1
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Li S, Mehmood AH, Tang X, Yue T, Dong B. Development of bishydrazide-based fluorescent probes for the imaging of cellular peroxynitrite (ONOO -) during ferroptosis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1409-1414. [PMID: 38369924 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a critical ROS in living systems, and could induce lipid peroxidation which is the driver of ferroptotic cell death. Therefore, precise and rapid detection of cellular ONOO- is critical for the deep study of the biological functions of ONOO- during ferroptosis. Herein, we developed fluorescent probes (Rh-1, Rh-2 and Rh-3) for the rapid detection of intracellular ONOO- during ferroptosis. These probes used bishydrazide groups as the reactive sites for ONOO-. The response of these probes to ONOO- resulted in the production of the emissive xanthene fluorophore, providing a marked enhancement in the fluorescence intensity at 561 nm. The probe Rh-3 exhibited prominent selectivity and sensitivity towards ONOO-. Bioimaging experiments suggested that Rh-3 could be applied to image exogenous and endogenous ONOO- in living cells. By fluorescence imaging, it was demonstrated that erastin-induced ferroptosis caused increased levels of the endogenous ONOO-, and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and vitamin E (VE) could markedly inhibit the excessive production of ONOO- during ferroptosis in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.
| | - Abdul Hadi Mehmood
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.
| | - Xiaochan Tang
- Shandong Chemical Technology Academy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Jinan), Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Tao Yue
- Shandong Chemical Technology Academy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Jinan), Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Baoli Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.
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2
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Xie F, Zhou R, Jian C, Zhang L, He Y. A borate-based peroxynitrite fluorescent probe and its application in fluorescence imaging of living cells. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 37366788 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a bioactive species with high oxidation capacity, peroxynitrite (ONOO-) plays a crucial role in the regulation of diverse pathophysiological processes, and the overproduction of ONOO- is closely associated with various physiological diseases such as liver injury, pulmonary fibrosis and so on. Herein, two borate-based fluorescent probes 3a and 3b were synthesized for monitoring ONOO- by a simple substitution reaction. The experimental results showed that 3a and 3b had high selectivity and sensitivity for ONOO-. The detection limits of 3a and 3b were 79.46 nM and 32.12 nM, respectively. Moreover, the recognition was not disturbed by other active oxygen groups and common ions. More importantly, the probes 3a and 3b had low cytotoxicity and were successfully used to detect endogenous and exogenous ONOO-. They would provide an efficient detection method for further exploring the physiological and pathological role of ONOO- in complex biological systems and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Chi Jian
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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3
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Xu Z, Xu Z, Zhang D. A near infrared fluorescent probe for rapid sensing of peroxynitrite in living cells and breast cancer mice. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8262-8269. [PMID: 36926017 PMCID: PMC10013131 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01024d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) plays an essential role in numerous physiological and pathological processes owing to its strong oxidation and nitrification. Many studies have shown that ONOO- abnormalities are associated with inflammatory diseases, even cancer, such as arthritis, hepatitis, pneumonia, and breast cancer. Thus, developing a trustworthy technology to monitor ONOO- levels is critical in inflammatory or cancer illnesses. Herein, an ultrafast near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (Cy-OH-ONOO) is proposed to detect ONOO- within 30 s. The probe's borate moiety is oxidized and separated from Cy-OH-ONOO, releasing a NIR fluorescence signal after interacting with ONOO- under physiological circumstances. In addition, the probe displays good selectivity and sensitivity towards ONOO- compared to other related biological species. Moreover, it is applied to the image and detects the level fluctuation of ONOO- in living cells and breast cancer mice based on excellent features with high biocompatibility and low toxicity of the developed probe. Therefore, Cy-OH-ONOO could serve as a powerful imaging tool to understand the correlation of ONOO- with inflammatory or breast cancer pathophysiological processes and to assess ONOO- levels in cellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University Nantong 226001 China
| | - Zhencai Xu
- Guanyun People's Hospital Lianyungang Jiangsu 222000 China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Guanyun People's Hospital Lianyungang Jiangsu 222000 China
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4
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Schmidt D, Falb N, Serra I, Bellei M, Pfanzagl V, Hofbauer S, Van Doorslaer S, Battistuzzi G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Compound I Formation and Reactivity in Dimeric Chlorite Dismutase: Impact of pH and the Dynamics of the Catalytic Arginine. Biochemistry 2023; 62:835-850. [PMID: 36706455 PMCID: PMC9910045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The heme enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld) catalyzes the degradation of chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. Many questions about the molecular reaction mechanism of this iron protein have remained unanswered, including the electronic nature of the catalytically relevant oxoiron(IV) intermediate and its interaction with the distal, flexible, and catalytically active arginine. Here, we have investigated the dimeric Cld from Cyanothece sp. PCC7425 (CCld) and two variants having the catalytic arginine R127 (i) hydrogen-bonded to glutamine Q74 (wild-type CCld), (ii) arrested in a salt bridge with a glutamate (Q74E), or (iii) being fully flexible (Q74V). Presented stopped-flow spectroscopic studies demonstrate the initial and transient appearance of Compound I in the reaction between CCld and chlorite at pH 5.0 and 7.0 and the dominance of spectral features of an oxoiron(IV) species (418, 528, and 551 nm) during most of the chlorite degradation period at neutral and alkaline pH. Arresting the R127 in a salt bridge delays chlorite decomposition, whereas increased flexibility accelerates the reaction. The dynamics of R127 does not affect the formation of Compound I mediated by hypochlorite but has an influence on Compound I stability, which decreases rapidly with increasing pH. The decrease in activity is accompanied by the formation of protein-based amino acid radicals. Compound I is demonstrated to oxidize iodide, chlorite, and serotonin but not hypochlorite. Serotonin is able to dampen oxidative damage and inactivation of CCld at neutral and alkaline pH. Presented data are discussed with respect to the molecular mechanism of Cld and the pronounced pH dependence of chlorite degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schmidt
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Falb
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilenia Serra
- BIMEF
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, 2000Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, 41100Modena, Italy
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- BIMEF
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, 2000Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry and Geology, University of
Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190Vienna, Austria
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5
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An Ultrafast Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Peroxynitrite in Living Cells. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8995440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a highly reactive nitrogen species, which plays a crucial role in numerous physiological and pathological processes of cell functionalization. The anomalous concentration of ONOO− may result in a range of diseases, such as arthritis, neurological disorders, and even cancer. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a simple and effective tool to monitor the fluctuation of ONOO− levels in biological systems. Herein, an ultrafast fluorescent probe (HND-ONOO) is proposed to detect ONOO−, which displays brilliant fluorescence in less than 30 s with a large Stokes shift. Furthermore, the probe exhibited the lower detection limit (48 nM) and satisfactory results in differentiating ONOO− from other related species. The probe that possesses good biocompatibility and low toxicity was employed to monitor the level of exogenous and endogenous ONOO− in living cells. Thus, the probe HND-ONOO could be served as a potential imaging tool to visualize intracellular ONOO− and understand the relationship between ONOO− and inflammation.
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6
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León J. Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859374. [PMID: 35360296 PMCID: PMC8963475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is ubiquitously present in living organisms, regulates many developmental and stress-activated processes in plants. Regulatory effects exerted by NO lies mostly in its chemical reactivity as a free radical. Proteins are main targets of NO action as several amino acids can undergo NO-related post-translational modifications (PTMs) that include mainly S-nitrosylation of cysteine, and nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan. This review is focused on the role of protein tyrosine nitration on NO signaling, making emphasis on the production of NO and peroxynitrite, which is the main physiological nitrating agent; the main metabolic and signaling pathways targeted by protein nitration; and the past, present, and future of methodological and strategic approaches to study this PTM. Available information on identification of nitrated plant proteins, the corresponding nitration sites, and the functional effects on the modified proteins will be summarized. However, due to the low proportion of in vivo nitrated peptides and their inherent instability, the identification of nitration sites by proteomic analyses is a difficult task. Artificial nitration procedures are likely not the best strategy for nitration site identification due to the lack of specificity. An alternative to get artificial site-specific nitration comes from the application of genetic code expansion technologies based on the use of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs engineered for specific noncanonical amino acids. This strategy permits the programmable site-specific installation of genetically encoded 3-nitrotyrosine sites in proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, thus allowing the study of the effects of specific site nitration on protein structure and function.
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7
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Chen CL, Zhang L, Jin Z, Kasumov T, Chen YR. Mitochondrial redox regulation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C12-C23. [PMID: 34757853 PMCID: PMC8721908 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00131.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as an important mechanism of disease and redox signaling in the cellular system. Under basal or pathological conditions, electron leakage for ROS production is primarily mediated by complexes I and III of the electron transport chain (ETC) and by the proton motive force (PMF), consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors control redox status in mitochondria, including ROS, the PMF, oxidative posttranslational modifications (OPTM) of the ETC subunits, SOD2, and cytochrome c heme lyase (HCCS). In the mitochondrial PMF, increased ΔpH-supported backpressure due to diminishing electron transport and chemiosmosis promotes a more reductive mitochondrial physiological setting. OPTM by protein cysteine sulfonation in complex I and complex III has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, the proton gradient, redox status, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Pathological conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), increase mitochondrial ROS production and redox dysfunction via oxidative injury to complexes I and III, intensely enhancing protein cysteine sulfonation and impairing heme integrity. The physiological conditions of reductive stress induced by gains in SOD2 function normalize I/R-mediated ROS overproduction and redox dysfunction. Further insight into the cellular mechanisms by which HCCS, biogenesis of c-type cytochrome, and OPTM regulate PMF and ROS production in mitochondria will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and identify new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwen-Lih Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Liwen Zhang
- 2Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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8
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Sheng W, Wang K, Gao N, Wang L, Wang R, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhu B, Liu K. A novel p-dimethylaminophenylether-based fluorescent probe for the detection of native ONOO - in cells and zebrafish. Analyst 2021; 146:5264-5270. [PMID: 34337624 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a highly reactive substance, and plays an essential part in maintaining cellular homeostasis. It is crucial to monitor the ONOO- level in cells in normal and abnormal states. We introduced a p-dimethylaminophenylether-based fluorescent probe PDPE-PN, which could be synthesized readily. The new probe had prominent sensitivity and specificity, and a fast response towards ONOO-. The spectral performance of probe PDPE-PN was outstanding and the limit of detection was 69 nM. Probe PDPE-PN with low toxicity was applied to detect endogenous/exogenous ONOO- in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. Importantly, successful application of the new receptor opens up new ideas for the design of ONOO- probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
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9
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3-Nitrotyrosine and related derivatives in proteins: precursors, radical intermediates and impact in function. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:111-133. [PMID: 32016371 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modification of proteins by molecular oxygen (O2)- and nitric oxide (•NO)-derived reactive species is a usual process that occurs in mammalian tissues under both physiological and pathological conditions and can exert either regulatory or cytotoxic effects. Although the side chain of several amino acids is prone to experience oxidative modifications, tyrosine residues are one of the preferred targets of one-electron oxidants, given the ability of their phenolic side chain to undergo reversible one-electron oxidation to the relatively stable tyrosyl radical. Naturally occurring as reversible catalytic intermediates at the active site of a variety of enzymes, tyrosyl radicals can also lead to the formation of several stable oxidative products through radical-radical reactions, as is the case of 3-nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr). The formation of NO2Tyr mainly occurs through the fast reaction between the tyrosyl radical and nitrogen dioxide (•NO2). One of the key endogenous nitrating agents is peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the product of the reaction of superoxide radical (O2•-) with •NO, but ONOO--independent mechanisms of nitration have been also disclosed. This chemical modification notably affects the physicochemical properties of tyrosine residues and because of this, it can have a remarkable impact on protein structure and function, both in vitro and in vivo. Although low amounts of NO2Tyr are detected under basal conditions, significantly increased levels are found at pathological states related with an overproduction of reactive species, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation and aging. While NO2Tyr is a well-established stable oxidative stress biomarker and a good predictor of disease progression, its role as a pathogenic mediator has been laboriously defined for just a small number of nitrated proteins and awaits further studies.
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10
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Gu B, Liu C, Wu Y, Zhang C, Shen Y, Liu M. Application of a Colorimetric and Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe in Peroxynitrite Detection and Imaging in Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27530-27535. [PMID: 33134716 PMCID: PMC7594142 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) plays a vital role in pathological and physiological processes, and an excessive amount of ONOO- causes various diseases. Developing a specific and sensitive method for the detection of ONOO- in biological systems is significant. Herein, we reported a novel colorimetric and near-infrared fluorescent probe (pyridin-4-ylmethyl (Z)-2-cyano-2-(3-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)acetate diphenyl phosphinate group (AN-DP)) based on isophorone and phosphinate groups for ONOO- detection. The probe displayed excellent selectivity toward ONOO- compared with other relevant analytes. It showed a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity at 670 nm and ONOO- concentration (0-10 μM) with a low detection limit (53 nM). Importantly, the probe was a colorimetric and near-infrared fluorescent probe suitable for ONOO- detection. Furthermore, the probe could be used for imaging ONOO- in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials of College of Hunan
Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, P.R. China
| | - Cunfei Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials of College of Hunan
Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P.R. China
| | - Youming Shen
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P.R. China
| | - Mengqin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials of College of Hunan
Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, P.R. China
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11
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Activatable red emitting fluorescent probe for rapid and sensitive detection of intracellular peroxynitrite. Talanta 2020; 217:121053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Yoon JH, Kulesha AV, Lengyel-Zhand Z, Volkov AN, Rempillo JJ, D'Souza A, Costeas C, Chester C, Caselle ER, Makhlynets OV. Uno Ferro, a de novo Designed Protein, Binds Transition Metals with High Affinity and Stabilizes Semiquinone Radical Anion. Chemistry 2019; 25:15252-15256. [PMID: 31509280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes often utilize radicals in order to facilitate chemical reactions. Recently, DeGrado and co-workers have discovered that model proteins can efficiently stabilize semiquinone radical anion produced by oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) in the presence of two zinc ions. Here, we show that the number and the nature of metal ions have relatively minor effect on semiquinone stabilization in model proteins, with a single metal ion being sufficient for radical stabilization. The radical is stabilized by both metal ion, hydrophobic sequestration, and interactions with the hydrophilic residues in the protein interior resulting in a remarkable, nearly 500 mV change in the redox potential of the SQ. - /catechol couple compared to bulk aqueous solution. Moreover, we have created 4G-UFsc, a single metal ion-binding protein with pm affinity for zinc that is higher than any other reported model systems and is on par with many natural zinc-containing proteins. We expect that the robust and easy-to-modify DFsc/UFsc family of proteins will become a versatile tool for mechanistic model studies of metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Alona V Kulesha
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Zsofia Lengyel-Zhand
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Alexander N Volkov
- VIB Centre for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium.,Jean Jeener NMR Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joel J Rempillo
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Areetha D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Christos Costeas
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Cara Chester
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Caselle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Olga V Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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13
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Milazzo L, Gabler T, Pühringer D, Jandova Z, Maresch D, Michlits H, Pfanzagl V, Djinović-Carugo K, Oostenbrink C, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Smulevich G, Hofbauer S. Redox Cofactor Rotates during Its Stepwise Decarboxylation: Molecular Mechanism of Conversion of Coproheme to Heme b. ACS Catal 2019; 9:6766-6782. [PMID: 31423350 PMCID: PMC6691569 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coproheme decarboxylase (ChdC) catalyzes the last step in the heme biosynthesis pathway of monoderm bacteria with coproheme acting both as redox cofactor and substrate. Hydrogen peroxide mediates the stepwise decarboxylation of propionates 2 and 4 of coproheme. Here we present the crystal structures of coproheme-loaded ChdC from Listeria monocytogenes (LmChdC) and the three-propionate intermediate, for which the propionate at position 2 (p2) has been converted to a vinyl group and is rotated by 90° compared to the coproheme complex structure. Single, double, and triple mutants of LmChdC, in which H-bonding interactions to propionates 2, 4, 6, and 7 were eliminated, allowed us to obtain the assignment of the coproheme propionates by resonance Raman spectroscopy and to follow the H2O2-mediated conversion of coproheme to heme b. Substitution of H2O2 by chlorite allowed us to monitor compound I formation in the inactive Y147H variant which lacks the catalytically essential Y147. This residue was demonstrated to be oxidized during turnover by using the spin-trap 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane. Based on these findings and the data derived from molecular dynamics simulations of cofactor structures in distinct poses, we propose a reaction mechanism for the stepwise decarboxylation of coproheme that includes a 90° rotation of the intermediate three-propionate redox cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Milazzo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università
di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Thomas Gabler
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominic Pühringer
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuzana Jandova
- Department
of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular
Modeling and Simulation, BOKU−University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Michlits
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department
of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular
Modeling and Simulation, BOKU−University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università
di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Zhang R, Qin Y, Zhang L, Luo S. Mechanistic Studies on Bioinspired Aerobic C-H Oxidation of Amines with an ortho-Quinone Catalyst. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2542-2555. [PMID: 30753779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein our mechanistic studies of the ortho-quinone-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Two different catalytic pathways were discovered for the reductive half reactions: for primary amines, the reaction was found to proceed via a transamination pathway, while the reactions with secondary amines and tertiary amines proceeded via hydride transfer. We also found that the amine substrates could significantly promote the regeneration of the ortho-quinone catalyst in the oxidative half reaction, in which a proton transfer occurs between the amine substrates and catechol derivatives (the reduced form of the ortho-quinone catalyst).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071 , China
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15
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Barayeu U, Lange M, Méndez L, Arnhold J, Shadyro OI, Fedorova M, Flemmig J. Cytochrome c autocatalyzed carbonylation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and cardiolipins. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1816-1830. [PMID: 30541920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small hemoprotein involved in electron shuttling in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is now also recognized as an important mediator of apoptotic cell death. Its role in inducing programmed cell death is closely associated with the formation of a complex with the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), leading to a gain of peroxidase activity. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this gain and eventual cyt c autoinactivation via its release from mitochondrial membranes remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the kinetics of the H2O2-mediated peroxidase activity of cyt c both in the presence and absence of tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL)- and tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (TLCL)-containing liposomes to evaluate the role of cyt c-CL complex formation in the induction and stimulation of cyt c peroxidase activity. Moreover, we examined peroxide-mediated cyt c heme degradation to gain insights into the mechanisms by which cyt c self-limits its peroxidase activity. Bottom-up proteomics revealed >50 oxidative modifications on cyt c upon peroxide reduction. Of note, one of these by-products was the Tyr-based "cofactor" trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) capable of inducing deamination of Lys ϵ-amino groups and formation of the carbonylated product aminoadipic semialdehyde. In view of these results, we propose that autoinduced carbonylation, and thus removal of a positive charge in Lys, abrogates binding of cyt c to negatively charged CL. The proposed mechanism may be responsible for release of cyt c from mitochondrial membranes and ensuing inactivation of its peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir Barayeu
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Lange
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucía Méndez
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Marine Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain, and
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oleg I Shadyro
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maria Fedorova
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and .,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,
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16
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Pedron FN, Bartesaghi S, Estrin DA, Radi R, Zeida A. A computational investigation of the reactions of tyrosyl, tryptophanyl, and cysteinyl radicals with nitric oxide and molecular oxygen. Free Radic Res 2018; 53:18-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1541322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico N. Pedron
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Darío A. Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Shen Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li H, Dai L, Peng X, Peng Z, Xie Y. A fluorescent sensor for fast detection of peroxynitrite by removing of C=N in a benzothiazole derivative. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Guo Y, Lu G, Zhuo J, Wang J, Li X, Zhang Z. A visible-near-infrared fluorescent probe for peroxynitrite with large pseudo-Stokes and emission shift via through-bond energy and charge transfers controlled by energy matching. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2489-2496. [PMID: 32254466 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported a visible-near-infrared fluorescent probe for peroxynitrite detection with large pseudo-Stokes and emission shifts, based on through-bond energy transfer (TBET) in combination with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Pyrene was chosen as a fluorophore (acceptor), which has monomer/excimer fluorescence characteristics. A conjugated 1,2-dimethylenehydrazine structure was a linker and phenyl boronate was selected as a reaction site (donor) to design the probe (Py-PhB) using the chemical transformation from boronate to phenol, which results in the increase of the energy of the donor to match the energy of the acceptor and simultaneously achieves TBET and ICT between the donor (phenolate) and the acceptor (pyrene), leading to a fluorescence 'OFF-ON' in a red-shifted region and a large emission shift. The results show that the probe exhibits high selectivity to ONOO- with a detection limit of 3.54 μM. Favorable ICT from phenolate to pyrene makes the probe possess a large monomer emission shift (183 nm), red-shifted to organe-red light (598 nm). TBET ensures the probe with a large pseudo-Stokes shift of 244 nm. Furthermore, its excimer emits a near-infrared light (720 nm), which is extremely beneficial for bioimaging. In short, this probe offers a novel design strategy for designing the TBET fluorescent sensors emitting red or NIR light with large pseudo-Stokes and emission shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, P. R. China.
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19
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Batthyány C, Bartesaghi S, Mastrogiovanni M, Lima A, Demicheli V, Radi R. Tyrosine-Nitrated Proteins: Proteomic and Bioanalytical Aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:313-328. [PMID: 27324931 PMCID: PMC5326983 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE "Nitroproteomic" is under active development, as 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins constitutes a footprint left by the reactions of nitric oxide-derived oxidants that are usually associated to oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, protein tyrosine nitration can cause structural and functional changes, which may be of pathophysiological relevance for human disease conditions. Biological protein tyrosine nitration is a free radical process involving the intermediacy of tyrosyl radicals; in spite of being a nonenzymatic process, nitration is selectively directed toward a limited subset of tyrosine residues. Precise identification and quantitation of 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins has represented a "tour de force" for researchers. Recent Advances: A small number of proteins are preferential targets of nitration (usually less than 100 proteins per proteome), contrasting with the large number of proteins modified by other post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and, notably, S-nitrosation. Proteomic approaches have revealed key features of tyrosine nitration both in vivo and in vitro, including selectivity, site specificity, and effects in protein structure and function. CRITICAL ISSUES Identification of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing proteins and mapping nitrated residues is challenging, due to low abundance of this oxidative modification in biological samples and its unfriendly behavior in mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies, that is, MALDI, electrospray ionization, and collision-induced dissociation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The use of (i) classical two-dimensional electrophoresis with immunochemical detection of nitrated proteins followed by protein ID by regular MS/MS in combination with (ii) immuno-enrichment of tyrosine-nitrated peptides and (iii) identification of nitrated peptides by a MIDAS™ experiment is arising as a potent methodology to unambiguously map and quantitate tyrosine-nitrated proteins in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 313-328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Batthyány
- 1 Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- 3 Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,4 Departamento de Educación Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analía Lima
- 1 Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Demicheli
- 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Kumar A, Ganini D, Mason RP. Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:70. [PMID: 27884192 PMCID: PMC5122029 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an increased incidence of PD with co-exposure to pesticides such as Maneb and paraquat (MP). In pesticide-related PD, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein oligomers have been strongly implicated, but the link between the two has not yet been understood. Similarly, the biological effects of α-synuclein or its radical chemistry in PD is largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction during PD pathogenesis leads to release of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c has one of two fates: It either binds to apaf1 and initiates apoptosis or can act as a peroxidase. We hypothesized that as a peroxidase, cytochrome c leaked out from mitochondria can form radicals on α-synuclein and initiate its oligomerization. Method Samples from controls, and MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice were studied using immuno-spin trapping, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and microarray experiments. Results Experiments with MP co-exposed mice showed cytochrome c release in cytosol and its co-localization with α-synuclein. Subsequently, we used immuno-spin trapping method to detect the formation of α-synuclein radical in samples from an in vitro reaction mixture consisting of cytochrome c, α-synuclein, and hydrogen peroxide. These experiments indicated that cytochrome c plays a role in α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization. Experiments with MP co-exposed α-synuclein knockout mice, in which cytochrome c-α synuclein co-localization and interaction cannot occur, mice showed diminished protein radical formation and neuronal death, compared to wild-type MP co-exposed mice. Microarray data from MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice further showed that the absence of α-synuclein per se or its co-localization with cytochrome c confers protection from MP co-exposure, as several important pathways were unaffected in α-synuclein knockout mice. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that peroxidase activity of cytochrome c contributes to α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization, and that α-synuclein, through its co-localization with cytochrome c or on its own, affects several biological pathways which contribute to increased neuronal death in an MP-induced model of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
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22
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Davies MJ. Detection and characterisation of radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping and related methods. Methods 2016; 109:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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23
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Effect of protein structure and/or conformation on the dityrosine cross-linking induced by haem-hydrogen peroxide. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2232-8. [PMID: 27150213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haem, an essential cofactor in aerobic organisms, can cause oxidative stress and impose toxic effects on tissues and organs. It can induce aggregation of proteins via dityrosine cross-linking and cause neurodegenerative diseases. Although dityrosine cross-linking in many proteins induced by haem has been reported, not all the proteins have the same effect or the efficiency of cross-linking varies, while the reason has not been clarified. METHODS The correlation of protein structure/conformation with its aggregation tendency via dityrosine induced by hematin (oxidized form of haem) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied through reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) measurements, and the mechanism was investigated by performing UV-Vis absorbance, Raman spectroscopy and low-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. RESULTS It was found that proteins in unstructured state are more readily to be cross-linked via dityrosine formation by hematin-H2O2. The unstructured protein without steric effect can coordinate with hematin to form six-coordinated protein-hematin complex, in which the produced tyrosyl radicals by H2O2 are with high tendency to dimerize to form dityrosine. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that protein structure/conformation can affect its coordination state with haem, and the tendency of reaction of two tyrosyl radicals, further influencing the yield and efficiency of dityrosine cross-linking in the presence of H2O2. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This research can help to deepen our understanding of the protein aggregation and inactivation mechanisms in varied sophisticated conditions, and especially give us the new insight into the toxic effects under haem stress.
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Queiroz RF, Cunha D, Appolinario PP, Di Mascio P, Nantes IL, Augusto O, Miyamoto S. Cytochrome c Reacts with Cholesterol Hydroperoxides To Produce Lipid- and Protein-Derived Radicals. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2841-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael F. Queiroz
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA 45200-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cunha
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia P. Appolinario
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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25
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Jongberg S, Lund MN, Skibsted LH, Davies MJ. Competitive reduction of perferrylmyoglobin radicals by protein thiols and plant phenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11279-11288. [PMID: 25343706 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Radical transfer from perferrylmyoglobin to other target species (myofibrillar proteins, MPI) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), extracts from green tea (GTE), maté (ME), and rosemary (RE), and three phenolic compounds, catechin, caffeic acid, and carnosic acid) was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to determine the concentrations of plant extracts required to protect against protein oxidation. Blocking of MPI thiol groups by N-ethylmaleimide was found to reduce the rate of reaction of MPI with perferrylmyoglobin radicals, signifying the importance of protein thiols as radical scavengers. GTE had the highest phenolic content of the three extracts and was most effective as a radical scavenger. IC50 values indicated that the molar ratio between phenols in plant extract and MPI thiols needs to be >15 in order to obtain efficient protection against protein-to-protein radical transfer in meat. Caffeic acid was found most effective among the plant phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Jongberg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Bonini MG, Consolaro MEL, Hart PC, Mao M, de Abreu ALP, Master AM. Redox control of enzymatic functions: The electronics of life's circuitry. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:167-181. [PMID: 24668617 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of redox biology has changed tremendously over the past 20 years. Formerly regarded as bi-products of the aerobic metabolism exclusively involved in tissue damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as active participants of cell signaling events in health and in disease. In this sense, ROS and the more recently defined reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are, just like hormones and second messengers, acting as fundamental orchestrators of cell signaling pathways. The chemical modification of enzymes by ROS and RNS (that result in functional enzymatic alterations) accounts for a considerable fraction of the transient and persistent perturbations imposed by variations in oxidant levels. Upregulation of ROS and RNS in response to stress is a common cellular response that foments adaptation to a variety of physiologic alterations (hypoxia, hyperoxia, starvation, and cytokine production). Frequently, these are beneficial and increase the organisms' resistance against subsequent acute stress (preconditioning). Differently, the sustained ROS/RNS-dependent rerouting of signaling produces irreversible alterations in cellular functioning, often leading to pathogenic events. Thus, the duration and reversibility of protein oxidations define whether complex organisms remain "electronically" healthy. Among the 20 essential amino acids, four are particularly susceptible to oxidation: cysteine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Here, we will critically review the mechanisms, implications, and repair systems involved in the redox modifications of these residues in proteins while analyzing well-characterized prototypic examples. Occasionally, we will discuss potential consequences of amino acid oxidation and speculate on the biologic necessity for such events in the context of adaptative redox signaling. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):167-181, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marcia E L Consolaro
- Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Peter C Hart
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mao Mao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andre Luelsdorf Pimenta de Abreu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Alyssa M Master
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Detection and characterisation of radicals in biological materials using EPR methodology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:708-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zaidi S, Hassan MI, Islam A, Ahmad F. The role of key residues in structure, function, and stability of cytochrome-c. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:229-55. [PMID: 23615770 PMCID: PMC11113841 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome-c (cyt-c), a multi-functional protein, plays a significant role in the electron transport chain, and thus is indispensable in the energy-production process. Besides being an important component in apoptosis, it detoxifies reactive oxygen species. Two hundred and eighty-five complete amino acid sequences of cyt-c from different species are known. Sequence analysis suggests that the number of amino acid residues in most mitochondrial cyts-c is in the range 104 ± 10, and amino acid residues at only few positions are highly conserved throughout evolution. These highly conserved residues are Cys14, Cys17, His18, Gly29, Pro30, Gly41, Asn52, Trp59, Tyr67, Leu68, Pro71, Pro76, Thr78, Met80, and Phe82. These are also known as "key residues", which contribute significantly to the structure, function, folding, and stability of cyt-c. The three-dimensional structure of cyt-c from ten eukaryotic species have been determined using X-ray diffraction studies. Structure analysis suggests that the tertiary structure of cyt-c is almost preserved along the evolutionary scale. Furthermore, residues of N/C-terminal helices Gly6, Phe10, Leu94, and Tyr97 interact with each other in a specific manner, forming an evolutionary conserved interface. To understand the role of evolutionary conserved residues on structure, stability, and function, numerous studies have been performed in which these residues were substituted with different amino acids. In these studies, structure deals with the effect of mutation on secondary and tertiary structure measured by spectroscopic techniques; stability deals with the effect of mutation on T m (midpoint of heat denaturation), ∆G D (Gibbs free energy change on denaturation) and folding; and function deals with the effect of mutation on electron transport, apoptosis, cell growth, and protein expression. In this review, we have compiled all these studies at one place. This compilation will be useful to biochemists and biophysicists interested in understanding the importance of conservation of certain residues throughout the evolution in preserving the structure, function, and stability in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Zaidi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
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Carballal S, Bartesaghi S, Radi R. Kinetic and mechanistic considerations to assess the biological fate of peroxynitrite. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:768-80. [PMID: 23872352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite, the product of the reaction between superoxide radicals and nitric oxide, is an elusive oxidant with a short half-life and a low steady-state concentration in biological systems; it promotes nitroxidative damage. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will consider kinetic and mechanistic aspects that allow rationalizing the biological fate of peroxynitrite from data obtained by a combination of methods that include fast kinetic techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance and kinetic simulations. In addition, we provide a quantitative analysis of peroxynitrite production rates and conceivable steady-state levels in living systems. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The preferential reactions of peroxynitrite in vivo include those with carbon dioxide, thiols and metalloproteins; its homolysis represents only <1% of its fate. To note, carbon dioxide accounts for a significant fraction of peroxynitrite consumption leading to the formation of strong one-electron oxidants, carbonate radicals and nitrogen dioxide. On the other hand, peroxynitrite is rapidly reduced by peroxiredoxins, which represent efficient thiol-based peroxynitrite detoxification systems. Glutathione, present at mM concentration in cells and frequently considered a direct scavenger of peroxynitrite, does not react sufficiently fast with it in vivo; glutathione mainly inhibits peroxynitrite-dependent processes by reactions with secondary radicals. The detection of protein 3-nitrotyrosine, a molecular footprint, can demonstrate peroxynitrite formation in vivo. Basal peroxynitrite formation rates in cells can be estimated in the order of 0.1 to 0.5μMs(-1) and its steady-state concentration at ~1nM. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The analysis provides a handle to predict the preferential fate and steady-state levels of peroxynitrite in living systems. This is useful to understand pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological prospects connected to peroxynitrite. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Carballal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Formation of a tyrosine adduct involved in lignin degradation by Trametopsis cervina lignin peroxidase: a novel peroxidase activation mechanism. Biochem J 2013; 452:575-84. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LiP (lignin peroxidase) from Trametopsis cervina has an exposed catalytic tyrosine residue (Tyr181) instead of the tryptophan conserved in other lignin-degrading peroxidases. Pristine LiP showed a lag period in VA (veratryl alcohol) oxidation. However, VA-LiP (LiP after treatment with H2O2 and VA) lacked this lag, and H2O2-LiP (H2O2-treated LiP) was inactive. MS analyses revealed that VA-LiP includes one VA molecule covalently bound to the side chain of Tyr181, whereas H2O2-LiP contains a hydroxylated Tyr181. No adduct is formed in the Y171N variant. Molecular docking showed that VA binding is favoured by sandwich π stacking with Tyr181 and Phe89. EPR spectroscopy after peroxide activation of the pre-treated LiPs showed protein radicals other than the tyrosine radical found in pristine LiP, which were assigned to a tyrosine–VA adduct radical in VA-LiP and a dihydroxyphenyalanine radical in H2O2-LiP. Both radicals are able to oxidize large low-redox-potential substrates, but H2O2-LiP is unable to oxidize high-redox-potential substrates. Transient-state kinetics showed that the tyrosine–VA adduct strongly promotes (>100-fold) substrate oxidation by compound II, the rate-limiting step in catalysis. The novel activation mechanism is involved in ligninolysis, as demonstrated using lignin model substrates. The present paper is the first report on autocatalytic modification, resulting in functional alteration, among class II peroxidases.
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Boatright WL, Jahan MS. Effect of sequestering intrinsic iron on the electron paramagnetic resonance signals in powdered soy proteins. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C660-6. [PMID: 23551223 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This investigation examined iron in powdered soy protein products using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and the effect that selectively binding free iron in isolated soy protein (ISP) had on the occurrence of metastable radicals in powdered soy proteins. EPR analyses of soybean defatted flour, commercial ISP and laboratory ISP samples revealed a peak at g = 4.3 characteristic of high-spin ferric iron in a rhombic-coordinated environment. Commercial ISP samples examined contained higher levels of the rhombic ferric iron than laboratory-prepared ISP samples. During the first 6 wk of storage the primary singlet EPR signal at g = 2.0049 in the commercial ISP samples approximately doubled, and the laboratory prepared samples increased by about 9-fold. The EPR signal was initially about 4-times higher in the freshly prepared commercial samples compared to the corresponding laboratory ISP. Laboratory ISP samples prepared with added deferoxamine to sequester endogenous iron exhibited a large increase in the high-spin ferric iron EPR signal at g = 4.3. ISP treated with deferoxamine also exhibited a multiple-line EPR signal at about g = 2.007, instead of the typical singlet signal at g = 2.0049. The power at which the signal amplitude was half-saturated also changed from about 1 mW in the control ISP to about 20 mW in the deferoxamine treated ISP. The multiple-line EPR spectrum from the ISP treated with deferoxamine increased during storage over a 6-wk period by about 6-fold. The observed changes in EPR line-shape, g-value, and power saturation with the deferoxamine treatment indicate that the primary free-radical signal in powdered ISP samples may be from stabilized tyrosine radicals with spin densities distributed over the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Boatright
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0215, USA.
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Effect of green tea or rosemary extract on protein oxidation in Bologna type sausages prepared from oxidatively stressed pork. Meat Sci 2013; 93:538-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Radi R. Protein tyrosine nitration: biochemical mechanisms and structural basis of functional effects. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:550-9. [PMID: 23157446 DOI: 10.1021/ar300234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In proteins, the nitration of tyrosine residues to 3-nitro-tyrosine represents an oxidative post-translational modification that disrupts nitric oxide ((•)NO) signaling and skews metabolism towards pro-oxidant processes. Indeed, excess levels of reactive oxygen species in the presence of (•)NO or (•)NO-derived metabolites lead to the formation of nitrating species such as peroxynitrite. Thus, protein 3-nitrotyrosine has been established as a biomarker of cell, tissue, and systemic "nitroxidative stress". Moreover, tyrosine nitration modifies key properties of the amino acid: phenol group pK(a), redox potential, hydrophobicity, and volume. Thus, the incorporation of a nitro group (-NO(2)) into protein tyrosines can lead to profound structural and functional changes, some of which contribute to altered cell and tissue homeostasis. In this Account, I describe our current efforts to define (1) biologically-relevant mechanisms of protein tyrosine nitration and (2) how this modification can cause changes in protein structure and function at the molecular level. First, I underscore the relevance of protein tyrosine nitration via free-radical-mediated reactions (in both peroxynitrite-dependent and -independent pathways) involving a tyrosyl radical intermediate (Tyr(•)). This feature of the nitration process is critical because Tyr(•) can follow various fates, including the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine. Fast kinetic techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, bioanalytical methods, and kinetic simulations have all assisted in characterizing and fingerprinting the reactions of tyrosine with peroxynitrite and one-electron oxidants and its further evolution to 3-nitrotyrosine. Recent findings show that nitration of tyrosines in proteins associated with biomembranes is linked to the lipid peroxidation process via a connecting reaction that involves the one-electron oxidation of tyrosine by lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO(•)). Second, immunochemical and proteomic-based studies indicate that protein tyrosine nitration is a selective process in vitro and in vivo, preferentially directed to a subset of proteins, and within those proteins, typically one or two tyrosine residues are site-specifically modified. The nature and site(s) of formation of the proximal oxidizing or nitrating species, the physicochemical characteristics of the local microenvironment, and the structural features of the protein account for part of this selectivity. How this relatively subtle chemical modification in one tyrosine residue can sometimes cause dramatic changes in protein activity has remained elusive. Herein, I analyze recent structural biology data of two pure and homogenously nitrated mitochondrial proteins (i.e., cytochrome c and manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) to illustrate regioselectivity and structural effects of tyrosine nitration and subsequent impact in protein loss- or even gain-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Dalsgaard TK, Triquigneaux M, Deterding L, Summers F, Ranguelova K, Mortensen G, Mason RP. Site-specific detection of radicals on α-lactalbumin after a riboflavin-sensitized reaction, detected by immuno-spin trapping, ESR, and MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:418-426. [PMID: 23249215 DOI: 10.1021/jf303973b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals and other oxidation products were characterized on α-lactalbumin with electron spin resonance (ESR), immuno-spin trapping, and mass spectrometry (MS) after riboflavin-mediated oxidation. Radicals were detected using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) in immuno-spin trapping with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting and further characterized with mass spectrometry. A DMPO-trapped radical was identified at His68 and another at one of the tyrosine residues, Tyr50 or Tyr36, respectively, generated by a type II or I mechanism. Not all tyrosyl radicals were trapped, as the secondary oxidation product, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), was detected by mass spectrometry at Tyr18 and Tyr50. A further oxidation of DOPA resulted in the DOPA o-semiquinone radical, which was characterized by ESR. Both surface exposure and the neighboring residues in the local environment of the tertiary structure of α-lactalbumin seem to play a role in the generation of DMPO trapped radicals and secondary oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine K Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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35
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Jongberg S, Lund MN, Østdal H, Skibsted LH. Phenolic antioxidant scavenging of myosin radicals generated by hypervalent myoglobin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12020-12028. [PMID: 23163579 DOI: 10.1021/jf304227t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The scavenging activity of extracts of green tea (GTE), white grape (WGE), and rosemary (RE), all plant material with high phenolic content, and of the phenolic compounds 4-methylcatechol (4-MC), (+)-catechin, and carnosic acid toward long-lived myosin radicals generated by reaction with H2O2-activated myoglobin at room temperature (pH 7.5, I=1.0) was investigated by freeze-quench ESR spectroscopy. Myosin radicals were generated by incubating 16 μM myosin, 800 μM metmyoglobin, and 800 μM H2O2 for 10 min, and the phenolic extracts were subsequently added (1% (w/w) phenolic compounds relative to myosin). GTE was able to scavenge myosin radicals and reduce the radical intensity by 65%. Furthermore, a low concentration of 4-MC (33 μM) was found to increase the radical concentration when added to the myosin radicals, whereas a higher concentration of 4-MC and catechin (330 μM) was found to scavenge myosin radicals and reduce the overall radical concentration by ∼65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Jongberg
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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36
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Yu F, Song P, Li P, Wang B, Han K. A fluorescent probe directly detect peroxynitrite based on boronate oxidation and its applications for fluorescence imaging in living cells. Analyst 2012; 137:3740-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Cytochrome c signalosome in mitochondria. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:1301-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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38
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Dalsgaard TK, Nielsen JH, Brown BE, Stadler N, Davies MJ. Dityrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and radical formation from tyrosine residues on milk proteins with globular and flexible structures as a result of riboflavin-mediated photo-oxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7939-7947. [PMID: 21696221 DOI: 10.1021/jf200277r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin-mediated photo-oxidative damage to protein Tyr residues has been examined to determine whether protein structure influences competing protein oxidation pathways in single proteins and protein mixtures. EPR studies resulted in the detection of Tyr-derived o-semiquione radicals, with this species suggested to arise from oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). The yield of this radical was lower in samples containing β-casein than in samples containing only globular proteins. Consistent with this observation, the yield of DOPA detected on β-casein was lower than that on two globular proteins, BSA and β-lactoglobulin. In contrast, samples with β-casein gave higher yields of dityrosine than samples containing BSA and β-lactoglobulin. These results indicate that the flexible structure of β-casein favors radical-radical termination of tyrosyl radicals to give dityrosine, whereas the less flexible structure of globular proteins decreases the propensity for tyrosyl radicals to dimerize, with this resulting in higher yields of DOPA and its secondary radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine K Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Topography of tyrosine residues and their involvement in peroxidation of polyunsaturated cardiolipin in cytochrome c/cardiolipin peroxidase complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2147-55. [PMID: 21356558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Formation of cytochrome c (cyt c)/cardiolipin (CL) peroxidase complex selective toward peroxidation of polyunsaturated CLs is a pre-requisite for mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Tyrosine residues - via the generation of tyrosyl radicals (Tyr) - are likely reactive intermediates of the peroxidase cycle leading to CL peroxidation. We used mutants of horse heart cyt c in which each of the four Tyr residues was substituted for Phe and assessed their contribution to the peroxidase catalysis. Tyr67Phe mutation was associated with a partial loss of the oxygenase function of the cyt c/CL complex and the lowest concentration of H(2)O(2)-induced Tyr radicals in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. Our MS experiments directly demonstrated decreased production of CL-hydroperoxides (CL-OOH) by Tyr67Phe mutant. Similarly, oxidation of a phenolic substrate, Amplex Red, was affected to a greater extent in Tyr67Phe than in three other mutants. Tyr67Phe mutant exerted high resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced oligomerization. Measurements of Tyr fluorescence, hetero-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and computer simulations position Tyr67 in close proximity to the porphyrin ring heme iron and one of the two axial heme-iron ligand residues, Met80. Thus, the highly conserved Tyr67 is a likely electron-donor (radical acceptor) in the oxygenase half-reaction of the cyt c/CL peroxidase complex.
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Dean S, Cox M, Heptinstall J, Walton DJ, Mikhailov VA, Cooper HJ, Gómez-Mingot M, Iniesta J. Nitration of lysozyme by ultrasonic waves; demonstration by immunochemistry and mass spectrometry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:334-344. [PMID: 20667761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solutions containing hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and nitrite were exposed to ultrasonic irradiation in order to study the possible sonochemical modifications. This is the first demonstration of the nitration of tyrosine residues in a protein (lysozyme) by the use of an ultrasonic field alone. Sonochemically nitrated lysozyme was detected using the immunochemical techniques dot blot immunodetection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sonically oxidised and nitrated protein solutions were analysed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Hydroxylated species were found in the absence of nitrite, whereas nitration was the major modification in the presence of nitrating agent, implying a competing mechanism between hydroxyl radicals and nitrite. Circular dichroism (CD) indicated that the ultrasonic experimental conditions chosen in this study had little effect on the tertiary and secondary structures of HEWL. Whilst enzymatic assay showed that the presence of nitrite provided a protective effect on the inactivation of the protein under ultrasonic irradiation, nevertheless partially purified, sonically nitrated lysozyme showed a dramatic decrease in lytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Dean
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
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Bhabak KP, Satheeshkumar K, Jayavelu S, Mugesh G. Inhibition of peroxynitrite- and peroxidase-mediated protein tyrosine nitration by imidazole-based thiourea and selenourea derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7343-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Li Y, Cai M, Xu Y, Swartz HM, He G. Late phase ischemic preconditioning preserves mitochondrial oxygen metabolism and attenuates post-ischemic myocardial tissue hyperoxygenation. Life Sci 2010; 88:57-64. [PMID: 21050865 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Late phase ischemic preconditioning (LPC) protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, its effect on myocardial tissue oxygenation and related mechanism(s) is unknown. The aim of the current study is to determine whether LPC attenuates post-ischemic myocardial tissue hyperoxygenation through preserving mitochondrial oxygen metabolism. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 30 min coronary ligation followed by 60 min or 24 h reperfusion with or without LPC (3 cycles of 5 min I/5 min R): Sham, LPC, I/R, and LPC+I/R group. Myocardial tissue Po(2) and redox status were measured with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. KEY FINDINGS Upon reperfusion, tissue Po(2) rose significantly above the pre-ischemic level in the I/R mice (23.1 ± 2.2 vs. 12.6 ± 1.3 mmHg, p<0.01). This hyperoxygenation was attenuated by LPC in the LPC+I/R mice (11.9 ± 2.0 mmHg, p<0.01). Activities of NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-DH), succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCR) and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) were preserved or increased in the LPC group, significantly reduced in the I/R group, and conserved in the LPC+I/R group. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) protein expression was increased by LPC in the LPC and LPC+I/R mice compared to that in the Sham control (1.24 ± 0.01 and 1.23 ± 0.01, p<0.05). Tissue redox status was shifted to the oxidizing state with I/R (0.0268 ± 0.0016/min) and was corrected by LPC in the LPC+I/R mice (0.0379 ± 0.0023/min). Finally, LPC reduced the infarct size in the LPC+I/R mice (10.5 ± 0.4% vs. 33.3 ± 0.6%, p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Thus, LPC preserved mitochondrial oxygen metabolism, attenuated post-ischemic myocardial tissue hyperoxygenation, and reduced I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Li
- The Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondria are primary loci for the intracellular formation and reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including superoxide (O₂•⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). Depending on formation rates and steady-state levels, the mitochondrial-derived short-lived reactive species contribute to signalling events and/or mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidation reactions. Among relevant oxidative modifications in mitochondria, the nitration of the amino acid tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine has been recognized in vitro and in vivo. This post-translational modification in mitochondria is promoted by peroxynitrite and other nitrating species and can disturb organelle homeostasis. This study assesses the biochemical mechanisms of protein tyrosine nitration within mitochondria, the main nitration protein targets and the impact of 3-nitrotyrosine formation in the structure, function and fate of modified mitochondrial proteins. Finally, the inhibition of mitochondrial protein tyrosine nitration by endogenous and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants and their physiological or pharmacological relevance to preserve mitochondrial functions is analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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44
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Bhabak KP, Mugesh G. Inhibition of peroxidase-catalyzed protein tyrosine nitration by antithyroid drugs and their analogues. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Bhabak K, Mugesh G. Antithyroid Drugs and their Analogues Protect Against Peroxynitrite-Mediated Protein Tyrosine Nitration-A Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2010; 16:1175-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Bayır H, Kapralov AA, Jiang J, Huang Z, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Zhao Q, Belikova NA, Vlasova II, Maeda A, Zhu J, Na HM, Mastroberardino PG, Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Chu CT, Greenamyre JT, Kagan VE. Peroxidase mechanism of lipid-dependent cross-linking of synuclein with cytochrome C: protection against apoptosis versus delayed oxidative stress in Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15951-69. [PMID: 19351880 PMCID: PMC2708890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage of presynaptic mitochondria could result in release of proapoptotic factors that threaten the integrity of the entire neuron. We discovered that alpha-synuclein (Syn) forms a triple complex with anionic lipids (such as cardiolipin) and cytochrome c, which exerts a peroxidase activity. The latter catalyzes covalent hetero-oligomerization of Syn with cytochrome c into high molecular weight aggregates. Syn is a preferred substrate of this reaction and is oxidized more readily than cardiolipin, dopamine, and other phenolic substrates. Co-localization of Syn with cytochrome c was detected in aggregates formed upon proapoptotic stimulation of SH-SY5Y and HeLa cells and in dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons of rotenone-treated rats. Syn-cardiolipin exerted protection against cytochrome c-induced caspase-3 activation in a cell-free system, particularly in the presence of H(2)O(2). Direct delivery of Syn into mouse embryonic cells conferred resistance to proapoptotic caspase-3 activation. Conversely, small interfering RNA depletion of Syn in HeLa cells made them more sensitive to dopamine-induced apoptosis. In human Parkinson disease substantia nigra neurons, two-thirds of co-localized Syn-cytochrome c complexes occurred in Lewy neurites. Taken together, these results indicate that Syn may prevent execution of apoptosis in neurons through covalent hetero-oligomerization of cytochrome c. This immediate protective function of Syn is associated with the formation of the peroxidase complex representing a source of oxidative stress and postponed damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Bayır
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Janfei Jiang
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Zhentai Huang
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Qing Zhao
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Natalia A. Belikova
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Irina I. Vlasova
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Akihiro Maeda
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
| | | | | | - Pier-Giorgio Mastroberardino
- Neurology, and
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-3130
| | | | | | | | - John T. Greenamyre
- Neurology, and
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-3130
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
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47
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Vaz SM, Prado FM, Di Mascio P, Augusto O. Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abriata LA, Cassina A, Tórtora V, Marín M, Souza JM, Castro L, Vila AJ, Radi R. Nitration of solvent-exposed tyrosine 74 on cytochrome c triggers heme iron-methionine 80 bond disruption. Nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy studies. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17-26. [PMID: 18974097 PMCID: PMC2610516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807203200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c, a mitochondrial electron transfer protein containing a hexacoordinated heme, is involved in other physiologically relevant events, such as the triggering of apoptosis, and the activation of a peroxidatic activity. The latter occurs secondary to interactions with cardiolipin and/or post-translational modifications, including tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite and other nitric oxide-derived oxidants. The gain of peroxidatic activity in nitrated cytochrome c has been related to a heme site transition in the physiological pH region, which normally occurs at alkaline pH in the native protein. Herein, we report a spectroscopic characterization of two nitrated variants of horse heart cytochrome c by using optical spectroscopy studies and NMR. Highly pure nitrated cytochrome c species modified at solvent-exposed Tyr-74 or Tyr-97 were generated after treatment with a flux of peroxynitrite, separated, purified by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectrometry-based peptide mapping. It is shown that nitration of Tyr-74 elicits an early alkaline transition with a pKa = 7.2, resulting in the displacement of the sixth and axial iron ligand Met-80 and replacement by a weaker Lys ligand to yield an alternative low spin conformation. Based on the study of site-specific Tyr to Phe mutants in the four conserved Tyr residues, we also show that this transition is not due to deprotonation of nitro-Tyr-74, but instead we propose a destabilizing steric effect of the nitro group in the mobile Omega-loop of cytochrome c, which is transmitted to the iron center via the nearby Tyr-67. The key role of Tyr-67 in promoting the transition through interactions with Met-80 was further substantiated in the Y67F mutant. These results therefore provide new insights into how a remote post-translational modification in cytochrome c such as tyrosine nitration triggers profound structural changes in the heme ligation and microenvironment and impacts in protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Abriata
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mónica Marín
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Josá M Souza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Castro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rafael Radi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins perform crucial roles in regulating the biology of the cell. PTMs are enzymatic, covalent chemical modifications of proteins that typically occur after the translation of mRNAs. These modifications are relevant because they can potentially change a protein's physical or chemical properties, activity, localization, or stability. Some PTMs can be added and removed dynamically as a mechanism for reversibly controlling protein function and cell signaling. Extensive investigations have aimed to identify PTMs and characterize their biological functions. This chapter will discuss the existing and emerging techniques in the field of mass spectrometry and proteomics that are available to identify and quantify PTMs. We will focus on the most frequently studied modifications. In addition, we will include an overview of the available tools and technologies in tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation that affect the ability to identify specific PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Farley
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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50
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Protein nitration in placenta - functional significance. Placenta 2008; 29:985-94. [PMID: 18851882 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Crucial roles of the placenta are disrupted in early and mid-trimester pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The pathophysiology of these disorders includes a relative hypoxia of the placenta, ischemia/reperfusion injury, an inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide and superoxide have been shown to participate in trophoblast invasion, regulation of placental vascular reactivity and other events. Superoxide, which regulates expression of redox sensitive genes, has been implicated in up-regulation of transcription factors, antioxidant production, angiogenesis, proliferation and matrix remodeling. When superoxide and nitric oxide are present in abundance, their interaction yields peroxynitrite a potent pro-oxidant, but also alters levels of nitric oxide, which in turn affect physiological functions. The peroxynitrite anion is extremely unstable thus evidence of its formation in vivo has been indirect via the occurrence of nitrated moieties including nitrated lipids and nitrotyrosine residues in proteins. Formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (protein nitration) is a "molecular fingerprint" of peroxynitrite formation. Protein nitration has been widely reported in a number of pathological states associated with inflammation but is reported to occur in normal physiology and is thought of as a prevalent, functionally relevant post-translational modification of proteins. Nitration of proteins can give either no effect, a gain or a loss of function. Nitration of a range of placental proteins is found in normal pregnancy but increased in pathologic pregnancies. Evidence is presented for nitration of placental signal transduction enzymes and transporters. The targets and extent of nitration of enzymes, receptors, transporters and structural proteins may markedly influence placental cellular function in both physiologic and pathologic settings.
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