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Principe P, Mukosera GT, Gray-Hutto N, Tugung A, Gheorghe CP, Blood AB. Nitric Oxide Affects Heme Oxygenase-1, Hepcidin, and Transferrin Receptor Expression in the Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065887. [PMID: 36982960 PMCID: PMC10056931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter that avidly binds both free and heme-bound iron, forming relatively stable iron nitrosyl compounds (FeNOs). We have previously demonstrated that FeNOs are present in the human placenta and are elevated in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The ability of NO to sequester iron raises the possibility of the NO-mediated disruption of iron homeostasis in the placenta. In this work, we tested whether exposure of placental syncytiotrophoblasts or villous tissue explants to sub-cytotoxic concentrations of NO would elicit the formation of FeNOs. Furthermore, we measured changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels of key iron regulatory genes in response to NO exposure. Ozone-based chemiluminescence was used to measure concentrations of NO and its metabolites. Our results showed a significant increase in FeNO levels in placental cells and explants treated with NO (p < 0.0001). The mRNA and protein levels of HO-1 were significantly increased in both cultured syncytiotrophoblasts and villous tissue explants (p < 0.01), and the mRNA levels of hepcidin and transferrin receptor were significantly increased in culture syncytiotrophoblasts and villous tissue explants, respectively, (p < 0.01), while no changes were seen in the expression levels of divalent metal transporter-1 or ferroportin. These results suggest a potential role for NO in iron homeostasis in the human placenta and could be relevant for disorders of pregnancy such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Principe
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - George T Mukosera
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Nikia Gray-Hutto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11370 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ashra Tugung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11370 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ciprian P Gheorghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11370 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Abstract
Significance: Cytoglobin (Cygb) was discovered as a new addition to the globin superfamily and subsequently identified to have potent nitric oxide (NO) dioxygenase function. Cygb plays a critical role in the oxygen-dependent regulation of NO levels and vascular tone. Recent Advances: In recent years, the mechanism of the Cygb-mediated NO dioxygenation has been studied in isolated protein, smooth muscle cell, isolated blood vessel, and in vivo animal model systems. Studies in Cygb-/- mice have demonstrated that Cygb plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure and vascular tone. This review summarizes advances in the knowledge of NO dioxygenation/metabolism regulated by Cygb. Advances in measurement of NO diffusion dynamics across blood vessels and kinetic modeling of Cygb-mediated NO dioxygenation are summarized. The oxygen-dependent regulation of NO degradation by Cygb is also reviewed along with how Cygb paradoxically generates NO from nitrite under anaerobic conditions. The important role of Cygb in the regulation of vascular function and disease is reviewed. Critical Issues: Cygb is a more potent NO dioxygenase (NOD) than previously known globins with structural differences in heme coordination and environment, conferring it with a higher rate of reduction and more rapid process of NO dioxygenation with unique oxygen dependence. Various cellular reducing systems regenerate the catalytic oxyferrous Cygb species, supporting a high rate of NO dioxygenation. Future Directions: There remains a critical need to further characterize the factors and processes that modulate Cygb-mediated NOD function, and to develop pharmacological or other approaches to modulate Cygb function and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Zweier
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Govindasamy Ilangovan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Clanton TL. Managing the power grid: how myoglobin can regulate PO2 and energy distribution in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:787-790. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00614.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, the University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
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Kobayashi J, Murata I. Nitrite as a pharmacological intervention for the successful treatment of crush syndrome. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29512311 PMCID: PMC5840435 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crush syndrome is characterized by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). The protective effect of nitrite on experimentally induced IRI has been demonstrated in the heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle. IRI in tissues and systemic organs occurs due to the massive generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent systemic inflammation. Therefore, ischemic pre and postconditioning are performed in clinical practice. Intravenous administration of nitrite inhibits IRI through nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. In this paper, we discuss the utility of nitrite as a pharmacological postconditioning agent in the treatment of crush syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Isamu Murata
- Division of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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Liu Y, Buerk DG, Barbee KA, Jaron D. Nitric oxide release by deoxymyoglobin nitrite reduction during cardiac ischemia: A mathematical model. Microvasc Res 2017; 112:79-86. [PMID: 28363495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cardiac myoglobin (Mb), nitrite, and nitric oxide (NO) are vital in regulating O2 storage, transport, and NO homeostasis. Production of NO through the reduction of endogenous myocardial nitrite by deoxygenated myoglobin has been shown to significantly reduce myocardial infarction damage and ischemic injury. We developed a mathematical model for a cardiac arteriole and surrounding myocardium to examine the hypothesis that myoglobin switches functions from being a strong NO scavenger to an NO producer via the deoxymyoglobin nitrite reductase pathway. Our results predict that under ischemic conditions of flow, blood oxygen level, and tissue pH, deoxyMb nitrite reduction significantly elevates tissue and smooth muscle cell NO. The size of the effect is consistent at different flow rates, increases with decreasing blood oxygen and tissue pH and, in extreme pathophysiological conditions, NO can even be elevated above the normoxic levels. Our simulations suggest that cardiac deoxyMb nitrite reduction is a plausible mechanism for preserving or enhancing NO levels using endogenous nitrite despite the rate-limiting O2 levels for endothelial NO production. This NO could then be responsible for mitigating deleterious effects under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald G Buerk
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Barbee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dov Jaron
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Cherif-Sayadi A, Hadj Ayed-Tka K, Zaouali MA, Bejaoui M, Hadj-Abdallah N, Bouhlel A, Ben Abdennebi H. Nitrite enhances liver graft protection against cold ischemia reperfusion injury through a NOS independent pathway. Libyan J Med 2017; 12:1308780. [PMID: 28357909 PMCID: PMC5418943 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2017.1308780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nitrite has been found to protect liver graft from cold preservation injury. However, the cell signaling pathway involved in this protection remains unclear. Here, we attempt to clarify if the NOS pathway by using the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester). Animals and methods: Rat livers were conserved for 24 h at 4°C in (IGL-1) solution enriched or not with nitrite at 50 nM. In a third group, rats were pretreated with 50 mg/kg of L-NAME before their liver procurement and preservation in IGL-1 supplemented with nitrite (50 nM) and L-NAME (1 mM). After 24 h of cold storage, rat livers were ex-vivo perfused at 37°C during 2 h. Control livers were perfused without cold storage. Results: Nitrite effectively protected the rat liver grafts from the onset of cold I/R injury. L-NAME treatment did not abolish the beneficial effects of nitrite. Liver damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation remained at low levels in both nitrite-treated groups when compared to IGL-1 group. Antioxidant enzyme activities and functional parameters were unchanged after NOS inhibition. Conclusion: Despite NOS inhibition by L-NAME, nitrite can still provide hepatic protection during cold I/R preservation. This suggests that nitrite acts through a NOS-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Cherif-Sayadi
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Hadj Ayed-Tka
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Zaouali
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bejaoui
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Najet Hadj-Abdallah
- b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Bouhlel
- b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Abdennebi
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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7
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Donnarumma E, Bhushan S, Bradley JM, Otsuka H, Donnelly EL, Lefer DJ, Islam KN. Nitrite Therapy Ameliorates Myocardial Dysfunction via H2S and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)-Dependent Signaling in Chronic Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003551. [PMID: 27473036 PMCID: PMC5015282 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is reduced in heart failure (HF). Recent studies suggest cross-talk between NO and H2S signaling. We previously reported that sodium nitrite (NaNO2) ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and HF. Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the antioxidant proteins expression and is upregulated by H2S. We examined the NaNO2 effects on endogenous H2S bioavailability and Nrf2 activation in mice subjected to ischemia-induced chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS Mice underwent 60 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion and 4 weeks of reperfusion. NaNO2 (165 μg/kgic) or vehicle was administered at reperfusion and then in drinking water (100 mg/L) for 4 weeks. Left ventricular (LV), ejection fraction (EF), LV end diastolic (LVEDD) and systolic dimensions (LVESD) were determined at baseline and at 4 weeks of reperfusion. Myocardial tissue was analyzed for oxidative stress and respective gene/protein-related assays. We found that NaNO2 therapy preserved LVEF, LVEDD and LVSD at 4 weeks during ischemia-induced HF. Myocardial malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content were significantly reduced in NaNO2-treated mice as compared to vehicle, suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress. NaNO2 therapy markedly increased expression of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase during 4 weeks of reperfusion. Furthermore, NaNO2 upregulated the activity of Nrf2, as well as H2S-producing enzymes, and ultimately increased H2S bioavailability in ischemia-induced CHF in mice as compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that NaNO2 therapy significantly improves LV function via increasing H2S bioavailability, Nrf2 activation, and antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erminia Donnarumma
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jessica M Bradley
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hiroyuki Otsuka
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume, Japan
| | - Erinn L Donnelly
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kazi N Islam
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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8
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Almohammedi A, Kapetanaki SM, Hudson AJ, Storey NM. Monitoring Changes in the Redox State of Myoglobin in Cardiomyocytes by Raman Spectroscopy Enables the Protective Effect of NO Donors to Be Evaluated. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10605-12. [PMID: 26407187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy has been used to monitor changes in the redox and ligand-coordination states of the heme complex in myoglobin during the preconditioning of ex vivo cardiomyocytes with pharmacological drugs that release nitric oxide (NO). These chemical agents are known to confer protection on heart tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Subsequent changes in the redox and ligand-coordination states during experimental simulations of ischemia and reperfusion have also been monitored. We found that these measurements, in real time, could be used to evaluate the preconditioning treatment of cardiomyocytes and to predict the likelihood of cell survival following a potentially lethal period of ischemia. Evaluation of the preconditioning treatment was done at the single-cell level. The binding of NO to myoglobin, giving a 6-coordinate ferrous-heme complex, was inferred from the measured Raman bands of a cardiomyocyte by comparison to pure solution of the protein in the presence of NO. A key change in the Raman spectrum was observed after perfusion of the NO-donor was completed, where, if the preconditioning treatment was successful, the bands corresponding to the nitrosyl complex were replaced by bands corresponding to metmyoglobin, Mb(III). An observation of Mb(III) bands in the Raman spectrum was made for all of the cardiomyocytes that recovered contractile function, whereas the absence of Mb(III) bands always indicated that the cardiomyocyte would be unable to recover contractile function following the simulated conditions of ischemia and reperfusion in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nina M Storey
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester , Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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9
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Rassaf T, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R. Nitrite in organ protection. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1-11. [PMID: 23826831 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway has emerged to therapeutical importance. Modulation of endogenous nitrate and nitrite levels with the subsequent S-nitros(yl)ation of the downstream signalling cascade open the way for novel cytoprotective strategies. In the following, we summarize the actual literature and give a short overview on the potential of nitrite in organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as an important mechanism of disease and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Under basal or pathological conditions, electron leakage for ROS production is primarily mediated by the electron transport chain and the proton motive force consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors controlling ROS production in the mitochondria include flavin mononucleotide and flavin mononucleotide-binding domain of complex I, ubisemiquinone and quinone-binding domain of complex I, flavin adenine nucleotide-binding moiety and quinone-binding pocket of complex II, and unstable semiquinone mediated by the Q cycle of complex III. In mitochondrial complex I, specific cysteinyl redox domains modulate ROS production from the flavin mononucleotide moiety and iron-sulfur clusters. In the cardiovascular system, mitochondrial ROS have been linked to mediating the physiological effects of metabolic dilation and preconditioning-like mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation. Furthermore, oxidative post-translational modification by glutathione in complex I and complex II has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, protein-protein interactions, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, increase mitochondrial ROS production via oxidative injury of complexes I and II and superoxide anion radical-induced hydroxyl radical production by aconitase. Further insight into cellular mechanisms by which specific redox post-translational modifications regulate ROS production in the mitochondria will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and identify new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Renn Chen
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH (Y.-R.C); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (J.L.Z.)
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11
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Miljkovic JL, Kenkel I, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Filipovic MR. Generation of HNO and HSNO from Nitrite by Heme-Iron-Catalyzed Metabolism with H2S. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miljkovic JL, Kenkel I, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Filipovic MR. Generation of HNO and HSNO from Nitrite by Heme-Iron-Catalyzed Metabolism with H2S. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12061-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Scorciapino MA, Spiga E, Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Russo R, Fink B, Casu M, Gussoni M, Ceccarelli M. Structure–Function Paradigm in Human Myoglobin: How a Single-Residue Substitution Affects NO Reactivity at Low pO2. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7534-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400213t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute for Bioimaging and
Molecular Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Department of Pathophysiology
and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Russo
- Department of Pathophysiology
and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Fink
- Noxygen Science Transfer and Diagnostics GmbH, Elzach, Germany
| | | | - Maristella Gussoni
- Department of Pathophysiology
and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Macromolecular
Studies, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IOM-CNR), UOS, Cagliari, Italy
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Korzick DH, Lancaster TS. Age-related differences in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury: effects of estrogen deficiency. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:669-85. [PMID: 23525672 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite conflicting evidence for the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in cardioprotection of postmenopausal women, numerous studies have demonstrated reductions in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following chronic or acute exogenous estradiol (E2) administration in adult male and female, gonad-intact and gonadectomized animals. It has become clear that ovariectomized adult animals may not accurately represent the combined effects of age and E2 deficiency on reductions in ischemic tolerance seen in the postmenopausal female. E2 is known to regulate the transcription of several cardioprotective genes. Acute, non-genomic E2 signaling can also activate many of the same signaling pathways recruited in cardioprotection. Alterations in cardioprotective gene expression or cardioprotective signal transduction are therefore likely to result within the context of aging and E2 deficiency and may help explain the reduced ischemic tolerance and loss of cardioprotection in the senescent female heart. Quantification of the mitochondrial proteome as it adapts to advancing age and E2 deficiency may also represent a key experimental approach to uncover proteins associated with disruptions in cardiac signaling contributing to age-associated declines in ischemic tolerance. These alterations have important ramifications for understanding the increased morbidity and mortality due to ischemic cardiovascular disease seen in postmenopausal females. Functional perturbations that occur in mitochondrial respiration and Ca(2+) sensitivity with age-associated E2 deficiency may also allow for the identification of alternative therapeutic targets for reducing I/R injury and treatment of the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna H Korzick
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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15
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Gardner PR. Hemoglobin: a nitric-oxide dioxygenase. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:683729. [PMID: 24278729 PMCID: PMC3820574 DOI: 10.6064/2012/683729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2 transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2 migration to the heme pocket, O2 binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2 homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gardner
- Miami Valley Biotech, 1001 E. 2nd Street, Suite 2445, Dayton, OH 45402, USA
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16
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Zhu SG, Kukreja RC, Das A, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Xi L. Dietary nitrate supplementation protects against Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by improving mitochondrial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:2181-9. [PMID: 21596234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that long-term dietary nitrate supplementation protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by improving ventricular function and reducing mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is a powerful anthracycline antibiotic used to treat divergent human neoplasms. Its clinical use is limited because of severe cardiotoxic side effects. Dietary nitrate and nitrite are essential nutrients for maintenance of steady-state tissue levels of nitric oxide and may play a therapeutic role in diseases associated with nitric oxide insufficiency or dysregulation. Dietary nitrate and nitrite supplementation alleviates myocardial injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion and cardiac arrest-resuscitation. METHODS Adult male CF-1 mice were given a single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and left ventricular contractile function was assessed 5 days later using both echocardiography and pressure-volume Millar catheterization. A nitrate supplementation regimen (1 g/l sodium nitrate in drinking water) was started 7 days before doxorubicin injection and continued thereafter. Cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis, tissue lipid peroxidation, and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were assessed. In addition, mitochondrial complex I activity, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and hydrogen peroxide generation were determined in parallel experiments. RESULTS Doxorubicin caused impairment of ventricular contractility and cell death, which were significantly reduced by nitrate supplementation (p < 0.05). These cardioprotective effects were associated with a significant decrease in tissue lipid peroxidation. Nitrate supplementation significantly preserved mitochondrial complex I activity and oxidative phosphorylation and attenuated hydrogen peroxide generation after doxorubicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Long-term oral intake of inorganic nitrate attenuates doxorubicin-induced ventricular dysfunction, cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. Nitrate could be a promising therapeutic agent against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Zhu
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0204, USA
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Zhang Y, Janssens SP, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW, Moens AL. Modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a new cardiovascular therapeutic strategy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H634-46. [PMID: 21622818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01315.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases is associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and/or increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent superoxide formation. These findings support that restoring and conserving adequate NO signaling in the heart and blood vessels is a promising therapeutic intervention. In particular, modulating eNOS, e.g., through increasing the bioavailability of its substrate and cofactors, enhancing its transcription, and interfering with other modulators of eNOS pathway, such as netrin-1, has a high potential for effective treatments of cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the possibilities for modulating eNOS and how this may be translated to the clinic in addition to describing the genetic models used to study eNOS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Beiser DG, Orbelyan GA, Inouye BT, Costakis JG, Hamann KJ, McNally EM, Vanden Hoek TL. Genetic deletion of NOS3 increases lethal cardiac dysfunction following mouse cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2010; 82:115-21. [PMID: 20951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY AIMS Cardiac arrest mortality is significantly affected by failure to obtain return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Severe myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular collapse further affects mortality within hours of initial ROSC. Recent work suggests that enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) signaling within minutes of CPR can improve myocardial function and survival. We studied the role of NO signaling on cardiovascular outcomes following cardiac arrest and resuscitation using endothelial NO synthase knockout (NOS3(-/-)) mice. METHODS Adult female wild-type (WT) and NOS3(-/-) mice were anesthetized, intubated, and instrumented with left-ventricular pressure-volume catheters. Cardiac arrest was induced with intravenous potassium chloride. CPR was performed after 8min of untreated arrest. ROSC rate, cardiac function, whole-blood nitrosylhemoglobin (HbNO) concentrations, heart NOS3 content and phosphorylation (p-NOS3), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and phospho-troponin I (p-TnI) were measured. RESULTS Despite equal quality CPR, NOS3(-/-) mice displayed lower rates of ROSC compared to WT (47.6% [10/21] vs. 82.4% [14/17], p<0.005). Among ROSC animals, NOS3(-/-) vs. WT mice exhibited increased left-ventricular dysfunction and 120min mortality. Prior to ROSC, myocardial effectors of NO signaling including cGMP and p-TnI were decreased in NOS3(-/-) vs. WT mice (p<0.05). Following ROSC in WT mice, significant NOS3-dependent increases in circulating HbNO were seen by 120min. Significant increases in cardiac p-NOS3 occurred between end-arrest and 15min post-ROSC, while total NOS3 content was increased by 120min post-ROSC (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of NOS3 decreases ROSC rate and worsens post-ROSC left-ventricular function. Poor cardiovascular outcomes are associated with differences in NOS3-dependent myocardial cGMP signaling and circulating NO metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Beiser
- Emergency Resuscitation Center, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 5068, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Hendgen-Cotta UB, Flögel U, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Unmasking the Janus face of myoglobin in health and disease. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2734-40. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
For more than 100 years, myoglobin has been among the most extensively studied proteins. Since the first comprehensive review on myoglobin function as a dioxygen store by Millikan in 1939 and the discovery of its structure 50 years ago, multiple studies have extended our understanding of its occurrence, properties and functions. Beyond the two major roles, the storage and the facilitation of dioxygen diffusion, recent physiological studies have revealed that myoglobin acts as a potent scavenger of nitric oxide (NO•) representing a control system that preserves mitochondrial respiration. In addition, myoglobin may also protect the heart against reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, under hypoxic conditions, deoxygenated myoglobin is able to reduce nitrite to NO• leading to a downregulation of the cardiac energy status and to a decreased heart injury after reoxygenation. Thus, by controlling the NO• bioavailability via scavenging or formation, myoglobin serves as part of a sensitive dioxygen sensory system. In this review, the physiological relevance of these recent findings are delineated for pathological states where NO• and ROS bioavailability are known to be critical determinants for the outcome of the disease, e.g. ischemia/reperfusion injury. Detrimental and beneficial effects of the presence of myoglobin are discussed for various states of tissue oxygen tension within the heart and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the impact of myoglobin on parasite infection, rhabdomyolysis, hindlimb and liver ischemia, angiogenesis and tumor growth are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Hendgen-Cotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U. Flögel
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Kelm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T. Rassaf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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A highlight of myoglobin diversity: the nitrite reductase activity during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Nitric Oxide 2009; 22:75-82. [PMID: 19836457 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin, famous as an important intracellular oxygen binding hemeprotein, displays a variety of functions. The first pioneering review on myoglobin was published as early as 1939, in which Millikan concluded that "muscle hemoglobin" acts primarily as a short-term dioxygen store, tiding the muscle over from one contraction to the next. Since that time, myoglobin has become one of the most widely studied proteins in a variety of research fields ranging from chemistry to medicine. Recently it was discovered that in the heart myoglobin changes its function in dependence of oxygen tension, acting as an oxygen sensor. Under normoxic conditions myoglobin plays the role of a nitric oxide (NO(*)) scavenger, protecting the heart from the deleterious effects of excessive NO(*). During hypoxia however, myoglobin changes its role from an NO(*) scavenger to an NO(*) producer. Deoxygenated myoglobin reduces nitrite to bioactive NO(*). The produced NO(*) downregulates the cardiac energy status and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption, thus protecting the heart. Myoglobin also exhibits a nitrite reductase function under further pathophysiological conditions. During myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, myoglobin - via nitrite - regulates respiration and cellular viability. This leads to a dramatic reduction of myocardial infarct size and to an improvement of myocardial function. The reaction between myoglobin and nitrite thus seems to play an imminent role in the regulation of cardiac function in physiology and pathophysiology.
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21
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Hong H, Sun J, Cai W. Multimodality imaging of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthases. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:684-98. [PMID: 19524664 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthases (NOSs) are crucial factors in many pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, vascular/neurological function, and many types of cancer. Noninvasive imaging of NO or NOS can provide new insights in understanding these diseases and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art multimodality imaging in detecting NO and NOSs, including optical (fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and bioluminescence), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic resonance (MR), and positron emission tomography (PET). With continued effort over the last several years, these noninvasive imaging techniques can now reveal the biodistribution of NO or NOS in living subjects with high fidelity which will greatly facilitate scientists/clinicians in the development of new drugs and/or patient management. Lastly, we will also discuss future directions/applications of NO/NOS imaging. Successful development of novel NO/NOS imaging agents with optimal in vivo stability and desirable pharmacokinetics for clinical translation will enable the maximum benefit in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, USA
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22
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Dezfulian C, Shiva S, Alekseyenko A, Pendyal A, Beiser DG, Munasinghe JP, Anderson SA, Chesley CF, Vanden Hoek TL, Gladwin MT. Nitrite therapy after cardiac arrest reduces reactive oxygen species generation, improves cardiac and neurological function, and enhances survival via reversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Circulation 2009; 120:897-905. [PMID: 19704094 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.853267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-fourths of cardiac arrest survivors die before hospital discharge or suffer significant neurological injury. Except for therapeutic hypothermia and revascularization, no novel therapies have been developed that improve survival or cardiac and neurological function after resuscitation. Nitrite (NO(2)(-)) increases cellular resilience to focal ischemia/reperfusion injury in multiple organs. We hypothesized that nitrite therapy may improve outcomes after the unique global ischemia/reperfusion insult of cardiopulmonary arrest. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a mouse model of cardiac arrest characterized by 12 minutes of normothermic asystole and a high cardiopulmonary resuscitation rate. In this model, global ischemia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were associated with blood and organ nitrite depletion, reversible myocardial dysfunction, impaired alveolar gas exchange, neurological injury, and an approximately 50% mortality. A single low dose of intravenous nitrite (50 nmol=1.85 micromol/kg=0.13 mg/kg) compared with blinded saline placebo given at cardiopulmonary resuscitation initiation with epinephrine improved cardiac function, survival, and neurological outcomes. From a mechanistic standpoint, nitrite treatment restored intracardiac nitrite and increased S-nitrosothiol levels, decreased pathological cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption resulting from reactive oxygen species formation, and prevented oxidative enzymatic injury via reversible specific inhibition of respiratory chain complex I. CONCLUSIONS Nitrite therapy after resuscitation from 12 minutes of asystole rapidly and reversibly modulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation during early reperfusion, limiting acute cardiac dysfunction, death, and neurological impairment in survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Dezfulian
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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23
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Lohr NL, Keszler A, Pratt P, Bienengraber M, Warltier DC, Hogg N. Enhancement of nitric oxide release from nitrosyl hemoglobin and nitrosyl myoglobin by red/near infrared radiation: potential role in cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:256-63. [PMID: 19328206 PMCID: PMC4329292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is an important messenger in numerous biological processes, such as angiogenesis, hypoxic vasodilation, and cardioprotection. Although nitric oxide synthases (NOS) produce the bulk of NO, there is increasing interest in NOS independent generation of NO in vivo, particularly during hypoxia or anoxia, where low oxygen tensions limit NOS activity. Interventions that can increase NO bioavailability have significant therapeutic potential. The use of far red and near infrared light (R/NIR) can reduce infarct size, protect neurons from methanol toxicity, and stimulate angiogenesis. How R/NIR modulates these processes in vivo and in vitro is unknown, but it has been suggested that increases in NO levels are involved. In this study we examined if R/NIR light could facilitate the release of NO from nitrosyl heme proteins. In addition, we examined if R/NIR light could enhance the protective effects of nitrite on ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rabbit heart. We show both in purified systems and in myocardium that R/NIR light can decay nitrosyl hemes and release NO, and that this released NO may enhance the cardioprotective effects of nitrite. Thus, the photodissociation to NO and its synergistic effect with sodium nitrite may represent a noninvasive and site specific means for increasing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Lohr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MEB 4245, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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24
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McNulty PH, Scott S, Kehoe V, Kozak M, Sinoway LI, Li J. Nitrite consumption in ischemic rat heart catalyzed by distinct blood-borne and tissue factors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2143-8. [PMID: 18820031 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00050.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) may limit myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by slowing the mitochondrial metabolism. We examined whether rat heart contains catalysts potentially capable of reducing nitrite to NO during an episode of regional myocardial ischemia produced by temporary coronary artery occlusion. In intact Sprague-Dawley rats, a 15-min coronary occlusion lowered the nitrite concentration of the myocardial regions exhibiting ischemic glucose metabolism to approximately 50% that of nonischemic regions (185 +/- 223 vs. 420 +/- 203 nmol/l). Nitrite was rapidly repleted during subsequent reperfusion. The heart tissue tested in vitro acquired a substantial ability to consume nitrite when made hypoxic at neutral pH, and this ability was slightly enhanced by simultaneously lowering the pH to 5.5. More than 70% of this activity could be abolished by flushing the coronary circulation with crystalloid to remove trapped erythrocytes. Correspondingly, erythrocytes demonstrated the ability to reduce exogenous nitrite to NO under hypoxic conditions in vitro. In erythrocyte-free heart tissue, the nitrite consumption increased fivefold when the pH was lowered to 5.5. Approximately 40% of this pH-sensitive increase in nitrite consumption could be blocked by the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol, whereas lowering the Po(2) sufficiently to desaturate myoglobin accelerated it further. We conclude that rat heart contains several factors capable of catalyzing ischemic nitrite reduction; the most potent is contained within erythrocytes and activated by hypoxia, whereas the remainder includes xanthine oxidoreductase and other pH-sensitive factors endogenous to heart tissue, including deoxymyoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H McNulty
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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25
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Hazarika S, Angelo M, Li Y, Aldrich AJ, Odronic SI, Yan Z, Stamler JS, Annex BH. Myocyte specific overexpression of myoglobin impairs angiogenesis after hind-limb ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2144-50. [PMID: 18818418 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.170951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In preclinical models of peripheral arterial disease the angiogenic response is typically robust, though it can be impaired in conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and diabetes where the endothelium is dysfunctional. Myoglobin (Mb) is expressed exclusively in striated muscle cells. We hypothesized that myocyte specific overexpression of myoglobin attenuates ischemia-induced angiogenesis even in the presence of normal endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Mb overexpressing transgenic (MbTg, n=59) and wild-type (WT, n=56) C57Bl/6 mice underwent unilateral femoral artery ligation/excision. Perfusion recovery was monitored using Laser Doppler. Ischemia-induced changes in muscle were assessed by protein and immunohistochemistry assays. Nitrite/nitrate and protein-bound NO, and vasoreactivity was measured. Vasoreactivity was similar between MbTg and WT. In ischemic muscle, at d14 postligation, MbTg increased VEGF-A, and activated eNOS the same as WT mice but nitrate/nitrite were reduced whereas protein-bound NO was higher. MbTg had attenuated perfusion recovery at d21 (0.37+/-0.03 versus 0.47+/-0.02, P<0.05), d28 (0.40+/-0.03 versus 0.50+/-0.04, P<0.05), greater limb necrosis (65.2% versus 15%, P<0.001), a lower capillary density, and greater apoptosis versus WT. CONCLUSIONS Increased Mb expression in myocytes attenuates angiogenesis after hind-limb ischemia by binding NO and reducing its bioavailability. Myoglobin can modulate the angiogenic response to ischemia even in the setting of normal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surovi Hazarika
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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26
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Nitrite reductase activity of myoglobin regulates respiration and cellular viability in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10256-61. [PMID: 18632562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801336105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitrite anion is reduced to nitric oxide (NO*) as oxygen tension decreases. Whereas this pathway modulates hypoxic NO* signaling and mitochondrial respiration and limits myocardial infarction in mammalian species, the pathways to nitrite bioactivation remain uncertain. Studies suggest that hemoglobin and myoglobin may subserve a fundamental physiological function as hypoxia dependent nitrite reductases. Using myoglobin wild-type ((+/+)) and knockout ((-/-)) mice, we here test the central role of myoglobin as a functional nitrite reductase that regulates hypoxic NO* generation, controls cellular respiration, and therefore confirms a cytoprotective response to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We find that myoglobin is responsible for nitrite-dependent NO* generation and cardiomyocyte protein iron-nitrosylation. Nitrite reduction to NO* by myoglobin dynamically inhibits cellular respiration and limits reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial enzyme oxidative inactivation after I/R injury. In isolated myoglobin(+/+) but not in myoglobin(-/-) hearts, nitrite treatment resulted in an improved recovery of postischemic left ventricular developed pressure of 29%. In vivo administration of nitrite reduced myocardial infarction by 61% in myoglobin(+/+) mice, whereas in myoglobin(-/-) mice nitrite had no protective effects. These data support an emerging paradigm that myoglobin and the heme globin family subserve a critical function as an intrinsic nitrite reductase that regulates responses to cellular hypoxia and reoxygenation [corrected]
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27
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Alzawahra WF, Talukder MAH, Liu X, Samouilov A, Zweier JL. Heme proteins mediate the conversion of nitrite to nitric oxide in the vascular wall. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H499-508. [PMID: 18539756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00374.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), and its impairment contributes to a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Recently, it has been recognized that nitrite can be an important source of NO; however, questions remain regarding the activity and mechanisms of nitrite bioactivation in vessels and its physiological importance. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nitrite on in vivo hemodynamics in rats and in vitro vasorelaxation in isolated rat aorta under aerobic conditions. Studies were performed to determine the mechanisms by which nitrite is converted to NO. In anesthetized rats, nitrite dose dependently decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a threshold dose of 10 microM. Similarly, nitrite (10 microM-2 mM) caused vasorelaxation of aortic rings, and NO was shown to be the intermediate factor responsible for this activity. With the use of electrochemical as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy techniques NO generation was measured from isolated aortic vessels following nitrite treatment. Reduction of nitrite to NO was blocked by heating the vessel, suggesting that an enzymatic process is involved. Organ chamber experiments demonstrated that aortic relaxation induced by nitrite could be blocked by both hemoglobin and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ). In addition, both electrochemical and EPR spin-trapping measurements showed that ODQ inhibits nitrite-mediated NO production. These findings thus suggest that nitrite can be a precursor of EDRF and that sGC or other heme proteins inhibited by ODQ catalyze the reduction of nitrite to NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael F Alzawahra
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State Univ., 473 West 12Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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Gonzalez FM, Shiva S, Vincent PS, Ringwood LA, Hsu LY, Hon YY, Aletras AH, Cannon RO, Gladwin MT, Arai AE. Nitrite anion provides potent cytoprotective and antiapoptotic effects as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008; 117:2986-94. [PMID: 18519850 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.748814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the ubiquitous anion nitrite (NO2-) is a physiological signaling molecule, with roles in intravascular endocrine nitric oxide transport, hypoxic vasodilation, signaling, and cytoprotection. Thus, nitrite could enhance the efficacy of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The specific aims of this study were (1) to assess the efficacy of nitrite in reducing necrosis and apoptosis in canine myocardial infarction and (2) to determine the relative role of nitrite versus chemical intermediates, such as S-nitrosothiols. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated infarct size, microvascular perfusion, and left ventricular function by histopathology, microspheres, and magnetic resonance imaging in 27 canines subjected to 120 minutes of coronary artery occlusion. This was a blinded, prospective study comparing a saline control group (n=9) with intravenous nitrite during the last 60 minutes of ischemia (n=9) and during the last 5 minutes of ischemia (n=9). In saline-treated control animals, 70+/-10% of the area at risk was infarcted compared with 23+/-5% in animals treated with a 60-minute nitrite infusion. Remarkably, a nitrite infusion in the last 5 minutes of ischemia also limited the extent of infarction (36+/-8% of area at risk). Nitrite improved microvascular perfusion, reduced apoptosis, and improved contractile function. S-Nitrosothiol and iron-nitrosyl-protein adducts did not accumulate in the 5-minute nitrite infusion, suggesting that nitrite is the bioactive intravascular nitric oxide species accounting for cardioprotection. CONCLUSIONS Nitrite has significant potential as adjunctive therapy to enhance the efficacy of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Gonzalez
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1061, USA
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Chronic sodium nitrite therapy augments ischemia-induced angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7540-5. [PMID: 18508974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711480105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tissue ischemia due to defective vascular perfusion is a hallmark feature of peripheral artery disease for which minimal therapeutic options exist. We have reported that sodium nitrite therapy exerts cytoprotective effects against acute ischemia/reperfusion injury in both heart and liver, consistent with the model of bioactive NO formation from nitrite during ischemic stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that chronic sodium nitrite therapy can selectively augment angiogenic activity and tissue perfusion in the murine hind-limb ischemia model. Various therapeutic doses (8.25-3,300 mug/kg) of sodium nitrite or PBS were administered. Sodium nitrite significantly restored ischemic hind-limb blood flow in a time-dependent manner, with low-dose sodium nitrite being most effective. Nitrite therapy significantly increased ischemic limb vascular density and stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. Remarkably, the effects of sodium nitrite therapy were evident within 3 days of the ischemic insult demonstrating the potency and efficacy of chronic sodium nitrite therapy. Sodium nitrite therapy also increased ischemic tissue nitrite and NO metabolites compared to nonischemic limbs. Use of the NO scavenger carboxy PTIO completely abolished sodium nitrite-dependent ischemic tissue blood flow and angiogenic activity consistent with nitrite reduction to NO being the proangiogenic mechanism. These data demonstrate that chronic sodium nitrite therapy is a recently discovered therapeutic treatment for peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia.
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30
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Shumaev KB, Kosmachevskaya OV, Timoshin AA, Vanin AF, Topunov AF. Dinitrosyl iron complexes bind with hemoglobin as markers of oxidative stress. Methods Enzymol 2008; 436:445-61. [PMID: 18237648 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)36025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prooxidant and antioxidant properties of nitric oxide (NO) during oxidative stress are mostly dependent on its interaction with reactive oxygen species, Fe ions, and hemoproteins. One form of NO storage and transportation in cells and tissues is dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC), which can bind with both low-molecular-weight thiols and proteins, including hemoglobin. It was shown that dinitrosyl iron complexes bound with hemoglobin (Hb-DNIC) were formed in rabbit erythrocytes after bringing low-molecular-weight DNIC with thiosulfate into blood. It was ascertained that Hb-DNIC intercepted free radicals reacting with hemoglobin SH-groups and prevented oxidative modification of this protein caused by hydrogen peroxide. Destruction of Hb-DNIC can take place in the presence of both hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Hb-DNIC can also be destroyed at the enzymatic generation of superoxide-anion radical in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. If aeration in this system was absent, formation of the nitrosyl R-form of hemoglobin could be seen during the process of Hb-DNIC destruction. Study of Hb-DNIC interaction with reactive oxygen metabolites is important for understanding NO and Hb roles in pathological processes that could result from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin B Shumaev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Rastaldo R, Pagliaro P, Cappello S, Penna C, Mancardi D, Westerhof N, Losano G. Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Life Sci 2007; 81:779-93. [PMID: 17707439 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in the control of contractility and heart rate, limits cardiac remodeling after an infarction and contributes to the protective effect of ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Low concentrations of NO, with production of small amounts of cGMP, inhibit phosphodiesterase III, thus preventing the hydrolysis of cAMP. The subsequent activation of a protein-kinase A causes the opening of sarcolemmal voltage-operated and sarcoplasmic ryanodin receptor Ca(2+) channels, thus increasing myocardial contractility. High concentrations of NO induce the production of larger amounts of cGMP which are responsible for a cardiodepression in response to an activation of protein kinase G (PKG) with blockade of sarcolemmal Ca(2+) channels. NO is also involved in reduced contractile response to adrenergic stimulation in heart failure. A reduction of heart rate is an evident effect of NO-synthase (NOS) inhibition. It is noteworthy that the direct effect of NOS inhibition can be altered if baroreceptors are stimulated by increases in blood pressure. Finally, NO can limit the deleterious effects of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction possibly via the cGMP pathway. The protective effect of NO is mainly mediated by the guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway resulting in activation of PKG with opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels and inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores. NO acting on heart is produced by vascular and endocardial endothelial NOS, as well as neuronal and inducible synthases. In particular, while in the basal control of contractility, endothelial synthase has a predominant role, the inducible isoform is mainly responsible for the cardiodepression in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rastaldo
- Department of Neurosciences, Physiology Division, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Liu X, Huang Y, Pokreisz P, Vermeersch P, Marsboom G, Swinnen M, Verbeken E, Santos J, Pellens M, Gillijns H, Van de Werf F, Bloch KD, Janssens S. Nitric Oxide Inhalation Improves Microvascular Flow and Decreases Infarction Size After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:808-17. [PMID: 17707188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test if nitric oxide (NO) could improve microvascular perfusion and decrease tissue injury in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). BACKGROUND Inhaled NO is a selective pulmonary vasodilator with biologic effects in remote vascular beds. METHODS In 37 pigs, the midportion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 50 min followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Pigs were treated with a saline infusion (control; n = 14), intravenous nitroglycerin (IV-NTG) at 2 microg/kg/min (n = 11), or inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) at 80 parts per million (n = 12) beginning 10 min before balloon deflation and continuing throughout reperfusion. RESULTS Total myocardial oxidized NO species in the infarct core was greater in the iNO pigs than in the control or IV-NTG pigs (0.60 +/- 0.05 nmol/mg tissue vs. 0.40 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg tissue and 0.40 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg tissue, respectively; p < 0.01 for both). Infarct size, expressed as percentage of left ventricle area at risk (AAR), was smaller in the iNO pigs than in the control or IV-NTG pigs (31 +/- 6% AAR vs. 58 +/- 7% AAR and 46 +/- 7% AAR, respectively; p < 0.05 for both) and was associated with less creatine phosphokinase-MB release. Inhaled NO improved endocardial and epicardial blood flow in the infarct zone, as measured using colored microspheres (p < 0.001 vs. control and IV-NTG). Moreover, NO inhalation reduced leukocyte infiltration, as reflected by decreased cardiac myeloperoxidase activity (0.8 +/- 0.2 U/mg tissue vs. 2.3 +/- 0.8 U/mg tissue in control and 1.4 +/- 0.4 U/mg tissue in IV-NTG; p < 0.05 for both) and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the infarct border zone. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation of NO just before and during coronary reperfusion significantly improves microvascular perfusion, reduces infarct size, and may offer an attractive and novel treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dezfulian C, Raat NJH, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Role of the anion nitrite in ischemia-reperfusion cytoprotection and therapeutics. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:327-38. [PMID: 17568573 PMCID: PMC2002522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anion nitrite (NO(2)(-)) constitutes a biochemical reservoir for nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite reduction to NO may be catalyzed by hemoglobin, myoglobin or other metal-containing enzymes and occurs at increasing rates under conditions of physiologic hypoxia or ischemia. A number of laboratories have now demonstrated in animal models the ability of nitrite to provide potent cytoprotection following focal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of the heart, liver, brain, and kidney. While the mechanism of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection remains to be fully characterized, the release of nitrite-derived NO following IR appears to be central to this mechanism. The evidence of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection against IR injury in multiple animal models opens the door to potential therapeutic opportunities in human disease. Here we review the mechanisms for nitrite formation in blood and tissue, its metabolic equilibrium with NO, nitrate, and NO-modified proteins, the evidence supporting nitrite-mediated cytoprotection, and the potential mechanisms driving cytoprotection, and we explore the opportunities for the therapeutic application of nitrite for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Dezfulian
- Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Nicolaas JH Raat
- Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Corresponding author: Dr. Mark T. Gladwin, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 5-5140, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662, Phone: 301-435-2310, Fax: 301-402-1213, e-mail:
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Kleschyov AL, Wenzel P, Munzel T. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping of biological nitric oxide. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:12-20. [PMID: 17070113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical species with multiple physiological functions. Because of low concentrations and short half-life of NO, its direct measurement in living tissues remains a difficult task. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping is probably one of the best suitable platforms for development of new methods for quantification of biological NO. The most reliable EPR-based approaches developed so far are based on the reaction of NO with various iron complexes, both intrinsic and exogenously applied. This review is focused on the current state and perspectives of EPR spin trapping for experimental and clinical NO biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Kleschyov
- Second Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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Vanin AF, Mokh VP, Serezhenkov VA, Chazov EI. Vasorelaxing activity of stable powder preparations of dinitrosyl iron complexes with cysteine or glutathione ligands. Nitric Oxide 2007; 16:322-30. [PMID: 17258478 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vasorelaxant activity of new stable powder preparations of dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC) with thiol-containing ligands was investigated on rat abdominal aorta rings. The preparations preserve their physicochemical characteristics (EPR and optical absorption) if stored for a long time in dry air (at least half-year). Three preparations of DNIC were tested: diamagnetic dimeric DNIC with glutathione (DNIC-GS 1:2) or cysteine (DNIC-cys 1:2) and paramagnetic monomeric DNIC with cysteine (DNIC-cys 1:20). Being dissolved in physiological solution the preparations induced relaxation of vessel similarly to that by earlier described non-stable DNICs which should be stored in liquid nitrogen. The amplitudes and kinetic characteristics of the relaxation were dependent on the incorporated thiolate ligands. Rapid transient relaxation followed by significant tone recovery to stationary level (plateau) was observed for DNIC-cys 1:2. DNIC-cys 1:20 also induced initial rapid relaxation followed by incomplete tone recovery. DNIC-GS 1:2 induced slow developing and long lasting relaxation. NO scavenger, hydroxocobalamin (2x10(-5)M) eliminated the rapid transitory relaxation induced by DNIC-cys 1:20 and did not influence significantly on the plateau level. SOD increased duration of the DNIC-cys 1:2 and DNIC-cys 1:20 induced relaxation. The addition of 5x10(-5)M DNIC-cys 1:2 or DNIC-cys 1:20 induced long lasting vasorelaxation within 20min and more. However the EPR measurements demonstrated full rapid disappearance (within 1-2min) of both type of DNIC-cys in Krebs medium bubbled with carbogen gas. This was not the case for DNIC-GS 1:2. We suggested that the long lasting vasorelaxation observed during the addition of DNICs-cys was induced by S-nitrosocysteine derived from DNICs-cys and stabilized by EDTA in Krebs medium. The suggestion is in line with the fact that strong ferrous chelator bathophenantroline disulfonate (BPDS) which is capable of rapid degradation of DNICs did not abrogate the vasorelaxtion induced by DNIC addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly F Vanin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Samouilov A, Woldman YY, Zweier JL, Khramtsov VV. Magnetic resonance study of the transmembrane nitrite diffusion. Nitric Oxide 2007; 16:362-70. [PMID: 17306575 PMCID: PMC2709508 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO(2)-), being a product of metabolism of both nitric oxide (NO(*)) and nitrate (NO(3)-), can accumulate in tissues and regenerate NO() by several mechanisms. The effect of NO(2)- on ischemia/reperfusion injury was also reported. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of intracellular NO(2)- accumulation are poorly understood. We suggested significant role of nitrite penetration through biological membranes in the form of undissociated nitrous acid (HNO(2)). This hypothesis has been tested using large unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes and several spectroscopic techniques. HNO(2) transport across the phospholipid bilayer of liposomes facilitates proton transfer resulting in intraliposomal acidification, which was measured using pH-sensitive probes. NO(2)(-)-mediated intraliposomal acidification was confirmed by EPR spectroscopy using membrane-impermeable pH-sensitive nitroxide, AMC (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-yloxy-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-yl)-aminomethanesulfonic acid (pK 5.25), and by (31)P NMR spectroscopy using inorganic phosphate (pK 6.9). Nitrite accumulates inside liposomes in concentration exceeding its concentration in the bulk solution, when initial transmembrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) is applied. Intraliposomal accumulation of NO(2)- was observed by direct measurement using chemiluminescence technique. Perfusion of isolated rat hearts with buffer containing 4 microM NO(2)- was performed. The nitrite concentrations in the effluent and in the tissue, measured after 1 min perfusion, were close, supporting fast penetration of the nitrite through the tissue. Measurements of the nitrite/nitrate showed that total concentration of NO(x) in myocardium increased from initial 7.8 to 24.7 microM after nitrite perfusion. Physiological significance of passive transmembrane transport of NO(2)- and its coupling with intraliposomal acidification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samouilov
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Zhao X, Chen YR, He G, Zhang A, Druhan LJ, Strauch AR, Zweier JL. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) knockout decreases NOS2 induction, limiting hyperoxygenation and conferring protection in the postischemic heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1541-50. [PMID: 17114245 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00264.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been shown that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived nitric oxide downregulates mitochondrial oxygen consumption during early reperfusion, its effects on inducible NOS (iNOS) induction and myocardial injury during late reperfusion are unknown. Wild-type (WT) and eNOS(-/-) mice were subjected to 30 min of coronary ligation followed by reperfusion. Expression of iNOS mRNA and protein levels and peroxynitrite production were lower in postischemic myocardium of eNOS(-/-) mice than levels in WT mice 48 h postreperfusion. Significantly improved hemodynamics (+/-dP/dt, left ventricular systolic pressure, mean arterial pressure), increased rate pressure product, and reduced myocardial infarct size (18 +/- 2.5% vs. 31 +/- 4.6%) were found 48 h after reperfusion in eNOS(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Myocardial infarct size was also significantly decreased in WT mice treated with the specific iNOS inhibitor 1400W (20.5 +/- 3.4%) compared with WT mice treated with PBS (33.9 +/- 5.3%). A marked reperfusion-induced hyperoxygenation state was observed by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry in postischemic myocardium, but Po(2) values were significantly lower from 1 to 72 h in eNOS(-/-) than in WT mice. Cytochrome c-oxidase activity and NADH dehydrogenase activity were significantly decreased in postischemic myocardium in WT and eNOS(-/-) mice compared with baseline control, respectively, and NADH dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in eNOS(-/-) than in WT mice. Thus deficiency of eNOS exerted a sustained beneficial effect on postischemic myocardium 48 h after reperfusion with preserved mitochondrial function, which appears to be due to decreased iNOS induction and decreased iNOS-derived peroxynitrite in postischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Herold S, Boccini F. NO•Release from MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO after Oxidation by Peroxynitrite. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6933-43. [PMID: 16903752 DOI: 10.1021/ic060469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we showed that the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO, in analogy to the corresponding reaction with HbFe(II)NO (Herold, S. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 3783-3785), proceeds in two steps via the formation of MbFe(III)NO, from which NO* dissociates to produce iron(III)myoglobin (Mb = myoglobin; Hb = hemoglobin). The second-order rate constants for the first steps are on the order of 10(4) and 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), for the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. For both proteins, we found that the values of the second-order rate constants increase with decreasing pH, an observation that suggests that HOONO is the species responsible for oxidation of the iron center. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that the pH-dependence arises from different conformations taken up by the proteins at different pH values. In the presence of 1.2 mM CO2, the values of the second-order rate constants are larger, on the order of 10(5) and 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), for the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. The pH-dependence of the values for the reaction with MbFe(II)NO suggests that ONOOCO2- or the radicals produced from its decay (CO3*-/NO2*) are responsible for the oxidation of MbFe(II)NO to MbFe(III)NO. In the presence of large amounts of nitrite (in the tens and hundreds of millimoles range), we observed a slight acceleration of the rate of oxidation of HbFe(II)NO by peroxynitrite. A catalytic rate constant of 40 +/- 2 M(-1) s(-1) was determined at pH 7.0. Preliminary studies of the reaction between nitrite and HbFe(II)NO showed that this compound also can oxidize the iron center, albeit at a significantly slower rate. At pH 7.0, we obtained an approximate second-order rate constant of 3 x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Li H, Liu X, Cui H, Chen YR, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL. Characterization of the Mechanism of Cytochrome P450 Reductase-Cytochrome P450-mediated Nitric Oxide and Nitrosothiol Generation from Organic Nitrates. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12546-54. [PMID: 16527817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511803200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome P450 (CP) play important roles in organic nitrate bioactivation; however, the mechanism by which they convert organic nitrate to NO remains unknown. Questions remain regarding the initial precursor of NO that serves to link organic nitrate to the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). To characterize the mechanism of CPR-CP-mediated organic nitrate bioactivation, EPR, chemiluminescence NO analyzer, NO electrode, and immunoassay studies were performed. With rat hepatic microsomes or purified CPR, the presence of NADPH triggered organic nitrate reduction to NO2(-). The CPR flavin site inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium inhibited this NO2(-) generation, whereas the CP inhibitor clotrimazole did not. However, clotrimazole greatly inhibited NO2(-)-dependent NO generation. Therefore, CPR catalyzes organic nitrate reduction, producing nitrite, whereas CP can mediate further nitrite reduction to NO. Nitrite-dependent NO generation contributed <10% of the CPR-CP-mediated NO generation from organic nitrates; thus, NO2(-) is not the main precursor of NO. CPR-CP-mediated NO generation was largely thiol-dependent. Studies suggested that organic nitrite (R-O-NO) was produced from organic nitrate reduction by CPR. Further reaction of organic nitrite with free or microsome-associated thiols led to NO or nitrosothiol generation and thus stimulated the activation of sGC. Thus, organic nitrite is the initial product in the process of CRP-CP-mediated organic nitrate activation and is the precursor of NO and nitrosothiols, serving as the link between organic nitrate and sGC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1252, USA.
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Basireddy M, Isbell TS, Teng X, Patel RP, Agarwal A. Effects of sodium nitrite on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F779-86. [PMID: 16278276 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00334.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a key role in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent studies have shown that nitrite (NO2−) serves as an endogenous source of nitric oxide (NO), particularly in the presence of hypoxia and acidosis. Nanomolar concentrations of NO2−reduce injury following I/R in the liver and heart in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of NO2−in renal I/R injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a unilateral nephrectomy followed by 45 min of ischemia of the contralateral kidney or sham surgery under isoflurane anesthesia. Animals received normal saline, sodium NO2−, or sodium nitrate (NO3−; 1.2 nmol/g body wt ip) at 22.5 min after induction of ischemia or 15 min before ischemia. A separate set of animals received saline, NO2−, or NO3−(0.12, 1.2, or 12 nmol/g body wt iv) 45 min before ischemia. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were increased following I/R injury but were not significantly different among treatment groups at 24 and 48 h after acute renal injury. Interestingly, NO3−administration appeared to worsen renal injury. Histological scoring for loss of brush border, tubular necrosis, and red blood cell extravasation showed no significant differences among the treatment groups. The results indicate that, contrary to the protective effects of NO2−in I/R injury of the liver and heart, NO2−does not provide protection in renal I/R injury and suggest a unique metabolism of NO2−in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Basireddy
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Castello PR, David PS, McClure T, Crook Z, Poyton RO. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase produces nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions: implications for oxygen sensing and hypoxic signaling in eukaryotes. Cell Metab 2006; 3:277-87. [PMID: 16581005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to low-oxygen concentrations by upregulating hypoxic nuclear genes (hypoxic signaling). Although it has been shown previously that the mitochondrial respiratory chain is required for hypoxic signaling, its underlying role in this process has been unclear. Here, we find that yeast and rat liver mitochondria produce nitric oxide (NO) at dissolved oxygen concentrations below 20 microM. This NO production is nitrite (NO2-) dependent, requires an electron donor, and is carried out by cytochrome c oxidase in a pH-dependent fashion. Mitochondrial NO production in yeast is influenced by the YHb flavohemoglobin NO oxidoreductase, stimulates expression of the hypoxic nuclear gene CYC7, and is accompanied by an increase in protein tyrosine nitration. These findings demonstrate an alternative role for the mitochondrial respiratory chain under hypoxic or anoxic conditions and suggest that mitochondrially produced NO is involved in hypoxic signaling, possibly via a pathway that involves protein tyrosine nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Castello
- The Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Foresti R, Bains S, Sulc F, Farmer PJ, Green CJ, Motterlini R. The Interaction of Nitric Oxide with Distinct Hemoglobins Differentially Amplifies Endothelial Heme Uptake and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1125-33. [PMID: 16495208 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is a strong inducer and substrate of the stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which produces carbon monoxide, iron, and bilirubin. We have reported recently that nitric oxide (NO) augments the incorporation of free hemin in endothelial cells, resulting in amplified HO-1 expression and production of bilirubin. Here, we extend our studies by showing that both NO+ and NO- donors interacted with reduced (HbA0) or oxidized (metHb) hemoglobin, as well as hemoglobin from sickle cell disease (HbS), to strongly magnify HO-1, with a pattern of induction dependent on the oxidation state of the hemoglobin used. A corresponding enhancement of endothelial heme uptake was observed following exposure of HbA0 or HbS to the NO donors, which also increased the uptake of free hemin. We postulated that this effect may be caused by formation of heme-nitrosyl (H-NO) complexes, and indeed endothelial cells exposed to preformed H-NO showed greater heme incorporation than free hemin. Furthermore, NO donors directly affected the permeability of membranes to free hemin. In conclusion, our data indicate a novel role for NO in the modulation of heme transport and HO-1 induction in endothelial cells, which may be relevant for hematological disorders characterized by disruption of the heme-NO equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Foresti
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, UK.
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Zhao X, He G, Chen YR, Pandian RP, Kuppusamy P, Zweier JL. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide regulates postischemic myocardial oxygenation and oxygen consumption by modulation of mitochondrial electron transport. Circulation 2006; 111:2966-72. [PMID: 15939832 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.527226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) production is increased in postischemic myocardium, and NO can control mitochondrial oxygen consumption in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the role of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-derived NO on in vivo regulation of oxygen consumption in the postischemic heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were subjected to 30 minutes of coronary ligation followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Myocardial oxygen tension (Po2) was monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. In wild-type, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated (with 1 mg/mL in drinking water), and eNOS knockout (eNOS-/-) mice, no difference was observed among baseline myocardial Po2 values (8.6+/-0.7, 10.0+/-1.2, and 10.1+/-1.2 mm Hg, respectively) or those measured at 30 minutes of ischemia (1.4+/-0.6, 2.3+/-0.9, and 3.1+/-1.4 mm Hg, respectively). After reperfusion, myocardial Po2 increased markedly (P<0.001 versus baseline in each group) but was much lower in L-NAME-treated and eNOS-/- mice (17.4+/-1.6 and 20.4+/-1.9 mm Hg) than in wild-type mice (46.5+/-1.7 mm Hg; P<0.001). A transient peak of myocardial Po2 was observed at early reperfusion in wild-type mice. No reactive hyperemia was observed during early reperfusion. Endothelial NO decreased the rate-pressure product (P<0.05), upregulated cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) mRNA expression (P<0.01) with no change in CcO activity, and inhibited NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-DH) activity (P<0.01) without alteration of NADH-DH mRNA expression. Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration was higher in hearts from wild-type mice than in eNOS-/- or L-NAME-treated hearts. CONCLUSIONS eNOS-derived NO markedly suppresses in vivo O2 consumption in the postischemic heart through modulation of mitochondrial respiration based on alterations in enzyme activity and mRNA expression of NADH-DH and CcO. The marked myocardial hyperoxygenation in reperfused myocardium may be a critical factor that triggers postischemic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Solaini G, Harris D. Biochemical dysfunction in heart mitochondria exposed to ischaemia and reperfusion. Biochem J 2006; 390:377-94. [PMID: 16108756 PMCID: PMC1198918 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heart tissue is remarkably sensitive to oxygen deprivation. Although heart cells, like those of most tissues, rapidly adapt to anoxic conditions, relatively short periods of ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive tissue death during cardiac infarction. Heart tissue is not readily regenerated, and permanent heart damage is the result. Although mitochondria maintain normal heart function by providing virtually all of the heart's ATP, they are also implicated in the development of ischaemic damage. While mitochondria do provide some mechanisms that protect against ischaemic damage (such as an endogenous inhibitor of the F1Fo-ATPase and antioxidant enzymes), they also possess a range of elements that exacerbate it, including ROS (reactive oxygen species) generators, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and their ability to release apoptotic factors. This review considers the process of ischaemic damage from a mitochondrial viewpoint. It considers ischaemic changes in the inner membrane complexes I-V, and how this might affect formation of ROS and high-energy phosphate production/degradation. We discuss the contribution of various mitochondrial cation channels to ionic imbalances which seem to be a major cause of reperfusion injury. The different roles of the H+, Ca2+ and the various K+ channel transporters are considered, particularly the K+(ATP) (ATP-dependent K+) channels. A possible role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in ischaemic damage is assessed. Finally, we summarize the metabolic and pharmacological interventions that have been used to alleviate the effects of ischaemic injury, highlighting the value of these or related interventions in possible therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Solaini
- *Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento S. Anna, Classe Accademica di Scienze Sperimentali, Piazza dei Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - David A. Harris
- †Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Schulz R, Rassaf T, Massion PB, Kelm M, Balligand JL. Recent advances in the understanding of the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108:225-56. [PMID: 15949847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are the enzymes responsible for nitric oxide (NO) generation. To date, 3 distinct NOS isoforms have been identified: neuronal NOS (NOS1), inducible NOS (NOS2), and endothelial NOS (NOS3). Biochemically, NOS consists of a flavin-containing reductase domain, a heme-containing oxygenase domain, and regulatory sites. NOS catalyse an overall 5-electron oxidation of one Nomega-atom of the guanidino group of L-arginine to form NO and L-citrulline. NO exerts a plethora of biological effects in the cardiovascular system. The basal formation of NO in mitochondria by a mitochondrial NOS seems to be one of the main regulators of cellular respiration, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and transmembrane proton gradient. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the role of enzyme and enzyme-independent NO formation, regulation of NO bioactivity, new aspects of NO on cardiac function and morphology, and the clinical impact and perspectives of these recent advances in our knowledge on NO-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schulz
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin des Universitätsklinikums Essen, Germany.
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Penna C, Cappello S, Mancardi D, Raimondo S, Rastaldo R, Gattullo D, Losano G, Pagliaro P. Post-conditioning reduces infarct size in the isolated rat heart: role of coronary flow and pressure and the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 101:168-79. [PMID: 16132172 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-005-0543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the role of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway in cardioprotection by brief intermittent ischemias at the onset of reperfusion (i.e., post-conditioning (Post-con)). We also evaluated the role of coronary flow and pressure in Post-con. Rat isolated hearts perfused at constant- flow or -pressure underwent 30 min global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Post-con obtained with brief ischemias of different duration (modified, MPost-con) was compared with Post-con obtained with ischemias of identical duration (classical, C-Post-con) and with ischemic preconditioning (IP). Infarct size was evaluated using nitro-blue tetrazolium staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In the groups, NO synthase (NOS) or guanylyl-cyclase (GC) was inhibited with LNAME and ODQ, respectively. In the subgroups, the enzyme immunoassay technique was used to quantify cGMP release. In the constant-flow model, M-Post-con and C-Post-con were equally effective, but more effective than IP in reducing infarct size. The cardioprotection by M-Post-con was only blunted by the NOS-inhibitor, but was abolished by the GC-antagonist. Post-ischemic cGMP release was enhanced by MPost-con. In the constant-pressure model IP, M-Post-con and C-Post-con were equally effective in reducing infarct size. Post-con protocols were more effective in the constant-flow than in the constant-pressure model. In all groups, LDH release during reperfusion was proportional to infarct size. In conclusion, Post-con depends upon GC activation, which can be achieved by NOS-dependent and NOS-independent pathways. The benefits of M- and CPost-con are similar. However, protection by Post-con is greater in the constant-flow than in the constant-pressure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche dell'Università di Torino, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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Gladwin MT. Hemoglobin as a Nitrite Reductase Regulating Red Cell–Dependent Hypoxic Vasodilation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32:363-6. [PMID: 15837723 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Duranski MR, Greer JJM, Dejam A, Jaganmohan S, Hogg N, Langston W, Patel RP, Yet SF, Wang X, Kevil CG, Gladwin MT, Lefer DJ. Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1232-40. [PMID: 15841216 PMCID: PMC1077170 DOI: 10.1172/jci22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite represents a circulating and tissue storage form of NO whose bioactivation is mediated by the enzymatic action of xanthine oxidoreductase, nonenzymatic disproportionation, and reduction by deoxyhemoglobin, myoglobin, and tissue heme proteins. Because the rate of NO generation from nitrite is linearly dependent on reductions in oxygen and pH levels, we hypothesized that nitrite would be reduced to NO in ischemic tissue and exert NO-dependent protective effects. Solutions of sodium nitrite were administered in the setting of hepatic and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. In hepatic I/R, nitrite exerted profound dose-dependent protective effects on cellular necrosis and apoptosis, with highly significant protective effects observed at near-physiological nitrite concentrations. In myocardial I/R injury, nitrite reduced cardiac infarct size by 67%. Consistent with hypoxia-dependent nitrite bioactivation, nitrite was reduced to NO, S-nitrosothiols, N-nitros-amines, and iron-nitrosylated heme proteins within 1-30 minutes of reperfusion. Nitrite-mediated protection of both the liver and the heart was dependent on NO generation and independent of eNOS and heme oxygenase-1 enzyme activities. These results suggest that nitrite is a biological storage reserve of NO subserving a critical function in tissue protection from ischemic injury. These studies reveal an unexpected and novel therapy for diseases such as myocardial infarction, organ preservation and transplantation, and shock states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Duranski
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130, USA
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Duranski MR, Greer JJM, Dejam A, Jaganmohan S, Hogg N, Langston W, Patel RP, Yet SF, Wang X, Kevil CG, Gladwin MT, Lefer DJ. Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver. J Clin Invest 2005. [PMID: 15841216 DOI: 10.1172/jci200522493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrite represents a circulating and tissue storage form of NO whose bioactivation is mediated by the enzymatic action of xanthine oxidoreductase, nonenzymatic disproportionation, and reduction by deoxyhemoglobin, myoglobin, and tissue heme proteins. Because the rate of NO generation from nitrite is linearly dependent on reductions in oxygen and pH levels, we hypothesized that nitrite would be reduced to NO in ischemic tissue and exert NO-dependent protective effects. Solutions of sodium nitrite were administered in the setting of hepatic and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. In hepatic I/R, nitrite exerted profound dose-dependent protective effects on cellular necrosis and apoptosis, with highly significant protective effects observed at near-physiological nitrite concentrations. In myocardial I/R injury, nitrite reduced cardiac infarct size by 67%. Consistent with hypoxia-dependent nitrite bioactivation, nitrite was reduced to NO, S-nitrosothiols, N-nitros-amines, and iron-nitrosylated heme proteins within 1-30 minutes of reperfusion. Nitrite-mediated protection of both the liver and the heart was dependent on NO generation and independent of eNOS and heme oxygenase-1 enzyme activities. These results suggest that nitrite is a biological storage reserve of NO subserving a critical function in tissue protection from ischemic injury. These studies reveal an unexpected and novel therapy for diseases such as myocardial infarction, organ preservation and transplantation, and shock states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Duranski
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130, USA
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Li H, Cui H, Liu X, Zweier JL. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes anaerobic transformation of organic nitrates to nitric oxide and nitrosothiols: characterization of this mechanism and the link between organic nitrate and guanylyl cyclase activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:16594-600. [PMID: 15695823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411905200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic nitrates have been used clinically in the treatment of ischemic heart disease for more than a century. Recently, xanthine oxidase (XO) has been reported to catalyze organic nitrate reduction under anaerobic conditions, but questions remain regarding the initial precursor of nitric oxide (NO) and the link of organic nitrate to the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). To characterize the mechanism of XO-mediated biotransformation of organic nitrate, studies using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemiluminescence NO analyzer, NO electrode, and immunoassay were performed. The XO reducing substrates xanthine, NADH, and 2,3-dihydroxybenz-aldehyde triggered the reduction of organic nitrate to nitrite anion (NO2-). Studies of the pH dependence of nitrite formation indicated that XO-mediated organic nitrate reduction occurred via an acid-catalyzed mechanism. In the absence of thiols or ascorbate, no NO generation was detected from XO-mediated organic nitrate reduction; however, addition of L-cysteine or ascorbate triggered prominent NO generation. Studies suggested that organic nitrite (R-O-NO) is produced from XO-mediated organic nitrate reduction. Further reaction of organic nitrite with thiols or ascorbate leads to the generation of NO or nitrosothiols and thus stimulates the activation of sGC. Only flavin site XO inhibitors such as diphenyleneiodonium inhibited XO-mediated organic nitrate reduction and sGC activation, indicating that organic nitrate reduction occurs at the flavin site. Thus, organic nitrite is the initial product in the process of XO-mediated organic nitrate biotransformation and is the precursor of NO and nitrosothiols, serving as the link between organic nitrate and sGC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Center for Biomedical Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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