1
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Casler JC, Harper CS, White AJ, Anderson HL, Lackner LL. Mitochondria-ER-PM contacts regulate mitochondrial division and PI(4)P distribution. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308144. [PMID: 38781029 PMCID: PMC11116812 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-ER-cortex anchor (MECA) forms a tripartite membrane contact site between mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the plasma membrane (PM). The core component of MECA, Num1, interacts with the PM and mitochondria via two distinct lipid-binding domains; however, the molecular mechanism by which Num1 interacts with the ER is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Num1 contains a FFAT motif in its C-terminus that interacts with the integral ER membrane protein Scs2. While dispensable for Num1's functions in mitochondrial tethering and dynein anchoring, the FFAT motif is required for Num1's role in promoting mitochondrial division. Unexpectedly, we also reveal a novel function of MECA in regulating the distribution of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P). Breaking Num1 association with any of the three membranes it tethers results in an accumulation of PI(4)P on the PM, likely via disrupting Sac1-mediated PI(4)P turnover. This work establishes MECA as an important regulatory hub that spatially organizes mitochondria, ER, and PM to coordinate crucial cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Casler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Clare S. Harper
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Antoineen J. White
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Heidi L. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Laura L. Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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2
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Prever L, Squillero G, Hirsch E, Gulluni F. Linking phosphoinositide function to mitosis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114273. [PMID: 38843397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PtdIns) are a family of differentially phosphorylated lipid second messengers localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of both plasma and intracellular membranes. Kinases and phosphatases can selectively modify the PtdIns composition of different cellular compartments, leading to the recruitment of specific binding proteins, which control cellular homeostasis and proliferation. Thus, while PtdIns affect cell growth and survival during interphase, they are also emerging as key drivers in multiple temporally defined membrane remodeling events of mitosis, like cell rounding, spindle orientation, cytokinesis, and abscission. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is known about PtdIns function during mitosis and how alterations in the production and removal of PtdIns can interfere with proper cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Prever
- University of Turin, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Squillero
- University of Turin, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- University of Turin, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Federico Gulluni
- University of Turin, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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3
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Muth LT, Van Bogaert INA. Let it stick: Strategies and applications for intracellular plasma membrane targeting of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2024; 41:315-329. [PMID: 38444057 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid binding domains and protein lipidations are essential features to recruit proteins to intracellular membranes, enabling them to function at specific sites within the cell. Membrane association can also be exploited to answer fundamental and applied research questions, from obtaining insights into the understanding of lipid metabolism to employing them for metabolic engineering to redirect fluxes. This review presents a broad catalog of membrane binding strategies focusing on the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both lipid binding domains (pleckstrin homology, discoidin-type C2, kinase associated-1, basic-rich and bacterial phosphoinositide-binding domains) and co- and post-translational lipidations (prenylation, myristoylation and palmitoylation) are introduced as tools to target the plasma membrane. To provide a toolset of membrane targeting modules, respective candidates that facilitate plasma membrane targeting are showcased including their in vitro and in vivo properties. The relevance and versatility of plasma membrane targeting modules are further highlighted by presenting a selected set of use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Teresa Muth
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. Peroxisome population control by phosphoinositide signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane interface. Traffic 2024; 25:e12923. [PMID: 37926951 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are lipid signaling molecules acting at the interface of membranes and the cytosol to regulate membrane trafficking, lipid transport and responses to extracellular stimuli. Peroxisomes are multicopy organelles that are highly responsive to changes in metabolic and environmental conditions. In yeast, peroxisomes are tethered to the cell cortex at defined focal structures containing the peroxisome inheritance protein, Inp1p. We investigated the potential impact of changes in cortical phosphoinositide levels on the peroxisome compartment of the yeast cell. Here we show that the phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), found at the junction of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (cER-PM) acts to regulate the cell's peroxisome population. In cells lacking a cER-PM tether or the enzymatic activity of the lipid phosphatase Sac1p, cortical PI4P is elevated, peroxisome numbers and motility are increased, and peroxisomes are no longer firmly tethered to Inp1p-containing foci. Reattachment of the cER to the PM through an artificial ER-PM "staple" in cells lacking the cER-PM tether does not restore peroxisome populations to the wild-type condition, demonstrating that integrity of PI4P signaling at the cell cortex is required for peroxisome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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5
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Eisenreichova A, Humpolickova J, Różycki B, Boura E, Koukalova A. Effects of biophysical membrane properties on recognition of phosphatidylserine, or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate by lipid biosensors LactC2, or P4M. Biochimie 2023; 215:42-49. [PMID: 37683994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid biosensors are molecular tools used both in vivo and in vitro applications, capable of selectively detecting specific types of lipids in biological membranes. However, despite their extensive use, there is a lack of systematic characterization of their binding properties in various membrane conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of membrane properties, such as fluidity and membrane charge, on the sensitivity of two lipid biosensors, LactC2 and P4M, to their target lipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), respectively. Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, employed in this study, provided a useful technique to investigate interactions of these recombinant fluorescent biosensors with liposomes of varying compositions. The results of the study demonstrate that the binding of the LactC2 biosensor to low levels of PS in the membrane is highly supported by the presence of anionic lipids or membrane fluidity. However, at high PS levels, the presence of anionic lipids does not further enhance binding of LactC2. In contrast, neither membrane charge, nor membrane fluidity significantly affect the binding affinity of P4M to PI4P. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of membrane properties on the binding properties of lipid biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Eisenreichova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humpolickova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Koukalova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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6
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Daly C, Plouffe B. Gα q signalling from endosomes: A new conundrum. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37740273 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors, and are involved in the transmission of a variety of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, light and odorants into intracellular responses. They regulate every aspect of physiology and, for this reason, about one third of all marketed drugs target these receptors. Classically, upon binding to their agonist, GPCRs are thought to activate G-proteins from the plasma membrane and to stop signalling by subsequent desensitisation and endocytosis. However, accumulating evidence indicates that, upon internalisation, some GPCRs can continue to activate G-proteins in endosomes. Importantly, this signalling from endomembranes mediates alternative cellular responses other than signalling at the plasma membrane. Endosomal G-protein signalling and its physiological relevance have been abundantly documented for Gαs - and Gαi -coupled receptors. Recently, some Gαq -coupled receptors have been reported to activate Gαq on endosomes and mediate important cellular processes. However, several questions relative to the series of cellular events required to translate endosomal Gαq activation into cellular responses remain unanswered and constitute a new conundrum. How are these responses in endosomes mediated in the quasi absence of the substrate for the canonical Gαq -activated effector? Is there another effector? Is there another substrate? If so, how does this alternative endosomal effector or substrate produce a downstream signal? This review aims to unravel and discuss these important questions, and proposes possible routes of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Daly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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7
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Bura A, Čabrijan S, Đurić I, Bruketa T, Jurak Begonja A. A Plethora of Functions Condensed into Tiny Phospholipids: The Story of PI4P and PI(4,5)P 2. Cells 2023; 12:1411. [PMID: 37408244 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are small, phosphorylated lipids that serve many functions in the cell. They regulate endo- and exocytosis, vesicular trafficking, actin reorganization, and cell mobility, and they act as signaling molecules. The most abundant PIs in the cell are phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate (PI4P) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. PI4P is mostly localized at the Golgi apparatus where it regulates the anterograde trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane (PM), but it also localizes at the PM. On the other hand, the main localization site of PI(4,5)P2 is the PM where it regulates the formation of endocytic vesicles. The levels of PIs are regulated by many kinases and phosphatases. Four main kinases phosphorylate the precursor molecule phosphatidylinositol into PI4P, divided into two classes (PI4KIIα, PI4KIIβ, PI4KIIIα, and PI4KIIIβ), and three main kinases phosphorylate PI4P to form PI(4,5)P2 (PI4P5KIα, PI4P5KIβ, and PI4P5KIγ). In this review, we discuss the localization and function of the kinases that produce PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, as well as the localization and function of their product molecules with an overview of tools for the detection of these PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bura
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Čabrijan
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Iris Đurić
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tea Bruketa
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Antonija Jurak Begonja
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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8
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Singh RP, Poh YP, Sinha SD, Wideman JG. Evolutionary History of Oxysterol-Binding Proteins Reveals Complex History of Duplication and Loss in Animals and Fungi. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2023; 6:25152564221150428. [PMID: 37366416 PMCID: PMC10243569 DOI: 10.1177/25152564221150428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cells maintain the specific lipid composition of distinct organelles by vesicular transport as well as non-vesicular lipid trafficking via lipid transport proteins. Oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBPs) are a family of lipid transport proteins that transfer lipids at various membrane contact sites (MCSs). OSBPs have been extensively investigated in human and yeast cells where 12 have been identified in Homo sapiens and 7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The evolutionary relationship between these well-characterized OSBPs is still unclear. By reconstructing phylogenies of eukaryote OSBPs, we show that the ancestral Saccharomycotina had four OSBPs, the ancestral fungus had five OSBPs, and the ancestral animal had six OSBPs, whereas the shared ancestor of animals and fungi as well as the ancestral eukaryote had only three OSBPs. Our analyses identified three undescribed ancient OSBP orthologues, one fungal OSBP (Osh8) lost in the lineage leading to yeast, one animal OSBP (ORP12) lost in the lineage leading to vertebrates, and one eukaryotic OSBP (OshEu) lost in both the animal and fungal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan P. Singh
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute,
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Poh
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute,
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Savar D. Sinha
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute,
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Jeremy G. Wideman
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute,
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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9
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Hu Y, Zhang RQ, Wang ZG, Liu SL. In Situ Quantification of Lipids in Live Cells by Using Lipid-Binding Domain-Based Biosensors. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2076-2087. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qiao Zhang
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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10
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Lebecq A, Doumane M, Fangain A, Bayle V, Leong JX, Rozier F, Marques-Bueno MD, Armengot L, Boisseau R, Simon ML, Franz-Wachtel M, Macek B, Üstün S, Jaillais Y, Caillaud MC. The Arabidopsis SAC9 enzyme is enriched in a cortical population of early endosomes and restricts PI(4,5)P 2 at the plasma membrane. eLife 2022; 11:73837. [PMID: 36044021 PMCID: PMC9436410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipids, and especially phosphoinositides, are differentially enriched within the eukaryotic endomembrane system. This generates a landmark code by modulating the properties of each membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] specifically accumulates at the plasma membrane in yeast, animal, and plant cells, where it regulates a wide range of cellular processes including endocytic trafficking. However, the functional consequences of mispatterning PI(4,5)P2 in plants are unknown. Here, we functionally characterized the putative phosphoinositide phosphatase SUPPRESSOR OF ACTIN9 (SAC9) in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We found that SAC9 depletion led to the ectopic localization of PI(4,5)P2 on cortical intracellular compartments, which depends on PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 production at the plasma membrane. SAC9 localizes to a subpopulation of trans-Golgi Network/early endosomes that are enriched in a region close to the cell cortex and that are coated with clathrin. Furthermore, it interacts and colocalizes with Src Homology 3 Domain Protein 2 (SH3P2), a protein involved in endocytic trafficking. In the absence of SAC9, SH3P2 localization is altered and the clathrin-mediated endocytosis rate is reduced. Together, our results highlight the importance of restricting PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane and illustrate that one of the consequences of PI(4,5)P2 misspatterning in plants is to impact the endocytic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lebecq
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mehdi Doumane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurelie Fangain
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jia Xuan Leong
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Boisseau
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | | | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suayib Üstün
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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11
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Noack LC, Bayle V, Armengot L, Rozier F, Mamode-Cassim A, Stevens FD, Caillaud MC, Munnik T, Mongrand S, Pleskot R, Jaillais Y. A nanodomain-anchored scaffolding complex is required for the function and localization of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:302-332. [PMID: 34010411 PMCID: PMC8774046 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are low-abundant lipids that participate in the acquisition of membrane identity through their spatiotemporal enrichment in specific compartments. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) accumulates at the plant plasma membrane driving its high electrostatic potential, and thereby facilitating interactions with polybasic regions of proteins. PI4Kα1 has been suggested to produce PI4P at the plasma membrane, but how it is recruited to this compartment is unknown. Here, we pin-point the mechanism that tethers Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha1 (PI4Kα1) to the plasma membrane via a nanodomain-anchored scaffolding complex. We established that PI4Kα1 is part of a complex composed of proteins from the NO-POLLEN-GERMINATION, EFR3-OF-PLANTS, and HYCCIN-CONTAINING families. Comprehensive knockout and knockdown strategies revealed that subunits of the PI4Kα1 complex are essential for pollen, embryonic, and post-embryonic development. We further found that the PI4Kα1 complex is immobilized in plasma membrane nanodomains. Using synthetic mis-targeting strategies, we demonstrate that a combination of lipid anchoring and scaffolding localizes PI4Kα1 to the plasma membrane, which is essential for its function. Together, this work opens perspectives on the mechanisms and function of plasma membrane nanopatterning by lipid kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise C Noack
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Adiilah Mamode-Cassim
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Floris D Stevens
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Teun Munnik
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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12
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Srinivasan S, Vanni S. Computational Approaches to Investigate and Design Lipid-binding Domains for Membrane Biosensing. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:1031-1036. [PMID: 34920773 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of proteins with cellular membranes is critical for signaling and membrane trafficking processes. Many peripheral lipid-binding domains have been identified in the last few decades and have been investigated for their specific lipid-sensing properties using traditional in vivo and in vitro studies. However, several knowledge gaps remain owing to intrinsic limitations of these methodologies. Thus, novel approaches are necessary to further our understanding in lipid-protein biology. This review briefly discusses lipid-binding domains that act as specific lipid biosensors and provides a broad perspective on the computational approaches such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and machine learning (ML)-based techniques that can be used to study protein-membrane interactions. We also highlight the need for de novo design of proteins that elicit specific lipid-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland;,
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13
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Garcia JM, Schwabe MJ, Voelker DR, Riekhof WR. A functional genomic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals divergent mechanisms of resistance to different alkylphosphocholine chemotherapeutic agents. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6347582. [PMID: 34568930 PMCID: PMC8496327 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The alkylphosphocholine (APC) class of antineoplastic and antiprotozoal drugs, such as edelfosine and miltefosine, are structural mimics of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), and are inhibitory to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at low micromolar concentrations. Cytotoxic effects related to inhibition of phospholipid synthesis, induction of an unfolded protein response, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, and disruption of lipid rafts have been attributed to members of this drug class, however, the molecular mechanisms of action of these drugs remain incompletely understood. Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of the APCs exhibit variability with regard to chemical structure, leading to differences in effectiveness against different organisms or cell types. We now report the comprehensive identification of S. cerevisiae titratable-essential gene and haploid nonessential gene deletion mutants that are resistant to the APC drug miltefosine (hexadecyl-O-phosphocholine). Fifty-eight strains out of ∼5600 tested displayed robust and reproducible resistance to miltefosine. This gene set was heavily enriched in functions associated with vesicular transport steps, especially those involving endocytosis and retrograde transport of endosome derived vesicles to the Golgi or vacuole, suggesting a role for these trafficking pathways in transport of miltefosine to potential sites of action in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion. In addition, we identified mutants with defects in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate synthesis (TetO::STT4) and hydrolysis (sac1Δ), an oxysterol binding protein homolog (osh2Δ), a number of ER-resident proteins, and multiple components of the eisosome. These findings suggest that ER-plasma membrane contact sites and retrograde vesicle transport are involved in the interorganelle transport of lyso-PtdCho and related lyso-phospholipid-like analogs to their intracellular sites of cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin M Garcia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Michael J Schwabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Wayne R Riekhof
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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14
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Nakamura TS, Suda Y, Muneshige K, Fujieda Y, Okumura Y, Inoue I, Tanaka T, Takahashi T, Nakanishi H, Gao XD, Okada Y, Neiman AM, Tachikawa H. Suppression of Vps13 adaptor protein mutants reveals a central role for PI4P in regulating prospore membrane extension. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009727. [PMID: 34407079 PMCID: PMC8372973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vps13 family proteins are proposed to function in bulk lipid transfer between membranes, but little is known about their regulation. During sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Vps13 localizes to the prospore membrane (PSM) via the Spo71–Spo73 adaptor complex. We previously reported that loss of any of these proteins causes PSM extension and subsequent sporulation defects, yet their precise function remains unclear. Here, we performed a genetic screen and identified genes coding for a fragment of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase catalytic subunit and PI 4-kinase noncatalytic subunit as multicopy suppressors of spo73Δ. Further genetic and cytological analyses revealed that lowering PI4P levels in the PSM rescues the spo73Δ defects. Furthermore, overexpression of VPS13 and lowering PI4P levels synergistically rescued the defect of a spo71Δ spo73Δ double mutant, suggesting that PI4P might regulate Vps13 function. In addition, we show that an N-terminal fragment of Vps13 has affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER-plasma membrane (PM) tethers localize along the PSM in a manner dependent on Vps13 and the adaptor complex. These observations suggest that Vps13 and the adaptor complex recruit ER-PM tethers to ER-PSM contact sites. Our analysis revealed that involvement of a phosphoinositide, PI4P, in regulation of Vps13, and also suggest that distinct contact site proteins function cooperatively to promote de novo membrane formation. Vps13 family proteins are conserved lipid transfer proteins that function at organelle contact sites and have been implicated in a number of different neurological diseases. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Vps13 is encoded by a single gene and is localized to various contact sites by interaction with different adaptor proteins and/or lipids, however its regulation is yet to be clarified. We have previously shown that during the developmental process of sporulation, Vps13 is recruited to de novo membrane structures called prospore membranes (PSMs) by a specific adaptor complex, and Vps13 and its adaptors are required for PSM extension. Here we reveal that loss of an adaptor can be overcome by lowering phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) levels, either by inhibiting PI 4-kinase on the PSM or recruiting PI 4-phospatase to the PSM and that PI4P levels in the PSM affect Vps13 function. Further, we show that Vps13 forms endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-PSM contact sites, that ER-plasma membrane tethering proteins are recruited to ER-PSM contacts, and these proteins may function in conjunction with Vps13. Thus, our work shines light on both the mechanisms of intracellular remodeling and the function of this important class of lipid transfer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi S. Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Muneshige
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujieda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuya Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Universal Biology Institute, and the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron M. Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Tachikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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The distribution of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the budding yeast plasma membrane. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:109-121. [PMID: 34052862 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is generated through phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) by Mss4p, the only PtdIns phosphate 5-kinase in yeast cells. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is involved in various kinds of yeast functions. PtdIns(4)P is not only the immediate precursor of PtdIns(4,5)P2, but also an essential signaling molecule in the plasma membrane, Golgi, and endosomal system. To analyze the distribution of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(4)P in the yeast plasma membrane at a nanoscale level, we employed a freeze-fracture electron microscopy (EM) method that physically immobilizes lipid molecules in situ. It has been reported that the plasma membrane of budding yeast can be divided into three distinct areas: furrowed, hexagonal, and undifferentiated flat. Previously, using the freeze-fracture EM method, we determined that PtdIns(4)P is localized in the undifferentiated flat area, avoiding the furrowed and hexagonal areas of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we found that PtdIns(4,5)P2 was localized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane, and concentrated in the furrowed area. There are three types of PtdIns 4-kinases which are encoded by stt4, pik1, and lsb6. The labeling density of PtdIns(4)P in the plasma membrane significantly decreased in both pik1ts and stt4ts mutants. However, the labeling densities of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane of both the pik1ts and stt4ts mutants were comparable to that of the wild type yeast. These results suggest that PtdIns(4)P produced by either Pik1p or Stt4p is immediately phosphorylated by Mss4p and converted to PtdIns(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane.
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16
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Mioka T, Guo T, Wang S, Tsuji T, Kishimoto T, Fujimoto T, Tanaka K. Characterization of micron-scale protein-depleted plasma membrane domains in phosphatidylserine-deficient yeast cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:261783. [PMID: 34000034 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane phase separation to form micron-scale domains of lipids and proteins occurs in artificial membranes; however, a similar large-scale phase separation has not been reported in the plasma membrane of the living cells. We show here that a stable micron-scale protein-depleted region is generated in the plasma membrane of yeast mutants lacking phosphatidylserine at high temperatures. We named this region the 'void zone'. Transmembrane proteins and certain peripheral membrane proteins and phospholipids are excluded from the void zone. The void zone is rich in ergosterol, and requires ergosterol and sphingolipids for its formation. Such properties are also found in the cholesterol-enriched domains of phase-separated artificial membranes, but the void zone is a novel membrane domain that requires energy and various cellular functions for its formation. The formation of the void zone indicates that the plasma membrane in living cells has the potential to undergo phase separation with certain lipid compositions. We also found that void zones were frequently in contact with vacuoles, in which a membrane domain was also formed at the contact site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tian Guo
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takuma Tsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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17
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Fratini M, Krishnamoorthy P, Stenzel I, Riechmann M, Matzner M, Bacia K, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Plasma membrane nano-organization specifies phosphoinositide effects on Rho-GTPases and actin dynamics in tobacco pollen tubes. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:642-670. [PMID: 33955493 PMCID: PMC8136918 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth requires coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics and apical secretion. The regulatory phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is enriched in the subapical plasma membrane of pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and can influence both actin dynamics and secretion. How alternative PtdIns(4,5)P2 effects are specified is unclear. In tobacco pollen tubes, spinning disc microscopy (SD) reveals dual distribution of a fluorescent PtdIns(4,5)P2-reporter in dynamic plasma membrane nanodomains vs. apparent diffuse membrane labeling, consistent with spatially distinct coexisting pools of PtdIns(4,5)P2. Several PI4P 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) can generate PtdIns(4,5)P2 in pollen tubes. Despite localizing to one membrane region, the PIP5Ks AtPIP5K2-EYFP and NtPIP5K6-EYFP display distinctive overexpression effects on cell morphologies, respectively related to altered actin dynamics or membrane trafficking. When analyzed by SD, AtPIP5K2-EYFP associated with nanodomains, whereas NtPIP5K6-EYFP localized diffusely. Chimeric AtPIP5K2-EYFP and NtPIP5K6-EYFP variants with reciprocally swapped membrane-associating domains evoked reciprocally shifted effects on cell morphology upon overexpression. Overall, active PI4P 5-kinase variants stabilized actin when targeted to nanodomains, suggesting a role of nanodomain-associated PtdIns(4,5)P2 in actin regulation. This notion is further supported by interaction and proximity of nanodomain-associated AtPIP5K2 with the Rho-GTPase NtRac5, and by its functional interplay with elements of Rho of plants signaling. Plasma membrane nano-organization may thus aid the specification of PtdIns(4,5)P2 functions to coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fratini
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mara Riechmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monique Matzner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kirsten Bacia
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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18
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Batrouni AG, Baskin JM. The chemistry and biology of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the plasma membrane. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116190. [PMID: 33965837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are an important class of anionic, low abundance signaling lipids distributed throughout intracellular membranes. The plasma membrane contains three phosphoinositides: PI(4)P, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3. Of these, PI(4)P has remained the most mysterious, despite its characterization in this membrane more than a half-century ago. Fortunately, recent methodological innovations at the chemistry-biology interface have spurred a renaissance of interest in PI(4)P. Here, we describe these new toolsets and how they have revealed novel functions for the plasma membrane PI(4)P pool. We examine high-resolution structural characterization of the plasma membrane PI 4-kinase complex that produces PI(4)P, tools for modulating PI(4)P levels including isoform-selective PI 4-kinase inhibitors, and fluorescent probes for visualizing PI(4)P. Collectively, these chemical and biochemical approaches have revealed insights into how cells regulate synthesis of PI(4)P and its downstream metabolites as well as new roles for plasma membrane PI(4)P in non-vesicular lipid transport, membrane homeostasis and trafficking, and cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Batrouni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Dubois GA, Jaillais Y. Anionic phospholipid gradients: an uncharacterized frontier of the plant endomembrane network. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:577-592. [PMID: 33793905 PMCID: PMC8133617 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anionic phospholipids include phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and its phosphorylated derivatives the phosphoinositides (e.g. phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI4P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]). Although anionic phospholipids are low-abundant lipids, they are particularly important for membrane functions. In particular, anionic lipids act as biochemical and biophysical landmarks that contribute to the establishment of membrane identity, signaling activities, and compartment morphodynamics. Each anionic lipid accumulates in different endomembranes according to a unique subcellular pattern, where they locally provide docking platforms for proteins. As such, they are mostly believed to act in the compartments in which they accumulate. However, mounting evidence throughout eukaryotes suggests that anionic lipids are not as compartment-specific as initially thought and that they are instead organized as concentration gradients across different organelles. In this update, we review the evidence for the existence of anionic lipid gradients in plants. We then discuss the possible implication of these gradients in lipid dynamics and homeostasis, and also in coordinating subcellular activities. Finally, we introduce the notion that anionic lipid gradients at the cellular scale may translate into gradients at the tissue level, which could have implications for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennogan A Dubois
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Author for communication:
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20
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Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate Is Not Necessary for Candida albicans Viability yet Is Key for Cell Wall Integrity and Systemic Infection. mBio 2021; 13:e0387321. [PMID: 35164565 PMCID: PMC8942462 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03873-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates are key phospholipids with a range of regulatory roles, including membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] at the Golgi apparatus is required for the budding-to-filamentous-growth transition in the human-pathogenic fungus Candida albicans; however, the role of plasma membrane PI(4)P is unclear. We have investigated the importance of this phospholipid in C. albicans growth, stress response, and virulence by generating mutant strains with decreased levels of plasma membrane PI(4)P, via deletion of components of the PI-4-kinase complex, i.e., Efr3, Ypp1, and Stt4. The amounts of plasma membrane PI(4)P in the efr3Δ/Δ and ypp1Δ/Δ mutants were ∼60% and ∼40%, respectively, of that in the wild-type strain, whereas it was nearly undetectable in the stt4Δ/Δ mutant. All three mutants had reduced plas7ma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS). Although these mutants had normal yeast-phase growth, they were defective in filamentous growth, exhibited defects in cell wall integrity, and had an increased exposure of cell wall β(1,3)-glucan, yet they induced a range of hyphal-specific genes. In a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, fungal plasma membrane PI(4)P levels directly correlated with virulence; the efr3Δ/Δ mutant had wild-type virulence, the ypp1Δ/Δ mutant had attenuated virulence, and the stt4Δ/Δ mutant caused no lethality. In the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis, only the ypp1Δ/Δ mutant had reduced virulence, indicating that plasma membrane PI(4)P is less important for proliferation in the oropharynx. Collectively, these results demonstrate that plasma membrane PI(4)P levels play a central role in filamentation, cell wall integrity, and virulence in C. albicans. IMPORTANCE While the PI-4-kinases Pik1 and Stt4 both produce PI(4)P, the former generates PI(4)P at the Golgi apparatus and the latter at the plasma membrane, and these two pools are functionally distinct. To address the importance of plasma membrane PI(4)P in Candida albicans, we generated deletion mutants of the three putative plasma membrane PI-4-kinase complex components and quantified the levels of plasma membrane PI(4)P in each of these strains. Our work reveals that this phosphatidylinositol phosphate is specifically critical for the yeast-to-hyphal transition, cell wall integrity, and virulence in a mouse systemic infection model. The significance of this work is in identifying a plasma membrane phospholipid that has an infection-specific role, which is attributed to the loss of plasma membrane PI(4)P resulting in β(1,3)-glucan unmasking.
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21
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Wang Y, Yuan P, Grabon A, Tripathi A, Lee D, Rodriguez M, Lönnfors M, Eisenberg-Bord M, Wang Z, Man Lam S, Schuldiner M, Bankaitis VA. Noncanonical regulation of phosphatidylserine metabolism by a Sec14-like protein and a lipid kinase. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151686. [PMID: 32303746 PMCID: PMC7199851 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) decarboxylase Psd2 is proposed to engage in a membrane contact site (MCS) for PtdSer decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn). This proposed MCS harbors Psd2, the Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) Sfh4, the Stt4 phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-OH kinase, the Scs2 tether, and an uncharacterized protein. We report that, of these components, only Sfh4 and Stt4 regulate Psd2 activity in vivo. They do so via distinct mechanisms. Sfh4 operates via a mechanism for which its PtdIns-transfer activity is dispensable but requires an Sfh4-Psd2 physical interaction. The other requires Stt4-mediated production of PtdIns-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), where Stt4 (along with the Sac1 PtdIns4P phosphatase and endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane tethers) indirectly modulate Psd2 activity via a PtdIns4P homeostatic mechanism that influences PtdSer accessibility to Psd2. These results identify an example in which the biological function of a Sec14-like PITP is cleanly uncoupled from its canonical in vitro PtdIns-transfer activity and challenge popular functional assumptions regarding lipid-transfer protein involvements in MCS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Peihua Yuan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Aby Grabon
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Dongju Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Martin Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Max Lönnfors
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | | | - Zehua Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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22
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Zheng Koh DH, Saheki Y. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Sterol Homeostasis by Nonvesicular Lipid Transport. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211042451. [PMID: 37366378 PMCID: PMC10259818 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211042451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sterol contributes to the structural integrity of cellular membranes and plays an important role in the regulation of cell signaling in eukaryotes. It is either produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or taken up from the extracellular environment. In most eukaryotic cells, however, the majority of sterol is enriched in the plasma membrane. Thus, the transport of sterol between the plasma membrane and other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, is crucial for maintaining sterol homeostasis. While vesicular transport that relies on membrane budding and fusion reactions plays an important role in bulk sterol transport, this mode of transport is slow and non-selective. Growing evidence suggests a critical role of nonvesicular transport mediated by evolutionarily conserved families of lipid transfer proteins in more rapid and selective delivery of sterol. Some lipid transfer proteins act primarily at the sites of contacts formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles or the plasma membrane without membrane fusion. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences of sterol biosynthesis and uptake in mammals and yeast and discuss the role of their lipid transfer proteins in maintaining plasma membrane sterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Resource Development and
Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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23
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Stephens DC, Powell TW, Taraska JW, Harris DA. Imaging the rapid yet transient accumulation of regulatory lipids, lipid kinases, and protein kinases during membrane fusion, at sites of exocytosis of MMP-9 in MCF-7 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:195. [PMID: 32829709 PMCID: PMC7444259 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regulation of exocytosis is physiologically vital in cells and requires a variety of distinct proteins and lipids that facilitate efficient, fast, and timely release of secretory vesicle cargo. Growing evidence suggests that regulatory lipids act as important lipid signals and regulate various biological processes including exocytosis. Though functional roles of many of these regulatory lipids has been linked to exocytosis, the dynamic behavior of these lipids during membrane fusion at sites of exocytosis in cell culture remains unknown. Methods Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) was used to observe the spatial organization and temporal dynamics (i.e. spatial positioning and timing patterns) of several lipids, and accessory proteins, like lipid kinases and protein kinases, in the form of protein kinase C (PRKC) associated with sites of exocytosis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in living MCF-7 cancer cells. Results Following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to promote exocytosis, a transient accumulation of several distinct regulatory lipids, lipid kinases, and protein kinases at exocytic sites was observed. This transient accumulation centered at the time of membrane fusion is followed by a rapid diffusion away from the fusion sites. Additionally, the synthesis of these regulatory lipids, degradation of these lipids, and the downstream effectors activated by these lipids, are also achieved by the recruitment and accumulation of key enzymes at exocytic sites (during the moment of cargo release). This includes key enzymes like lipid kinases, protein kinases, and phospholipases that facilitate membrane fusion and exocytosis of MMP-9. Conclusions This work suggests that these regulatory lipids and associated effector proteins are locally synthesized and/or recruited to sites of exocytosis, during membrane fusion and cargo release. More importantly, their enrichment at fusion sites serves as an important spatial and temporal organizing “element” defining individual exocytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique C Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington, D.C, 20059, USA
| | - Tyrel W Powell
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington, D.C, 20059, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dinari A Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington, D.C, 20059, USA.
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Delfosse V, Bourguet W, Drin G. Structural and Functional Specialization of OSBP-Related Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515256420946627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are precisely distributed in the eukaryotic cell where they help to define organelle identity and function, in addition to their structural role. Once synthesized, many lipids must be delivered to other compartments by non-vesicular routes, a process that is undertaken by proteins called Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs). OSBP and the closely-related ORP and Osh proteins constitute a major, evolutionarily conserved family of LTPs in eukaryotes. Most of these target one or more subcellular regions, and membrane contact sites in particular, where two organelle membranes are in close proximity. It was initially thought that such proteins were strictly dedicated to sterol sensing or transport. However, over the last decade, numerous studies have revealed that these proteins have many more functions, and we have expanded our understanding of their mechanisms. In particular, many of them are lipid exchangers that exploit PI(4)P or possibly other phosphoinositide gradients to directionally transfer sterol or PS between two compartments. Importantly, these transfer activities are tightly coupled to processes such as lipid metabolism, cellular signalling and vesicular trafficking. This review describes the molecular architecture of OSBP/ORP/Osh proteins, showing how their specific structural features and internal configurations impart unique cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Delfosse
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
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25
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The type II phosphoinositide 4-kinase FgLsb6 is important for the development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103443. [PMID: 32800918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence. In eukaryotes, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which participates in many physiological processes, is located primarily in different organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), plasma membrane and endosomes. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are involved in regulating the production of PI4P in yeast, plants and mammalian cells. However, the role of these proteins in phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the type II PI4K protein FgLsb6 in F. graminearum, a homolog of Lsb6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike Lsb6, FgLsb6 localizes to the vacuoles and endosomes. The ΔFglsb6 mutant displayed defects in vegetative growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the ΔFglsb6 deletion mutant also exhibited increased resistance to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Further analyses of the ΔFglsb6 mutant showed that it was defective in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis. Collectively, our data suggest that the decreased vegetative growth and pathogenicity of ΔFglsb6 was due to the conservative roles of FgLsb6 in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis.
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26
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Miyasaka M, Mioka T, Kishimoto T, Itoh E, Tanaka K. A complex genetic interaction implicates that phospholipid asymmetry and phosphate homeostasis regulate Golgi functions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236520. [PMID: 32730286 PMCID: PMC7392219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, phospholipid flippases translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Budding yeast contains five flippases, of which Cdc50p-Drs2p and Neo1p are primarily involved in membrane trafficking in endosomes and Golgi membranes. The ANY1/CFS1 gene was identified as a suppressor of growth defects in the neo1Δ and cdc50Δ mutants. Cfs1p is a membrane protein of the PQ-loop family and is localized to endosomal/Golgi membranes, but its relationship to phospholipid asymmetry remains unknown. The neo1Δ cfs1Δ mutant appears to function normally in membrane trafficking but may function abnormally in the regulation of phospholipid asymmetry. To identify a gene that is functionally relevant to NEO1 and CFS1, we isolated a mutation that is synthetically lethal with neo1Δ cfs1Δ and identified ERD1. Erd1p is a Golgi membrane protein that is involved in the transport of phosphate (Pi) from the Golgi lumen to the cytoplasm. The Neo1p-depleted cfs1Δ erd1Δ mutant accumulated plasma membrane proteins in the Golgi, perhaps due to a lack of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. The Neo1p-depleted cfs1Δ erd1Δ mutant also exhibited abnormal structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induced an unfolded protein response, likely due to defects in the retrieval pathway from the cis-Golgi region to the ER. Genetic analyses suggest that accumulation of Pi in the Golgi lumen is responsible for defects in Golgi functions in the Neo1p-depleted cfs1Δ erd1Δ mutant. Thus, the luminal ionic environment is functionally relevant to phospholipid asymmetry. Our results suggest that flippase-mediated phospholipid redistribution and luminal Pi concentration coordinately regulate Golgi membrane functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Miyasaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eriko Itoh
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zaman MF, Nenadic A, Radojičić A, Rosado A, Beh CT. Sticking With It: ER-PM Membrane Contact Sites as a Coordinating Nexus for Regulating Lipids and Proteins at the Cell Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:675. [PMID: 32793605 PMCID: PMC7387695 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites between the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) provide a direct conduit for small molecule transfer and signaling between the two largest membranes of the cell. Contact is established through ER integral membrane proteins that physically tether the two membranes together, though the general mechanism is remarkably non-specific given the diversity of different tethering proteins. Primary tethers including VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs), Anoctamin/TMEM16/Ist2p homologs, and extended synaptotagmins (E-Syts), are largely conserved in most eukaryotes and are both necessary and sufficient for establishing ER-PM association. In addition, other species-specific ER-PM tether proteins impart unique functional attributes to both membranes at the cell cortex. This review distils recent functional and structural findings about conserved and species-specific tethers that form ER-PM contact sites, with an emphasis on their roles in the coordinate regulation of lipid metabolism, cellular structure, and responses to membrane stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Zaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aleksa Nenadic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Radojičić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T Beh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,The Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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28
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Lipp NF, Ikhlef S, Milanini J, Drin G. Lipid Exchangers: Cellular Functions and Mechanistic Links With Phosphoinositide Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:663. [PMID: 32793602 PMCID: PMC7385082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that self-assemble to form biological membranes. Thousands of lipid species coexist in the cell and, once combined, define organelle identity. Due to recent progress in lipidomic analysis, we now know how lipid composition is finely tuned in different subcellular regions. Along with lipid synthesis, remodeling and flip-flop, lipid transfer is one of the active processes that regulates this intracellular lipid distribution. It is mediated by Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) that precisely move certain lipid species across the cytosol and between the organelles. A particular subset of LTPs from three families (Sec14, PITP, OSBP/ORP/Osh) act as lipid exchangers. A striking feature of these exchangers is that they use phosphatidylinositol or phosphoinositides (PIPs) as a lipid ligand and thereby have specific links with PIP metabolism and are thus able to both control the lipid composition of cellular membranes and their signaling capacity. As a result, they play pivotal roles in cellular processes such as vesicular trafficking and signal transduction at the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that some PIPs are used as energy by lipid exchangers to generate lipid gradients between organelles. Here we describe the importance of lipid counter-exchange in the cell, its structural basis, and presumed links with pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas-Frédéric Lipp
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Souade Ikhlef
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Julie Milanini
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
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29
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Omnus DJ, Cadou A, Thomas FB, Bader JM, Soh N, Chung GHC, Vaughan AN, Stefan CJ. A heat-sensitive Osh protein controls PI4P polarity. BMC Biol 2020; 18:28. [PMID: 32169085 PMCID: PMC7071650 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide lipids provide spatial landmarks during polarized cell growth and migration. Yet how phosphoinositide gradients are oriented in response to extracellular cues and environmental conditions is not well understood. Here, we elucidate an unexpected mode of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) regulation in the control of polarized secretion. RESULTS We show that PI4P is highly enriched at the plasma membrane of growing daughter cells in budding yeast where polarized secretion occurs. However, upon heat stress conditions that redirect secretory traffic, PI4P rapidly increases at the plasma membrane in mother cells resulting in a more uniform PI4P distribution. Precise control of PI4P distribution is mediated through the Osh (oxysterol-binding protein homology) proteins that bind and present PI4P to a phosphoinositide phosphatase. Interestingly, Osh3 undergoes a phase transition upon heat stress conditions, resulting in intracellular aggregates and reduced cortical localization. Both the Osh3 GOLD and ORD domains are sufficient to form heat stress-induced aggregates, indicating that Osh3 is highly tuned to heat stress conditions. Upon loss of Osh3 function, the polarized distribution of both PI4P and the exocyst component Exo70 are impaired. Thus, an intrinsically heat stress-sensitive PI4P regulatory protein controls the spatial distribution of phosphoinositide lipid metabolism to direct secretory trafficking as needed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that control of PI4P metabolism by Osh proteins is a key determinant in the control of polarized growth and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deike J Omnus
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Present address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Cadou
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ffion B Thomas
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob M Bader
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Present address: Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Soh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary H C Chung
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N Vaughan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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30
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Shin JJH, Liu P, Chan LJ, Ullah A, Pan J, Borchers CH, Burke JE, Stefan C, Smits GJ, Loewen CJR. pH Biosensing by PI4P Regulates Cargo Sorting at the TGN. Dev Cell 2020; 52:461-476.e4. [PMID: 31928972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides, diacylglycerolpyrophosphate, ceramide-1-phosphate, and phosphatidic acid belong to a unique class of membrane signaling lipids that contain phosphomonoesters in their headgroups having pKa values in the physiological range. The phosphomonoester headgroup of phosphatidic acid enables this lipid to act as a pH biosensor as changes in its protonation state with intracellular pH regulate binding to effector proteins. Here, we demonstrate that binding of pleckstrin homology (PH) domains to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in the yeast trans-Golgi network (TGN) is dependent on intracellular pH, indicating PI4P is a pH biosensor. pH biosensing by TGN PI4P in response to nutrient availability governs protein sorting at the TGN, likely by regulating sterol transfer to the TGN by Osh1, a member of the conserved oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family of lipid transfer proteins. Thus, pH biosensing by TGN PI4P allows for direct metabolic regulation of protein trafficking and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J H Shin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leslie J Chan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Azmat Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria, Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria, Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christopher Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gertien J Smits
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Lau N, Haeberle AL, O’Keeffe BJ, Latomanski EA, Celli J, Newton HJ, Knodler LA. SopF, a phosphoinositide binding effector, promotes the stability of the nascent Salmonella-containing vacuole. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007959. [PMID: 31339948 PMCID: PMC6682159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), utilizes two type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to invade host cells, survive and replicate intracellularly. T3SS1 and its dedicated effector proteins are required for bacterial entry into non-phagocytic cells and establishment and trafficking of the nascent Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Here we identify the first T3SS1 effector required to maintain the integrity of the nascent SCV as SopF. SopF associates with host cell membranes, either when translocated by bacteria or ectopically expressed. Recombinant SopF binds to multiple phosphoinositides in protein-lipid overlays, suggesting that it targets eukaryotic cell membranes via phospholipid interactions. In yeast, the subcellular localization of SopF is dependent on the activity of Mss4, a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase that generates PI(4,5)P2 from PI(4)P, indicating that membrane recruitment of SopF requires specific phospholipids. Ectopically expressed SopF partially colocalizes with specific phosphoinositide pools present on the plasma membrane in mammalian cells and with cytoskeletal-associated markers at the leading edge of cells. Translocated SopF concentrates on plasma membrane ruffles and around intracellular bacteria, presumably on the SCV. SopF is not required for bacterial invasion of non-phagocytic cells but is required for maintenance of the internalization vacuole membrane as infection with a S. Typhimurium ΔsopF mutant led to increased lysis of the SCV compared to wild type bacteria. Our structure-function analysis shows that the carboxy-terminal seven amino acids of SopF are essential for its membrane association in host cells and to promote SCV membrane stability. We also describe that SopF and another T3SS1 effector, SopB, act antagonistically to modulate nascent SCV membrane dynamics. In summary, our study highlights that a delicate balance of type III effector activities regulates the stability of the Salmonella internalization vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lau
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Brittany J. O’Keeffe
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Eleanor A. Latomanski
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Celli
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Hayley J. Newton
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LAK); (HJN)
| | - Leigh A. Knodler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAK); (HJN)
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Stamm CE, Pasko BL, Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Franco LH, Nair VR, Weigele BA, Alto NM, Shiloh MU. Screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis Secreted Proteins Identifies Mpt64 as a Eukaryotic Membrane-Binding Bacterial Effector. mSphere 2019; 4:e00354-19. [PMID: 31167949 PMCID: PMC6553557 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00354-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most successful human pathogens. One reason for its success is that Mtb can reside within host macrophages, a cell type that normally functions to phagocytose and destroy infectious bacteria. However, Mtb is able to evade macrophage defenses in order to survive for prolonged periods of time. Many intracellular pathogens secrete virulence factors targeting host membranes and organelles to remodel their intracellular environmental niche. We hypothesized that Mtb secreted proteins that target host membranes are vital for Mtb to adapt to and manipulate the host environment for survival. Thus, we characterized 200 secreted proteins from Mtb for their ability to associate with eukaryotic membranes using a unique temperature-sensitive yeast screen and to manipulate host trafficking pathways using a modified inducible secretion screen. We identified five Mtb secreted proteins that both associated with eukaryotic membranes and altered the host secretory pathway. One of these secreted proteins, Mpt64, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum during Mtb infection of murine and human macrophages and impaired the unfolded protein response in macrophages. These data highlight the importance of secreted proteins in Mtb pathogenesis and provide a basis for further investigation into their molecular mechanisms.IMPORTANCE Advances have been made to identify secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during animal infections. These data, combined with transposon screens identifying genes important for M. tuberculosis virulence, have generated a vast resource of potential M. tuberculosis virulence proteins. However, the function of many of these proteins in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis remains elusive. We have integrated three cell biological screens to characterize nearly 200 M. tuberculosis secreted proteins for eukaryotic membrane binding, host subcellular localization, and interactions with host vesicular trafficking. In addition, we observed the localization of one secreted protein, Mpt64, to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages. Interestingly, although Mpt64 is exported by the Sec pathway, its delivery into host cells was dependent upon the action of the type VII secretion system. Finally, we observed that Mpt64 impairs the ER-mediated unfolded protein response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Breanna L Pasko
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sujittra Chaisavaneeyakorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vidhya R Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bethany A Weigele
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Jun YW, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Novel GFP-fused protein probes for detecting phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate in the plasma membrane. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:164-169. [PMID: 31231579 PMCID: PMC6567041 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1599424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) plays a crucial role in cellular functions, including protein trafficking, and is mainly located in the cytoplasmic surface of intracellular membranes, which include the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane. However, many PI4P-binding domains of membrane-associated proteins are localized only to the TGN because of the requirement of a second binding protein such as ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) in order to be stably localized to the specific membrane. In this study, we developed new probes that were capable of detecting PI4P at the plasma membrane using the known TGN-targeting PI4P-binding domains. The PI4P-specific binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of various proteins including CERT, OSBP, OSH1, and FAPP1 was combined with the N-terminal moderately hydrophobic domain of the short-form of Aplysia phosphodiesterase 4 (S(N30)), which aids in plasma membrane association but cannot alone facilitate this association. As a result, we found that the addition of S(N30) to the N-terminus of the GFP-fused PH domain of OSBP (S(N30)-GFP-OSBP-PH), OSH1 (S(N30)-GFP-OSH1-PH), or FAPP1 (S(N30)-GFP-FAPP1-PH) could induce plasma membrane localization, as well as retain TGN localization. The plasma membrane localization of S(N30)-GFP-FAPP1-PH is mediated by PI4P binding only, whereas those of S(N30)-GFP-OSBP-PH and S(N30)-GFP-OSH1-PH are mediated by either PI4P or PI(4,5)P2 binding. Taken together, we developed new probes that detect PI4P at the plasma membrane using a combination of a moderately hydrophobic domain with the known TGN-targeting PI4P-specific binding PH domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
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Rockenfeller P, Gourlay CW. Lipotoxicty in yeast: a focus on plasma membrane signalling and membrane contact sites. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4953420. [PMID: 29718175 PMCID: PMC5905628 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is a pathophysiological process triggered by lipid overload. In metazoans, lipotoxicity is characterised by the ectopic deposition of lipids on organs other than adipose tissue. This leads to organ dysfunction, cell death, and is intimately linked to lipid-associated diseases such as cardiac dysfunction, atherosclerosis, stroke, hepatosteatosis, cancer and the metabolic syndrome. The molecules involved in eliciting lipotoxicity include FAs and their acyl-CoA derivatives, triacylglycerol (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), ceramides, acyl-carnitines and phospholipids. However, the cellular transport of toxic lipids through membrane contact sites (MCS) and vesicular mechanisms as well as lipid metabolism that progress lipotoxicity to the onset of disease are not entirely understood. Yeast has proven a useful model organism to study the molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity. Recently, the Rim101 pathway, which senses alkaline pH and the lipid status at the plasmamembrane, has been connected to lipotoxicity. In this review article, we summarise recent research advances on the Rim101 pathway and MCS in the context of lipotoxicity in yeast and present a perspective for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rockenfeller
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ Kent, UK.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Campbell W Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ Kent, UK
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Tao K, Waletich JR, Wise H, Arredondo F, Tyler BM. Tethering of Multi-Vesicular Bodies and the Tonoplast to the Plasma Membrane in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:636. [PMID: 31396242 PMCID: PMC6662526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tethering of the plasma membrane (PM) and many organelles to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for communication and lipid exchange has been widely reported. However, despite growing interest in multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) as possible sources of exosomes, tethering of MVBs to the PM has not been reported. Here we show that MVBs and the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) could be tethered to the PM (PM-MVB/TP tethering) by artificial protein fusions or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) complexes that contain a peripheral membrane protein that binds the PM and also a protein that binds MVBs or the tonoplast. PM-binding proteins capable of participating in PM-MVB/TP tethering included StRem1.3, BIK1, PBS1, CPK21, and the PtdIns(4)-binding proteins FAPP1 and Osh2. MVB/TP-binding proteins capable of participating in tethering included ARA6, ARA7, RHA1, RABG3f, and the PtdIns(3)P-binding proteins Vam7p and Hrs-2xFYVE. BiFC complexes or protein fusions capable of producing PM-MVB/TP tethering were visualized as large well-defined patches of fluorescence on the PM that could displace PM proteins such as AtFlotillin1 and also could displace cytoplasmic proteins such as soluble GFP. Furthermore, we identified paralogous ubiquitin E3 ligase proteins, SAUL1 (AtPUB44), and AtPUB43 that could produce PM-MVB/TP tethering. SAUL1 and AtPUB43 could produce tethering in uninfected tissue when paired with MVB-binding proteins or when their E3 ligase domain was deleted. When Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue was infected with Phytophthora capsici, full length SAUL1 and AtPUB43 localized in membrane patches consistent with PM-MVB/TP tethering. Our findings define new tools for studying PM-MVB/TP tethering and its possible role in plant defense. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although not previously observed, the tethering of multi-vesicular bodies to the plasma membrane is of interest due to the potential role of this process in producing exosomes in plants. Here we describe tools for observing and manipulating the tethering of multi-vesicular bodies and the tonoplast to the plant plasma membrane, and describe two plant proteins that may naturally regulate this process during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Justin R. Waletich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Hua Wise
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Brett M. Tyler
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36
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Kurokawa Y, Yoshida A, Fujii E, Tomioku K, Hayashi H, Tanabe K, Fujita A. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate on Rab7-positive autophagosomes revealed by the freeze-fracture replica labeling. Traffic 2018; 20:82-95. [PMID: 30426618 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phophate (PtdIns(4)P) is an essential signaling molecule in the Golgi body, endosomal system, and plasma membrane and functions in the regulation of membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways, all mediated by direct interaction with PtdIns(4)P-binding proteins. PtdIns(4)P was recently reported to have functional roles in autophagosome biogenesis. LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies and a small GTP-binding protein, Rab7, are localized on autophagosomal membranes and participate at each stage of autophagosome formation and maturation. To better understand autophagosome biogenesis, it is essential to determine the localization of PtdIns(4)P and to examine its relationship with LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies and Rab7. To analyze PtdIns(4)P distribution, we used an electron microscopy technique that labels PtdIns(4)P on the freeze-fracture replica of intracellular biological membranes, which minimizes the possibility of artificial perturbation because molecules in the membrane are physically immobilized in situ. Using this technique, we found that PtdIns(4)P is localized on the cytoplasmic, but not the luminal (exoplasmic), leaflet of the inner and outer membranes of autophagosomes. Double labeling revealed that PtdIns(4)P mostly colocalizes with Rab7, but not with LC3B, GABARAP, GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2. Rab7 plays essential roles in autophagosome maturation and in autophagosome-lysosome fusion events. We suggest that PtdIns(4)P is localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the autophagosome at later stages, which may illuminate the importance of PtdIns(4)P at the later stages of autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akane Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emi Fujii
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kanna Tomioku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanabe
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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37
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Gawden-Bone CM, Frazer GL, Richard AC, Ma CY, Strege K, Griffiths GM. PIP5 Kinases Regulate Membrane Phosphoinositide and Actin Composition for Targeted Granule Secretion by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. Immunity 2018; 49:427-437.e4. [PMID: 30217409 PMCID: PMC6162341 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
How cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) sense T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in order to specialize an area of plasma membrane for granule secretion is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that immune synapse formation led to rapid localized changes in the phosphoinositide composition of the plasma membrane, both reducing phosphoinositide-4-phosphate (PI(4)P), PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3 and increasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and PI(3,4)P2 within the first 2 min of synapse formation. These changes reduced negative charge across the synapse, triggering the release of electrostatically bound PIP5 kinases that are required to replenish PI(4,5)P2. As PI(4,5)P2 decreased, actin was depleted from the membrane, allowing secretion. Forced localization of PIP5Kβ across the synapse prevented actin depletion, blocking both centrosome docking and secretion. Thus, PIP5Ks act as molecular sensors of TCR activation, controlling actin recruitment across the synapse, ensuring exquisite co-ordination between TCR signaling and CTL secretion. Immune synapse formation triggers rapid changes in the membrane composition and charge PIP5K is a molecular sensor of TCR activation and is rapidly depleted at the synapse PIP5K distribution controls actin recruitment across the immune synapse Membrane specialization controls accessibility for centrosome docking and secretion
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Gawden-Bone
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Katharina Strege
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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38
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Del Bel LM, Griffiths N, Wilk R, Wei HC, Blagoveshchenskaya A, Burgess J, Polevoy G, Price JV, Mayinger P, Brill JA. The phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1 regulates cell shape and microtubule stability in the developing Drosophila eye. Development 2018; 145:dev151571. [PMID: 29752385 PMCID: PMC6031321 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial patterning in the developing Drosophila melanogaster eye requires the Neph1 homolog Roughest (Rst), an immunoglobulin family cell surface adhesion molecule expressed in interommatidial cells (IOCs). Here, using a novel temperature-sensitive (ts) allele, we show that the phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1 is also required for IOC patterning. Sac1ts mutants have rough eyes and retinal patterning defects that resemble rst mutants. Sac1ts retinas exhibit elevated levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), consistent with the role of Sac1 as a PI4P phosphatase. Indeed, genetic rescue and interaction experiments reveal that restriction of PI4P levels by Sac1 is crucial for normal eye development. Rst is delivered to the cell surface in Sac1ts mutants. However, Sac1ts mutant IOCs exhibit severe defects in microtubule organization, associated with accumulation of Rst and the exocyst subunit Sec8 in enlarged intracellular vesicles upon cold fixation ex vivo Together, our data reveal a novel requirement for Sac1 in promoting microtubule stability and suggest that Rst trafficking occurs in a microtubule- and exocyst-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Del Bel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nigel Griffiths
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ronit Wilk
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ho-Chun Wei
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, South Sciences Building Room 8166, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Anastasia Blagoveshchenskaya
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jason Burgess
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gordon Polevoy
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James V Price
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, South Sciences Building Room 8166, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Peter Mayinger
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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39
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Nanoscale domain formation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in the plasma and vacuolar membranes of living yeast cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:269-278. [PMID: 29609807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PtdIns(4)P serves as an essential signalling molecule in the Golgi complex, endosomal system, and plasma membrane, where it is involved in the control of multiple cellular functions via direct interactions with PtdIns(4)P-binding proteins. To analyse the distribution of PtdIns(4)P in yeast cells at a nanoscale level, we employed an electron microscopy technique that specifically labels PtdIns(4)P on the freeze-fracture replica of the yeast membrane. This method minimizes the possibility of artificial perturbation, because molecules in the membrane are physically immobilised in situ. We observed that PtdIns(4)P is localised on the cytoplasmic leaflet, but not the exoplasmic leaflet, of the plasma membrane, Golgi body, vacuole, and vesicular structure membranes. PtdIns(4)P labelling was not observed in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, and in the outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope or mitochondria. PtdIns(4)P forms clusters of <100 nm in diameter in the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane according to point pattern analysis of immunogold labelling. There are three kinds of compartments in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we showed that PtdIns(4)P is specifically localised in the flat undifferentiated plasma membrane compartment. In the vacuolar membrane, PtdIns(4)P was concentrated in intramembrane particle (IMP)-deficient raft-like domains, which are tightly bound to lipid droplets, but not surrounding IMP-rich non-raft domains in geometrical IMP-distributed patterns in the stationary phase. This is the first report showing microdomain formations of PtdIns(4)P in the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane of budding yeast cells at a nanoscale level, which will illuminate the functionality of PtdIns(4)P in each membrane.
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40
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Wengelnik K, Daher W, Lebrun M. Phosphoinositides and their functions in apicomplexan parasites. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:493-504. [PMID: 29596862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are the phosphorylated derivatives of the structural membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol. Single or combined phosphorylation at the 3, 4 and 5 positions of the inositol ring gives rise to the seven different species of phosphoinositides. All are quantitatively minor components of cellular membranes but have been shown to have important functions in multiple cellular processes. Here we describe our current knowledge of phosphoinositide metabolism and functions in apicomplexan parasites, mainly focusing on Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. Even though our understanding is still rudimentary, phosphoinositides have already shown their importance in parasite biology and revealed some very particular and parasite-specific functions. Not surprisingly, there is a strong potential for phosphoinositide synthesis to be exploited for future anti-parasitic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wengelnik
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Wassim Daher
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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41
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Del Bel LM, Brill JA. Sac1, a lipid phosphatase at the interface of vesicular and nonvesicular transport. Traffic 2018; 19:301-318. [PMID: 29411923 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lipid phosphatase Sac1 dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), thereby holding levels of this crucial membrane signaling molecule in check. Sac1 regulates multiple cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking and cell signaling. Here, we review the structure and regulation of Sac1, its roles in cell signaling and development and its links to health and disease. Remarkably, many of the diverse roles attributed to Sac1 can be explained by the recent discovery of its requirement at membrane contact sites, where its consumption of PI4P is proposed to drive interorganelle transfer of other cellular lipids, thereby promoting normal lipid homeostasis within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Del Bel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Koe CT, Tan YS, Lönnfors M, Hur SK, Low CSL, Zhang Y, Kanchanawong P, Bankaitis VA, Wang H. Vibrator and PI4KIIIα govern neuroblast polarity by anchoring non-muscle myosin II. eLife 2018; 7:33555. [PMID: 29482721 PMCID: PMC5828666 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A central feature of most stem cells is the ability to self-renew and undergo differentiation via asymmetric division. However, during asymmetric division the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids and their regulators is not well established. Here, we show that the sole type I PI transfer protein, Vibrator, controls asymmetric division of Drosophilaneural stem cells (NSCs) by physically anchoring myosin II regulatory light chain, Sqh, to the NSC cortex. Depletion of vib or disruption of its lipid binding and transfer activities disrupts NSC polarity. We propose that Vib stimulates PI4KIIIα to promote synthesis of a plasma membrane pool of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] that, in turn, binds and anchors myosin to the NSC cortex. Remarkably, Sqh also binds to PI(4)P in vitro and both Vib and Sqh mediate plasma membrane localization of PI(4)P in NSCs. Thus, reciprocal regulation between Myosin and PI(4)P likely governs asymmetric division of NSCs. Stem cells are cells that can both make copies of themselves and make new cells of various types. They can either divide symmetrically to produce two identical new cells, or they can divide asymmetrically to produce two different cells. Asymmetric division happens because the two new cells contain different molecules. Stem cells drive asymmetric division by moving key molecules to one end of the cell before they divide. Asymmetric division is key to how neural stem cells produce new brain cells. Many studies have used the developing brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to understand this process. Errors in asymmetric division can lead to too many stem cells or not enough brain cells. This can contribute to brain tumors and other neurological disorders. Fat molecules called phosphatidylinositol lipids are some of chemicals that cause asymmetry in neural stem cells. Yet, it is not clear how these lipid molecules affect cell behavior to turn stem cells into brain cells. The production of phosphatidylinositol lipids involves proteins called Vibrator and PI4KIIIα. Koe et al. examined the role of these two proteins in asymmetric cell division of neural stem cells in fruit flies. The results show that Vibrator activates PI4KIIIα, which leads to high levels of a phosphatidylinositol lipid called PI(4)P within the cell. These lipids act as an anchor for a group of proteins called myosin, part of the machinery that physically divides the cell. Hence, myosin and phosphatidylinositol lipids together control asymmetric division of neural stem cells. Further experiments used mouse proteins to compensate for defects in the equivalent fly proteins. The results suggest that the same mechanisms are likely to hold true in mammalian brains, although this still needs to be proven. Nevertheless, given that human equivalents of Vibrator and PI4KIIIα are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia or cancers, these new findings are likely to help scientists better to understand several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwee Tat Koe
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Max Lönnfors
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, United States
| | - Seong Kwon Hur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, United States
| | | | - Yingjie Zhang
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, United States
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Zewe JP, Wills RC, Sangappa S, Goulden BD, Hammond GR. SAC1 degrades its lipid substrate PtdIns4 P in the endoplasmic reticulum to maintain a steep chemical gradient with donor membranes. eLife 2018; 7:35588. [PMID: 29461204 PMCID: PMC5829913 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradients of PtdIns4P between organelle membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are thought to drive counter-transport of other lipids via non-vesicular traffic. This novel pathway requires the SAC1 phosphatase to degrade PtdIns4P in a 'cis' configuration at the ER to maintain the gradient. However, SAC1 has also been proposed to act in 'trans' at membrane contact sites, which could oppose lipid traffic. It is therefore crucial to determine which mode SAC1 uses in living cells. We report that acute inhibition of SAC1 causes accumulation of PtdIns4P in the ER, that SAC1 does not enrich at membrane contact sites, and that SAC1 has little activity in 'trans', unless a linker is added between its ER-anchored and catalytic domains. The data reveal an obligate 'cis' activity of SAC1, supporting its role in non-vesicular lipid traffic and implicating lipid traffic more broadly in inositol lipid homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Zewe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Rachel C Wills
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Sahana Sangappa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Brady D Goulden
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Gerald Rv Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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44
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Sugihara A, Nguyen LC, Shamim HM, Iida T, Nakase M, Takegawa K, Senda M, Jida S, Ueno M. Mutation in fission yeast phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase Pik1 is synthetically lethal with defect in telomere protection protein Pot1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1284-1290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lee M, Fairn GD. Both the PH domain and N-terminal region of oxysterol-binding protein related protein 8S are required for localization to PM-ER contact sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1088-1094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yamamoto W, Wada S, Nagano M, Aoshima K, Siekhaus DE, Toshima JY, Toshima J. Distinct roles for plasma membrane PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P 2 during receptor-mediated endocytosis in yeast. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207696. [PMID: 29192062 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis requires the coordinated assembly of various endocytic proteins and lipids at the plasma membrane. Accumulating evidence demonstrates a crucial role for phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] in endocytosis but specific roles for phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P], other than as the biosynthetic precursor of PtdIns(4,5)P2, have not been clarified. In this study we investigated the roles of PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 in receptor-mediated endocytosis through the construction of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants for the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4-kinases) Stt4p and Pik1p and the 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase [PtdIns(4) 5-kinase] Mss4p. Quantitative analyses of endocytosis revealed that both the stt4tspik1ts and mss4ts mutants have a severe defect in endocytic internalization. Live-cell imaging of endocytic protein dynamics in stt4tspik1ts and mss4ts mutants revealed that PtdIns(4)P is required for the recruitment of the α-factor receptor Ste2p to clathrin-coated pits, whereas PtdIns(4,5)P2 is required for membrane internalization. We also found that the localization to endocytic sites of the ENTH/ANTH domain-bearing clathrin adaptors, Ent1p, Ent2p, Yap1801p and Yap1802p, is significantly impaired in the stt4tspik1ts mutant but not in the mss4ts mutant. These results suggest distinct roles in successive steps for PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 during receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Suguru Wada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kaito Aoshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | | | - Junko Y Toshima
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, 5-23-22 Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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47
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Ebrahimzadeh Z, Mukherjee A, Richard D. A map of the subcellular distribution of phosphoinositides in the erythrocytic cycle of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:13-25. [PMID: 29154995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite representing a small percentage of the cellular lipids of eukaryotic cells, phosphoinositides (PIPs) are critical in various processes such as intracellular trafficking and signal transduction. Central to their various functions is the differential distribution of PIP species to specific membrane compartments through the actions of kinases, phosphatases and lipases. Despite their importance in the malaria parasite lifecycle, the subcellular distribution of most PIP species in this organism is still unknown. We here localise several species of PIPs throughout the erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. We show that PI3P is mostly found at the apicoplast and the membrane of the food vacuole, that PI4P associates with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane and that PI(4,5)P2, in addition to being detected at the plasma membrane, labels some cavity-like spherical structures. Finally, we show that the elusive PI5P localises to the plasma membrane, the nucleus and potentially to the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our map of the subcellular distribution of PIP species in P. falciparum will be a useful tool to shed light on the dynamics of these lipids in this deadly parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimzadeh
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Angana Mukherjee
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Dave Richard
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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48
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A systematic exploration of the interactions between bacterial effector proteins and host cell membranes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:532. [PMID: 28912547 PMCID: PMC5599653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles serve as platforms for the assembly of multi-protein complexes that function as hubs of signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. Microbial pathogens have evolved virulence factors that reprogram these host signaling responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we test the ability of ~200 type III and type IV effector proteins from six Gram-negative bacterial species to interact with the eukaryotic plasma membrane and intracellular organelles. We show that over 30% of the effectors localize to yeast and mammalian cell membranes, including a subset of previously uncharacterized Legionella effectors that appear to be able to regulate yeast vacuolar fusion. A combined genetic, cellular, and biochemical approach supports that some of the tested bacterial effectors can bind to membrane phospholipids and may regulate membrane trafficking. Finally, we show that the type III effector IpgB1 from Shigella flexneri may bind to acidic phospholipids and regulate actin filament dynamics.Microbial pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to affect cellular functions. Here, the authors use a yeast-based screen to study around 200 effectors from six bacterial species, showing that over 30% of them interact with the eukaryotic plasma membrane or intracellular organelles.
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49
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Banerjee S, Kane PM. Direct interaction of the Golgi V-ATPase a-subunit isoform with PI(4)P drives localization of Golgi V-ATPases in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2518-2530. [PMID: 28720663 PMCID: PMC5597324 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PI(4)P directly interacts with the cytosolic domain of yeast Golgi vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) a-isoform, Stv1, and the human Golgi a-subunit isoform. Lys-84 of Stv1 is essential for PI(4)P interaction, and localization of Stv1-containing V-ATPases in vivo requires the PI(4)P interaction. We propose that phosphatidylinositol binding exerts organelle-specific control over V-ATPases. Luminal pH and phosphoinositide content are fundamental features of organelle identity. Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) drive organelle acidification in all eukaryotes, and membrane-bound a-subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase are implicated in organelle-specific targeting and regulation. Earlier work demonstrated that the endolysosomal lipid PI(3,5)P2 activates V-ATPases containing the vacuolar a-subunit isoform in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we demonstrate that PI(4)P, the predominant Golgi phosphatidylinositol (PI) species, directly interacts with the cytosolic amino terminal (NT) domain of the yeast Golgi V-ATPase a-isoform Stv1. Lysine-84 of Stv1NT is essential for interaction with PI(4)P in vitro and in vivo, and interaction with PI(4)P is required for efficient localization of Stv1-containing V-ATPases. The cytosolic NT domain of the human V-ATPase a2 isoform specifically interacts with PI(4)P in vitro, consistent with its Golgi localization and function. We propose that NT domains of Vo a-subunit isoforms interact specifically with PI lipids in their organelles of residence. These interactions can transmit organelle-specific targeting or regulation information to V-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Patricia M Kane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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50
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Hirama T, Das R, Yang Y, Ferguson C, Won A, Yip CM, Kay JG, Grinstein S, Parton RG, Fairn GD. Phosphatidylserine dictates the assembly and dynamics of caveolae in the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14292-14307. [PMID: 28698382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are bulb-shaped nanodomains of the plasma membrane that are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. They have many physiological functions, including endocytic transport, mechanosensing, and regulation of membrane and lipid transport. Caveola formation relies on integral membrane proteins termed caveolins (Cavs) and the cavin family of peripheral proteins. Both protein families bind anionic phospholipids, but the precise roles of these lipids are unknown. Here, we studied the effects of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) on caveolar formation and dynamics. Using live-cell, single-particle tracking of GFP-labeled Cav1 and ultrastructural analyses, we compared the effect of PtdSer disruption or phosphoinositide depletion with caveola disassembly caused by cavin1 loss. We found that PtdSer plays a crucial role in both caveola formation and stability. Sequestration or depletion of PtdSer decreased the number of detectable Cav1-GFP puncta and the number of caveolae visualized by electron microscopy. Under PtdSer-limiting conditions, the co-localization of Cav1 and cavin1 was diminished, and cavin1 degradation was increased. Using rapamycin-recruitable phosphatases, we also found that the acute depletion of PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 has minimal impact on caveola assembly but results in decreased lateral confinement. Finally, we show in a model of phospholipid scrambling, a feature of apoptotic cells, that caveola stability is acutely affected by the scrambling. We conclude that the predominant plasmalemmal anionic lipid PtdSer is essential for proper Cav clustering, caveola formation, and caveola dynamics and that membrane scrambling can perturb caveolar stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirama
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada,; Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada,; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama 3500495, Japan
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80204
| | - Yanbo Yang
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada,; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amy Won
- The Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- The Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, the State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada,; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada,; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
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