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García de Herreros A. Dual role of Snail1 as transcriptional repressor and activator. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189037. [PMID: 38043804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional factor plays a key role in the control of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a process that remodels tumor cells increasing their invasion and chemo-resistance as well as reprograms their metabolism and provides stemness properties. During this transition, Snail1 acts as a transcriptional repressor and, as growing evidences have demonstrated, also as a direct activator of mesenchymal genes. In this review, I describe the different proteins that interact with Snail1 and are responsible for these two different functions on gene expression; I focus on the transcriptional factors that associate to Snail1 in their target promoters, both activated and repressed. I also present working models for Snail1 action both as repressor and activator and raise some issues that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Pei YA, Mikaeiliagah E, Wang B, Zhang X, Pei M. The matrix microenvironment influences but does not dominate tissue-specific stem cell lineage differentiation. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100805. [PMID: 37766896 PMCID: PMC10519827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with their clinical application often hindered by cell senescence during ex vivo expansion. Recent studies suggest that MSC-deposited decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) offers a conducive microenvironment that fosters cell proliferation and accentuates stem cell differentiation. However, the ability of this matrix environment to govern lineage differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells remains ambiguous. This research employs human adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) and synovium-derived MSCs (SDSCs) as models for adipogenesis and chondrogenesis differentiation pathways, respectively. Genetically modified dECM (GMdECM), produced by SV40LT-transduced immortalized cells, was studied for its influence on cell differentiation. Both types of immortalized cells displayed a reduction in chondrogenic ability but an enhancement in adipogenic potential. ADSCs grown on ADSC-deposited dECM showed stable chondrogenic potential but increased adipogenic capacity; conversely, SDSCs expanded on SDSC-generated dECM displayed elevated chondrogenic capacity and diminished adipogenic potential. This cell-dependent response was confirmed through GMdECM expansion, with SDSCs showing enhanced chondrogenesis. However, ADSCs did not exhibit improved chondrogenic potential on GMdECM, suggesting that the matrix microenvironment does not dictate the final differentiation path of tissue-specific stem cells. Potential molecular mechanisms, such as elevated basement membrane protein expression in GMdECMs and dynamic TWIST1 expression during expansion and chondrogenic induction, may underpin the strong chondrogenic differentiation of GMdECM-expanded SDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Amy Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elmira Mikaeiliagah
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Bin Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Foot and Hand Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Liao S, Zheng Q, Shen H, Yang G, Xu Y, Zhang X, Ouyang H, Pan Z. HECTD1-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of Rubicon Regulates Autophagy and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:387-400. [PMID: 36121967 DOI: 10.1002/art.42369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases and is associated with autophagy suppression. However, the molecular mechanism of autophagy regulation in the context of OA is not fully understood. In this study, we sought to determine the role that HECTD1 plays in the pathogenesis of OA. METHODS We used RNA sequencing analysis to explore the differential expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase genes in healthy human cartilage and human cartilage affected by OA. Using surgery- and aging-induced OA mouse models, we comprehensively analyzed the function of the screened gene Hectd1 in the development of OA; furthermore, we dissected the mechanism by which HECTD1 regulates autophagy and OA progression using a combination of molecular biologic, cell biologic, and biochemical approaches. RESULTS HECTD1 was significantly down-regulated in human OA cartilage samples compared to healthy cartilage samples. Overexpression of HECTD1 in mouse joints alleviated OA pathogenesis, whereas conditional depletion of Hectd1 in cartilage samples aggravated surgery- and aging-induced OA pathogenesis. Mechanistically, HECTD1 bound to Rubicon and ubiquitinated Rubicon at lysine residue 534, which targets Rubicon for proteasomal degradation. More importantly, HECTD1-mediated Rubicon degradation regulated chondrocyte autophagy, leading to mitigation of stress-induced chondrocyte death and the subsequent progression of OA. CONCLUSION HECTD1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of OA, in that HECTD1 regulates chondrocyte autophagy by ubiquitinating and targeting Rubicon for proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Liao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zheng
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haotian Shen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang China, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuzi Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongyou Pan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Liang Y, Cen J, Huang Y, Fang Y, Wang Y, Shu G, Pan Y, Huang K, Dong J, Zhou M, Xu Y, Luo J, Liu M, Zhang J. CircNTNG1 inhibits renal cell carcinoma progression via HOXA5-mediated epigenetic silencing of Slug. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:224. [PMID: 36536414 PMCID: PMC9761964 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have identified that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have an important role in cancer via their well-recognized sponge effect on miRNAs, which regulates a large variety of cancer-related genes. However, only a few circRNAs have been well-studied in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and their regulatory function remains largely elusive. METHODS Bioinformatics approaches were used to characterize the differentially expressed circRNAs in our own circRNA-sequencing dataset, as well as two public circRNA microarray datasets. CircNTNG1 (hsa_circ_0002286) was identified as a potential tumor-suppressing circRNA. Transwell assay and CCK-8 assay were used to assess phenotypic changes. RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter assays and FISH experiment were used to confirm the interactions among circNTNG1, miR-19b-3p, and HOXA5 mRNA. GSEA was performed to explore the downstream pathway regulated by HOXA5. Immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation were used to study the mechanism of HOXA5. RESULTS In all three circRNA datasets, circNTNG1, which was frequently deleted in RCC, showed significantly low expression in the tumor group. The basic properties of circNTNG1 were characterized, and phenotype studies also demonstrated the inhibitory effect of circNTNG1 on RCC cell aggressiveness. Clinically, circNTNG1 expression was associated with RCC stage and Fuhrman grade, and it also served as an independent predictive factor for both OS and RFS of RCC patients. Next, the sponge effect of circNTNG1 on miR-19b-3p and the inhibition of HOXA5 by miR-19b-3p were validated. GSEA analysis indicated that HOXA5 could inactivate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and this inactivation was mediated by HOXA5-induced SNAI2 (Slug) downregulation. Finally, it was confirmed that the Slug downregulation was caused by HOXA5, along with the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A, binding to its promoter region and increasing the methylation level. CONCLUSIONS Based on the experimental data, in RCC, circNTNG1/miR-19b-3p/HOXA5 axis can regulate the epigenetic silencing of Slug, thus interfering EMT and metastasis of RCC. Together, our findings provide potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for future study in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Junjie Cen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yong Huang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yong Fang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Guannan Shu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yihui Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Kangbo Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Jiaqi Dong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Mi Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yi Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Junhang Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XInstitute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Min Liu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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Liao HJ, Chang CH, Huang CYF, Chen HT. Potential of Using Infrapatellar–Fat–Pad–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapy in Degenerative Arthritis: Chondrogenesis, Exosomes, and Transcription Regulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030386. [PMID: 35327578 PMCID: PMC8945217 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrapatellar fat pad–derived mesenchymal stem cells (IPFP-MSCs) are a type of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC). They potentially contribute to cartilage regeneration and modulation of the immune microenvironment in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The ability of IPFP-MSCs to increase chondrogenic capacity has been reported to be greater, less age dependent, and less affected by inflammatory changes than that of other MSCs. Transcription-regulatory factors strictly regulate the cartilage differentiation of MSCs. However, few studies have explored the effect of transcriptional factors on IPFP-MSC-based neocartilage formation, cartilage engineering, and tissue functionality during and after chondrogenesis. Instead of intact MSCs, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles could be used for the treatment of OA. Furthermore, exosomes are increasingly being considered the principal therapeutic agent in MSC secretions that is responsible for the regenerative and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs in cartilage repair. The present study provides an overview of advancements in enhancement strategies for IPFP-MSC chondrogenic differentiation, including the effects of transcriptional factors, the modulation of released exosomes, delivery mechanisms for MSCs, and ethical and regulatory points concerning the development of MSC products. This review will contribute to the understanding of the IPFP-MSC chondrogenic differentiation process and enable the improvement of IPFP-MSC-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220216, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220216, Taiwan;
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 320315, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (H.-T.C.)
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Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041934. [PMID: 35216048 PMCID: PMC8872392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
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Deng Y, Gao H, Wang H, Chen L. Snail/HDAC1/2 mediate skeletal growth retardation in fetuses caused by prenatal nicotine exposure. Toxicology 2021; 459:152847. [PMID: 34245815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings have confirmed that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) leads to retarded cartilage development in the fetal growth plate. It is characterized by insufficient matrix synthesis and decreased expression of matrix phenotype genes aggrecan (ACAN) and Col2A1 in the fetal growth plate chondrocytes; however, the specific molecular mechanism is yet unclear. This study intends to clarify the specific molecular mechanism of fetal osteochondral retardation caused by PNE through animal and cellular experiments. The present study demonstrated that in male offspring of the PNE group (the pregnant rats were subcutaneously administered nicotine 1.0 mg/kg twice per day (2.0 mg/kg.d) at GD11-20), the cartilage matrix of the fetal growth plate was lightly stained, the collagen was reduced, and expression of the matrix phenotype genes, ACAN and Col2A1, was significantly decreased. It was further found that PNE decreased histone acetylation (H3K9/H3K14) levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Moreover, the expression of Snail and HDAC1/2 was increased in the PNE group. in vitro, the nicotine treatment at different concentrations elevated the expression of Snail/HDAC1/2 while decreasing the H3K9/H3K14 levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Snail-siRNA transfection partially abolished the nicotine-induced increase in HDAC1/2 expression and decreased the histone acetylation levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Trichostatin A (TSA) treatment partially reversed the nicotine-induced changes in downstream parameters. In summary, PNE-induced decreased cartilage matrix synthesis in the fetal growth plate of male offspring is effectuated by Snail/HDAC1/2-mediated decreased H3K9/H3K14 levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University of School Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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He Z, Long J, Yang C, Gong B, Cheng M, Wang Q, Tang J. LncRNA DGCR5 plays a tumor-suppressive role in glioma via the miR-21/Smad7 and miR-23a/PTEN axes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20285-20307. [PMID: 33085646 PMCID: PMC7655220 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most commonly diagnosed brain malignancies with a high cancer-related death rate in humans. The prognosis of glioma patients is still unsatisfactory. In the present study, we attempted to identify lncRNAs and miRNAs that might be related to NF-κB-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioma cells based on online microarray expression profiles, and investigate the specific effects of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes on glioma cell phenotypes. Herein, we identified lncRNA DGCR5 as a downregulated lncRNA in glioma that was negatively regulated by NF-κB1 in an NF-κB1 RE-dependent manner. LncRNA DGCR5 overexpression significantly inhibited the capacity of glioma cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade, whereas promoted the apoptosis of glioma cells. Moreover, lncRNA DGCR5 overexpression upregulated the epithelial marker E-cadherin while downregulating the mesenchymal marker VIM, as well as Snai2 and TWIST. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, lncRNA DGCR5 could inhibit miR-21 and miR-23a expression, and miR-21 or miR-23a overexpression significantly reversed the tumor-suppressive effects of lncRNA DGCR5 overexpression. LncRNA DGCR5 exerted its tumor-suppressive effects through the DGCR5/miR-21/Smad7 and DGCR5/miR-23a/PTEN axes. In conclusion, lncRNA DGCR5 suppresses the capacity of glioma cells to migrate and invade via miR-21/Smad7, whereas it inhibits the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of glioma cells through miR-23a/PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Meixiong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
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Ahmadiankia N, Khosravi A. Significance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors in predicting distance metastasis and survival in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:60. [PMID: 33088297 PMCID: PMC7554549 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_174_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The clinical relevance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression has been highlighted over the last decade. Several EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) have been implicated in the regulation of EMT, including Twist, Snail1, Slug, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Here, this meta-analysis aimed to predict the risk of distance metastasis and overall survival in CRC patients with high expression of EMT-TFs. Materials and Methods: All eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search was carried out to include literatures published as late as September 1, 2018. In overall, 16 studies that investigated the relationship between EMT-TFs with distance metastasis and survival in CRC patients were included. In meta-analysis, a pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) were estimated for associations. Results: The results of this review indicated that expressions of all EMT-TFs are significantly correlated with poor overall survival in CRC. Moreover, there are a significant association between Twist (OR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.09), Slug (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.98–5.93), and ZEB2 (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09–5.40) expression with distance metastatic in CRC patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the overexpression of EMT-TFs plays a key role in increasing the risk of distance metastasis as well as decreasing overall survival in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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10
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Role of Signal Transduction Pathways and Transcription Factors in Cartilage and Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041340. [PMID: 32079226 PMCID: PMC7072930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common cartilage and joint diseases that globally affect more than 200 million and 20 million people, respectively. Several transcription factors have been implicated in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, including Runx2, C/EBPβ, HIF2α, Sox4, and Sox11. Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) leads to osteoarthritis through NF-ĸB, IκBζ, and the Zn2+-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) play a major pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis through NF-ĸB and JAK/STAT pathways. Indeed, inhibitory reagents for IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα provide clinical benefits for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Several growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and Indian hedgehog, play roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Disruption and excess of these signaling pathways cause genetic disorders in cartilage and skeletal tissues. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by ectopic ossification, is induced by mutant ACVR1. Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitors can prevent ectopic ossification induced by ACVR1 mutations. C-type natriuretic peptide is currently the most promising therapy for achondroplasia and related autosomal genetic diseases that manifest severe dwarfism. In these ways, investigation of cartilage and chondrocyte diseases at molecular and cellular levels has enlightened the development of effective therapies. Thus, identification of signaling pathways and transcription factors implicated in these diseases is important.
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Xu H, Xu WH, Ren F, Wang J, Wang HK, Cao DL, Shi GH, Qu YY, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Prognostic value of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:866-883. [PMID: 31915310 PMCID: PMC6977664 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important in tumor invasiveness and metastasis. We aimed to determine prognostic value of six key EMT markers (CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1, SNAI2, VIM, TWIST1) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). A total of 533 ccRCC patients with RNASeq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort were included for analysis. Gene expression of these EMT markers was compared between tumor and normal tissues based on Oncomine database and TCGA cohort. Their correlations with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were also examined in both TCGA cohort and FUSCC (Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center) cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier plot were used to assess the relative factors. Functional enrichment analyses were utilized to describe biologic function annotations and significantly involved hallmarks pathways of each gene. We found that Epithelial marker, CDH1 expression was lower, while mesenchymal markers (CDH2, SNAI1, VIM, TWIST1) expression was higher in ccRCC primary tumors. In the TCGA cohort, we found that patients with higher expression of VIM, TWIST1 or lower expression of CDH1 had worse prognosis. Further, in the FUSCC cohort, we confirmed the predictive ability of mesenchymal markers and epithelial marker expression in PFS and OS of ccRCC patients. After generating Cox regression models, EMT markers (CDH1, SNAI1, VIM, and TWIST1) were independent prognostic factors of both PFS and OS in ccRCC patients. Our preliminary EMT prediction model can facilitate further screening of EMT biomarkers and cast a better understanding of EMT gene function in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Hai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Ulianich L, Mirra P, Garbi C, Calì G, Conza D, Treglia AS, Miraglia A, Punzi D, Miele C, Raciti GA, Beguinot F, Consiglio E, Di Jeso B. The Pervasive Effects of ER Stress on a Typical Endocrine Cell: Dedifferentiation, Mesenchymal Shift and Antioxidant Response in the Thyrocyte. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:588685. [PMID: 33240221 PMCID: PMC7680880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.588685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are triggered following an imbalance between protein load and protein folding. Until recently, two possible outcomes of the unfolded protein response have been considered: life or death. We sought to substantiate a third alternative, dedifferentiation, mesenchymal shift, and activation of the antioxidant response by using typical endocrine cells, i.e. thyroid cells. The thyroid is a unique system both of endoplasmic reticulum stress (a single protein, thyroglobulin represents the majority of proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum by the thyrocyte) and of polarized epithelium (the single layer of thyrocytes delimiting the follicle). Following endoplasmic reticulum stress, in thyroid cells the folding of thyroglobulin was disrupted. The mRNAs of unfolded protein response were induced or spliced (X-box binding protein-1). Differentiation was inhibited: mRNA levels of thyroid specific genes, and of thyroid transcription factors were dramatically downregulated, at least in part, transcriptionally. The dedifferentiating response was accompanied by an upregulation of mRNAs of antioxidant genes. Moreover, cadherin-1, and the thyroid (and kidney)-specific cadherin-16 mRNAs were downregulated, vimentin, and SNAI1 mRNAs were upregulated. In addition, loss of cortical actin and stress fibers formation were observed. Together, these data indicate that ER stress in thyroid cells induces dedifferentiation, loss of epithelial organization, shift towards a mesenchymal phenotype, and activation of the antioxidant response, highlighting, at the same time, a new and wide strategy to achieve survival following ER stress, and, as a sort of the other side of the coin, a possible new molecular mechanism of decline/loss of function leading to a deficit of thyroid hormones formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore,” CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Conza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Sonia Treglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Punzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Eduardo Consiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bruno Di Jeso, , orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-5984
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13
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Zhou W, Gross KM, Kuperwasser C. Molecular regulation of Snai2 in development and disease. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/23/jcs235127. [PMID: 31792043 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Snai2, encoded by the SNAI2 gene, is an evolutionarily conserved C2H2 zinc finger protein that orchestrates biological processes critical to tissue development and tumorigenesis. Initially characterized as a prototypical epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor, Snai2 has been shown more recently to participate in a wider variety of biological processes, including tumor metastasis, stem and/or progenitor cell biology, cellular differentiation, vascular remodeling and DNA damage repair. The main role of Snai2 in controlling such processes involves facilitating the epigenetic regulation of transcriptional programs, and, as such, its dysregulation manifests in developmental defects, disruption of tissue homeostasis, and other disease conditions. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating Snai2 expression, abundance and activity. In addition, we outline how these mechanisms contribute to disease phenotypes or how they may impact rational therapeutic targeting of Snai2 dysregulation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhou
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kayla M Gross
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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14
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Chin VL, Lim CL. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity-engaging stemness in an interplay of phenotypes. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 31559312 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease which results in a functional imbalance between tumour-repressive and oncogenic signals. The WHO highlights the burden of this indomitable disease, listing it as the second leading cause of death globally. The major cause of cancer-related death is rarely the effect of the primary tumour itself, but rather, the devastating spread of cancer cells in metastases. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP)-termed as the ability of cells to maintain its plasticity and transit between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) states-plays a fundamental role in cancer metastasis. These cell transitions allow them migrate from the primary tumour and invade the secondary site. EMP is associated with migration, invasion, colonisation, self-renewal and drug resistance. This review briefly elucidates the mechanism of EMP and the association between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), biomarkers and signalling pathways involved in EMP as well as drug resistance and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Ley Chin
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chooi Ling Lim
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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16
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Lolli A, Colella F, De Bari C, van Osch GJVM. Targeting anti-chondrogenic factors for the stimulation of chondrogenesis: A new paradigm in cartilage repair. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:12-22. [PMID: 30175861 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trauma and age-related cartilage disorders represent a major global cause of morbidity, resulting in chronic pain and disability in patients. A lack of effective therapies, together with a rapidly aging population, creates an impressive clinical and economic burden on healthcare systems. In this scenario, experimental therapies based on transplantation or in situ stimulation of skeletal Mesenchymal Stem/progenitor Cells (MSCs) have raised great interest for cartilage repair. Nevertheless, the challenge of guiding MSC differentiation and preventing cartilage hypertrophy and calcification still needs to be overcome. While research has mostly focused on the stimulation of cartilage anabolism using growth factors, several issues remain unresolved prompting the field to search for novel solutions. Recently, inhibition of anti-chondrogenic regulators has emerged as an intriguing opportunity. Anti-chondrogenic regulators include extracellular proteins as well as intracellular transcription factors and microRNAs that act as potent inhibitors of pro-chondrogenic signals. Suppression of these inhibitors can enhance MSC chondrogenesis and production of cartilage matrix. We here review the current knowledge concerning different types of anti-chondrogenic regulators. We aim to highlight novel therapeutic targets for cartilage repair and discuss suitable tools for suppressing their anti-chondrogenic functions. Further effort is needed to unveil the therapeutic perspectives of this approach and pave the way for effective treatment of cartilage injuries in patients. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lolli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabio Colella
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Yip RK, Chan D, Cheah KS. Mechanistic insights into skeletal development gained from genetic disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 133:343-385. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Varela-Eirin M, Loureiro J, Fonseca E, Corrochano S, Caeiro JR, Collado M, Mayan MD. Cartilage regeneration and ageing: Targeting cellular plasticity in osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:56-71. [PMID: 29258883 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ageing processes play a major contributing role for the development of Osteoarthritis (OA). This prototypic degenerative condition of ageing is the most common form of arthritis and is accompanied by a general decline, chronic pain and mobility deficits. The disease is primarily characterized by articular cartilage degradation, followed by subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovial inflammation and joint degeneration. In the early stages, osteoarthritic chondrocytes undergo phenotypic changes that increase cell proliferation and cluster formation and enhance the production of matrix-remodelling enzymes. In fact, chondrocytes exhibit differentiation plasticity and undergo phenotypic changes during the healing process. Current studies are focusing on unravelling whether OA is a consequence of an abnormal wound healing response. Recent investigations suggest that alterations in different proteins, such as TGF-ß/BMPs, NF-Kß, Wnt, and Cx43, or SASP factors involved in signalling pathways in wound healing response, could be directly implicated in the initiation of OA. Several findings suggest that osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain in an immature state expressing stemness-associated cell surface markers. In fact, the efficacy of new disease-modifying OA drugs that promote chondrogenic differentiation in animal models indicates that this may be a drug-sensible state. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding cellular plasticity in chondrocytes and OA. A better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in these processes may enable us to understand the molecular pathways that promote abnormal repair and cartilage degradation in OA. This understanding would be advantageous in identifying novel targets and designing therapies to promote effective cartilage repair and successful joint ageing by preventing functional limitations and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirin
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesus Loureiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Caeiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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19
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Costa V, Raimondi L, Conigliaro A, Salamanna F, Carina V, De Luca A, Bellavia D, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1Α may regulate the commitment of mesenchymal stromal cells toward angio-osteogenesis by mirna-675-5P. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1412-1425. [PMID: 29111380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS During bone formation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis are regulated by hypoxia, which is able to induce blood vessel formation, as well as recruit and differentiate human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). The molecular mechanisms involved in HIF-1α response and hMSC differentiation during bone formation are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic role of hypoxia and hypoxia-mimetic microRNA miR-675-5p in angiogenesis response and osteo-chondroblast commitment of hMSCs. METHODS By using a suitable in vitro cell model of hMSCs (maintained in hypoxia or normoxia), the role of HIF-1α and miR-675-5p in angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling was investigated, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), gene expression and protein analysis. RESULTS Hypoxia induced miR-675-5p expression and a hypoxia-angiogenic response, as demonstrated by increase in vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and protein release. MiR-675-5p overexpression in normoxia promoted the down-regulation of MSC markers and the up-regulation of osteoblast and chondroblast markers, as demonstrated by FACS and protein analysis. Moreover, miR-675-5p depletion in a low-oxygen condition partially abolished the hypoxic response, including angiogenesis, and in particular restored the MSC phenotype, demonstrated by cytofluorimetric analysis. In addition, current preliminary data suggest that the expression of miR-675-5p during hypoxia plays an additive role in sustaining Wnt/β-catenin pathways and the related commitment of hMSCs during bone ossification. DISCUSSION MiR-675-5p may trigger complex molecular mechanisms that promote hMSC osteoblastic differentiation through a dual strategy: increasing HIF-1α response and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Conigliaro
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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21
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The transcription factors Slug (SNAI2) and Snail (SNAI1) regulate phospholipase D (PLD) promoter in opposite ways towards cancer cell invasion. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:663-76. [PMID: 26781944 PMCID: PMC4870114 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Slug (SNAI2) and Snail (SNAI1) are master regulatory transcription factors for organogenesis and wound healing, and they are involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. We found that the activity of phospholipase D isoform 2 (PLD2) is highly increased in cancers with larger size and poor prognosis (MDA-MB-231 versus MCF-7 cells), so we determined if Snail or Slug were responsible for PLD2 gene transcription regulation. Unexpectedly, we found that PLD2 expression was positively regulated by Slug but negatively regulated by Snail. The differential effects are amplified in breast cancer cells over normal cells and with MDA-MB-231 more robustly than MCF-7. Slug putatively binds to the PLD2 promoter and transactivates it, which is negated when Slug and Snail compete with each other. Meanwhile, PLD2 has a negative effect on Snail expression and a positive effect on Slug, thus closing a feedback loop between the lipase and the transcription factors. Further, PA, the product of PLD2 enzymatic reaction, has profound effects on its own and it further regulates the transcription factors. Thus, we show for the first time that the overexpressed PLD2 in human breast tumors is regulated by Slug and Snail transcription factors. The newly uncovered feedback loops in highly invasive cancer cells have important implications in the process of EMT.
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22
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Matsumoto Y, Sato S, Maeda T, Kishino M, Toyosawa S, Usami Y, Iwai SI, Nakazawa M, Yura Y, Ogawa Y. Transcription factors related to chondrogenesis in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland: a mechanism of mesenchymal tissue formation. J Transl Med 2016; 96:16-24. [PMID: 26501866 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma, expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) substances indicates that tumor epithelial cells are becoming chondrogenic and will produce cartilage-like mesenchymal tissues. Sox9, the master transcription factor of chondrogenesis, is expressed in mouse salivary gland cells. To clarify the mechanism behind chondrogenesis in tumor epithelial cells, we examined the expression of transcription factors related to chondrogenesis in tumors and salivary glands. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and immunostaining were performed on pleomorphic adenoma tissues, salivary gland tissues, and human submandibular gland (HSG) cells. The mRNAs of essential transcription factors for chondrogenesis-Sox9, Sox6, and Sox5-were detected in both tumor and salivary gland tissues. The mRNAs of aggrecan and type II collagen-cartilage-specific ECM substances-were detected only in tumors. Sox9 and Sox6 proteins were colocalized in many epithelial cells in tumors and salivary glands. Tumor epithelial cells also possessed aggrecan protein and occasionally type II collagen protein. Moreover, mRNAs for transcription repressors of chondrogenesis δEF1 and AP-2α were detected in both tumors and salivary glands, whereas Twist1 mRNA was detected only in salivary glands and was at significantly low-to-undetectable levels in tumors. Twist1 protein was localized in the Sox9-expressing salivary gland cells. HSG cells expressed Sox9, Sox6, and Twist1, but not aggrecan or type II collagen, and thus were similar to salivary gland cells. Twist1 depletion by Twist1 siRNA led to the upregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA expression in HSG cells. In contrast, forced expression of Twist1, using Twist1 cDNA, resulted in the downregulation of both these genes. Taken together, these results indicate that salivary gland cells have a potential for chondrogenesis, and Twist1 depletion concomitant with neoplastic transformation, which would permit tumor epithelial cells to produce cartilage-like mesenchymal tissues in salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsumoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sunao Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Kishino
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Usami
- Clinical Laboratory, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - So-ichi Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakazawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ogawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Care, Baika Women's University, Osaka, Japan
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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Nemeth CL, Janebodin K, Yuan AE, Dennis JE, Reyes M, Kim DH. Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells using nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2817-29. [PMID: 24749806 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effects of surface nanotopography and hyaluronic acid (HA) on in vitro chondrogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Ultraviolet-assisted capillary force lithography was employed to fabricate well-defined nanostructured scaffolds of composite PEG-GelMA-HA hydrogels that consist of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), and HA. Using this microengineered platform, we first demonstrated that DPSCs formed three-dimensional spheroids, which provide an appropriate environment for in vitro chondrogenic differentiation. We also found that DPSCs cultured on nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA scaffolds showed a significant upregulation of the chondrogenic gene markers (Sox9, Alkaline phosphatase, Aggrecan, Procollagen type II, and Procollagen type X), while downregulating the pluripotent stem cell gene, Nanog, and epithelial-mesenchymal genes (Twist, Snail, Slug) compared with tissue culture polystyrene-cultured DPSCs. Immunocytochemistry showed more extensive deposition of collagen type II in DPSCs cultured on the nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA scaffolds. These findings suggest that nanotopography and HA provide important cues for promoting chondrogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Nemeth
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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25
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Lisignoli G, Manferdini C, Lambertini E, Zini N, Angelozzi M, Gabusi E, Gambari L, Penolazzi L, Lolli A, Facchini A, Piva R. Chondrogenic potential of Slug-depleted human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2795-805. [PMID: 24712489 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of short interfering RNA (siRNA) in combination with stem cells and biocompatible scaffolds is a promising strategy in regenerative medicine. Our experimental strategy was to explore the possibility of forcing or guiding the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by knocking down a negative regulator of chondrogenesis, Slug transcription factor (TF), thus altering cell behavior. We found that TGFβ-driven chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs cultured onto a hyaluronan-based scaffold, HYAFF(®)-11, was strengthened after cell exposure to siRNA against Slug. Slug silencing was effective in promoting the expression of chondrogenic markers, including Col2A1, aggrecan, Sox9, LEF1, and TRPS1. In addition, we confirmed that HYAFF-11 is a good scaffold candidate for hMSC use in tissue engineering applications, and showed that it is effective in sustaining TGFβ3 treatment associated with a specific gene silencing. Interestingly, preliminary results from the experimental model described here suggested that, even in the absence of differentiation supplements, Slug silencing showed a pro-chondrogenic effect, highlighting both its potential use as an alternative to TGFβ treatment, and the critical role of the Slug TF in determining the fate of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lisignoli
- 1 SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna, Italy
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Lolli A, Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Angelozzi M, Morganti C, Franceschetti T, Pelucchi S, Gambari R, Piva R. Pro-Chondrogenic Effect of miR-221 and Slug Depletion in Human MSCs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:841-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wigner NA, Soung DY, Einhorn TA, Drissi H, Gerstenfeld LC. Functional role of Runx3 in the regulation of aggrecan expression during cartilage development. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2232-42. [PMID: 23625810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 and Runx3 are known to be expressed in the growth plate during endochondral bone formation. Here we addressed the functional role of Runx3 as distinct from Runx2 by using two models of postnatal bone repair: fracture healing that proceeds by an endochondral process and marrow ablation that proceeds by only an intramembranous process. Both Runx2 and Runx3 mRNAs were differentially up regulated during fracture healing. In contrast, only Runx2 showed increased expression after marrow ablation. During fracture healing, Runx3 was expressed earlier than Runx2, was concurrent with the period of chondrogenesis, and coincident with maximal aggrecan expression a protein associated with proliferating and permanent cartilage. Immunohistological analysis showed Runx3 protein was also expressed by chondrocytes in vivo. In contrast, Runx2 was expressed later during chondrocyte hypertrophy, and primary bone formation. The functional activities of Runx3 during chondrocyte differentiation were assessed by examining its regulatory actions on aggrecan gene expression. Aggrecan mRNA levels and aggrecan promoter activity were enhanced in response to the over-expression of either Runx2 and Runx3 in ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line, while sh-RNA knocked down of each Runx protein showed that only Runx3 knock down specifically suppressed aggrecan mRNA expression and promoter activity. ChIP assay demonstrated that Runx3 interactions were selective to sites within the aggrecan promoter and were only observed during early periods of chondrogenesis before hypertrophy. Our studies suggest that Runx3 positively regulates aggrecan expression and suggest that its function is more limited to cartilage development than to bone. In aggregate these data further suggest that the various members of the Runx transcription factors are involved in the coordination of chondrocyte development, maturation, and hypertrophy during endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Wigner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that in the last decade have emerged as overarching regulators of gene expression. Their abundance, ability to repress a large number of target genes and overlapping target specificity indicate a complex network of interactions that is still being defined. A number of studies focused on the role of microRNAs in cartilage have identified a small number, including miR-140 and -675 as playing important roles in regulation of cartilage homeostasis and together with the broader description of the activity of microRNAs in other tissues are beginning to define the function of microRNAs in cartilage development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gibson
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Chen Y, Gridley T. Compensatory regulation of the Snai1 and Snai2 genes during chondrogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1412-21. [PMID: 23322385 PMCID: PMC3663919 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is a multistep process during which a cartilage primordium is replaced by mineralized bone. Several genes involved in cartilage and bone development have been identified as target genes for the Snail family of zinc finger transcriptional repressors, and a gain-of-function study has demonstrated that upregulation of Snai1 activity in mouse long bones caused a reduction in bone length. However, no in vivo loss-of-function studies have been performed to establish whether Snail family genes have an essential, physiological role during normal bone development. We demonstrate here that the Snai1 and Snai2 genes function redundantly during embryonic long bone development in mice. Deletion of the Snai2 gene, or limb bud-specific conditional deletion of the Snai1 gene, did not result in obvious defects in the skeleton. However, limb bud-specific Snai1 deletion on a Snai2 null genetic background resulted in substantial defects in the long bones of the limbs. Long bones of the Snai1/Snai2 double mutants exhibited defects in chondrocyte morphology and organization, inhibited trabecular bone formation, and delayed ossification. Chondrocyte proliferation was markedly reduced, and transcript levels of genes encoding cell cycle regulators, such as p21(Waf1/Cip1) , were strikingly upregulated in the Snai1/Snai2 double mutants, suggesting that during chondrogenesis Snail family proteins act to control cell proliferation by mediating expression of cell-cycle regulators. Snai2 transcript levels were increased in Snai1 mutant femurs, whereas Snai1 transcript levels were increased in Snai2 mutant femurs. In addition, in the mutant femurs the Snai1 and Snai2 genes compensated for each other's loss not only quantitatively, but also by expanding their expression into the other genes' normal expression domains. These results demonstrate that the Snai1 and Snai2 genes transcriptionally compensate temporally, spatially, and quantitatively for each other's loss, and demonstrate an essential role for Snail family genes during chondrogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
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30
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Wang Y, Wang J, Bai D, Song J, Ye R, Zhao Z, Lei L, Hao J, Jiang C, Fang S, An S, Cheng Q, Li J. Cell proliferation is promoted by compressive stress during early stage of chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1935-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Chen Y, Gridley T. The SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins occupy their own and each other's promoter during chondrogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:356-60. [PMID: 23665016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two Snail family genes, Snai1 and Snai2, encode E2 box-binding transcriptional repressors that are important for cartilage development during long bone formation in mice. We demonstrated previously that the Snai1 and Snai2 genes function redundantly, and compensate for each other's loss during mouse chondrogenesis in vivo. A prediction from this genetic data is that the SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins can bind to each other's promoter to regulate gene expression. Here we demonstrate that expression of Snai1 and Snai2 RNA and protein is induced during chondrogenic differentiation of cultured mouse ATDC5 cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we then show that endogenous SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins bind to a subset of E2 boxes in both their own and each other's promoter in differentiating ATDC5 cells. Together with our previous genetic data, these results support the model that expression of the Snai1 and Snai2 genes is negatively regulated by their protein products occupying each other's promoter during chondrogenesis, and help provide an explanation for the genetic redundancy observed in the mouse loss of function models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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32
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Repudi SR, Patra M, Sen M. WISP3-IGF1 interaction regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1650-8. [PMID: 23424195 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WISP3 (Wnt induced secreted protein 3) is a multi-domain protein of mesenchymal origin. Mutations in several domains of WISP3 cause PPRD (progressive pseudo rheumatoid dysplasia), which is associated with cartilage loss and restricted skeletal development. Despite several studies focusing on the functional characterization of WISP3, the molecular details underlying the course of PPRD remain unresolved. We are interested in analyzing the function of WISP3 in the context of cartilage integrity. The current study demonstrates that WISP3 binds to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and inhibits IGF1 secretion. Additionally, WISP3 curbs IGF1-mediated collagen X expression, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alkaline phosphatase activity, all of which are associated with the induction of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Interestingly, both IGF1 and ROS in turn trigger an increase in WISP3 expression. Together, our results are indicative of an operational WISP3-IGF1 regulatory loop whereby WISP3 preserves cartilage integrity by restricting IGF1-mediated hypertrophic changes in chondrocytes, at least partly, upon interaction with IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Repudi
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in men. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cancer cells invade and migrate, and is characterized by loss of cell-cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and increased expression of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin; EMT is also associated with resistance to therapy. Snail, a master regulator of EMT, has been extensively studied and reported in cancers such as breast and colon; however, its role in prostate cancer is not as widely reported. The purpose of this review is to put together recent facts that summarize Snail signaling in human prostate cancer. Snail is overexpressed in prostate cancer and its expression and activity is controlled via phosphorylation and growth factor signaling. Snail is involved in its canonical role of inducing EMT in prostate cancer cells; however, it plays a role in non-canonical pathways that do not involve EMT such regulation of bone turnover and neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, studies indicate that Snail signaling contributes to prostate cancer progression and metastasis and therapeutic targeting of Snail in prostate cancer holds promise in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany N Smith
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abe S, Namba N, Abe M, Fujiwara M, Aikawa T, Kogo M, Ozono K. Monocarboxylate transporter 10 functions as a thyroid hormone transporter in chondrocytes. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4049-58. [PMID: 22719050 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Thus, untreated congenital hypothyroidism is marked by severe short stature. The monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is a highly specific transporter for thyroid hormone. The hallmarks of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, caused by MCT8 mutations, are severe psychomotor retardation and elevated T(3) levels. However, growth is mostly normal. We therefore hypothesized that growth plate chondrocytes use transporters other than MCT8 for thyroid hormone uptake. Extensive analysis of thyroid hormone transporter mRNA expression in mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells revealed that monocarboxylate transporter 10 (Mct10) was most abundantly expressed among the transporters known to be highly specific for thyroid hormone, namely Mct8, Mct10, and organic anion transporter 1c1. Expression levels of Mct10 mRNA diminished with chondrocyte differentiation in these cells. Accordingly, Mct10 mRNA was expressed most abundantly in the growth plate resting zone chondrocytes in vivo. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Mct10 mRNA in ATDC5 cells decreased [(125)I]T(3) uptake up to 44% compared with negative control (P < 0.05). Moreover, silencing Mct10 mRNA expression abolished the known effects of T(3), i.e. suppression of proliferation and enhancement of differentiation, in ATDC5 cells. These results suggest that Mct10 functions as a thyroid hormone transporter in chondrocytes and can explain at least in part why Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome patients do not exhibit significant growth impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Cervantes-Arias A, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a fundamental mechanism underlying the cancer phenotype. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 11:169-84. [PMID: 22404947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process involved in embryonic development, wound healing and carcinogenesis. During this process, epithelial cells lose their defining characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties: loss of cell-cell adhesion; increased motility and invasiveness; resistance to apoptosis and changes in cellular morphology. EMT has been implicated as a driver of metastasis and tumour invasion, as this process allows cells to detach from their niche and migrate through blood and lymphatic vessels to invade different organs. This transition involves a diverse range of transcription factors, including Twist, Snail and ZEB1, and downstream transcriptional targets, including E-cadherin, β-catenin, fibronectin and vimentin. Recent evidence indicates that cancer stem cells are required for metastatic tumours to become established at a distant site, and that cancer cells undergoing EMT may develop stem-cell characteristics as well as increased invasive potential. The role of EMT in cancer biology is newly emerging in the human field, and to date very little has been done in veterinary medicine. EMT may therefore be an important molecular determinant of tumour metastasis, and further understanding of this process may lead to novel drug targets to be exploited in both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cervantes-Arias
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.
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Protein kinase D1 maintains the epithelial phenotype by inducing a DNA-bound, inactive SNAI1 transcriptional repressor complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30459. [PMID: 22276203 PMCID: PMC3262827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase D1 is downregulated in its expression in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and in invasive breast cancer cells, but its functions in normal breast epithelial cells is largely unknown. The epithelial phenotype is maintained by cell-cell junctions formed by E-cadherin. In cancer cells loss of E-cadherin expression contributes to an invasive phenotype. This can be mediated by SNAI1, a transcriptional repressor for E-cadherin that contributes to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that PKD1 in normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells is constitutively-active in its basal state and prevents a transition to a mesenchymal phenotype. Investigation of the involved mechanism suggested that PKD1 regulates the expression of E-cadherin at the promoter level through direct phosphorylation of the transcriptional repressor SNAI1. PKD1-mediated phosphorylation of SNAI1 occurs in the nucleus and generates a nuclear, inactive DNA/SNAI1 complex that shows decreased interaction with its co-repressor Ajuba. Analysis of human tissue samples with a newly-generated phosphospecific antibody for PKD1-phosphorylated SNAI1 showed that regulation of SNAI1 through PKD1 occurs in vivo in normal breast ductal tissue and is decreased or lost in invasive ductal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data describe a mechanism of how PKD1 maintains the breast epithelial phenotype. Moreover, they suggest, that the analysis of breast tissue for PKD-mediated phosphorylation of SNAI1 using our novel phosphoS11-SNAI1-specific antibody may allow predicting the invasive potential of breast cancer cells.
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miRNAs control tracheal chondrocyte differentiation. Dev Biol 2011; 360:58-65. [PMID: 21945074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The specific program that enables the stereotypic differentiation of specialized cartilages, including the trachea, is intrinsically distinct from the program that gives rise to growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes. For example, Snail1 is an effector of FGF signaling in growth plate pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes, but it derails the normal program of permanent chondrocytes, repressing the transcription of Aggrecan and Collagen type 2a1 (Col2a1). Here we show that miRNA activity is essential for normal trachea development and that miR-125b and miR-30a/c keep Snail1 at low levels, thus enabling full functional differentiation of Col2a1 tracheal chondrocytes. Specific inhibition of miR-125b and miR-30a/c in chondrocytes or Dicer1 knockout in the trachea, de-repress Snail1. As a consequence, the transcription of Aggrecan and Col2a1 is hampered and extracellular matrix deposition is decreased. Our data reveals a new miRNA pathway that is safekeeping the specific genetic program of differentiated and matrix-producing tracheal chondrocytes from acquisition of unwanted signals. This pathway may improve understanding of human primary tracheomalacia and improve protocols for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Mmp15 is a direct target of Snai1 during endothelial to mesenchymal transformation and endocardial cushion development. Dev Biol 2011; 359:209-21. [PMID: 21920357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valves originate from endocardial cushions (EC) formed by endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) during embryogenesis. The zinc-finger transcription factor Snai1 has previously been reported to be important for EMT during organogenesis, yet its role in early valve development has not been directly examined. In this study we show that Snai1 is highly expressed in endothelial, and newly transformed mesenchyme cells during EC development. Mice with targeted snai1 knockdown display hypocellular ECs at E10.5 associated with decreased expression of mesenchyme cell markers and downregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) family member, mmp15. Snai1 overexpression studies in atrioventricular canal collagen I gel explants indicate that Snai1 is sufficient to promote mmp15 expression, cell transformation, and mesenchymal cell migration and invasion. However, treatment with the catalytically active form of MMP15 promotes cell motility, and not transformation. Further, we show that Snai1-mediated cell migration requires MMP activity, and caMMP15 treatment rescues attenuated migration defects observed in murine ECs following snai1 knockdown. Together, findings from this study reveal previously unappreciated mechanisms of Snai1 for the direct regulation of MMPs during EC development.
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Prunotto M, Gabbiani G, Pomposiello S, Ghiggeri G, Moll S. The kidney as a target organ in pharmaceutical research. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:244-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Circadian rhythm and cartilage extracellular matrix genes in osseointegration: a genome-wide screening of implant failure by vitamin D deficiency. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15848. [PMID: 21264318 PMCID: PMC3019224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful dental and orthopedic implants require the establishment of an intimate association with bone tissue; however, the mechanistic explanation of how biological systems accomplish osseointegration is still incomplete. We sought to identify critical gene networks involved in osseointegration by exploring the implant failure model under vitamin D deficiency. METHODOLOGY Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to control or vitamin D-deficient diet prior to the osteotomy surgery in the femur bone and the placement of T-shaped Ti4Al6V implant. Two weeks after the osteotomy and implant placement, tissue formed at the osteotomy site or in the hollow chamber of T-shaped implant was harvested and total RNA was evaluated by whole genome microarray analyses. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two-way ANOVA of microarray data identified 103 genes that were significantly (>2 fold) modulated by the implant placement and vitamin D deficiency. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses assigned the highest z-score to the circadian rhythm pathway including neuronal PAS domain 2 (NPAS2), and period homolog 2 (Per2). NPAS2 and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (ARNTL/Bmal 1) were upregulated around implant and diminished by vitamin D deficiency, whereas the expression pattern of Per2 was complementary. Hierarchical cluster analysis further revealed that NPAS2 was in a group predominantly composed of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. Whereas the expression of bone ECM genes around implant was not significantly affected by vitamin D deficiency, cartilage ECM genes were modulated by the presence of the implant and vitamin D status. In a proof-of-concept in vitro study, the expression of cartilage type II and X collagens was found upregulated when mouse mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on implant disk with 1,25D supplementation. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the circadian rhythm system and cartilage extracellular matrix may be involved in the establishment of osseointegration under vitamin D regulation.
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ElMoneim HMA, Zaghloul NM. Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and snail and their correlation with clinicopathological variants: an immunohistochemical study of 132 invasive ductal breast carcinomas in Egypt. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1765-71. [PMID: 22012049 PMCID: PMC3180143 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and N-cadherin and the transcription factor Snail in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and to determine their relationships with clinicopathological features. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail protein expression in 132 invasive breast carcinomas. RESULTS The expression of E-cadherin was decreased (negative or weak) in 37.1% of invasive carcinomas, while N-cadherin and Snail overexpression were detected in 51.9% and 40.9% of carcinomas, respectively. Low E-cadherin expression was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma (53.1%), positive node status (80.9%), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (64.7%), and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail were also significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma, positive node status, and poor Nottingham Prognostic Index but were correlated with the absence of hormone receptors. Loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression was strongly associated with the presence of membranous N-cadherin (87.8%) and nuclear Snail (69.4%). CONCLUSION Loss of E-cadherin and overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail in breast carcinomas may play a central role in the development of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. These biomarkers may provide a valuable reference for the study of invasive ductal carcinoma progression and to characterize the biological behavior of the tumor. In the future, increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression may be used as indicators of the progression and prognosis of invasive ductal carcinoma.
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Iftikhar M, Hurtado P, Bais MV, Wigner N, Stephens DN, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is a major isoform in chondrocytes and is critically required for differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:909-18. [PMID: 21071451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family is made up of five members: lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4). All members share conserved C-terminal catalytic domains that provide for lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase-like enzyme activity; and more divergent propeptide regions. LOX family enzyme activities catalyze the final enzymatic conversion required for the formation of normal biosynthetic collagen and elastin cross-links. The importance of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity to normal bone development has long been appreciated, but regulation and roles for specific LOX isoforms in bone formation in vivo is largely unexplored. Fracture healing recapitulates aspects of endochondral bone development. The present study first investigated the expression of all LOX isoforms in fracture healing. A remarkable coincidence of LOXL2 expression with the chondrogenic phase of fracture healing was found, prompting more detailed analyses of LOXL2 expression in normal growth plates, and LOXL2 expression and function in developing ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Data show that LOXL2 is expressed by pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo, and that LOXL2 expression is regulated in vitro as a function of chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LOXL2 knockdown studies in vitro show that LOXL2 expression is required for ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line differentiation through regulation of SNAIL and SOX9, important transcription factors that control chondrocyte differentiation. Taken together, data provide evidence that LOXL2, like LOX, is a multifunctional protein. LOXL2 promotes chondrocyte differentiation by mechanisms that are likely to include roles as both a regulator and an effector of chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Iftikhar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Tian M, Duan Y, Duan X. Chloride channels regulate chondrogenesis in chicken mandibular mesenchymal cells. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:938-45. [PMID: 20832772 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Voltage gated chloride channels (ClCs) play an important role in the regulation of intracellular pH and cell volume homeostasis. Mutations of these genes result in genetic diseases with abnormal bone deformation and body size, indicating that ClCs may have a role in chondrogenesis. In the present study, we isolated chicken mandibular mesenchymal cells (CMMC) from Hamburg-Hamilton (HH) stage 26 chick embryos and induced chondrocyte maturation by using ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate (AA-BGP). We also determined the effect of the chloride channel inhibitor NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid] on regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression in these cells using MTT and real-time PCR assays. We found that CLCN1 and CLCN3-7 mRNA were expressed in CMMC and NPPB reduced expression of CLCN3, CLCN5, and CLCN7 mRNA in these cells. At the same time, NPPB inhibited the growth of the CMMC, but had no effect on the mRNA level of cyclin D1 and cyclin E (P>0.05) with/without AA-BGP treatment. AA-BGP increased markers for early chondrocyte differentiation including type II collagen, aggrecan (P<0.01) and Sox9 (P<0.05), whilst had no effect on the late chondrocyte differentiation marker type X collagen. NPPB antagonized AA-BGP-induced expression of type II collagen and aggrecan (P<0.05). Furthermore, NPPB downregulated type X collagen (P<0.05) with/without AA-BGP treatment. We conclude that abundant chloride channel genes in CMMC play important roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Type X collagen might function as a target of chloride channel inhibitors during the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
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Park SJ, Jung SH, Jogeswar G, Ryoo HM, Yook JI, Choi HS, Rhee Y, Kim CH, Lim SK. The transcription factor snail regulates osteogenic differentiation by repressing Runx2 expression. Bone 2010; 46:1498-507. [PMID: 20215006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cells by the coordinated activities of different signaling pathways that regulate the expression of osteoblast-specific genes. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is the master transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. Despite the importance of Runx2 in the developing skeleton, how Runx2 expression is regulated remains a pivotal question. Snail, a zinc finger transcription factor, is essential for triggering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) during embryonic development and tumor progression. Here, we report that Runx2 expression is significantly up- or down-regulated relative to Snail expression. We demonstrate that Snail binds to the Runx2 promoter and that repression of Runx2 transcription by Snail is dependent on specific E-box sequence within the promoter. With antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown of Snail expression in zebrafish, we observed alterations in osteogenic potential. These results indicate that Snail plays a crucial role in osteogenic differentiation by acting as a direct Runx2 repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Park
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Endocellular polyamine availability modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and unfolded protein response in MDCK cells. J Transl Med 2010; 90:929-39. [PMID: 20212449 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in embryonic development as well as in several pathological conditions. Literature indicates that polyamine availability may affect transcription of c-myc, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1, MMP2, TGFbeta(1), and collagen type I mRNA. The aim of this study was to elucidate polyamines role in EMT in vitro. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were subjected to experimental manipulation of intracellular levels of polyamines. Acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype was evaluated by means of immunofluorescence, western blots, and zymograms. MDCK cells were then subjected to 2D gel proteomic study and incorporation of a biotinilated polyamine (BPA). Polyamine endocellular availability modulated EMT process. Polyamine-depleted cells treated with TGFbeta(1) showed enhanced EMT with a marked decrease of E-cadherin expression at plasma membrane level and an increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Polyamine-depleted cells showed a twofold increased expression of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress proteins GRP78, GRP94, and HSP90 alpha/beta in 2D gels. The latter data were confirmed by western blot analysis. Administration of BPA showed that polyamines are covalently linked, within the cell, to ER-stress proteins. Intracellular polyamine availability affects EMT in MDCK cells possibly through the modulation of ER-stress protein homeostasis.
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Myung J, Cho BK, Kim YS, Park SH. Snail and Cox-2 expressions are associated with WHO tumor grade and survival rate of patients with gliomas. Neuropathology 2009; 30:224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nakano-Kurimoto R, Ikeda K, Uraoka M, Nakagawa Y, Yutaka K, Koide M, Takahashi T, Matoba S, Yamada H, Okigaki M, Matsubara H. Replicative senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells enhances the calcification through initiating the osteoblastic transition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1673-84. [PMID: 19749165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00455.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medial artery calcification, which does not accompany lipid or cholesterol deposit, preferentially occurs in elderly population, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of senescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the formation of senescence-associated medial calcification. Replicative senescence was induced by the extended passages (until passages 11-13) in human primary VSMCs, and cells in early passage (passage 6) were used as control young cells. VSMC calcification was markedly enhanced in the senescent cells compared with that in the control young cells. We identified that genes highly expressed in osteoblasts, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and type I collagen, were significantly upregulated in the senescent VSMCs, suggesting their osteoblastic transition during the senescence. Knockdown of either ALP or type I collagen significantly reduced the calcification in the senescent VSMCs. Of note, runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX-2), a core transcriptional factor that initiates the osteoblastic differentiation, was also upregulated in the senescent VSMCs. Knockdown of RUNX-2 significantly reduced the ALP expression and calcification in the senescent VSMCs, suggesting that RUNX-2 is involved in the senescence-mediated osteoblastic transition. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of aorta from the klotho(-/-) aging mouse model demonstrated in vivo emergence of osteoblast-like cells expressing RUNX-2 exclusively in the calcified media. We also found that statin and Rho-kinase inhibitor effectively reduced the VSMC calcification by inhibiting P(i)-induced apoptosis and potentially enhancing matrix Gla protein expression in the senescent VSMCs. These findings strongly suggest an important role of senescent VSMCs in the pathophysiology of senescence-associated medial calcification, and the inhibition of osteoblastic transition could be a new therapeutic approach for the prevention of senescence-associated medial calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/pathology
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Calcinosis/prevention & control
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucuronidase/deficiency
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Klotho Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Tunica Media/pathology
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- Matrix Gla Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Nakano-Kurimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Hinton RJ, Serrano M, So S. Differential gene expression in the perichondrium and cartilage of the neonatal mouse temporomandibular joint. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:168-77. [PMID: 19627518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to discover genes differentially expressed in the perichondrium (PC) of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) that might enhance regenerative medicine or orthopaedic therapies directed at the tissues of the temporomandibular joint. We used targeted gene arrays (osteogenesis, stem cell) to identify genes preferentially expressed in the PC and the cartilaginous (C) portions of the MCC in 2-day-old mice. Genes with higher expression in the PC sample related to growth factor ligand-receptor interactions [FGF-13 (6.4x), FGF-18 (4x), NCAM (2x); PGDF receptors, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and IGF-1], the Notch isoforms (especially Notch 3 and 4) and their ligands or structural proteins/proteoglycans [collagen XIV (21x), collagen XVIII (4x), decorin (2.5x)]. Genes with higher expression in the C sample consisted mostly of known cartilage-specific genes [aggrecan (11x), procollagens X (33x), XI (14x), IX (4.5x), Sox 9 (4.4x) and Indian hedgehog (6.7x)]. However, the functional or structural roles of several genes that were expressed at higher levels in the PC sample are unclear [myogenic factor (Myf) 9 (9x), tooth-related genes such as tuftelin (2.5x) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (1.6x), VEGF-B (2x) and its receptors (3-4x) and sclerostin (1.7x)]. FGF, Notch and TGF-beta signalling may be important regulators of MCC proliferation and differentiation; the relatively high expression of genes such as Myf6 and VEGF-B and its receptors suggests a degree of unsuspected plasticity in PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Summers KM, Bokil NJ, Baisden JM, West MJ, Sweet MJ, Raggatt LJ, Hume DA. Experimental and bioinformatic characterisation of the promoter region of the Marfan syndrome gene, FBN1. Genomics 2009; 94:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Haraguchi M. The role of the transcriptional regulator snail in cell detachment, reattachment and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:259-63. [PMID: 19287205 PMCID: PMC2712805 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.3.8259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to metastasize, cancer cells must first detach from the primary tumor, migrate, invade through tissues and attach to a second site. The transcription factor snail is an important mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and is involved in tumor progression. Recent data have provided evidence for a requirement for snail expression in metastatic dissemination. Although very little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing metastatic dissemination, we review the possible roles of snail expression in this process. We also review the regulation of snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
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