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Prat-Duran J, Binotti Abreu De Araujo IB, Juste N, Pinilla E, Rios FJ, Montezano AC, Touyz RM, Simonsen U, Nørregaard R, Buus NH. Pharmacological modulation of transglutaminase 2 in the unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 984:177037. [PMID: 39369875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in fibrosis by promoting transforming-growth-factor-β1 and crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins. These functions are dependent on the open conformation, while the closed state of TG2 can induce vasodilation. We explored the putative protective role of TG2 in its closed state on development of renal fibrosis and blood pressure (BP) regulation. METHODS We studied the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model treated with LDN27219, which promotes the closed conformation of TG2. Mice were subjected to 7 days UUO or sham operation and treated with vehicle (n=10), LDN27219 (15 mg/kg/12 hours, n=9) or candesartan (5 mg/kg/day, n=10) as a clinically comparator. Renal expression of TG2 and pro-fibrotic mediators were evaluated by Western blotting, qPCR and histology, and BP by tail-cuff measurements. RESULTS Obstructed kidneys showed increased mRNA and protein expression of fibronectin, collagen 3α1 (Col3α1), α-smooth muscle actin and collagen staining. Despite increased renal TG2 mRNA, protein expression was reduced in all UUO groups, but with increased transamidase activity in the vehicle and candesartan groups. LDN27219 reduced mRNA expression of fibronectin and Col3α1, but their protein expression remained unchanged. In contrast to LDN27219, candesartan lowered BP without affecting expression of pro-fibrotic biomarkers. CONCLUSION Renal TG2 mRNA and protein expression levels seem dissociated, with transamidase activity being increased. LDN27219 influences kidney pro-fibrotic markers at the mRNA level and attenuates transamidase activity but without affecting collagen content or BP. Our findings suggest that TG2 in its closed conformation has anti-fibrotic effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Juste
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University
| | | | - Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Henrik Buus
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University; Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Lee SJ, Shin JW, Kwon MA, Lee KB, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kang HS, Jun JK, Cho SY, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 Prevents Premature Senescence and Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through NRF2 Activation. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:8815888. [PMID: 37900967 PMCID: PMC10611545 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8815888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that exhibits transamidase, GTPase, kinase, and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) activities. Of these, transamidase-mediated modification of proteins regulates apoptosis, differentiation, inflammation, and fibrosis. TG2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) compared with differentiated cells, suggesting a role of TG2 specific for MSC characteristics. In this study, we report a new function of TG2 in the regulation of MSC redox homeostasis. During in vitro MSC expansion, TG2 is required for cell proliferation and self-renewal by preventing premature senescence but has no effect on the expression of surface antigens and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Moreover, induction of differentiation upregulates TG2 that promotes osteoblastic differentiation. Molecular analyses revealed that TG2 mediates tert-butylhydroquinone, but not sulforaphane, -induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation in a transamidase activity-independent manner. Differences in the mechanism of action between two NRF2 activators suggest that PDI activity of TG2 may be implicated in the stabilization of NRF2. The role of TG2 in the regulation of antioxidant response was further supported by transcriptomic analysis of MSC. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical enzyme in eliciting antioxidant response in MSC through NRF2 activation, providing a target for optimizing MSC manufacturing processes to prevent premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory for Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress, Cell2in, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heun-Soo Kang
- Laboratory for Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress, Cell2in, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Al-U'datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Alu'datt M, Abusara S, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-Shboul O, Hiram R, Altuntas Y, Jaradat S, Alzoubi KH. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) ameliorates ventricular fibrosis in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats. Life Sci 2023; 321:121564. [PMID: 36931499 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Transglutaminase (TG) inhibitors represent promising therapeutic interventions in cardiac fibrosis and related dysfunctions. However, it remains unknown how TG inhibition, TG2 in particular, affects the signaling systems that drive pathological fibrosis. This study aimed to examine the effect TG inhibition by cystamine on the progression of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cardiac fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of ISO to rats (ISO group), followed by 6 weeks of cystamine injection (ISO + Cys group). The control groups were administered normal saline alone or with cystamine. Hemodynamics, lipid profile, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine were assessed in conjunction with heart failure markers (serum NT-proANP and cTnI). Left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) fibrosis, total collagen content, and mRNA expression of profibrotic markers including TG2 were quantified by Masson's trichrome staining, LC-MS/MS and quantitative PCR, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Cystamine administration to ISO rats significantly decreased diastolic and mean arterial pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine levels, while increasing HDL. NT-proANP and cTnI serum levels remained unchanged. In LV tissues, significant reductions in ISO-induced fibrosis and elevated total collagen content were achieved after cystamine treatment, together with a reduction in TG2 concentration. Reduced mRNA expression of several profibrotic genes (COL1A1, FN1, MMP-2, CTGF, periostin, CX43) was also evidenced in LV tissues of ISO rats upon cystamine administration, whereas TGF-β1 expression was depressed in LA tissues. Cystamine decreased TG2 mRNA expression in the LV of control rats, while LV expression of TG2 was relatively low in ISO rats irrespective of cystamine treatment. SIGNIFICANCE TG2 inhibition by cystamine in vivo exerted cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats decreasing the LV abundance of several profibrotic markers and the content of TG2 and collagen, suggesting that TG2 pharmacological inhibition could be beneficial to alleviate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a G F Al-U'datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Muhammad Alu'datt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sara Abusara
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Physiology Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yasemin Altuntas
- Montreal Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Attanzio A, Restivo I, Tutone M, Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Livrea MA. Redox Properties, Bioactivity and Health Effects of Indicaxanthin, a Bioavailable Phytochemical from Opuntia ficus indica, L.: A Critical Review of Accumulated Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122364. [PMID: 36552572 PMCID: PMC9774763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals from plant foods are considered essential to human health. Known for their role in the adaptation of plants to their environment, these compounds can induce adaptive responses in cells, many of which are directed at maintaining the redox tone. Indicaxanthin is a long-known betalain pigment found in the genus Opuntia of cactus pear and highly concentrated in the edible fruits of O. ficus indica, L. whose bioactivity has been overlooked until recently. This review summarizes studies conducted so far in vitro and in vivo, most of which have been performed in our laboratory. The chemical and physicochemical characteristics of Indicaxanthin are reflected in the molecule's reducing properties and antioxidant effects and help explain its ability to interact with membranes, modulate redox-regulated cellular pathways, and possibly bind to protein molecules. Measurement of bioavailability in volunteers has been key to exploring its bioactivity; amounts consistent with dietary intake, or plasma concentration after dietary consumption of cactus pear fruit, have been used in experimental setups mimicking physiological or pathophysiological conditions, in cells and in animals, finally suggesting pharmacological potential and relevance of Indicaxanthin as a nutraceutical. In reporting experimental results, this review also aimed to raise questions and seek insights for further basic research and health promotion applications.
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Aepler J, Wodtke J, Wodtke R, Haase-Kohn C, Löser R, Pietzsch J, Hauser S. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in the Radioresistance of Melanoma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081342. [PMID: 35456021 PMCID: PMC9027323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a protein expressed in many tissues that exerts numerous, sometimes contradictory, intra- and extracellular functions, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In the context of tumor progression, it has been found to be involved in cell adhesion, DNA repair mechanisms, induction of apoptosis, and mesenchymal transdifferentiation, among others. Here, we hypothesized that TG2 also contributes to the radioresistance of two human melanoma cell lines, A375 and MeWo, which can be seen to differ in their basal TG2 biosynthesis by examining their proliferation and clonal expansion after irradiation. For this purpose, cellular TG2 biosynthesis and TG2 activity were modulated by transfection-induced overexpression or TG2 knock-out and application of TG2-selective inhibitors. Proliferation and clonal expansion of TG2-overexpressing cells was not enhanced over wildtype cells, suggesting that increased TG2 biosynthesis does not further enhance the radioresistance of melanoma cells. Conversely, TG2 knock-out in A375 cells reduced their proliferation, as well as clonal and spheroidal expansion after irradiation, which indicates a contribution of TG2 to the radioresistance of melanoma cells. Since TG1, TG3, and partly also, TG6 biosynthesis was detectable in A375 and MeWo cells, it can be assumed that these other members of the TG family may exert a partially compensatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aepler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Hong AY, Lee SJ, Lee KB, Shin JW, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Double-Stranded RNA Enhances Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and -13 Expressions through TLR3-Dependent Activation of Transglutaminase 2 in Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052709. [PMID: 35269849 PMCID: PMC8911030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-irradiation induces the secretion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) derived from damaged noncoding RNAs in keratinocytes, which enhance the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in non-irradiated dermal fibroblasts, leading to dysregulation of extracellular matrix homeostasis. However, the signaling pathway responsible for dsRNA-induced MMP expression has not been fully understood. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that modifies substrate proteins by incorporating polyamine or crosslinking of proteins, thereby regulating their functions. In this study, we showed that TG2 mediates dsRNA-induced MMP-1 expression through NF-κB activation. Treatment of poly(I:C), a synthetic dsRNA analogue binding to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), generates ROS, which in turn activates TG2 in dermal fibroblast. Subsequently, TG2 activity enhances translocation of p65 into the nucleus, where it augments transcription of MMP. We confirmed these results by assessing the level of MMP expression in Tlr3−/−, TG2-knockdowned and Tgm2−/− dermal fibroblasts after poly(I:C)-treatment. Moreover, treatment with quercetin showed dose-dependent suppression of poly(I:C)-induced MMP expression. Furthermore, ex vivo cultured skin from Tgm2−/− mice exhibited a significantly reduced level of MMP mRNA compared with those from wild-type mice. Our results indicate that TG2 is a critical regulator in dsRNA-induced MMP expression, providing a new target and molecular basis for antioxidant therapy in preventing collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (A.-Y.H.); (S.-J.L.); (K.B.L.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (A.-Y.H.); (S.-J.L.); (K.B.L.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (A.-Y.H.); (S.-J.L.); (K.B.L.); (J.-W.S.)
- Laboratory for Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress, Cell2in, Inc., Seoul 03127, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (A.-Y.H.); (S.-J.L.); (K.B.L.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (A.-Y.H.); (S.-J.L.); (K.B.L.); (J.-W.S.)
- Laboratory for Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress, Cell2in, Inc., Seoul 03127, Korea
- Department of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence:
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7
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Rayavara K, Kurosky A, Hosakote YM. Respiratory syncytial virus infection induces the release of transglutaminase 2 from human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L1-L12. [PMID: 34704843 PMCID: PMC8721898 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised, yet no effective treatments or vaccines are available. The precise mechanism underlying RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated sequelae are not fully understood; however, early lung inflammatory and immune events are thought to play a major role in the outcome of the disease. Moreover, oxidative stress responses in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of RSV. Oxidative stress has been shown to elevate cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels, which in turn activate Ca2+-dependent enzymes, including transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Transglutaminase 2 is a multifunctional cross-linking enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions; however, its involvement in respiratory virus-induced airway inflammation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that RSV-induced oxidative stress promotes enhanced activation and release of TG2 from human lung epithelial cells as a result of its translocation from the cytoplasm and subsequent release into the extracellular space, which was mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and NF-κB pathways. Antioxidant treatment significantly inhibited RSV-induced TG2 extracellular release and activation via blocking viral replication. Also, treatment of RSV-infected lung epithelial cells with TG2 inhibitor significantly reduced RSV-induced matrix metalloprotease activities. These results suggested that RSV-induced oxidative stress activates innate immune receptors in the airways, such as TLRs, that can activate TG2 via the NF-κB pathway to promote cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in enhanced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempaiah Rayavara
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yashoda M. Hosakote
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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8
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Lee SJ, Lee KB, Hong AY, Son YH, Lee DH, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression by inhibiting nuclear p65 degradation in dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:743-752. [PMID: 34882846 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in tissue remodelling by cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In the skin, UV irradiation increases expression of MMPs that causes dysregulation of ECM homeostasis in dermis, leading to acceleration of skin aging. However, the mediator(s) that links UV irradiation to the upregulation of MMPs have not been fully defined. Previously, we showed that UVB irradiation activated transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in keratinocytes, eliciting an inflammatory response by activating NF-κB signalling. In this study, we reported the role of TG2 in mediating the UVB-induced expression of MMP-1. In human dermal fibroblasts, UVB irradiation enhanced the expression and activity of TG2, which in turn promotes the expression of MMP-1. Analyses of MMP-1 promoter showed that activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway, rather than AP-1, was responsible for the TG2-mediated upregulation of MMP-1. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that TG2 increased the activity of NF-κB by inhibiting degradation of p65 in the nucleus. Furthermore, ex vivo skin from TG2-knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced levels of MMP-1 compared to that from wild-type mice. These results indicate that TG2 functions as a mediator for the UVB-induced expression of MMP-1 in dermal fibroblasts, providing a new target for preventing skin photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Young Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Cho SY, Jeon JH, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates transcriptional regulation through BAF250a polyamination. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:333-342. [PMID: 33555506 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) mediates protein modifications by crosslinking or by incorporating polyamine in response to oxidative or DNA-damaging stress, thereby regulating apoptosis, extracellular matrix formation, and inflammation. The regulation of transcriptional activity by TG2-mediated histone serotonylation or by Sp1 crosslinking may also contribute to cellular stress responses. OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted to identify TG2-interacting proteins to better understand the role of TG2 in transcriptional regulation. METHODS Using a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a HeLa cell cDNA library, we found that TG2 bound BAF250a, a core subunit of the cBAF chromatin remodeling complex, through an interaction between the TG2 barrel 1 and BAF250a C-terminal domains. RESULTS TG2 was pulled down with a GST-BAF250a C-term fusion protein. Moreover, TG2 and BAF250a were co-fractionated using P11 chromatography, and co-immunoprecipitated. A transamidation reaction showed that TG2 mediated incorporation of polyamine into BAF250a. In glucocorticoid response-element reporter-expressing cells, TG2 overexpression increased the luciferase reporter activity in a transamidation-dependent manner. In addition, a comparison of genome-wide gene expression between wild-type and TG2-deficient primary hepatocytes in response to dexamethasone treatment showed that TG2 further enhanced or suppressed the expression of dexamethasone-regulated genes that were identified by a gene ontology enrichment analysis. CONCLUSION Thus, our results indicate that TG2 regulates transcriptional activity through BAF250a polyamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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10
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Kreuzer M, Dučić T, Hawlina M, Andjelic S. Synchrotron-based FTIR microspectroscopy of protein aggregation and lipids peroxidation changes in human cataractous lens epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15489. [PMID: 32968091 PMCID: PMC7511928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide but the mechanisms involved in the process of cataractogenesis are not yet fully understood. Two most prevalent types of age-related cataracts are nuclear (N) and cortical (C) cataracts. A common environmental factor in most age-related cataracts is believed to be oxidative stress. The lens epithelium, the first physical and biological barrier in the lens, is build from lens epithelial cells (LECs). LECs are important for the maintenance of lens transparency as they control energy production, antioxidative mechanisms and biochemical transport for the whole lens. The purpose of this study is to characterize compounds in LECs originated from N and C cataracts, by using the synchrotron radiation-based Fourier Transform Infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy, in order to understand the functional importance of their different bio-macromolecules in cataractogenesis. We used the SR-FTIR microspectroscopy setup installed on the beamline MIRAS at the Spanish synchrotron light source ALBA, where measurements were set to achieve single cell resolution, with high spectral stability and high photon flux. The results showed that protein aggregation in form of fibrils was notably pronounced in LECs of N cataracts, while oxidative stress and the lipids peroxidation were more pronounced in LECs of C cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreuzer
- CELLS-ALBA, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Dučić
- CELLS-ALBA, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Grablovičeva 46, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Grablovičeva 46, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Competitive Binding of Magnesium to Calcium Binding Sites Reciprocally Regulates Transamidase and GTP Hydrolysis Activity of Transglutaminase 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030791. [PMID: 31991788 PMCID: PMC7037829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme, which regulates various cellular processes by catalyzing protein crosslinking or polyamination. Intracellular TG2 is activated and inhibited by Ca2+ and GTP binding, respectively. Although aberrant TG2 activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including cancer and degenerative and fibrotic diseases, the structural basis for the regulation of TG2 by Ca2+ and GTP binding is not fully understood. Here, we produced and analyzed a Ca2+-containing TG2 crystal, and identified two glutamate residues, E437 and E539, as Ca2+-binding sites. The enzymatic analysis of the mutants revealed that Ca2+ binding to these sites is required for the transamidase activity of TG2. Interestingly, we found that magnesium (Mg2+) competitively binds to the E437 and E539 residues. The Mg2+ binding to these allosteric sites enhances the GTP binding/hydrolysis activity but inhibits transamidase activity. Furthermore, HEK293 cells transfected with mutant TG2 exhibited higher transamidase activity than cells with wild-type TG2. Cells with wild-type TG2 showed an increase in transamidase activity under Mg2+-depleted conditions, whereas cells with mutant TG2 were unaffected. These results indicate that E437 and E539 are Ca2+-binding sites contributing to the reciprocal regulation of transamidase and GTP binding/hydrolysis activities of TG2 through competitive Mg2+ binding.
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12
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Lens-specific conditional knockout of Msx2 in mice leads to ocular anterior segment dysgenesis via activation of a calcium signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1714-1727. [PMID: 30683901 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is a failure of normal development of anterior structures of the eye, leading to lens opacification. The underlying mechanisms relating to ASD are still unclear. Previous studies have implicated transcriptional factor muscle segment homeobox 2 (Msx2) in ASD. In this study, we used Msx2 conditional knockout (CKO) mice as a model and found that Msx2 deficiency in surface ectoderm induced ASD. Loss of Msx2 function specifically affected lens development, while other eye structures were not significantly affected. Multiple lines of evidence show that calcium signaling pathways are involved in this pathogenesis. Our study demonstrates that Msx2 plays an essential role in lens development by activating a yet undetermined calcium signaling pathway.
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13
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Ha HJ, Kwon S, Jeong EM, Kim CM, Lee KB, Kim IG, Park HH. Structure of natural variant transglutaminase 2 reveals molecular basis of gaining stability and higher activity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204707. [PMID: 30321187 PMCID: PMC6188745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-functional transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which possesses protein cross-linking and GTP hydrolysis activities, is involved in various cellular processes, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and neuronal regeneration, and is associated with many human diseases, including inflammatory disease, celiac disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, tissue fibrosis, and cancers. Although most biochemical and cellular studies have been conducted with the TG2 (G224) form, the TG2 (G224V) form has recently emerged as a putative natural variant of TG2. In this study, we characterized the putative natural form of TG2, TG2 (G224V), and through a new crystal structure of TG2 (G224V), we revealed how TG2 (G224V) gained stability and higher Ca2+-dependent activity than an artificial variant of TG2 (G224).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghark Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Min Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HHP); (IGK)
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HHP); (IGK)
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14
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Isozyme-specific comprehensive characterization of transglutaminase-crosslinked substrates in kidney fibrosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7306. [PMID: 29743665 PMCID: PMC5943318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by prolonged decline in renal function, excessive accumulation of ECM, and progressive tissue fibrosis. Transglutaminase (TG) is a crosslinking enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between glutamine and lysine residues, and is involved in the induction of renal fibrosis via the stabilization of ECM and the activation of TGF-β1. Despite the accumulating evidences indicating that TG2 is a key enzyme in fibrosis, genetic knockout of TG2 reduced by only 50% the elevated protein crosslinking and fibrous protein in renal fibrosis model, whereas treatment with TG inhibitor almost completely reduced these levels. Here, we also clarified the distributions of TG isozymes and their in situ activities and identified the isozyme-specific crosslinked substrates for both TG1 and TG2 in fibrotic kidney. We found that TG1 activity was markedly enhanced in renal tubular epithelium and interstitial areas, whereas TG2 activity increased only in the extracellular space. In total, 47 and 67 possible candidates were identified as TG1 and TG2 substrates, respectively, only in fibrotic kidney. Among them, several possible substrates related to renal disease and fibrosis were identified. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of renal fibrosis through the targeting of isozyme-specific TG substrates.
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15
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S-nitrosylation of transglutaminase 2 impairs fatty acid-stimulated contraction in hypertensive cardiomyocytes. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 29622788 PMCID: PMC5938015 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-017-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium in hypertensive heart exhibits decreased fatty acid utilization and contractile dysfunction, leading to cardiac failure. However, the causal relationship between metabolic remodeling and cardiomyocyte contractility remains unestablished. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been known to promote ATP production through the regulation of mitochondrial function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of TG2 in cardiomyocyte contraction under fatty acid supplementation. Using TG2 inhibitor and TG2-deficient mice, we demonstrated that fatty acid supplementation activated TG2 and increased ATP level and contractility of cardiac myocyte from the normal heart. By contrast, in cardiac myocytes from angiotensin-II-treated rats and mice, the effects of fatty acid supplementation on TG2 activity, ATP level, and myocyte contraction were abolished. We found that TG2 was inhibited by S-nitrosylation and its level increased in hypertensive myocytes. Treatment with inhibitor for neuronal NOS restored fatty acid-induced increase of TG2 activity and myocyte contraction. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ levels were increased by fatty acid supplementation in both normal and hypertensive myocytes, showing that S-nitrosylation of TG2 but not alteration of intracellular Ca2+ levels is responsible for contractile dysfunction. These results indicate that TG2 plays a critical role in the regulation of myocyte contractility by promoting fatty acid metabolism and provide a novel target for preventing contractile dysfunction in heart with high workload. Enhancing activity of an enzyme that promotes healthy heart contraction could benefit patients at risk of serious heart conditions. Chronic high blood pressure can cause excessive thickening of heart muscle tissue, reducing the heart’s ability to contract correctly and leading to heart failure. A healthy heart fuels itself by oxidizing fatty acids to trigger production of the key energy transfer molecule ATP. Yin Hua Zhang and In-Gyu Kim at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea and co-workers have highlighted how S-nitrosylation, addition of nitric oxide, affects transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme that promotes ATP production. Experiments on rats and mice showed that fatty acids activate TG2, increasing ATP production and maintaining contractibility in healthy hearts. However, in pressure-overloaded hearts, TG2 activity is inhibited by S-nitrosylation, which stops heart muscle cells contracting properly.
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16
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Kárpáti S, Sárdy M, Németh K, Mayer B, Smyth N, Paulsson M, Traupe H. Transglutaminases in autoimmune and inherited skin diseases: The phenomena of epitope spreading and functional compensation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:807-814. [PMID: 28940785 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are structurally and functionally related enzymes that modify the post-translational structure and activity of proteins or peptides, and thus are able to turn on or switch off their function. Depending on location and activities, TGs are able to modify the signalling, the function and the fate of cells and extracellular connective tissues. Besides mouse models, human diseases enable us to appreciate the function of various TGs. In this study, skin diseases induced by genetic damages or autoimmune targeting of these enzymes will be discussed. TG1, TG3 and TG5 contribute to the cutaneous barrier and thus to the integrity and function of epidermis. TGM1 mutations related to autosomal recessive ichthyosis subtypes, TGM5 mutations to a mild epidermolysis bullosa phenotype and as novelty TGM3 mutation to uncombable hair syndrome will be discussed. Autoimmunity to TG2, TG3 and TG6 may develop in a few of those genetically determined individuals who lost tolerance to gluten, and manifest as coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis or gluten-dependent neurological symptoms, respectively. These gluten responder diseases commonly occur in combination. In autoimmune diseases, the epitope spreading is remarkable, while in some inherited pathologies, a unique compensation of the lost enzyme function is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarolta Kárpáti
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Németh
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mayer
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Neil Smyth
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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17
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Lee SJ, Lee KB, Son YH, Shin J, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hong AY, Bae HW, Kwon MA, Lee WJ, Kim JH, Lee DH, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates UV-induced skin inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cytokine production. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3148. [PMID: 29072680 PMCID: PMC5680918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation elicits acute inflammation in the skin by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes. However, the downstream protein target(s) that link UV radiation to the activation of signaling pathways responsible for cytokine expression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we report a novel role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a member of the TG enzyme family whose activities are critical for cornified envelope formation, in mediating UV-induced inflammation. Our results showed that TG2-deficient mice exhibited reduced inflammatory responses to UV irradiation, including reduced erythema, edema, dilation of blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Using primary mouse keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, we found that UV irradiation-induced cytokine production by activating TG2, but not by upregulating TG2 expression, and that ER calcium release triggered by the UV-induced activation of phospholipase C was required for TG2 activation. Moreover, TG2 activity enhanced p65 phosphorylation, leading to an increase in NF-κB transcriptional activity. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical mediator of cytokine expression in the UV-induced inflammatory response of keratinocytes, and suggest that TG2 inhibition might be useful for preventing UV-related skin disorders, such as photoaging and skin cancer caused by chronic UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Cheongju University College of Health Science, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Morotomi-Yano K, Yano KI. Calcium-dependent activation of transglutaminase 2 by nanosecond pulsed electric fields. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:934-943. [PMID: 28680807 PMCID: PMC5494297 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cultured human cells to nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) elicits various cellular events, including Ca2+ influx and cell death. Recently, nsPEFs have been regarded as a novel physical treatment useful for biology and medicine, but the underlying mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of nsPEFs on transglutaminases (TGs), enzymes that catalyze covalent protein modifications such as protein-protein crosslinking. Cellular TG activity was monitored by conjugation of cellular proteins with biotin-cadaverine, a cell-permeable pseudosubstrate for TGs. We applied nsPEFs to HeLa S3 cells and found that overall catalytic activity of cellular TGs was greatly increased in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin significantly augmented nsPEF-induced TG activation, further supporting the importance of Ca2+. Among human TG family members, TG2 is known to be the most ubiquitously expressed, and its catalytic activity requires elevated intracellular Ca2+. Given the requirement of Ca2+ for TG activation by nsPEFs, we performed depletion of TG2 by RNA interference (RNAi). We observed that TG2 RNAi suppressed the nsPEF-induced TG activation and partially alleviated the cytotoxic effects of nsPEFs. These findings demonstrate that TG2 activation is a Ca2+-dependent event in nsPEF-exposed cells and exerts negative effects on cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Morotomi-Yano
- Department of Bioelectrics Institute of Pulsed Power Science Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yano
- Department of Bioelectrics Institute of Pulsed Power Science Kumamoto University Japan
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19
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Transglutaminase-2 is Involved in Cell Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cell Line U2OS Under Hypoxia Condition. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 72:283-8. [PMID: 25561282 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of solid bone cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Hypoxia is an ordinary phenomenon in solid tumor tissues and can induce cell apoptosis but the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect and the molecular mechanism of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) on cell apoptosis in osteosarcoma U2OS cells under hypoxia. We found the enzymatic activity of TG2 is significantly increased and the expression of TG2 is remarkably up-regulated under hypoxia condition. Cell apoptotic rate is markedly increased upon knockdown of TG2 by siRNA under hypoxia. We further investigated the mechanism of cell apoptosis and found Bax protein is significantly increased after depletion of TG2 under hypoxia. Moreover, our data also show that cytochrome C (Cyt C) is significantly increased in cytoplasm and markedly decreased in mitochondria of U2OS cells after depletion of TG2 under hypoxia. Our results suggest that TG2 can inhibit tumor cell apoptosis through down-regulation of Bax and prevention of release Cyt C from mitochondria into cytoplasm.
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20
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Jeong EM, Son YH, Choi Y, Kim JH, Lee JH, Cho SY, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 is dispensable but required for the survival of mice in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e267. [PMID: 27811936 PMCID: PMC5133373 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes crosslinking, polyamination or deamidation of glutamine residues in proteins. It has been reported that TG2 is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including celiac disease, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis and sepsis. Recently, using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, we showed that TG2 is required to trigger inflammation via the induction of T helper type 17 (Th17) cell differentiation in response to tissue damage. However, the role of TG2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is thought to be a Th17 cell-associated disease, has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of TG2 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the most widely used mouse model for IBD. Age- and sex-matched wild-type and TG2-/- mice were fed 2% DSS for 7 days or 3.5% DSS for 5 days in drinking water. An in situ TG activity assay revealed that DSS treatment activates TG2 in various colon cell types, including columnar absorptive cells and goblet cells. DSS-treated TG2-/- mice showed lower interleukin (IL)-6, but higher IL-17A and RORγt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt) expression levels in the colon tissues than that in the wild-type mice. Moreover, TG2-/- mice showed higher mortality than the wild-type mice because of DSS treatment. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in changes of body weight, colon length, morphology, immune cell infiltration and in vivo intestinal permeability between DSS-treated wild-type and TG2-/- mice. These results indicate that TG2-mediated Th17 cell differentiation is not required for the pathogenesis of DSS-induced acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yewon Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Dietz K, de Los Reyes Jiménez M, Gollwitzer ES, Chaker AM, Zissler UM, Rådmark OP, Baarsma HA, Königshoff M, Schmidt-Weber CB, Marsland BJ, Esser-von Bieren J. Age dictates a steroid-resistant cascade of Wnt5a, transglutaminase 2, and leukotrienes in inflamed airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1343-1354.e6. [PMID: 27554815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling is a detrimental and refractory process showing age-dependent clinical manifestations that are mechanistically undefined. The leukotriene (LT) and wingless/integrase (Wnt) pathways have been implicated in remodeling, but age-specific expression profiles and common regulators remained elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the activation of the LT and Wnt pathways during early- or late-onset allergic airway inflammation and to address regulatory mechanisms and clinical relevance in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) and nasal polyp tissues. METHODS Mice were sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) allergens from days 3, 15, or 60 after birth. Remodeling factors in murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung tissue, or human nasal polyp tissue were analyzed by means of Western blotting, immunoassays, or histology. Regulatory mechanisms were studied in cytokine/HDM-stimulated NHBEs and macrophages. RESULTS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid LT levels were increased in neonatal and adult but reduced in juvenile HDM-sensitized mice. Lungs of neonatally sensitized mice showed increased 5-lipoxygenase levels, whereas adult mice expressed more group 10 secretory phospholipase A2, Wnt5a, and transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2). Older mice showed colocalization of Wnt5a and LT enzymes in the epithelium, a pattern also observed in human nasal polyps. IL-4 promoted epithelial Wnt5a secretion, which upregulated macrophage Tgm2 expression, and Tgm2 inhibition in turn reduced LT release. Tgm2, group 10 secretory phospholipase A2, and LT enzymes in NHBEs and nasal polyps were refractory to corticosteroids. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal age differences in LT and Wnt pathways during airway inflammation and identify a steroid-resistant cascade of Wnt5a, Tgm2, and LTs, which might represent a therapeutic target for airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dietz
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta de Los Reyes Jiménez
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva S Gollwitzer
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam M Chaker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Otolaryngology, Allergy Section, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olof P Rådmark
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoeke A Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Lai TS, Lin CJ, Greenberg CS. Role of tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2)-mediated aminylation in biological processes. Amino Acids 2016; 49:501-515. [PMID: 27270573 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is an important mechanism in modulating a protein's structure and can lead to substantial diversity in biological function. Compared to other forms of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation and glycosylation, the physiological significance of aminylation is limited. Aminylation refers to the covalent incorporation of biogenic/polyamines into target protein by calcium-dependent transglutaminases (TGs). The development of novel and more sensitive techniques has led to more proteins identified as tissue transglutaminase (TG2) substrates and potential targets for aminylation. Many of these substrate proteins play a role in cell signaling, cytoskeleton organization, muscle contraction, and inflammation. TG2 is well studied and widely expressed in a variety of tissues and will be the primary focus of this review on recent advance in transglutaminase-mediated aminylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thung-S Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Jhong-Jheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist, New Taipei City, 25200, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cheng-Jui Lin
- Nephrology/Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Nursing and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Charles S Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Yeo SY, Itahana Y, Guo AK, Han R, Iwamoto K, Nguyen HT, Bao Y, Kleiber K, Wu YJ, Bay BH, Voorhoeve M, Itahana K. Transglutaminase 2 contributes to a TP53-induced autophagy program to prevent oncogenic transformation. eLife 2016; 5:e07101. [PMID: 26956429 PMCID: PMC4798945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations which impair the function of the TP53 signaling pathway in TP53 wild-type human tumors remain elusive. To identify new components of this pathway, we performed a screen for genes whose loss-of-function debilitated TP53 signaling and enabled oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) as a putative tumor suppressor in the TP53 pathway. TGM2 suppressed colony formation in soft agar and tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. The depletion of growth supplements induced both TGM2 expression and autophagy in a TP53-dependent manner, and TGM2 promoted autophagic flux by enhancing autophagic protein degradation and autolysosome clearance. Reduced expression of both CDKN1A, which regulates the cell cycle downstream of TP53, and TGM2 synergized to promote oncogenic transformation. Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated autophagy and CDKN1A-mediated cell cycle arrest are two important barriers in the TP53 pathway that prevent oncogenic transformation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.001 Cancers grow from rogue cells that manage to defy the strict rules that normally stop a cell from dividing when it should not. Each cell contains many proteins that are responsible for implementing these rules, and thus help to prevent tumors from forming. One of these proteins – p53 (which is also called TP53) – plays a central role in this process. Information about many processes within and around a cell filters through the p53 protein, before being passed on to a range of different proteins. The proteins that are alerted by p53 are commonly referred to as its 'downstream effectors', and it is these proteins that stop cells from dividing too much. For example, the protein p21 (also called CDKN1A) – which is the best understood of p53’s downstream effectors – hinders the machinery that causes cells to divide. Other p53 effectors can cause cells to kill themselves to prevent cancer growth. However, recent experiments with mice predicted that there may be other p53’s effectors that are important too. Yeo, Itahana et al. have now depleted the proteins that potentially work in p53’s network, one by one, in human cells called mammary epithelial cells, to test if these cells can become cancerous in the laboratory. The experiments showed that another downstream effector protein of p53 – an enzyme called transglutaminase 2 – contributes to prevent these mammary epithelial cells from becoming cancerous. Transglutaminase 2 promotes a process known as autophagy, which recycles damaged and old components of the cell, and therefore normally helps to keep cells healthy. Yeo, Itahana et al. also demonstrated that the effects of both p21 and transglutaminase 2 are critical to stop human mammary epithelial cells grown in the laboratory from dividing too much and from forming tumors when injected into mice. These experiments provide a deeper understanding of how most cells manage to remain healthy rather than becoming cancerous and reveal a potential new target for the early detection of cancer. Further investigations could now explore whether therapies could re-activate this enzyme to prevent or treat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yun Yeo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Rachel Han
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kozue Iwamoto
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Hung Thanh Nguyen
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yi Bao
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kai Kleiber
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Ya Jun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
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24
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Wang G, Fu L, Chen F. Study of the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of transglutaminase II on apoptosis in the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3425-3428. [PMID: 26788145 PMCID: PMC4665165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the apoptosis phenomenon in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line, and transglutaminase II (TG2) expression. The relationship between the anti-apoptotic mechanism of TG2 and the expression of cytochrome c as well as caspase-3 under hypoxic conditions was also verified. A hypoxic culture of MG-63 cells was prepared. The hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were established, and the cultures were incubated for 12 h under hypoxic conditions. TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level were investigated. Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the TG2 nucleus and cytoplasm were measured. The apoptotic rate was also monitored. The results showed that TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically insignificant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, a comparison of the two groups in the cytoplasm yielded no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, the protein levels in the cytoplasm were significantly lower than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group, with differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences in apoptotic rates between the hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were also statistically significant (P<0.05). Under hypoxic conditions, a high TG2 expression inhibited the apoptosis of the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. This effect was probably associated with its suppressive activity on the transportation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wang
- Department of Bone Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Limei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fangmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
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25
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Min B, Kwon YC, Choe KM, Chung KC. PINK1 phosphorylates transglutaminase 2 and blocks its proteasomal degradation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:722-35. [PMID: 25557247 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the formation of abnormal protein aggregates, referred to as Lewy bodies (LBs). PINK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that protects cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. PINK1 gene mutations cause one form of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an intracellular protein cross-linking enzyme that has an important role in LB formation during PD pathogenesis. This study identifies PINK1 as a novel TG2 binding partner and shows that PINK1 stabilizes the half-life of TG2 via inhibition of TG2 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. PINK1 affects TG2 stability in a kinase-dependent manner. In addition, PINK1 directly phosphorylates TG2 in carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine-induced mitochondrial damaged states, thereby enhancing TG2 accumulation and intracellular protein cross-linking products. This study further confirms the functional link between upstream PINK1 and downstream TG2 in Drosophila melanogaster. These data suggest that PINK1 positively regulates TG2 activity, which may be closely associated with aggresome formation in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Min
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Kim JH, Hong JM, Jeong EM, Lee WJ, Kim HR, Kang JS, Kim IG, Hwang YI. Lack of transglutaminase 2 diminished T-cell responses in mice. Immunology 2014; 142:506-16. [PMID: 24628083 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been reported to play a role in dendritic cell activation and B-cell differentiation after immunization. Its presence and role in T cells, however, has not been explored. In the present study, we determined the expression of TG2 on mouse T cells, and evaluated its role by comparing the behaviours of wild-type and TG2(-/-) T cells after activation. In our results, naive T cells minimally expressed TG2, expression of which was increased after activation. T-cell proliferation, expression of activation markers such as CD69 and CD25, and secretions of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ were suppressed in the absence of TG2, presumably due, in part, to diminished nuclear factor-κB activation. These effects on T cells seemed to be reflected in the in vivo immune response, the contact hypersensitivity reaction elicited by 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene, with lowered peak responses in the TG2(-/-) mice. When splenic T cells from mice immunized with tumour lysate-loaded wild-type dendritic cells were re-challenged ex vivo with the same antigen, the profile of surface markers including CD44, CD62L, and CD127 strongly indicated lesser generation of memory CD8(+) T cells in TG2(-/-) mice. In the TG2(-/-) CD8(+) T cells, moreover, Eomes expression was markedly decreased. These results indicate possible roles of TG2 in CD8(+) T-cell activation and CD8(+) memory T-cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Gall JM, Wang Z, Bonegio RG, Havasi A, Liesa M, Vemula P, Borkan SC. Conditional knockout of proximal tubule mitofusin 2 accelerates recovery and improves survival after renal ischemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1092-102. [PMID: 25201884 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubule (PT) cells are critical targets of acute ischemic injury. Elimination of the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) sensitizes PT cells to apoptosis in vitro. However, the role of PT Mfn2 in ischemic AKI in vivo is unknown. To test its role, we evaluated the effects of conditional KO of PT Mfn2 (cKO-PT-Mfn2) on animal survival after transient bilateral renal ischemia associated with severe AKI. Forty-eight hours after ischemia, 28% of control mice survived compared with 86% of cKO-PT-Mfn2 animals (P<0.001 versus control). Although no significant differences in histologic injury score, apoptosis, or necrosis were detected between genotypes, cKO-PT-Mfn2 kidneys exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in cell proliferation restricted to the intrarenal region with Mfn2 deletion. To identify the signals responsible for increased proliferation, primary PT cells with Mfn2 deficiency were subjected to stress by ATP depletion in vitro. Compared with normal Mfn2 expression, Mfn2 deficiency significantly increased PT cell proliferation and persistently activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) during recovery from stress. Furthermore, stress and Mfn2 deficiency decreased the interaction between Mfn2 and Ras detected by immunoprecipitation, and purified Mfn2 dose-dependently decreased Ras activity in a cell-free assay. Ischemia in vivo also reduced the Mfn2-RAS interaction and increased both RAS and p-ERK1/2 activity in the renal cortical homogenates of cKO-PT-Mfn2 mice. Our results suggest that, in contrast to its proapoptotic effects in vitro, selective PT Mfn2 deficiency accelerates recovery of renal function and enhances animal survival after ischemic AKI in vivo, partly by increasing Ras-ERK-mediated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc Liesa
- The Obesity Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Min SK, Min SI, Jeong EM, Cho SY, Ha J, Kim SJ, Kim IG. Intimal hyperplasia in loop-injured carotid arteries is attenuated in transglutaminase 2-null mice. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:363-9. [PMID: 24616585 PMCID: PMC3945131 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial restenosis frequently develops after open or endovascular surgery due to intimal hyperplasia. Since tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is known to involve in fibrosis, wound healing, and extracellular matrix remodeling, we examined the role of TG2 in the process of intimal hyperplasia using TG2-null mice. The neointimal formation was compared between TG2-null and wild-type (C57BL/6) mice by two different injury models; carotid ligation and carotid loop injury. In ligation model, there was no difference in intimal thickness between two groups. In loop injury model, intimal hyperplasia developed in both groups and the intimal/medial area ratio was significantly reduced in TG2-null mice (P = 0.007). TG2 was intensely stained in neointimal cells in 2 weeks. In situ activity of TG2 in the injured arteries steadily increased until 4 weeks compared to uninjured arteries. Taken together, intimal hyperplasia was significantly reduced in TG2-null mice, indicating that TG2 has an important role in the development of intimal hyperplasia. This suggests that TG2 may be a novel target to prevent the arterial restenosis after vascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kee Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Il Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee JH, Jeong J, Jeong EM, Cho SY, Kang JW, Lim J, Heo J, Kang H, Kim IG, Shin DM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates transglutaminase 2 leading to protein aggregation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:849-55. [PMID: 24481335 PMCID: PMC3976127 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) contributes to a variety of protein conformational disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases and age-related cataracts. The accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which promotes either repair or degradation of the damaged proteins. Inadequate UPR results in protein aggregation that may contribute to the development of age-related degenerative diseases. TGase2 is a calcium-dependent enzyme that irreversibly modifies proteins by forming cross-linked protein aggregates. Intracellular TGase2 is activated by oxidative stress which generates large quantities of unfolded proteins. However, the relationship between TGase2 activity and UPR has not yet been established. In the present study, we demonstrated that ER stress activated TGase2 in various cell types. TGase2 activation was dependent on the ER stress-induced increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration but not on the TGase2 protein expression level. Enzyme substrate analysis revealed that TGase2-mediated protein modification promoted protein aggregation concurrently with decreasing water solubility. Moreover, treatment with KCC009, a TGase2 inhibitor, abrogated ER stress-induced TGase2 activation and subsequent protein aggregation. However, TGase2 activation had no effect on ER stress-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of misfolded proteins activates TGase2, which further accelerates the formation of protein aggregates. Therefore, we suggest that inhibition of TGase2 may be a novel strategy by which to prevent the protein aggregation in age-related degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Papavlassopoulos H, Mishra YK, Kaps S, Paulowicz I, Abdelaziz R, Elbahri M, Maser E, Adelung R, Röhl C. Toxicity of functional nano-micro zinc oxide tetrapods: impact of cell culture conditions, cellular age and material properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84983. [PMID: 24454775 PMCID: PMC3890288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing production and applications of nanostructured zinc oxide, e.g., for biomedical and consumer products, the question of safety is getting more and more important. Different morphologies of zinc oxide structures have been synthesized and accordingly investigated. In this study, we have particularly focused on nano-micro ZnO tetrapods (ZnO-T), because their large scale fabrication has been made possible by a newly introduced flame transport synthesis approach which will probably lead to several new applications. Moreover, ZnO-T provide a completely different morphology then classical spherical ZnO nanoparticles. To get a better understanding of parameters that affect the interactions between ZnO-T and mammalian cells, and thus their biocompatibility, we have examined the impact of cell culture conditions as well as of material properties on cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the cell density of fibroblasts in culture along with their age, i.e., the number of preceding cell divisions, strongly affect the cytotoxic potency of ZnO-T. Concerning the material properties, the toxic potency of ZnO-T is found to be significantly lower than that of spherical ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the morphology of the ZnO-T influenced cellular toxicity in contrast to surface charges modified by UV illumination or O2 treatment and to the material age. Finally, we have observed that direct contact between tetrapods and cells increases their toxicity compared to transwell culture models which allow only an indirect effect via released zinc ions. The results reveal several parameters that can be of importance for the assessment of ZnO-T toxicity in cell cultures and for particle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Papavlassopoulos
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra K. Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail: (YKM); (CR)
| | - Sören Kaps
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Paulowicz
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ramzy Abdelaziz
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mady Elbahri
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Röhl
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- ZEBET - Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (YKM); (CR)
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31
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Lee DY, Chang GD. Methylglyoxal in cells elicits a negative feedback loop entailing transglutaminase 2 and glyoxalase 1. Redox Biol 2014; 2:196-205. [PMID: 24494193 PMCID: PMC3909781 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 1 (GlxI) is the key enzyme that converts the highly reactive α-oxo-aldehydes into the corresponding α-hydroxy acids using l-glutathione as a cofactor. In our preliminary data, GlxI was identified as a substrate of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a ubiquitous enzyme with multiple functions. According to the catalytic properties of TG2, protein cross-linking, polyamine conjugation, and/or deamidation are potential post-translational modifications. In this article, we have demonstrated that TG2 catalyzes either polyamine conjugation or deamidation to GlxI depending on the presence of polyamines or not. Deamidation leads to activation of GlxI while polyamine conjugation results in activation of GlxI as well as stabilization of GlxI against denaturation treatment. In cultured HeLa cells, methylglyoxal challenge causes increase in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium leading to TG2 activation and subsequent transamidation and activation of GlxI. The inhibition of TG2 significantly weakens the cell resistance to the methylglyoxal challenge. Thus, GlxI is a novel substrate of TG2 and is activated by TG2 in vitro and in cellulo. Exposure to methylglyoxal elicits a negative feedback loop entailing ROS, calcium, TG2 and GlxI, thus leading to attenuation of the increase in the methylglyoxal level. The results imply that cancer cells highly express TG2 or GlxI can endure the oxidative stress derived from higher glycolytic flux and may gain extra growth advantage from the aerobic glycolysis. We have demonstrated novel modifications of glyoxalase I by transglutaminase 2. The modifications mediated by transglutaminse 2 modulate the glyoxalase I activities. Methylglyoxal treatment in cells induces increases in the levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species and activation transglutaminase 2 and glyoxalase I. Cells dispose the accumulated intracellular methylglyoxal by a negative feedback loop consisting of reactive oxygen species, calcium, transglutaminase 2 and glyoxalase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Technology Commons, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Technology Commons, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Technology Commons, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 2 3366 4071; fax: +886 2 2363 5038.
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32
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Bains W. Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the protein cross-link formed by transglutaminse 2, as therapeutic targets for disabilities of old age. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 16:495-517. [PMID: 23968147 PMCID: PMC3869435 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the protein matrix that surrounds and penetrates the tissues and binds the body together, contributes significantly to functional aging of tissues. ECM proteins become increasingly cross-linked with age, and this cross-linking is probably important in the decline of the ECM's function. This article reviews the role of ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (EGGL), a cross-link formed by transglutaminase enzymes, and particularly the widely expressed isozyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the aging ECM. There is little direct data on EGGL accumulation with age, and no direct evidence of a role of EGGL in the aging of the ECM with pathology. However, several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that EGGL accumulates with age, and its association with pathology suggests that this might reflect degradation of ECM function. TG activity increases with age in many circumstances. ECM protein turnover is such that some EGGL made by TG is likely to remain in place for years, if not decades, in healthy tissue, and both EGGL and TG levels are enhanced by age-related diseases. If further research shows EGGL does accumulate with age, removing it could be of therapeutic benefit. Also reviewed is the blockade of TG and active removal of EGGL as therapeutic strategies, with the conclusion that both have promise. EGGL removal may have benefit for acute fibrotic diseases, such as tendinopathy, and for treating generalized decline in ECM function with old age. Extracellular TG2 and EGGL are therefore therapeutic targets both for specific and more generalized diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bains
- SRF Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Cui XY, Skretting G, Jing Y, Sun H, Sandset PM, Sun L. Hypoxia influences stem cell-like properties in multidrug resistant K562 leukemic cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:177-84. [PMID: 23725749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the potential role of hypoxia in maintaining stem cell-like properties and therapeutic resistance in K562 leukemic cell. METHODS Western blot, flow cytometry and cell viability assays were used to investigate the effects of hypoxia (1% O2) on cell proliferation, drug resistance and expression of the hypoxia inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), the octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), CD133, CD34 and the ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) as well as Smad2 phosphorylation in the drug resistant cell line K562/DOX and its parental cell line. RESULTS Hypoxia induced growth inhibition and significantly upregulated HIF-2α, CD133, Oct4, CD34 and ABCG2 expression in the wild type K562 cells (p<0.05). The IC50 of doxorubicin was also enhanced about 2.5-fold in hypoxia. In contrast, the K562/DOX cells, which showed significantly higher ABCG2 expression and IC50 for various drugs, no significant difference in cell proliferation was observed between hypoxia and normoxia. The hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-2α, CD133, Oct4, CD34 and ABCG2 expression was significantly lower than in the wild type cells (p<0.05). Moreover, hypoxia induced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and additional treatment with SD-208, an inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor I kinase, resulted in a dose-dependent downregulation of CD133 and Oct4 in the K562/DOX cells. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia plays an important role in enhancing the stem cell-like properties and to induce multidrug resistance of leukemia cells. The activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of this pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Cui
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Velez V F, Romano JA, McKown RL, Green K, Zhang L, Raab RW, Ryan DS, Hutnik CML, Frierson HF, Laurie GW. Tissue transglutaminase is a negative regulator of monomeric lacritin bioactivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2123-32. [PMID: 23425695 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Molar accounting of bioactive fluids can expose new regulatory mechanisms in the growing proteomic focus on epithelial biology. Essential for the viability of the surface epithelium of the eye and for normal vision is the thin, but protein-rich, tear film in which the small tear glycoprotein lacritin appears to play a prominent prosecretory, cytoprotective, and mitogenic role. Although optimal bioactive levels in cell culture are 1 to 10 nM over a biphasic dose optimum, ELISA suggests a sustained tear lacritin concentration in the midmicromolar range in healthy adults. Here we identify a reconciling mechanism. METHODS Monoclonal anti-lacritin 1F5 antibody was generated, and applied together with a new anti-C-terminal polyclonal antibody to tear and tissue Western blotting. In vitro tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2) cross-linking was monitored and characterized by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Blotting for lacritin in human tears or saliva surprisingly detected immunoreactive material with a higher molecular weight and prominence equal or exceeding the ∼23 to 25 kDa band of monomeric glycosylated lacritin. Exogenous Tgm2 initiated lacritin cross-linking within 1 minute and was complete by 90 minutes-even with as little as 0.1 nM lacritin, and involved the donors lysine 82 and 85 and the acceptor glutamine 106 in the syndecan-1 binding domain. Lacritin spiked into lacritin-depleted tears formed multimers, in keeping with ∼0.6 μM TGM2 in tears. Cross-linking was absent when Tgm2 was inactive, and cross-linked lacritin, unlike recombinant monomer, bound syndecan-1 poorly. CONCLUSIONS Since syndecan-1 binding is necessary for lacritin mitogenic and cytoprotective activities, TGM2 cross-linking negatively regulates lacritin bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velez V
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0732, USA
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Caputo I, Secondo A, Lepretti M, Paolella G, Auricchio S, Barone MV, Esposito C. Gliadin peptides induce tissue transglutaminase activation and ER-stress through Ca2+ mobilization in Caco-2 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45209. [PMID: 23049776 PMCID: PMC3458012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after exposure to dietary wheat gliadin. The role of post-translational modifications of gliadin catalyzed by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) seems to play a crucial role in CD. However, it remains to be established how and where tTG is activated in vivo. We have investigated whether gliadin peptides modulate intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and tTG activity. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied Ca(2+) homeostasis in Caco-2 cells by single cell microfluorimetry. Under our conditions, A-gliadin peptides 31-43 and 57-68 rapidly mobilized Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Specifically, peptide 31-43 mobilized Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, whereas peptide 57-68 mobilized Ca(2+) only from mitochondria. We also found that gliadin peptide-induced Ca(2+) mobilization activates the enzymatic function of intracellular tTG as revealed by in situ tTG activity using the tTG substrate pentylamine-biotin. Moreover, we demonstrate that peptide 31-43, but not peptide 57-68, induces an increase of tTG expression. Finally, we monitored the expression of glucose-regulated protein-78 and of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-homologous protein, which are two biochemical markers of ER-stress, by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. We found that chronic administration of peptide 31-43, but not of peptide 57-68, induces the expression of both genes. CONCLUSIONS By inducing Ca(2+) mobilization from the ER, peptide 31-43 could promote an ER-stress pathway that may be relevant in CD pathogenesis. Furthermore, peptides 31-43 and 57-68, by activating intracellular tTG, could alter inflammatory key regulators, and induce deamidation of immunogenic peptides and gliadin-tTG crosslinking in enterocytes and specialized antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Matlung HL, Neele AE, Groen HC, van Gaalen K, Tuna BG, van Weert A, de Vos J, Wentzel JJ, Hoogenboezem M, van Buul JD, VanBavel E, Bakker ENTP. Transglutaminase activity regulates atherosclerotic plaque composition at locations exposed to oscillatory shear stress. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:355-62. [PMID: 22921425 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at sites of disturbed blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that transglutaminase activity plays a role in plaque development at these locations. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of endothelial cells to steady flow (7 dynes/cm(2)) was associated with relatively low transglutaminase activity, whereas under low oscillatory flow (1.3 ± 2.6 dynes/cm(2)) endothelial cells showed a >4-fold higher level of transglutaminase activity. Under oscillatory flow, transglutaminase activity increased the expression of the chemokine MCP-1 (CCL2). In vivo, oscillatory flow was induced by placement of a tapered perivascular cast around the carotid artery of type 2 transglutaminase (TGM2) knockout mice and WT counterparts. After 2 days, significantly less monocytes adhered to the endothelium in TGM2 knockout mice as compared to WT. In a more chronic setting, ApoE knockout mice that were equipped with the flow-modifying cast developed lesions proximal to the cast (low shear stress), and distal to the cast (oscillatory shear stress). Inhibition of transglutaminase induced a marked reduction in macrophage and fat content in distal lesions only. In addition, lesion size was increased in this area, which was attributed to an increase in smooth muscle content. CONCLUSION Oscillatory shear stress increases endothelial transglutaminase activity. In turn, transglutaminase activity affects the expression of MCP-1 in vitro and monocyte recruitment in vivo. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, transglutaminase activity has a major effect on plaque composition under oscillatory shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke L Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim JH, Jeong EM, Jeong YJ, Lee WJ, Kang JS, Kim IG, Hwang YI. Transglutaminase 2 modulates antigen-specific antibody response by suppressing Blimp-1 and AID expression of B cells in mice. Immunol Lett 2012; 147:18-28. [PMID: 22658978 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tansglutaminase 2 (TG2) mediates post-translational modifications of proteins that are involved in a variety of biological processes. Previous reports suggest an involvement of TG2 in adaptive immune responses. However, little has been elucidated in this regard. We explored, in this study, the role of TG2 in humoral immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) using TG2(-/-) C57BL/6 mice. After primary and secondary immunization with KLH, the serum titer of the antigen-specific antibody was higher in the TG2(-/-) mice than in the wild-type mice. Not only the amount of the specific antibody was increased, but also the affinity of the antibody was estimated as higher in these mice. The TG2(-/-) spleen showed an enhanced germinal center response with higher percentages of GL7(+) germinal center B cells and B220(low) CD138(high) plasma cells. In addition, germinal center B cells from TG2(-/-) mice showed an increased expression of B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) as well as activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Our results, in sum, indicate a regulatory role of TG2 in humoral immune response to a protein antigen, probably by way of modulating the expression level of proteins related to humoral immune reposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Cho SY, Jeong EM, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Lim J, Kim CW, Shin DM, Jeon JH, Choi K, Kim IG. Doxorubicin induces the persistent activation of intracellular transglutaminase 2 that protects from cell death. Mol Cells 2012; 33:235-41. [PMID: 22382681 PMCID: PMC3887707 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme that catalyzes post-translational modifications of proteins, has been implicated in apoptosis, cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. We previously reported that intracellular TG2 is activated under oxidative stress conditions, such as ultraviolet irradiation, ischemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia. In this study, we examined the effect of genotoxic stress on the intracellular activity of TG2 using doxorubicin which generates reactive oxygen species that lead to double-strand breakage of DNA. We demonstrated that doxorubicin elicits the persistent activation of TG2. Doxorubicin-induced TG2 activity was suppressed by treatment with caffeine at the early phase, N-acetylcysteine at the mid-phase, and EGTA at the late phase. However, treatment with a blocking antibody against TGFβ or toll-like receptor 2 showed no effect on TG2 activity, indicating that at least three different signaling pathways may be involved in the process of TG2 activation. In addition, using MEF cells defective for TG2 and cells overexpressing an activesite mutant of TG2, we revealed that doxorubicin-induced cell death is inversely correlated with TG2 activity. Our findings indicate that the persistent activation of TG2 by doxorubicin contributes to cell survival, suggesting that the mechanism-based inhibition of TG2 may be a novel strategy to prevent drug-resistance in doxorubicin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Chai-Wan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | | | | | | | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
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Kwan R, Hanada S, Harada M, Strnad P, Li DH, Omary MB. Keratin 8 phosphorylation regulates its transamidation and hepatocyte Mallory-Denk body formation. FASEB J 2012; 26:2318-26. [PMID: 22362895 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-198580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) are hepatocyte inclusions that are associated with poor liver disease prognosis. The intermediate filament protein keratin 8 (K8) and its cross-linking by transglutaminase-2 (TG2) are essential for MDB formation. K8 hyperphosphorylation occurs in association with liver injury and MDB formation, but the link between keratin phosphorylation and MDB formation is unknown. We used a mutational approach to identify K8 Q70 as a residue that is important for K8 cross-linking to itself and other liver proteins. K8 cross-linking is markedly enhanced on treating cells with a phosphatase inhibitor and decreases dramatically on K8 S74A or Q70N mutation in the presence of phosphatase inhibition. K8 Q70 cross-linking, in the context of synthetic peptides or intact proteins transfected into cells, is promoted by phosphorylation at K8 S74 or by an S74D substitution and is inhibited by S74A mutation. Transgenic mice that express K8 S74A or a K8 G62C liver disease variant that inhibits K8 S74 phosphorylation have a markedly reduced ability to form MDBs. Our findings support a model in which the stress-triggered phosphorylation of K8 S74 induces K8 cross-linking by TG2, leading to MDB formation. These findings may extend to neuropathies and myopathies that are characterized by intermediate filament-containing inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0622, USA.
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40
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) controls cell survival through PAI-2/serpinB2 and transglutaminase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E177-86. [PMID: 22203995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119296109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision between survival and death in cells exposed to TNF relies on a highly regulated equilibrium between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors. The TNF-activated antiapoptotic response depends on several transcription factors, including NF-κB and its RelA/p65 subunit, that are activated through phosphorylation-mediated degradation of IκB inhibitors, a process controlled by the IκB kinase complex. Genetic studies in mice have identified the IκB kinase-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1; also called NAK or T2K) as an additional regulatory molecule that promotes survival downstream of TNF, but the mechanism through which TBK1 exerts its survival function has remained elusive. Here we show that TBK1 triggers an antiapoptotic response by controlling a specific RelA/p65 phosphorylation event. TBK1-induced RelA phosphorylation results in inducible expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), a member of the serpin family with known antiapoptotic activity. PAI-2 limits caspase-3 activation through stabilization of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which cross-links and inactivates procaspase-3. Importantly, Tg2(-/-) mice were found to be more susceptible to apoptotic cell death in two models of TNF-dependent acute liver injury. Our results establish PAI-2 and TG2 as downstream mediators in the antiapoptotic response triggered upon TBK1 activation.
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42
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Király R, Demény M, Fésüs L. Protein transamidation by transglutaminase 2 in cells: a disputed Ca2+-dependent action of a multifunctional protein. FEBS J 2011; 278:4717-39. [PMID: 21902809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the first described cellular member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. During the last two decades its additional enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, protein kinase) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) activities, which do not require Ca(2+) , have been recognized. It became a prevailing view that TG2 is silent as a transamidase, except in extreme stress conditions, in the intracellular environment characterized by low Ca(2+) and high GTP concentrations. To counter this presumption a critical review of the experimental evidence supporting the role of this enzymatic activity in cellular processes is provided. It includes the structural basis of TG2 regulation through non-canonical Ca(2+) binding sites, mechanisms making it sensitive to low Ca(2+) concentrations, techniques developed for the detection of protein transamidation in cells and examples of basic cellular phenomena as well as pathological conditions influenced by this irreversible post-translational protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Apoptosis and Genomics Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Gentile V. Physiopathological roles of human transglutaminase 2. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:47-95. [PMID: 22220472 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gentile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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van den Akker J, VanBavel E, van Geel R, Matlung HL, Guvenc Tuna B, Janssen GMC, van Veelen PA, Boelens WC, De Mey JGR, Bakker ENTP. The redox state of transglutaminase 2 controls arterial remodeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23067. [PMID: 21901120 PMCID: PMC3161997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While inward remodeling of small arteries in response to low blood flow, hypertension, and chronic vasoconstriction depends on type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), the mechanisms of action have remained unresolved. We studied the regulation of TG2 activity, its (sub) cellular localization, substrates, and its specific mode of action during small artery inward remodeling. We found that inward remodeling of isolated mouse mesenteric arteries by exogenous TG2 required the presence of a reducing agent. The effect of TG2 depended on its cross-linking activity, as indicated by the lack of effect of mutant TG2. The cell-permeable reducing agent DTT, but not the cell-impermeable reducing agent TCEP, induced translocation of endogenous TG2 and high membrane-bound transglutaminase activity. This coincided with inward remodeling, characterized by a stiffening of the artery. The remodeling could be inhibited by a TG2 inhibitor and by the nitric oxide donor, SNAP. Using a pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, 21 proteins were identified as TG2 cross-linking substrates, including fibronectin, collagen and nidogen. Inward remodeling induced by low blood flow was associated with the upregulation of several anti-oxidant proteins, notably glutathione-S-transferase, and selenoprotein P. In conclusion, these results show that a reduced state induces smooth muscle membrane-bound TG2 activity. Inward remodeling results from the cross-linking of vicinal matrix proteins, causing a stiffening of the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van den Akker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remon van Geel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry 271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L. Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George M. C. Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert C. Boelens
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry 271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G. R. De Mey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik N. T. P. Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Monitoring of transglutaminase 2 under different oxidative stress conditions. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1037-43. [PMID: 21805137 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional calcium-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the post-translational protein crosslinking with formation of intra- or inter-molecular epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds or polyamine incorporation. The up-regulation and activation of TG2 have been reported in a variety of physiological events, including cell differentiation, signal transduction, apoptosis, and wound healing, as well as in cell response to stress evoked by different internal and external stimuli. Here we review TG2 role in cell response to redox state imbalance both under physiological and pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cataractogenesis, in which oxidative stress plays a pathogenetic role and also accelerates disease progression. The increase in TG activity together with mitochondrial impairment and collapse of antioxidant enzymatic cell defences have been reported to be the prominent biochemical alterations becoming evident prior to neurodegeneration. Moreover, oxidative stress-induced TG2 pathway is involved in autophagy inhibition and aggresome formation, and TG2 has been suggested to function as a link between oxidative stress and inflammation by driving the decision as to whether a protein should undergo SUMO-mediated regulation or proteasomal degradation. Literature data suggest a strong association between oxidative stress and TG2 up-regulation, which in turn may result in cell survival or apoptosis, depending on cell type, kind of stressor, duration of insult, as well as TG2 intracellular localization and activity state. In particular, it may be suggested that TG2 plays a pro-survival role when the alteration of cell redox state homeostasis is not associated with intracellular calcium increase triggering TG2 transamidation activity.
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Yi SJ, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Bcr is a substrate for Transglutaminase 2 cross-linking activity. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:8. [PMID: 21310073 PMCID: PMC3044668 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Breakpoint cluster region (Bcr) is a multi-domain protein that contains a C-terminal GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain for Rac. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) regulates Bcr by direct binding to its GAP domain. Since TG2 has transglutaminase activity that has been implicated in the response to extreme stress, we investigated if Bcr can also act as a substrate for TG2. Results We here report that activation of TG2 by calcium caused the formation of covalently cross-linked Bcr. Abr, a protein related to Bcr but lacking its N-terminal oligomerization domain, was not cross-linked by TG2 even though it forms a complex with it. A Bcr mutant missing the first 62 amino acid residues remained monomeric in the presence of activated TG2, showing that this specific domain is necessary for the cross-linking reaction. Calcium influx induced by a calcium ionophore in primary human endothelial cells caused cross-linking of endogenous Bcr, which was inhibited by the TG2 inhibitor cystamine. Treatment of cells with cobalt chloride, a hypoxia-mimetic that causes cellular stress, also generated high molecular weight Bcr complexes. Cross-linked Bcr protein appeared in the TritonX-100-insoluble cell fraction and further accumulated in cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor. Conclusions Bcr thus represents both an interacting partner under non-stressed conditions and a target of transglutaminase activity for TG2 during extreme stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ju Yi
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Ms#54, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles CA 90027, USA
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Phospholipase C, Ca2+, and calmodulin signaling are required for 5-HT2A receptor-mediated transamidation of Rac1 by transglutaminase. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:403-12. [PMID: 20717650 PMCID: PMC3033764 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin and especially serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor signaling are important in the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia and affective disorders. We previously reported a novel 5-HT(2A) receptor effector, increased transglutaminase (TGase)-catalyzed transamidation, and activation of the small G protein Rac1 in A1A1v cells, a rat embryonic cortical cell line. OBJECTIVES In this study, we explore the signaling pathway involved in 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated Rac1 transamidation. METHODS A1A1v cells were pretreated with pharmacological inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) or calmodulin (CaM), and then stimulated by the 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and TGase-modified Rac1 transamidation were monitored. The effect of manipulation of intracellular Ca(2+) by a Ca(2+) ionophore or a chelating agent on Rac1 transamidation was also evaluated. RESULTS In cells pretreated with a PLC inhibitor U73122, DOI-stimulated increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and TGase-modified Rac1 were significantly attenuated as compared to those pretreated with U73343, an inactive analog. The membrane-permeant Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA-AM strongly reduced TGase-catalyzed Rac1 transamidation upon DOI stimulation. Conversely, the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin, at a concentration that induced an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) to a level comparable to cells treated with DOI, produced an increase in TGase-modified Rac1 without 5-HT(2A) receptor activation. Moreover, the CaM inhibitor W-7, significantly decreased Rac1 transamidation in a dose-dependent manner in DOI-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that 5-HT(2A) receptor-coupled PLC activation and subsequent Ca(2+) and CaM signaling are necessary for TGase-catalyzed Rac1 transamidation, and an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) is sufficient to induce Rac1 transamidation.
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Png E, Samivelu GK, Yeo SH, Chew J, Chaurasia SS, Tong L. Hyperosmolarity-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction requires Transglutaminase-2 in human corneal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:693-9. [PMID: 20717931 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolar-induced ocular surface cell death is a key mitochondria-mediated event in inflammatory eye diseases. Transglutaminase (TGM)-2, a cross-linking enzyme, is purported to mediate cell death, but its link to mitochondria is unclear. In the cornea, the integrity of the epithelial cells is important for maintaining transparency of the cornea and therefore functional vision. We evaluated the role of TGM-2 and its involvement in hyperosmolarity-stimulated mitochondrial cell death in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. HCE-T cell lines stably expressing either shRNA targeting TGM-2 (shTG) or scrambled shRNA (shRNA) were constructed. Hyperosmolar conditions reduced viability and increased mitochondrial depolarization in shRNA cells. However, hyperosmolarity failed to induce mitochondrial depolarization to the same extent in shTG cells. Transient overexpression of TGM-2 resulted in very high levels of TGM-2 expression in shTG and shRNA cells. In the case of shTG cells after overexpression of TGM-2, hyperosmolarity induced the same extent of mitochondrial depolarization as similarly treated shRNA cells. Overexpression of TGM-2 also elevated transamidase activity and reduced viability. It also induced mitochondrial depolarization, increased caspase-3/7 and -9 activity, and these increases were partially suppressed by pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Corneal epithelial apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction after hyperosmolar stimulation is partially dependent on TGM-2. This TGM-2-dependent mechanism occurs in part via caspase-3/7 and -9. Protection against mitochondrial stress in the ocular surface targeting TGM-2 may have important implications in the survival of cells in hyperosmolar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Png
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Cho SY, Jeon JH, Kim CW, Shin DM, Jang GY, Jeong EM, Lee SE, Song KY, Kim IG. Monoclonal antibodies to human transglutaminase 4. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:263-7. [PMID: 20569004 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 4 (TG4) is a member of the enzyme family that catalyzes the calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins via cross-linking, polyamination, or deamidation. TG4 exhibits prostate-specific expression pattern and plays a crucial role in the formation of the copulatory plug in rodents. However, the physiological function(s) of human TG4 remains speculative. Human TG4 has been postulated to participate in the maturation process of sperm by modifying its cell surface, which results in suppression of sperm antigenicity in the female genital tract. To better understand the pathophysiological role of TG4 in prostate tissue, we generated monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human TG4 in mice by repeated injections with the recombinant human TG4. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the selected MAbs react specifically with TG4, but not with other isoenzymes of the TG family. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analyses showed that specific staining is observed with the cells overexpressing TG4 and with the paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens obtained from the benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients, respectively. Our results indicate that these MAbs are suitable for detecting TG4 in the cultured cells or prostate tissues for investigating the biological functions of human TG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Caja S, Myrsky E, Korponay-Szabo IR, Nadalutti C, Sulic AM, Lavric M, Sblattero D, Marzari R, Collighan R, Mongeot A, Griffin M, Mäki M, Kaukinen K, Lindfors K. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 enzymatic activity ameliorates the anti-angiogenic effects of coeliac disease autoantibodies. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:421-7. [PMID: 20095873 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903540822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Earlier work has demonstrated that serum autoantibodies from coeliac patients targeted against transglutaminase 2 (TG2) inhibit in vitro angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to establish whether coeliac patient-derived monoclonal TG2-targeted antibodies produced by recombination technology exert similar anti-angiogenic effects to serum-derived coeliac autoantibodies. In addition, we studied whether the monoclonal patient autoantibodies modulate endothelial cell TG2 activity and whether such modulation is related to the anti-angiogenic effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The influence of coeliac patient-derived monoclonal TG2-targeted antibodies on endothelial cell tubule formation was studied using a three-dimensional angiogenic cell culture model. Endothelial cell TG2 enzymatic activity was determined by means of a live-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Coeliac patient-derived monoclonal TG2-targeted antibodies produced by recombination technology inhibited endothelial tubule formation and enhanced the crosslinking activity of TG2. When this enzymatic activity was inhibited using site-directed irreversible TG2 inhibitors in the presence of autoantibodies, in vitro angiogenesis reverted to the control level. CONCLUSIONS Since we found a significant negative correlation between endothelial cell angiogenesis and TG2 activity, we suggest that the anti-angiogenic effects of coeliac patient-derived TG2-targeted autoantibodies are exerted by enhanced enzymatic activity of TG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caja
- Paediatric Research Centre, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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