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Wang F, Shi J, He D, Tong B, Zhang C, Wen A, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Lin W. Structural basis for transcription inhibition by E. coli SspA. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9931-9942. [PMID: 32785630 PMCID: PMC7515715 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stringent starvation protein A (SspA) is an RNA polymerase (RNAP)-associated protein involved in nucleotide metabolism, acid tolerance and virulence of bacteria. Despite extensive biochemical and genetic analyses, the precise regulatory role of SspA in transcription is still unknown, in part, because of a lack of structural information for bacterial RNAP in complex with SspA. Here, we report a 3.68 Å cryo-EM structure of an Escherichia coli RNAP-promoter open complex (RPo) with SspA. Unexpectedly, the structure reveals that SspA binds to the E. coli σ70-RNAP holoenzyme as a homodimer, interacting with σ70 region 4 and the zinc binding domain of EcoRNAP β′ subunit simultaneously. Results from fluorescent polarization assays indicate the specific interactions between SspA and σ70 region 4 confer its σ selectivity, thereby avoiding its interactions with σs or other alternative σ factors. In addition, results from in vitro transcription assays verify that SspA inhibits transcription probably through suppressing promoter escape. Together, the results here provide a foundation for understanding the unique physiological function of SspA in transcription regulation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingwei He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Tong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Aijia Wen
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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van Heeswijk WC, Westerhoff HV, Boogerd FC. Nitrogen assimilation in Escherichia coli: putting molecular data into a systems perspective. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:628-95. [PMID: 24296575 PMCID: PMC3973380 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00025-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of the hierarchical network of intracellular processes revolving around central nitrogen metabolism in Escherichia coli. The hierarchy intertwines transport, metabolism, signaling leading to posttranslational modification, and transcription. The protein components of the network include an ammonium transporter (AmtB), a glutamine transporter (GlnHPQ), two ammonium assimilation pathways (glutamine synthetase [GS]-glutamate synthase [glutamine 2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase {GOGAT}] and glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH]), the two bifunctional enzymes adenylyl transferase/adenylyl-removing enzyme (ATase) and uridylyl transferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme (UTase), the two trimeric signal transduction proteins (GlnB and GlnK), the two-component regulatory system composed of the histidine protein kinase nitrogen regulator II (NRII) and the response nitrogen regulator I (NRI), three global transcriptional regulators called nitrogen assimilation control (Nac) protein, leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp), and cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (Crp), the glutaminases, and the nitrogen-phosphotransferase system. First, the structural and molecular knowledge on these proteins is reviewed. Thereafter, the activities of the components as they engage together in transport, metabolism, signal transduction, and transcription and their regulation are discussed. Next, old and new molecular data and physiological data are put into a common perspective on integral cellular functioning, especially with the aim of resolving counterintuitive or paradoxical processes featured in nitrogen assimilation. Finally, we articulate what still remains to be discovered and what general lessons can be learned from the vast amounts of data that are available now.
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3
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Schneider BL, Hernandez VJ, Reitzer L. Putrescine catabolism is a metabolic response to several stresses in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:537-50. [PMID: 23531166 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes whose products degrade arginine and ornithine, precursors of putrescine synthesis, are activated by either regulators of the nitrogen-regulated (Ntr) response or σ(S) -RNA polymerase. To determine if dual control regulates a complete putrescine catabolic pathway, we examined expression of patA and patD, which specify the first two enzymes of one putrescine catabolic pathway. Assays of PatA (putrescine transaminase) activity and β-galactosidase from cells with patA-lacZ transcriptional and translational fusions indicate dual control of patA transcription and putrescine-stimulated patA translation. Similar assays for PatD indicate that patD transcription required σ(S) -RNA polymerase, and Nac, an Ntr regulator, enhanced the σ(S) -dependent transcription. Since Nac activation via σ(S) -RNA polymerase is without precedent, transcription with purified components was examined and the results confirmed this conclusion. This result indicates that the Ntr regulon can intrude into the σ(S) regulon. Strains lacking both polyamine catabolic pathways have defective responses to oxidative stress, high temperature and a sublethal concentration of an antibiotic. These defects and the σ(S) -dependent expression indicate that polyamine catabolism is a core metabolic response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Schneider
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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4
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Nowak-Lovato KL, Hickmott AJ, Maity TS, Bulyk ML, Dunbar J, Hong-Geller E. DNA binding site analysis of Burkholderia thailandensis response regulators. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:46-52. [PMID: 22521922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial response regulators (RR) that function as transcription factors in two component signaling pathways are crucial for ensuring tight regulation and coordinated expression of the genome. Currently, consensus DNA binding sites in the promoter for very few bacterial RRs have been identified. A systematic method to characterize these DNA binding sites for RRs would enable prediction of specific gene expression patterns in response to extracellular stimuli. To identify RR DNA binding sites, we functionally activated RRs using beryllofluoride and applied them to a protein-binding microarray (PBM) to discover DNA binding motifs for RRs expressed in Burkholderia, a Gram-negative bacterial genus. We identified DNA binding motifs for conserved RRs in Burkholderia thailandensis, including KdpE, RisA, and NarL, as well as for a previously uncharacterized RR at locus BTH_II2335 and its ortholog in the human pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei at locus BPSS2315. We further demonstrate RR binding of predicted genomic targets for the two orthologs using gel shift assays and reveal a pattern of RR regulation of expression of self and other two component systems. Our studies illustrate the use of PBMs to identify DNA binding specificities for bacterial RRs and enable prediction of gene regulatory networks in response to two component signaling.
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5
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Hervás AB, Canosa I, Santero E. Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase expression in Pseudomonas putida results from its direct repression by NtrC under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Mol Microbiol 2011; 78:305-19. [PMID: 20735780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-regulated genes in enterobacteria are positively controlled by the transcriptional activator of σ(N) -dependent promoters NtrC, either directly or indirectly, through the dual regulator Nac. Similar to enterobacteria, gdhA encoding glutamate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida is one of the few genes that is induced by excess nitrogen. In P. putida, the binding of NtrC to the gdhA promoter region and in vitro transcription suggest that, unlike its enterobacterial homologue that is repressed by Nac, gdhA is directly repressed by NtrC. Footprinting analyses demonstrated that NtrC binds to four distinct sites in the gdhA promoter. NtrC dimers bind cooperatively, and those bound closer to the promoter interact with the dimers bound further upstream, thus producing a proposed repressor loop in the DNA. The formation of the higher-order complex and the repressor loop appears to be important for repression but not absolutely essential. Both the phosphorylated and the non-phosphorylated forms of NtrC efficiently repressed gdhA transcription in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, NtrC repression of gdhA under nitrogen-limiting conditions does not depend on the phosphorylation of the regulator; rather, it relies on an increase in the repressor concentration under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Hervás
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
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6
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Papadopoulos G, Grigoroudis AI, Kyriakidis DA. Dimerization of the AtoC response regulator and modelling of its binding to DNA. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:565-72. [PMID: 21115262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial signal transduction systems can be viewed as an entity of multi-sensory and output domains, whereas the functions of response regulators play a pivotal role in the complex network interactions. One crucial property among response regulators functions is their oligomerization and subsequent binding to DNA. The AtoS-AtoC two component system, functionally modulated by various agents, influences fundamental cellular processes such as short-chain fatty acid catabolism and poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Among the already reported characteristic properties, AtoC binds to a specific site, a palindromic repeat of 20 nucleotides within the atoDAEB promoter. Since experimental structures of AtoC or its complex with DNA are not yet available, an almost complete homology model of AtoC and of its putative entity as a dimer is constructed for this study, as well as a model of its binding to its target DNA sequence. The latter is associated with large conformational changes, as shown by molecular dynamics simulations. Subsequent biochemical study, including cross-linking via chemical agents, revealed the ability of AtoC to form oligomers in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Papadopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly Ploutonos 26 & Aeolou, Larisa GR-41221, Greece
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7
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Theodorou EC, Theodorou MC, Samali MN, Kyriakidis DA. Activation of the AtoSC two-component system in the absence of the AtoC N-terminal receiver domain in E. coli. Amino Acids 2010; 40:421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Rrp2, a sigma54-dependent transcriptional activator of Borrelia burgdorferi, activates rpoS in an enhancer-independent manner. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:2902-5. [PMID: 19201806 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01721-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rrp2 is the sole sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator present in the Borrelia burgdorferi genome. We showed that recombinant Rrp2 binds to DNA in a sequence-nonspecific manner. During infection, Rrp2 activates sigma(54)-dependent rpoS expression without an apparent upstream enhancer element commonly associated with other sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activators.
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9
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Matta MK, Lioliou EE, Panagiotidis CH, Kyriakidis DA, Panagiotidis CA. Interactions of the antizyme AtoC with regulatory elements of the Escherichia coli atoDAEB operon. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:6324-32. [PMID: 17616594 PMCID: PMC1951910 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00214-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AtoC has a dual function as both an antizyme, the posttranslational inhibitor of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, and the transcriptional regulator of genes involved in short-chain fatty acid catabolism (the atoDAEB operon). We have previously shown that AtoC is the response regulator of the AtoS-AtoC two-component signal transduction system that activates atoDAEB when Escherichia coli is exposed to acetoacetate. Here, we show that the same cis elements control both promoter inducibility and AtoC binding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the acetoacetate-inducible binding of AtoC to the predicted DNA region in vivo. DNase I protection footprinting analysis revealed that AtoC binds two 20-bp stretches, constituting an inverted palindrome, that are located at -146 to -107 relative to the transcription initiation site. Analyses of promoter mutants obtained by in vitro chemical mutagenesis of the atoDAEB promoter verified both the importance of AtoC binding for the inducibility of the promoter by acetoacetate and the sigma54 dependence of atoDAEB expression. The integration host factor was also identified as a critical component of the AtoC-mediated induction of atoDAEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi K Matta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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10
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Assumpção MC, de Souza EM, Yates MG, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Benelli EM. Purification and characterisation of Azospirillum brasilense N-truncated NtrX protein. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 53:302-8. [PMID: 17306559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NtrX protein has been identified as a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the metabolic control of alternative nitrogen sources, acting as a member of a two-component regulatory system. The in silico analysis of the NtrX amino acid sequence shows that this protein contains an N-terminal receiver domain, a central AAA+ superfamily domain and a C-terminal DNA binding domain. To over-express and purify this protein, the ntrX gene of Azospirillum brasilense lacking the first eight codons was cloned into the vector pET29a+. The NtrX protein was over-expressed as an S.Tag fusion protein induced by l-arabinose in the Escherichia coli strain BL21AI and purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. The ATPase activity of NtrX was measured by coupling the ATP conversion to ADP with NADH oxidation. The ATPase activity of NtrX was stimulated in the presence of A. brasilense sigma(54)/NtrC-dependent promoter of the glnBA gene. Phosphorylation by carbamyl-phosphate also stimulated ATPase, in a manner similar to the NtrC protein. Together our results suggest that NtrX is active in the phosphorylated form and that there may be a cross-talk between the NtrYX and NtrBC regulatory systems in A. brasilense.
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11
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Senadheera MD, Guggenheim B, Spatafora GA, Huang YCC, Choi J, Hung DCI, Treglown JS, Goodman SD, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch DG. A VicRK signal transduction system in Streptococcus mutans affects gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf expression, biofilm formation, and genetic competence development. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4064-76. [PMID: 15937169 PMCID: PMC1151735 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.12.4064-4076.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria exposed to transient host environments can elicit adaptive responses by triggering the differential expression of genes via two-component signal transduction systems. This study describes the vicRK signal transduction system in Streptococcus mutans. A vicK (putative histidine kinase) deletion mutant (SmuvicK) was isolated. However, a vicR (putative response regulator) null mutation was apparently lethal, since the only transformants isolated after attempted mutagenesis overexpressed all three genes in the vicRKX operon (Smuvic+). Compared with the wild-type UA159 strain, both mutants formed aberrant biofilms. Moreover, the vicK mutant biofilm formed in sucrose-supplemented medium was easily detachable relative to that of the parent. The rate of total dextran formation by this mutant was remarkably reduced compared to the wild type, whereas it was increased in Smuvic+. Based on real-time PCR, Smuvic+ showed increased gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf expression, while a recombinant VicR fusion protein was shown to bind the promoter regions of the gtfB, gtfC, and ftf genes. Also, transformation efficiency in the presence or absence of the S. mutans competence-stimulating peptide was altered for the vic mutants. In vivo studies conducted using SmuvicK in a specific-pathogen-free rat model resulted in significantly increased smooth-surface dental plaque (Pearson-Filon statistic [PF], <0.001). While the absence of vicK did not alter the incidence of caries, a significant reduction in SmuvicK CFU counts was observed in plaque samples relative to that of the parent (PF, <0.001). Taken together, these findings support involvement of the vicRK signal transduction system in regulating several important physiological processes in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dilani Senadheera
- Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto ON M51G6, Canada
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Xu D, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhao J. FesM, a membrane iron-sulfur protein, is required for cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and photoheterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1586-95. [PMID: 15980195 PMCID: PMC1176428 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.061549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While it is known that cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is an important pathway of photosynthetic electron transfer for converting light energy to chemical energy, some components of cyclic electron flow remain to be revealed. Here, we show that fesM, encoding a novel membrane iron-sulfur protein, is essential to cyclic electron flow in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The FesM protein is predicted to have a cAMP-binding domain, an NtrC-like domain, a redox sensor motif, and an iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S) motif. Deletion of fesM (fesM-D) led to an inability for Synechococcus cells to grow in the presences of glycerol and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Photoheterotrophic growth was restored by a complete fesM gene present on a replicable plasmid. A mutant fesM gene encoding a truncated FesM protein lacking the cAMP domain failed to restore the phenotype, suggesting this domain is important to the function of FesM. Measurements of reduction of P700(+) and the redox state of interphotosystem electron carriers showed that cells had a slower rate of respiratory electron donation to the interphotosystem electron transport chain, and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in fesM-D was impaired, suggesting that FesM is a critical protein for respiratory and cyclic electron flow. Phosphatase fusion analysis showed that FesM contains nine membrane-spanning helices, and all functional domains of FesM are located on the cytoplasmic face of the thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Gosset G, Barabote R, Gonzalez CS, Cuevas WA, Saier MH. Functional interactions between the carbon and iron utilization regulators, Crp and Fur, in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:980-90. [PMID: 15659676 PMCID: PMC545712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.3.980-990.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) controls expression of the iron regulon in response to iron availability while the cyclic AMP receptor protein (Crp) regulates expression of the carbon regulon in response to carbon availability. We here identify genes subject to significant changes in expression level in response to the loss of both Fur and Crp. Many iron transport genes and several carbon metabolic genes are subject to dual control, being repressed by the loss of Crp and activated by the loss of Fur. However, the sodB gene, encoding superoxide dismutase, and the aceBAK operon, encoding the glyoxalate shunt enzymes, show the opposite responses, being activated by the loss of Crp and repressed by the loss of Fur. Several other genes including the sdhA-D, sucA-D, and fumA genes, encoding key constituents of the Krebs cycle, proved to be repressed by the loss of both transcription factors. Finally, the loss of both Crp and Fur activated a heterogeneous group of genes under sigmaS control encoding, for example, the cyclopropane fatty acid synthase, Cfa, the glycogen synthesis protein, GlgS, the 30S ribosomal protein, S22, and the mechanosensitive channel protein, YggB. Many genes appeared to be regulated by the two transcription factors in an apparently additive fashion, but apparent positive or negative cooperativity characterized several putative Crp/Fur interactions. Relevant published data were evaluated, putative Crp and Fur binding sites were identified, and representative results were confirmed by real-time PCR. Molecular explanations for some, but not all, of these effects are provided.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Carbon/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/growth & development
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glucose/metabolism
- Iron/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongge Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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Wigneshweraraj SR, Burrows PC, Bordes P, Schumacher J, Rappas M, Finn RD, Cannon WV, Zhang X, Buck M. The second paradigm for activation of transcription. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 79:339-69. [PMID: 16096032 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)79007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Wigneshweraraj
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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