimeric Gα 12/13 proteins in kidney injury and disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F660-F672. [PMID: 31984793 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00453.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gα12 and Gα13 are ubiquitous members of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) family that play central and integrative roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades within various cell types in the kidney. Gα12/Gα13 proteins enable the kidney to adapt to an ever-changing environment by transducing stimuli from cell surface receptors and accessory proteins to effector systems. Therefore, perturbations in Gα12/Gα13 levels or their activity can contribute to the pathogenesis of various renal diseases, including renal cancer. This review will highlight and discuss the complex and expanding roles of Gα12/Gα13 proteins on distinct renal pathologies, with emphasis on more recently reported findings. Deciphering how the different Gα12/Gα13 interaction networks participate in the onset and development of renal diseases may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasper C Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley M Denker
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Thrombomodulin Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081851. [PMID: 30991642 PMCID: PMC6514922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in modulating signal transduction pathways in inflammatory conditions such as infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer has been well established. Recently, coagulation factors have also emerged as key players in regulating intracellular signaling pathways during inflammation. Among coagulation factors, thrombomodulin, as a high affinity receptor for thrombin on vascular endothelial cells, has been discovered to be a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic signaling molecule. The protective signaling function of thrombomodulin is separate from its well-recognized role in the clotting cascade, which is to function as an anti-coagulant receptor in order to switch the specificity of thrombin from a procoagulant to an anti-coagulant protease. The underlying protective signaling mechanism of thrombomodulin remains largely unknown, though a few published reports link the receptor to the regulation of MAPKs under different (patho)physiological conditions. The goal of this review is to summarize what is known about the regulatory relationship between thrombomodulin and MAPKs.
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Feng X, Arang N, Rigiracciolo DC, Lee JS, Yeerna H, Wang Z, Lubrano S, Kishore A, Pachter JA, König GM, Maggiolini M, Kostenis E, Schlaepfer DD, Tamayo P, Chen Q, Ruppin E, Gutkind JS. A Platform of Synthetic Lethal Gene Interaction Networks Reveals that the GNAQ Uveal Melanoma Oncogene Controls the Hippo Pathway through FAK. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:457-472.e5. [PMID: 30773340 PMCID: PMC6737937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in GNAQ/GNA11, encoding Gαq G proteins, are initiating oncogenic events in uveal melanoma (UM). However, there are no effective therapies for UM. Using an integrated bioinformatics pipeline, we found that PTK2, encoding focal adhesion kinase (FAK), represents a candidate synthetic lethal gene with GNAQ activation. We show that Gαq activates FAK through TRIO-RhoA non-canonical Gαq-signaling, and genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of FAK inhibits UM growth. Analysis of the FAK-regulated transcriptome demonstrated that GNAQ stimulates YAP through FAK. Dissection of the underlying mechanism revealed that FAK regulates YAP by tyrosine phosphorylation of MOB1, inhibiting core Hippo signaling. Our findings establish FAK as a potential therapeutic target for UM and other Gαq-driven pathophysiologies that involve unrestrained YAP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Feng
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nadia Arang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Damiano Cosimo Rigiracciolo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology & Department of Computer Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simone Lubrano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayush Kishore
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Gabriele M König
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology & Department of Computer Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Goto K, Kawano Y, Utsunomiya T, Narahara H. Decidualization modulates a signal transduction system via protease-activated receptor-1 in endometrial stromal cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13036. [PMID: 30221796 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Decidual cells are thought to be involved in the maintenance of pregnancy. We conducted this study to evaluate the cellular function of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) transitioning to decidualization. METHODS OF STUDY Normal endometrial specimens were obtained from premenopausal patients who had undergone hysterectomies for subserosal leiomyomas. Decidualization of the ESCs (DSCs) was induced by incubating subconfluent cells in media containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We first analyzed the expression profile of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) between ESCs and DSCs. To investigate the intracellular signal transduction system in the DSCs, we incubated cells with thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP-6). The levels of IL-8, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the culture medium were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway was detected by a Western blot analysis. The activation was evaluated for the expression of p21. RESULTS PAR-1 receptor expression is upregulated in DSCs. The productions of chemokine and MMP-1 increased in the DSCs with the addition of TRAP-6. The activity of both the ERK-1 and ERK-2 isoforms was increased by 5-15 minute after TRAP-6 treatment. p70 S6 kinase showed the strongest expression after 1 hour. p21 was strongly observed in ESCs compared to the DSCs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cell function is changed by decidualization in association with increasing PAR-1 expression. The upregulation of PAR-1 may have some influence on pregnancy in the decidua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.,St. Luke Clinic, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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16
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Nag JK, Kancharla A, Maoz M, Turm H, Agranovich D, Gupta CL, Uziely B, Bar-Shavit R. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a novel coreceptor of protease-activated receptor-2 in the dynamics of cancer-associated β-catenin stabilization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38650-38667. [PMID: 28418856 PMCID: PMC5503561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) plays a central role in cancer; however, the molecular machinery of PAR2-instigated tumors remains to be elucidated. We show that PAR2 is a potent inducer of β-catenin stabilization, a core process in cancer biology, leading to its transcriptional activity. Novel association of low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6), a known coreceptor of Frizzleds (Fz), with PAR2 takes place following PAR2 activation. The association between PAR2 and LRP6 was demonstrated employing co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and confocal microscopy analysis. The association was further supported by ZDOCK protein-protein server. PAR2-LRP6 interaction promotes rapid phosphorylation of LRP6, which results in the recruitment of Axin. Confocal microscopy of PAR2-driven mammary gland tumors in vivo, as well as in vitro confirms the association between PAR2 and LRP6. Indeed, shRNA silencing of LRP6 potently inhibits PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization, demonstrating its critical role in the induced path. We have previously shown a novel link between protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and β-catenin stabilization, both in a transgenic (tg) mouse model with overexpression of human PAR1 (hPar1) in the mammary glands, and in cancer epithelial cell lines. Unlike in PAR1-Gα13 axis, both Gα12 and Gα13 are equally involved in PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization. Disheveled (DVL) is translocated to the cell nucleus through the DVL-PDZ domain. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel PAR2-LRP6-Axin interaction as a key axis of PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization in cancer. This newly described axis enhances our understanding of cancer biology, and opens new avenues for future development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Arun Kancharla
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Turm
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Daniel Agranovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
| | - Beatrice Uziely
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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17
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Reinhard NR, Mastop M, Yin T, Wu Y, Bosma EK, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J, Hordijk PL. The balance between Gα i-Cdc42/Rac and Gα 12/ 13-RhoA pathways determines endothelial barrier regulation by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3371-3382. [PMID: 28954861 PMCID: PMC5687037 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphatephosphate (S1P) is present in plasma, bound to carrier proteins, and involved in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, and vascular stabilization. S1P can bind to several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activating a number of different signaling networks. At present, the dynamics and relative importance of signaling events activated immediately downstream of GPCR activation are unclear. To examine these, we used a set of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors for different RhoGTPases (Rac1, RhoA/B/C, and Cdc42) as well as for heterotrimeric G-proteins in a series of live-cell imaging experiments in primary human endothelial cells. These experiments were accompanied by biochemical GTPase activity assays and transendothelial resistance measurements. We show that S1P promotes cell spreading and endothelial barrier function through S1PR1-Gαi-Rac1 and S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathways. In parallel, a S1PR2-Gα12/13-RhoA pathway is activated that can induce cell contraction and loss of barrier function, but only if Gαi-mediated signaling is suppressed. Our results suggest that Gαq activity is not involved in S1P-mediated regulation of barrier integrity. Moreover, we show that early activation of RhoA by S1P inactivates Rac1 but not Cdc42, and vice versa. Together, our data show that the rapid S1P-induced increase in endothelial integrity is mediated by a S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Esmeralda K Bosma
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Free University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Bodmann EL, Krett AL, Bünemann M. Potentiation of receptor responses induced by prolonged binding of Gα 13 and leukemia-associated RhoGEF. FASEB J 2017; 31:3663-3676. [PMID: 28465324 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700026r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diverse cellular functions are controlled by RhoA-GTPases, which are activated by trimeric G proteins via RhoGEFs, among others. In this study, we focused on the signaling from GPCRs to RhoA via Gα13 and leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG). The activation of Gα13 was elucidated in living cells with high temporal and spatial resolution by means of FRET. The inactivation after agonist withdrawal occurred in the same range (t1/2 = 25.3 ± 2.2 s; mean ± sem; n = 22) as described for other Gα proteins. The interaction of Gα13 and LARG and the thereby-induced LARG translocation to the plasma membrane were at least 1 order of magnitude more stable after agonist withdrawal, exceeding Gα13 deactivation in the absence of LARG several fold. Consequently, we observed an almost 100-fold higher agonist sensitivity of the Gα13 LARG interaction compared to the Gα13 activation in the absence of LARG.-Bodmann, E.-L., Krett, A.-L., Bünemann, M. Potentiation of receptor responses induced by prolonged binding of Gα13 and leukemia-associated RhoGEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lisa Bodmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Krett
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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19
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Xu Y, Rong J, Duan S, Chen C, Li Y, Peng B, Yi B, Zheng Z, Gao Y, Wang K, Yun M, Weng H, Zhang J, Ye S. High expression of GNA13 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35948. [PMID: 27883022 PMCID: PMC5121652 DOI: 10.1038/srep35948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha 13 (GNA13) has been found to play critical roles in the development of several human cancers. However, little is known about GNA13 expression and its clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our study, GNA13 was reported to be significantly up-regulated in HCC tissues, and this was correlated with several clinicopathological parameters, including tumor multiplicity (P = 0.004), TNM stage (P = 0.002), and BCLC stage (P = 0.010). Further Cox regression analysis suggested that GNA13 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.014) and disease-free survival (P = 0.005). Moreover, we found that overexpression of GNA13 couldn’t promote cell proliferation in vitro, but could significantly increase the invasion ability of HCC cells. Together, our study demonstrates GNA13 may be served as a prognostic biomarker for HCC patients after curative hepatectomy, in which high expression of GNA13 suggests poor prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shiyu Duan
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baogang Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhousan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kebing Wang
- Department of Surgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Miao Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huiwen Weng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Smith TH, Coronel LJ, Li JG, Dores MR, Nieman MT, Trejo J. Protease-activated Receptor-4 Signaling and Trafficking Is Regulated by the Clathrin Adaptor Protein Complex-2 Independent of β-Arrestins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18453-64. [PMID: 27402844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for thrombin and is proteolytically activated, similar to the prototypical PAR1. Due to the irreversible activation of PAR1, receptor trafficking is intimately linked to signal regulation. However, unlike PAR1, the mechanisms that control PAR4 trafficking are not known. Here, we sought to define the mechanisms that control PAR4 trafficking and signaling. In HeLa cells depleted of clathrin by siRNA, activated PAR4 failed to internalize. Consistent with clathrin-mediated endocytosis, expression of a dynamin dominant-negative K44A mutant also blocked activated PAR4 internalization. However, unlike most GPCRs, PAR4 internalization occurred independently of β-arrestins and the receptor's C-tail domain. Rather, we discovered a highly conserved tyrosine-based motif in the third intracellular loop of PAR4 and found that the clathrin adaptor protein complex-2 (AP-2) is important for internalization. Depletion of AP-2 inhibited PAR4 internalization induced by agonist. In addition, mutation of the critical residues of the tyrosine-based motif disrupted agonist-induced PAR4 internalization. Using Dami megakaryocytic cells, we confirmed that AP-2 is required for agonist-induced internalization of endogenous PAR4. Moreover, inhibition of activated PAR4 internalization enhanced ERK1/2 signaling, whereas Akt signaling was markedly diminished. These findings indicate that activated PAR4 internalization requires AP-2 and a tyrosine-based motif and occurs independent of β-arrestins, unlike most classical GPCRs. Moreover, these findings are the first to show that internalization of activated PAR4 is linked to proper ERK1/2 and Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Smith
- From the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Luisa J Coronel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Julia G Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael R Dores
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, and
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
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Yuan B, Cui J, Wang W, Deng K. Gα12/13 signaling promotes cervical cancer invasion through the RhoA/ROCK-JNK signaling axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1240-1246. [PMID: 27084452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have indicated a role for the members of the G12 family of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gα12 and Gα13) in oncogenesis and tumor cell growth. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the role of G12 signaling in cervical cancer. We demonstrated that expression of the G12 proteins was highly upregulated in cervical cancer cells. Additionally, expression of the activated forms of Gα12/Gα13 but not expression of activated Gαq induced cell invasion through the activation of the RhoA family of G proteins, but had no effect on cell proliferation in the cervical cancer cells. Inhibition of G12 signaling by expression of the RGS domain of the p115-Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p115-RGS) blocked thrombin-stimulated cell invasion, but did not inhibit cell proliferation in cervical cells, whereas the inhibition of Gαq (RGS2) had no effect. Furthermore, G12 signaling was able to activate Rho proteins, and this stimulation was inhibited by p115-RGS, and Gα12-induced invasion was blocked by an inhibitor of RhoA/B/C (C3 toxin). Pharmacological inhibition of JNK remarkably decreased G12-induced JNK activation. Both a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and a ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) reduced G12-induced JNK and c-Jun activation, and markedly inhibited G12-induced cellular invasion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that stimulation of G12 proteins is capable of promoting invasion through RhoA/ROCK-JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, PR China
| | - Jinquan Cui
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, PR China.
| | - Wuliang Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, PR China
| | - Kehong Deng
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, PR China
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, Parrales A, Alvarez-Arce A, López-Colomé AM. Thrombin promotes the expression of Ccnd1 gene in RPE cells through the activation of converging signaling pathways. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LIU HONGLEI, LEI CHUNLING, LONG KEQIN, YANG XINGUANG, ZHU ZHAOLIANG, ZHANG LIHUA, LIU JUN. Mutant GNAQ promotes cell viability and migration of uveal melanoma cells through the activation of Notch signaling. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:295-301. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Cameron SJ, Ture SK, Mickelsen D, Chakrabarti E, Modjeski KL, McNitt S, Seaberry M, Field DJ, Le NT, Abe JI, Morrell CN. Platelet Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinase 5 Is a Redox Switch and Triggers Maladaptive Platelet Responses and Myocardial Infarct Expansion. Circulation 2015; 132:47-58. [PMID: 25934838 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.015656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets have a pathophysiologic role in the ischemic microvascular environment of acute coronary syndromes. In comparison with platelet activation in normal healthy conditions, less attention is given to mechanisms of platelet activation in diseased states. Platelet function and mechanisms of activation in ischemic and reactive oxygen species-rich environments may not be the same as in normal healthy conditions. Extracellular regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase family member activated in hypoxic, reactive oxygen species-rich environments and in response to receptor-signaling mechanisms. Prior studies suggest a protective effect of ERK5 in endothelial and myocardial cells after ischemia. We present evidence that platelets express ERK5 and that platelet ERK5 has an adverse effect on platelet activation via selective receptor-dependent and receptor-independent reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanisms in ischemic myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Using isolated human platelets and a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI), we found that platelet ERK5 is activated post-MI and that platelet-specific ERK5(-/-) mice have less platelet activation, reduced MI size, and improved post-MI heart function. Furthermore, the expression of downstream ERK5-regulated proteins is reduced in ERK5(-/-) platelets post-MI. CONCLUSIONS ERK5 functions as a platelet activator in ischemic conditions, and platelet ERK5 maintains the expression of some platelet proteins after MI, leading to infarct expansion. This demonstrates that platelet function in normal healthy conditions is different from platelet function in chronic ischemic and inflammatory conditions. Platelet ERK5 may be a target for acute therapeutic intervention in the thrombotic and inflammatory post-MI environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Cameron
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Sara K Ture
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Deanne Mickelsen
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Enakshi Chakrabarti
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Kristina L Modjeski
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Scott McNitt
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Michael Seaberry
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - David J Field
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.)
| | - Craig N Morrell
- From Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY (S.J.C., S.K.T., D.M., E.C., K.L.M., M.S., D.J.F., C.N.M.); Department of Medicine (S.J.C., C.N.M.) and Heart Research Follow-Up Program (S.M.), Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; and Department of Cardiology Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (N.-T.L., J.-i.A.).
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
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26
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Rasheed SAK, Teo CR, Beillard EJ, Voorhoeve PM, Zhou W, Ghosh S, Casey PJ. MicroRNA-31 controls G protein alpha-13 (GNA13) expression and cell invasion in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:67. [PMID: 25889182 PMCID: PMC4379695 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gα13 (GNA13) is the α subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein that mediates signaling through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Our recent study showed that control of GNA13 expression by specific microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) is important for prostate cancer cell invasion. However, little is known about the control of GNA13 expression in breast cancers. This project was carried out to determine (i) whether enhanced GNA13 expression is important for breast cancer cell invasion, and (ii) if so, the mechanism of deregulation of GNA13 expression in breast cancers. METHODS To determine the probable miRNAs regulating GNA13, online miRNA target prediction tool Targetscan and Luciferase assays with GNA13-3'-UTR were used. Effect of miRNAs on GNA13 mRNA, protein and invasion was studied using RT-PCR, western blotting and in vitro Boyden chamber assay respectively. Cell proliferation was done using MTT assays. RESULTS Overexpression of GNA13 in MCF-10a cells induced invasion, whereas knockdown of GNA13 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited invasion. Expression analysis of miRNAs predicted to bind the 3'-UTR of GNA13 revealed that miR-31 exhibited an inverse correlation to GNA13 protein expression in breast cancer cells. Ectopic expression of miR-31 in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly reduced GNA13 mRNA and protein levels, as well as GNA13-3'-UTR-reporter activity. Conversely, blocking miR-31 activity in MCF-10a cells induced GNA13 mRNA, protein and 3'-UTR reporter activity. Further, expression of miR-31 significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, and this effect was partly rescued by ectopic expression of GNA13 in these cells. Examination of 48 human breast cancer tissues revealed that GNA13 mRNA levels were inversely correlated to miR-31 levels. CONCLUSIONS These data provide strong evidence that GNA13 expression in breast cancer cells is regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms involving miR-31. Additionally our data shows that miR-31 regulates breast cancer cell invasion partially via targeting GNA13 expression in breast cancer cells. Loss of miR-31 expression and increased GNA13 expression could be used as biomarkers of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Ahmed Kabeer Rasheed
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Cui Rong Teo
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Emmanuel Jean Beillard
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - P Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology & Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ayoub MA, Pin JP. Interaction of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 with G Proteins and β-Arrestin 1 Studied by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:196. [PMID: 24391627 PMCID: PMC3869048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are well recognized as being able to activate several signaling pathways through the activation of different G proteins as well as other signaling proteins such as β-arrestins. Therefore, understanding how such multiple GPCR-mediated signaling can be integrated constitute an important aspect. Here, we applied bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to shed more light on the G protein coupling profile of trypsin receptor, or protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and its interaction with β-arrestin1. Using YFP and Rluc fusion constructs expressed in COS-7 cells, BRET data revealed a pre-assembly of PAR2 with both Gαi1 and Gαo and a rapid and transient activation of these G proteins upon receptor activation. In contrast, no pre-assembly of PAR2 with Gα12 could be detected and their physical association can be measured with a very slow and sustained kinetics similar to that of β-arrestin1 recruitment. These data demonstrate the coupling of PAR2 with Gαi1, Gαo, and Gα12 in COS-7 cells with differences in the kinetics of GPCR-G protein coupling, a parameter that very likely influences the cellular response. Moreover, this further illustrates that pre-assembly or agonist-induced G protein interaction depends on receptor-G protein pairs indicating another level of complexity and regulation of the signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes and its multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Département de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- UMR5203, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
- U661, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Département de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- UMR5203, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
- U661, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
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Critical role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in acute vascular inflammation. Blood 2013; 122:443-55. [PMID: 23723450 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-467191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium, as the interface between blood and all tissues, plays a critical role in inflammation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid, highly abundant in plasma, that potently regulates endothelial responses through interaction with its receptors (S1PRs). Here, we studied the role of S1PR2 in the regulation of the proadhesion and proinflammatory phenotype of the endothelium. By using genetic approaches and a S1PR2-specific antagonist (JTE013), we found that S1PR2 plays a key role in the permeability and inflammatory responses of the vascular endothelium during endotoxemia. Experiments with bone marrow chimeras (S1pr2(+/+) → S1pr2(+/+), S1pr2(+/+) → S1pr2(-/-), and S1pr2(-/-) → S1pr2(+/+)) indicate the critical role of S1PR2 in the stromal compartment, in the regulation of vascular permeability and vascular inflammation. In vitro, JTE013 potently inhibited tumor necrosis factor α-induced endothelial inflammation. Finally, we provide detailed mechanisms on the downstream signaling of S1PR2 in vascular inflammation that include the activation of the stress-activated protein kinase pathway that, together with the Rho-kinase nuclear factor kappa B pathway (NF-kB), are required for S1PR2-mediated endothelial inflammatory responses. Taken together, our data indicate that S1PR2 is a key regulator of the proinflammatory phenotype of the endothelium and identify S1PR2 as a novel therapeutic target for vascular disorders.
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Bratton MR, Antoon JW, Duong BN, Frigo DE, Tilghman S, Collins-Burow BM, Elliott S, Tang Y, Melnik LI, Lai L, Alam J, Beckman BS, Hill SM, Rowan BG, McLachlan JA, Burow ME. Gαo potentiates estrogen receptor α activity via the ERK signaling pathway. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:45-54. [PMID: 22562654 PMCID: PMC3614348 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a transcription factor that mediates the biological effects of 17β-estradiol (E(2)). ERα transcriptional activity is also regulated by cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Here, several Gα protein subunits were tested for their ability to regulate ERα activity. Reporter assays revealed that overexpression of a constitutively active Gα(o) protein subunit potentiated ERα activity in the absence and presence of E(2). Transient transfection of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed that Gα(o) augments the transcription of several ERα-regulated genes. Western blots of HEK293T cells transfected with ER±Gα(o) revealed that Gα(o) stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and subsequently increased the phosphorylation of ERα on serine 118. In summary, our results show that Gα(o), through activation of the MAPK pathway, plays a role in the regulation of ERα activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa R Bratton
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Bodmer D, Vaughan KA, Zacharia BE, Hickman ZL, Connolly ES. The Molecular Mechanisms that Promote Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:52-61. [PMID: 24323861 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke with no effective therapies. Clinical advances in ICH treatment are limited by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for secondary injury and poor outcome. Increasing evidence suggests that cerebral edema is a major contributor to secondary injury and poor outcome in ICH. ICH activates specific signaling pathways that promote edema and damage neuronal tissue. By increasing our understanding of these pathways, we may be able to target them pharmaceutically to reduce edema in ICH patients. In this review, we focus on three major signaling pathways that promote edema after ICH: (1) the coagulation cascade and thrombin, (2) the inflammatory response and matrix metalloproteinases, and (3) the complement cascade and hemoglobin toxicity. We will describe the experimental evidence that confirms these pathways promote edema in ICH, discuss potential targets for new therapies, and comment on important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Lax A. The Pasteurella multocida toxin: a new paradigm for the link between bacterial infection and cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 361:131-44. [PMID: 22695919 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept that bacterial infection could cause cancer has only recently become accepted because of the strong epidemiological and molecular evidence for a major carcinogenic role played by Helicobacter pylori. However, information on other potential bacterial carcinogens is very limited and thereby unconvincing. A different approach is to assess bacteria for potentially pro-carcinogenic properties. The Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) has many properties that mark it out as a potential carcinogen. PMT is a highly potent mitogen and has been demonstrated to block apoptosis. PMT modifies and activates members of three of the four families of heterotrimeric G-proteins, all of which have potential roles in carcinogenesis. Many signalling components downstream of these G-proteins are known proto-oncogenes and have been shown to be activated by PMT. These include, amongst others, the Rho GTPase, focal adhesion kinase, cyclooxygenase-2, β-catenin signalling and calcium signalling. PMT action potentially influences many of the acquired Hanahan/Weinberg capabilities necessary for oncogenic transformation. Although there is little evidence that PMT might have a role in human cancer, it serves as an important and novel paradigm for a bacterial link to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Lax
- Department of Microbiology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Ayoub MA, Al-Senaidy A, Pin JP. Receptor-G protein interaction studied by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer: lessons from protease-activated receptor 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:82. [PMID: 22737145 PMCID: PMC3381121 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its development, the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) approach has been extensively applied to study G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in real-time and in live cells. One of the major aspects of GPCRs investigated in considerable details is their physical coupling to the heterotrimeric G proteins. As a result, new concepts have emerged, but few questions are still a matter of debate illustrating the complexity of GPCR-G protein interactions and coupling. Here, we summarized the recent advances on our understanding of GPCR-G protein coupling based on BRET approaches and supported by other FRET-based studies. We essentially focused on our recent studies in which we addressed the concept of preassembly vs. the agonist-dependent interaction between the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and its cognate G proteins. We discussed the concept of agonist-induced conformational changes within the preassembled PAR1-G protein complexes as well as the critical question how the multiple coupling of PAR1 with two different G proteins, Gαi1 and Gα12, but also β-arrestin 1, can be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR5203, Universities Montpellier 1 and 2Montpellier, France
- INSERM U661Montpellier, France
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Akli Ayoub, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh – 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. e-mail: ; Jean-Philippe Pin, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Universities Montpellier 1 and 2 – 141, rue de la cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. e-mail:
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Senaidy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR5203, Universities Montpellier 1 and 2Montpellier, France
- INSERM U661Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Akli Ayoub, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh – 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. e-mail: ; Jean-Philippe Pin, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Universities Montpellier 1 and 2 – 141, rue de la cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. e-mail:
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Juneja J, Cushman I, Casey PJ. G12 signaling through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase promotes breast cancer cell invasion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26085. [PMID: 22087220 PMCID: PMC3210117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the heterotrimeric G protein, G12, via Rho induces a striking increase in breast cancer cell invasion. In this study, evidence is provided that the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a key downstream effector of G12 on this pathway. Expression of constitutively-active Gα12 or activation of G12 signaling by thrombin leads to increased JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation. Pharmacologic inhibition of JNK or knockdown of JNK expression by siRNA significantly decreases G12-induced JNK activation as well as the ability of breast cancer cells to invade a reconstituted basement membrane. Furthermore, expression of dominant-negative Rho or treatment of cells with an inhibitor of the Rho kinase, ROCK, reduces G12-induced JNK and c-Jun activation, and ROCK inhibitor treatment also inhibits G12-induced cellular invasion. JNK knockdown or ROCK inhibitor treatment has no effect on activation of Rho by G12. Taken together, our data indicate that JNK activation is required for G12-induced invasion of breast cancer cells and that JNK is downstream of Rho and ROCK on this pathway. This study implicates a G12-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in cancer cell invasion, and supports a role for JNK in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Juneja
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian Cushman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patrick J. Casey
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Kashef K, Radhakrishnan R, Lee CM, Reddy EP, Dhanasekaran DN. Neoplastic transformation induced by the gep oncogenes involves the scaffold protein JNK-interacting leucine zipper protein. Neoplasia 2011; 13:358-64. [PMID: 21472140 PMCID: PMC3071084 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activated mutants of the α-subunits of G proteins G(12) and G(13) have been designated as the gep oncogenes owing to their ability to stimulate diverse oncogenic signaling pathways that lead to neoplastic transformation of fibroblast cell lines and tumorigenesis in nude mice models. Studies from our laboratory as well as others have shown that the growth-promoting activities of Gα(12) and Gα(13) involve potent activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Our previous studies have indicated that the JNK-interacting leucine zipper protein (JLP), a scaffold protein involved in the structural and functional organization of the JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase module, tethers Gα(12) and Gα(13) to the JNK signaling module. In the present study, in addition to demonstrating the physical association between JLP and Gα(12), we show that this interaction is enhanced by the receptor- or mutation-mediated activation of Gα(12). We also establish that JLP interacts with Gα(12) through the C-terminal domain that has been previously identified to be involved in binding to Gα(13). Furthermore, using this C-terminal domain as a competitively inhibitor of JLP that can disrupt Gα(12)-JLP interaction, we demonstrate that JLP is required for the stimulation of JNK by Gα(12). Our results also indicate that such JLP interaction is required for Gα(12) as well as Gα(13)-mediated neoplastic transformation of JLP. These studies demonstrate for the first time a functional role for JLP in the gep oncogene-regulated neoplastic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kashef
- OU Cancer Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Kawano Y, Furukawa Y, Kawano Y, Nasu K, Narahara H. Thrombin-induced chemokine production in endometrial stromal cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 26:407-13. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Plasma heparin cofactor II activity is inversely associated with left atrial volume and diastolic dysfunction in humans with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:225-31. [PMID: 21107326 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin has a crucial role in cardiac remodeling through protease-activated receptor-1 activation in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. As heparin cofactor II (HCII) inhibits the action of tissue thrombin in the cardiovascular system, it is possible that HCII counteracts the development of cardiac remodeling. We investigated the relationships between plasma HCII activity and surrogate markers of cardiac geometry, including left atrial volume index (LAVI), relative wall thickness (RWT) and left ventricular mass index, and deceleration time (DcT) and the ratio of peak E velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/e' ratio) as surrogate markers of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction measured using echocardiography in 304 Japanese elderly individuals without systolic heart failure (169 men and 135 women; mean age: 65.4 ± 11.8 years). Mean plasma HCII activity in all participants was 95.8 ± 17.0% and there was no difference between the mean plasma HCII activities in males and females. Multiple regression analysis revealed that there were significant inverse relationships between plasma HCII activity and LAVI (coefficient: -0.2302, P<0.001), between HCII activity and RWT (coefficient: -0.0007, P<0.05), between HCII activity and DcT (coefficient: -0.5189, P<0.05) and between HCII activity and E/e' ratio (coefficient: -0.0558, P<0.01). Plasma HCII activity was independently and inversely associated with the development of cardiac remodeling, including cardiac concentric change, left atrial enlargement and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. These findings suggest that cardiac tissue thrombin inactivation by HCII is a novel therapeutic target for cardiac remodeling and atherosclerosis.
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Ohnishi M, Katsuki H, Unemura K, Izumi Y, Kume T, Takada-Takatori Y, Akaike A. Heme oxygenase-1 contributes to pathology associated with thrombin-induced striatal and cortical injury in organotypic slice culture. Brain Res 2010; 1347:170-8. [PMID: 20515663 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood coagulation factor thrombin that leaks from ruptured vessels initiates brain tissue damage after intracerebral hemorrhage. We have recently shown that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activated by thrombin exacerbate hemorrhagic brain injury via supporting survival of neuropathic microglia. Here, we investigated whether induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is involved in these events. Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX), a HO-1 inhibitor, attenuated thrombin-induced injury of cortical cells in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-3 microM) and tended to inhibit shrinkage of the striatal tissue at 0.3 microM. HO-1 expression was induced by thrombin in microglia and astrocytes in both the cortex and the striatum. The increase of HO-1 protein was suppressed by a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, and early activation of p38 MAPK after thrombin treatment was observed in neurons and microglia in the striatum. Notably, concomitant application of a low concentration (0.3 microM) of ZnPP IX with thrombin induced apoptotic cell death in striatal microglia and significantly decreased the number of activated microglia in the striatal region. On the other hand, a carbon monoxide releaser reversed the protective effect of ZnPP IX on thrombin-induced injury of cortical cells. Overall, these results suggest that p38 MAPK-dependent induction of HO-1 supports survival of striatal microglia during thrombin insults. Thrombin-induced cortical injury may be also regulated by the expression of HO-1 and the resultant production of heme degradation products such as carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Gakuencho-1, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan
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Turm H, Maoz M, Katz V, Yin YJ, Offermanns S, Bar-Shavit R. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) acts via a novel Galpha13-dishevelled axis to stabilize beta-catenin levels. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15137-15148. [PMID: 20223821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.072843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown a novel link between hPar-1 (human protease-activated receptor-1) and beta-catenin stabilization. Although it is well recognized that Wnt signaling leads to beta-catenin accumulation, the role of PAR1 in the process is unknown. We provide here evidence that PAR1 induces beta-catenin stabilization independent of Wnt, Fz (Frizzled), and the co-receptor LRP5/6 (low density lipoprotein-related protein 5/6) and identify selective mediators of the PAR1-beta-catenin axis. Immunohistological analyses of hPar1-transgenic (TG) mouse mammary tissues show the expression of both Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) compared with age-matched control counterparts. However, only Galpha(13) was found to be actively involved in PAR1-induced beta-catenin stabilization. Indeed, a dominant negative form of Galpha(13) inhibited both PAR1-induced Matrigel invasion and Lef/Tcf (lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor) transcription activity. PAR1-Galpha(13) association is followed by the recruitment of DVL (Dishevelled), an upstream Wnt signaling protein via the DIX domain. Small interfering RNA-Dvl silencing leads to a reduction in PAR1-induced Matrigel invasion, inhibition of Lef/Tcf transcription activity, and decreased beta-catenin accumulation. It is of note that PAR1 also promotes the binding of beta-arrestin-2 to DVL, suggesting a role for beta-arrestin-2 in PAR1-induced DVL phosphorylation dynamics. Although infection of small interfering RNA-LRP5/6 or the use of the Wnt antagonists, SFRP2 (soluble Frizzled-related protein 2) or SFRP5 potently reduced Wnt3A-mediated beta-catenin accumulation, no effect was observed on PAR1-induced beta-catenin stabilization. Collectively, our data show that PAR1 mediates beta-catenin stabilization independent of Wnt. We propose here a novel cascade of PAR1-induced Galpha(13)-DVL axis in cancer and beta-catenin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Turm
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Vered Katz
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yong-Jun Yin
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Steffan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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García-Hoz C, Sánchez-Fernández G, Díaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Mayor F, Ribas C. G alpha(q) acts as an adaptor protein in protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta)-mediated ERK5 activation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13480-9. [PMID: 20200162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.098699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
G(q)-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) mediate the actions of a variety of messengers that are key regulators of different cellular functions. These receptors can regulate a highly interconnected network of biochemical routes that control the activity of several members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. The ERK5 MAPK has been shown to be activated by G(q)-coupled GPCR via unknown mechanisms. We find that the atypical protein kinase C (PKCzeta), previously reported to interact with the ERK5 activator MEK5 and to be involved in epidermal growth factor-mediated ERK5 stimulation, plays a crucial role in the activation of the ERK5 pathway by G(q)-coupled GPCR. Stimulation of ERK5 by G(q)-coupled GPCR is abolished upon pharmacological inhibition of PKCzeta as well as in embryonic fibroblasts obtained from PKCzeta-deficient mice. Both PKCzeta and MEK5 associate to G alpha(q) upon activation of GPCR, thus forming a ternary complex that seems essential for the activation of ERK5. These data put forward a novel function of G alpha(q) as a scaffold protein involved in the modulation of the ERK5 cascade by GPCR that could be relevant in G(q)-mediated physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota García-Hoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Quan L, Jian Z, Ping Z, Weiming L. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 mediates allogeneic CD8(+) T cell-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Med Oncol 2009; 26:379-85. [PMID: 19082770 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cells injury plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and transplant-associated endothelial injury syndrome. Vascular endothelial cells are an exposed target tissue for immune-mediated injury during GVHD. Early endothelial injury syndromes share common features with acute GVHD. Chronic GVHD leads to a rarefaction of microvessels caused by the infiltration of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this context, allogeneic reactive cytotoxic T cell may contribute to apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. The involvement of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR-1) in regulation of apoptosis has been recently recognized in many cell types. We hypothesized that apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells induced by allogeneic cytotoxic T cell are mediated via the PAR-1. Allogeneic CD8(+) T cell, PAR-1 agonist peptide (SFLLRN) induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) as assessed by AnnexinV-FITC labeling. To ascertain the mechanism of endothelial apoptosis, we determined that allogeneic CD8(+) T cell, SFLLRN enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 and led to p38MAPK activation as assessed by Western blot. The effects of allogeneic CD8(+) T cell and SFLLRN on apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells were largely prevented by a cleavage-blocking anti-human PAR-1-antibody (ATAP2) and a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK. In concert, these observations provide strong evidence that allogeneic CD8(+) T cell induces apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells through PAR-1-dependent modulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway via alterations of p38MAPK and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Quan
- Institute of Hematology, Tong ji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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41
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Gramling MW, Beaulieu LM, Church FC. Activated protein C enhances cell motility of endothelial cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by intracellular signal transduction. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:314-28. [PMID: 19891966 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease, has been shown to have non-hemostatic functions related to inflammation, cell survival, and cell migration. In this study we investigate the mechanism by which APC promotes angiogenesis and breast cancer invasion using ex vivo and in vitro methods. When proteolytically active, APC promotes cell motility/invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells. Ex vivo aortic ring assays verify the role of APC in promoting angiogenesis, which was determined to be dependent on EGFR and MMP activation. Given the capacity of APC to promote angiogenesis and the importance of this process in cancer pathology, we investigated whether the mechanisms by which APC promotes angiogenesis can also promote motility and invasion in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Our results indicate that, extracellularly, APC engages EPCR, PAR-1, and EGFR in order to increase the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells. APC activation of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) -2 and/or -9 is necessary but not sufficient to increase invasion, and APC does not utilize the endogenous plasminogen activation system to increase invasion. Intracellularly, APC activates ERK, Akt, and NFkappaB, but not the JNK pathway to promote MDA-MB-231 cell motility. Similar to the hemostatic protease thrombin, APC has the ability to enhance both endothelial cell motility/angiogenesis and breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Gramling
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA
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Orbe J, Rodríguez JA, Calvayrac O, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Rodríguez C, Roncal C, Martínez de Lizarrondo S, Barrenetxe J, Reverter JC, Martínez-González J, Páramo JA. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 is upregulated by thrombin in endothelial cells and increased in patients with enhanced thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:2109-16. [PMID: 19762781 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.194589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease that promotes vascular proinflammatory responses whose effect on endothelial MMP-10 expression has not previously been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Thrombin induced endothelial MMP-10 mRNA and protein levels, through a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)-dependent mechanism, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mimicked by a PAR-1 agonist peptide (TRAP-1) and antagonized by an anti-PAR-1 blocking antibody. MMP-10 induction was dependent on extracellular regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. By serial deletion analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay an AP-1 site in the proximal region of MMP-10 promoter was found to be critical for thrombin-induced MMP-10 transcriptional activity. Thrombin and TRAP-1 upregulated MMP-10 in murine endothelial cells in culture and in vivo in mouse aorta. This effect of thrombin was not observed in PAR-1-deficient mice. Interestingly, circulating MMP-10 levels (P<0.01) were augmented in patients with endothelial activation associated with high (disseminated intravascular coagulation) and moderate (previous acute myocardial infarction) systemic thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS Thrombin induces MMP-10 through a PAR-1-dependent mechanism mediated by ERK1/2, JNK, and AP-1 activation. Endothelial MMP-10 upregulation could be regarded as a new proinflammatory effect of thrombin whose pathological consequences in thrombin-related disorders and plaque stability deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josune Orbe
- Atherothrombosis Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Science, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Rössler OG, Thiel G. Thrombin induces Egr-1 expression in fibroblasts involving elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, phosphorylation of ERK and activation of ternary complex factor. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:40. [PMID: 19432968 PMCID: PMC2686679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serine protease thrombin catalyzes fibrin clot formation by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. Additionally, thrombin stimulation leads to an activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors in different cell types, indicating that the gene expression pattern is changed in thrombin-stimulated cells. The objective of this study was to analyze the signaling cascade leading to the expression of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts. Results Stimulation of 39M1-81 fibroblasts with thrombin induced a robust and transient biosynthesis of Egr-1. Reporter gene analysis revealed that the newly synthesized Egr-1 was biologically active. The signaling cascade connecting thrombin stimulation with Egr-1 gene expression required elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, the activation of diacylgycerol-dependent protein kinase C isoenzymes, and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). Stimulation of the cells with thrombin triggered the phosphorylation of the transcription factor Elk-1. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Elk-1 completely prevented Egr-1 expression in stimulated 39M1-81 cells, indicating that Elk-1 or related ternary complex factors connect the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by activation of protease-activated receptors with transcription of the Egr-1 gene. Lentiviral-mediated expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, a dual-specific phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK in the nucleus, prevented Elk-1 phosphorylation and Egr-1 biosynthesis in thrombin stimulated 39M1-81 cells, confirming the importance of nuclear ERK and Elk-1 for the upregulation of Egr-1 expression in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts. 39M1-81 cells additionally express M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. A comparison between the signaling cascades induced by thrombin or carbachol showed no differences, except that signal transduction via M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors required the transactivation of the EGF receptor, while thrombin signaling did not. Conclusion This study shows that stimulus-transcription coupling in thrombin-treated lung fibroblasts relies on the elevation of the intracellular Ca2+-concentration and the activation of PKC and ERK. In the nucleus, ternary complex factors function as key proteins linking the intracellular signaling cascade with enhanced transcription of the Egr-1 gene. This study further shows that the dominant-negative Elk-1 mutant is a valuable tool to study Elk-1-mediated gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Differential involvement of PKC-dependent MAPKs activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced AP-1 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1385-95. [PMID: 19426800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to up-regulate the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 which contributes to the occurrence of airway inflammatory diseases. Genetic analysis reveals the existence of activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site on VCAM-1 promoter region. However, the role of AP-1 in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) is not known. Here, we show that LPS increased VCAM-1 expression and adhesiveness of HTSMCs through AP-1, since pretreatment with an AP-1 inhibitor tanshinone attenuated LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression and leukocytes adhesion. The implication of AP-1 in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression was confirmed by animal studies showing that pretreatment of mice with tanshinone attenuated LPS-induced VCAM-1 mRNA expression in airway tissues and accumulation of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage. By using the pharmacological inhibitors and transfection with siRNA of PKC, p42, p38, or JNK2, LPS-induced expression of c-Fos was mediated through protein kinase C (PKC), p42/p44 MAPK and p38 MAPK. While, c-Jun expression was mediated through PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK and JNK) in HTSMCs. Pretreatment with the inhibitors of PKCs or MAPKs attenuated LPS-stimulated nuclear translocation and VCAM-1 promoter binding abilities of AP-1, which attenuated promoter activity and gene expression of VCAM-1 and the adhesiveness between HTSMCs and leukocytes. These results indicated that differential regulation of AP-1 through PKCs-dependent MAPKs activation plays central roles in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression. The altered modulation of this axis with inhibitors or siRNAs may contribute to the improvement of airway inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
The G12 subfamily of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins consists of two alpha subunits, G alpha12 and G alpha13. These proteins mediate signalling via G protein-coupled receptors and have been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. A number of direct and indirect effectors of G alpha12 and G alpha13 have been identified that mediate, or have been proposed to mediate, the diverse cellular responses accompanying activation of G12 proteins. This review describes the signalling pathways and cellular events stimulated by G12 proteins, with a particular emphasis on processes that are important in regulating cell migration and invasion, and could potentially be involved in the pathophysiology of cancer metastasis. Experimental findings directly implicating G12 proteins in the spread of metastatic disease are also summarized, indicating the importance of targeted inhibition of G12 signalling as a potential therapeutic option for locally advanced and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Juneja
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710-3813, USA
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Wang D, Paria BC, Zhang Q, Karpurapu M, Li Q, Gerthoffer WT, Nakaoka Y, Rao GN. A role for Gab1/SHP2 in thrombin activation of PAK1: gene transfer of kinase-dead PAK1 inhibits injury-induced restenosis. Circ Res 2009; 104:1066-75. [PMID: 19359598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.196691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist-induced signaling events, we have studied the capacity of thrombin in the activation of Gab1-SHP2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Thrombin activated both Gab1 and SHP2 in EGFR-dependent manner. Similarly, thrombin induced Rac1 and Cdc42 activation, and these responses were suppressed when either Gab1 or SHP2 stimulation is blocked. Thrombin also induced PAK1 activation in a time- and EGFR-Gab1-SHP2-Rac1/Cdc42-dependent manner. Inhibition of activation of EGFR, Gab1, SHP2, Rac1, Cdc42, or PAK1 by pharmacological or genetic approaches attenuated thrombin-induced VSMC stress fiber formation and motility. Thrombin activated RhoA in a time-dependent manner in VSMCs. LARG, a RhoA-specific GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor), was found to be associated with Gab1 and siRNA-mediated depletion of its levels suppressed RhoA, Rac1 and PAK1 activation. Dominant negative mutant-mediated interference of RhoA activation inhibited thrombin-induced Rac1 and PAK1 stimulation in VSMCs and their stress fiber formation and migration. Balloon injury induced PAK1 activity and interference with its activation led to attenuation of SMC migration from media to intima, resulting in reduced neointima formation and increased lumen size. Inhibition of thrombin signaling by recombinant hirudin also blocked balloon injury-induced EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and PAK1 activity. These results show that thrombin-mediated PAK1 activation plays a crucial role in vascular wall remodeling and it could be a potential target for drug development against these vascular lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/etiology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy
- Carotid Stenosis/enzymology
- Carotid Stenosis/etiology
- Carotid Stenosis/genetics
- Carotid Stenosis/prevention & control
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- Hirudins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Quinazolines
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
- Stress Fibers/enzymology
- Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- p21-Activated Kinases/genetics
- p21-Activated Kinases/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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47
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PKC isoenzymes differentially modulate the effect of thrombin on MAPK-dependent RPE proliferation. Biosci Rep 2009; 28:307-17. [PMID: 18636965 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin signalling through PAR (protease-activated receptor)-1 is involved in cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Following traumatic injury to the eye, thrombin signalling may participate in disorders, such as PVR (proliferative vitreoretinopathy), a human eye disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation, transdifferentiation and migration of otherwise quiescent RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) cells. PARs activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK MAPK pathway (where ERK is extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, MAPK is mitogen-activated protein kinase and MEK is MAPK/ERK kinase) through the activation of G(alpha) and G(betagamma) heterotrimeric G-proteins, and the downstream stimulation of the PLC (phospholipase C)-beta/PKC (protein kinase C) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signalling axis. In the present study, we examined the molecular signalling involved in thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation, using rat RPE cells in culture as a model system for PVR pathogenesis. Our results showed that thrombin activation of PAR-1 induces RPE cell proliferation through Ras-independent activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 MAPK signalling cascade. Pharmacological analysis revealed that the activation of 'conventional' PKC isoforms is essential for proliferation, although thrombin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 requires the activation of atypical PKCzeta by PI3K. Consistently, thrombin-induced ERK1/2 activation and RPE cell proliferation were prevented completely by PI3K or PKCzeta inhibition. These results suggest that thrombin induces RPE cell proliferation by joint activation of PLC-dependent and atypical PKC isoforms and the Ras-independent downstream stimulation of the Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 MAPK cascade. The present study is the first report demonstrating directly thrombin-induced ERK phosphorylation in the RPE, and the involvement of atypical PKCzeta in this process.
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48
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Suzuki N, Hajicek N, Kozasa T. Regulation and physiological functions of G12/13-mediated signaling pathways. Neurosignals 2009; 17:55-70. [PMID: 19212140 DOI: 10.1159/000186690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data indicate that G12 subfamily (Galpha12/13)-mediated signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes, while aberrant regulation of this pathway has been identified in various human diseases. It has been demonstrated that Galpha12/13-mediated signals form networks with other signaling proteins at various levels, from cell surface receptors to transcription factors, to regulate cellular responses. Galpha12/13 have slow rates of nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis, and specifically target RhoGEFs containing an amino-terminal RGS homology domain (RH-RhoGEFs), which uniquely function both as a GAP and an effector for Galpha12/13. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms regulating the Galpha12/13 signaling system, particularly the Galpha12/13-RH-RhoGEF-Rho pathway, which can regulate a wide variety of cellular functions from migration to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuchika Suzuki
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Furukawa Y, Kawano Y, Fukuda J, Matsumoto H, Narahara H. The production of vascular endothelial growth factor and metalloproteinase via protease-activated receptor in human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Wilson BJ, Harada R, LeDuy L, Hollenberg MD, Nepveu A. CUX1 transcription factor is a downstream effector of the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Biol Chem 2008; 284:36-45. [PMID: 18952606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803808200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that have been linked to an array of cellular processes, including inflammation, migration, and proliferation. Although signal transduction downstream of PARs has been actively investigated, little is known about the mechanisms that lead to changes in transcriptional programs. Here we show that the CUX1 homeodomain protein is a downstream effector of PAR2. Treatment of epithelial and fibroblastic cells with trypsin or the PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP) caused a rapid increase in CUX1 DNA binding activity. The stimulation of CUX1 was specific to PAR2 because no effect was observed with thrombin or the PAR1-AP. Using a panel of recombinant CUX1 proteins, the regulation was found to involve the cut repeat 3 (CR3) and the cut homeodomain, two DNA binding domains that are present in all CUX1 isoforms. Expression analysis in cux1(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts led to the identification of three genes that are regulated downstream of both PAR2 and CUX1 as follows: interleukin-1alpha, matrix metalloproteinase-10, and cyclo-oxygenase-2. p110 CUX1 was able to activate each of these genes, both in reporter assays and following the infection of cells. Moreover, the treatment of Hs578T breast tumor cells with trypsin led to a rapid recruitment of p110 CUX1 to the promoter of these genes and to a concomitant increase in their mRNA steady-state levels. Altogether, these results suggest a model whereby activation of PAR2 triggers a signaling cascade that culminates with the stimulation of p110 CUX1 DNA binding and the transcriptional activation of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Wilson
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ryoko Harada
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Lam LeDuy
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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