1
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Amankwah YS, Fleifil Y, Unruh E, Collins P, Wang Y, Vitou K, Bates A, Obaseki I, Sugoor M, Alao JP, McCarrick RM, Gewirth DT, Sahu ID, Li Z, Lorigan GA, Kravats AN. Structural transitions modulate the chaperone activities of Grp94. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309326121. [PMID: 38483986 PMCID: PMC10962938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309326121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hsp90s are ATP-dependent chaperones that collaborate with co-chaperones and Hsp70s to remodel client proteins. Grp94 is the ER Hsp90 homolog essential for folding multiple secretory and membrane proteins. Grp94 interacts with the ER Hsp70, BiP, although the collaboration of the ER chaperones in protein remodeling is not well understood. Grp94 undergoes large-scale conformational changes that are coupled to chaperone activity. Within Grp94, a region called the pre-N domain suppresses ATP hydrolysis and conformational transitions to the active chaperone conformation. In this work, we combined in vivo and in vitro functional assays and structural studies to characterize the chaperone mechanism of Grp94. We show that Grp94 directly collaborates with the BiP chaperone system to fold clients. Grp94's pre-N domain is not necessary for Grp94-client interactions. The folding of some Grp94 clients does not require direct interactions between Grp94 and BiP in vivo, suggesting that the canonical collaboration may not be a general chaperone mechanism for Grp94. The BiP co-chaperone DnaJB11 promotes the interaction between Grp94 and BiP, relieving the pre-N domain suppression of Grp94's ATP hydrolysis activity. In structural studies, we find that ATP binding by Grp94 alters the ATP lid conformation, while BiP binding stabilizes a partially closed Grp94 intermediate. Together, BiP and ATP push Grp94 into the active closed conformation for client folding. We also find that nucleotide binding reduces Grp94's affinity for clients, which is important for productive client folding. Alteration of client affinity by nucleotide binding may be a conserved chaperone mechanism for a subset of ER chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaa S. Amankwah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Yasmeen Fleifil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Erin Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Preston Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Yi Wang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Katherine Vitou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Alison Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Ikponwmosa Obaseki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Meghana Sugoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - John Paul Alao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | | | | | - Indra D. Sahu
- Natural Sciences Division, Campbellsville University, Campbellsville, KY42718
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Gary. A. Lorigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
| | - Andrea N. Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH45056
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2
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Sun S, Zhu R, Zhu M, Wang Q, Li N, Yang B. Visualization of conformational transition of GRP94 in solution. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302051. [PMID: 37949474 PMCID: PMC10638095 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GRP94, an ER paralog of the heat-shock protein 90 family, binds and hydrolyses ATP to chaperone the folding and maturation of its selected clients. Compared with other hsp90 proteins, the in-solution conformational dynamics of GRP94 along the ATP hydrolysis cycle are less understood, hindering our understanding of its chaperoning mechanism. Leveraging small-angle X-ray scattering, negative-staining EM, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled mass-spec, here we show that in its apo form, ∼60% of mouse GRP94 (mGRP94) populates an "extended" conformation, whereas the rest exist in either "close V" or "twist V" like "compact" conformations. Different from other hsp90 proteins, the presence of AMPPNP only impacts the relative abundance of the two compact conformations, rather than shifting the equilibrium between the "extended" and "compact" conformations of mGRP94. HDX-MS study of apo, AMPPNP-bound, and ADP-bound mGRP94 suggests a conformational transition from "twist V" to "close V" upon ATP binding and a back transition from "close V" to "twist V" upon ATP hydrolysis. These results illustrate the dissimilarities of GRP94 in conformation transition during ATP hydrolysis from other hsp90 paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwu Sun
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Laboratory), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Yang
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Biomacromolecules and Precision Medicine, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
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3
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Alao JP, Obaseki I, Amankwah YS, Nguyen Q, Sugoor M, Unruh E, Popoola HO, Tehver R, Kravats AN. Insight into the Nucleotide Based Modulation of the Grp94 Molecular Chaperone Using Multiscale Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:5389-5409. [PMID: 37294929 PMCID: PMC10292203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grp94, an ER-localized molecular chaperone, is required for the folding and activation of many membrane and secretory proteins. Client activation by Grp94 is mediated by nucleotide and conformational changes. In this work, we aim to understand how microscopic changes from nucleotide hydrolysis can potentiate large-scale conformational changes of Grp94. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the ATP-hydrolysis competent state of the Grp94 dimer in four different nucleotide bound states. We found that Grp94 was the most rigid when ATP was bound. ATP hydrolysis or nucleotide removal enhanced mobility of the N-terminal domain and ATP lid, resulting in suppression of interdomain communication. In an asymmetric conformation with one hydrolyzed nucleotide, we identified a more compact state, similar to experimental observations. We also identified a potential regulatory role of the flexible linker, as it formed electrostatic interactions with the Grp94 M-domain helix near the region where BiP is known to bind. These studies were complemented with normal-mode analysis of an elastic network model to investigate Grp94's large-scale conformational changes. SPM analysis identified residues that are important in signaling conformational change, many of which have known functional relevance in ATP coordination and catalysis, client binding, and BiP binding. Our findings suggest that ATP hydrolysis in Grp94 alters allosteric wiring and facilitates conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Alao
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Ikponwmosa Obaseki
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Yaa Sarfowah Amankwah
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Quinn Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Meghana Sugoor
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Erin Unruh
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Cell,
Molecular, and Structural Biology Program, Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - Riina Tehver
- Department
of Physics, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, United States
| | - Andrea N. Kravats
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Cell,
Molecular, and Structural Biology Program, Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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4
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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5
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Amankwah YS, Collins P, Fleifil Y, Unruh E, Ruiz Márquez KJ, Vitou K, Kravats AN. Grp94 works upstream of BiP in protein remodeling under heat stress. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167762. [PMID: 35905823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 and Hsp70 are highly conserved molecular chaperones that promote the proper folding and activation of substrate proteins that are often referred to as clients. The two chaperones functionally collaborate to fold specific clients in an ATP-dependent manner. In eukaryotic cytosol, initial client folding is done by Hsp70 and its co-chaperones, followed by a direct transfer of client refolding intermediates to Hsp90 for final client processing. However, the mechanistic details of collaboration of organelle specific Hsp70 and Hsp90 are lacking. This work investigates the collaboration of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Hsp70 and Hsp90, BiP and Grp94 respectively, in protein remodeling using in vitro refolding assays. We show that under milder denaturation conditions, BiP collaborates with its co-chaperones to refold misfolded proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. Grp94 does not play a major role in this refolding reaction. However, under stronger denaturation conditions that favor aggregation, Grp94 works in an ATP-independent manner to bind and hold misfolded clients in a folding competent state for subsequent remodeling by the BiP system. We also show that the collaboration of Grp94 and BiP is not simply a reversal of the eukaryotic refolding mechanism since a direct interaction of Grp94 and BiP is not required for client transfer. Instead, ATP binding but not hydrolysis by Grp94 facilitates the release of the bound client, which is then picked up by the BiP system for subsequent refolding in a Grp94-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaa S Amankwah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Preston Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Yasmeen Fleifil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Erin Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | | | - Katherine Vitou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Andrea N Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.
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6
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Huang B, Sun M, Hoxie R, Kotler JLM, Friedman LJ, Gelles J, Street TO. The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP is a closure-accelerating cochaperone of Grp94. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118793119. [PMID: 35078937 PMCID: PMC8812556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118793119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones provide protein quality control to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. Hsp90 activity is often enhanced by cochaperones that drive conformational changes needed for ATP-dependent closure and capture of client proteins. Hsp90 activity is also enhanced when working with Hsp70, but, in this case, the underlying mechanistic explanation is poorly understood. Here we examine the ER-specific Hsp70/Hsp90 paralogs (BiP/Grp94) and discover that BiP itself acts as a cochaperone that accelerates Grp94 closure. The BiP nucleotide binding domain, which interacts with the Grp94 middle domain, is responsible for Grp94 closure acceleration. A client protein initiates a coordinated progression of steps for the BiP/Grp94 system, in which client binding to BiP causes a conformational change that enables BiP to bind to Grp94 and accelerate its ATP-dependent closure. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements show that BiP accelerates Grp94 closure by stabilizing a high-energy conformational intermediate that otherwise acts as an energetic barrier to closure. These findings provide an explanation for enhanced activity of BiP and Grp94 when working as a pair, and demonstrate the importance of a high-energy conformational state in controlling the timing of the Grp94 conformational cycle. Given the high conservation of the Hsp70/Hsp90 system, other Hsp70s may also serve dual roles as both chaperones and closure-accelerating cochaperones to their Hsp90 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Reyal Hoxie
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Judy L M Kotler
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Larry J Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
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7
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Stofberg ML, Caillet C, de Villiers M, Zininga T. Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 towards Selective Antimalarial Drug Design: The Past, Present and Future. Cells 2021; 10:2849. [PMID: 34831072 PMCID: PMC8616389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still one of the major killer parasitic diseases in tropical settings, posing a public health threat. The development of antimalarial drug resistance is reversing the gains made in attempts to control the disease. The parasite leads a complex life cycle that has adapted to outwit almost all known antimalarial drugs to date, including the first line of treatment, artesunate. There is a high unmet need to develop new strategies and identify novel therapeutics to reverse antimalarial drug resistance development. Among the strategies, here we focus and discuss the merits of the development of antimalarials targeting the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) due to the central role it plays in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (M.L.S.); (C.C.); (M.d.V.)
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8
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Birbo B, Madu EE, Madu CO, Jain A, Lu Y. Role of HSP90 in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910317. [PMID: 34638658 PMCID: PMC8508648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP90 is a vital chaperone protein conserved across all organisms. As a chaperone protein, it correctly folds client proteins. Structurally, this protein is a dimer with monomer subunits that consist of three main conserved domains known as the N-terminal domain, middle domain, and the C-terminal domain. Multiple isoforms of HSP90 exist, and these isoforms share high homology. These isoforms are present both within the cell and outside the cell. Isoforms HSP90α and HSP90β are present in the cytoplasm; TRAP1 is present in the mitochondria; and GRP94 is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and is likely secreted due to post-translational modifications (PTM). HSP90 is also secreted into an extracellular environment via an exosome pathway that differs from the classic secretion pathway. Various co-chaperones are necessary for HSP90 to function. Elevated levels of HSP90 have been observed in patients with cancer. Despite this observation, the possible role of HSP90 in cancer was overlooked because the chaperone was also present in extreme amounts in normal cells and was vital to normal cell function, as observed when the drastic adverse effects resulting from gene knockout inhibited the production of this protein. Differences between normal HSP90 and HSP90 of the tumor phenotype have been better understood and have aided in making the chaperone protein a target for cancer drugs. One difference is in the conformation: HSP90 of the tumor phenotype is more susceptible to inhibitors. Since overexpression of HSP90 is a factor in tumorigenesis, HSP90 inhibitors have been studied to combat the adverse effects of HSP90 overexpression. Monotherapies using HSP90 inhibitors have shown some success; however, combination therapies have shown better results and are thus being studied for a more effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Birbo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Elechi E. Madu
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (E.E.M.); (C.O.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Chikezie O. Madu
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (E.E.M.); (C.O.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Aayush Jain
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (E.E.M.); (C.O.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Yi Lu
- Health Science Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(901)-448-5436; Fax: +1-(901)-448-5496
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9
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Samy A, Yamano-Adachi N, Koga Y, Omasa T. Secretion of a low-molecular-weight species of endogenous GRP94 devoid of the KDEL motif during endoplasmic reticulum stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traffic 2021; 22:425-438. [PMID: 34536241 PMCID: PMC9293085 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
GRP94 (glucose‐regulated protein 94) is a well‐studied chaperone with a lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine (KDEL) motif at its C‐terminal, which is responsible for GRP94 localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GRP94 is upregulated during ER stress to help fold unfolded proteins or direct proteins to ER‐associated degradation. In a previous study, engineered GRP94 without the KDEL motif stimulated a powerful immune response in vaccine cells. In this report, we show that endogenous GRP94 is naturally secreted into the medium in a truncated form that lacks the KDEL motif in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The secretion of the truncated form of GRP94 was stimulated by the induction of ER stress. These truncations prevent GRP94 recognition by KDEL receptors and retention inside the cell. This study sheds light on a potential trafficking phenomenon during the unfolded protein response that may help understand the functional role of GRP94 as a trafficking molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Samy
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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10
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Edkins AL, Boshoff A. General Structural and Functional Features of Molecular Chaperones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:11-73. [PMID: 34569020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a group of structurally diverse and highly conserved ubiquitous proteins. They play crucial roles in facilitating the correct folding of proteins in vivo by preventing protein aggregation or facilitating the appropriate folding and assembly of proteins. Heat shock proteins form the major class of molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding events in the cell. This is achieved by ATP-dependent (folding machines) or ATP-independent mechanisms (holders). Heat shock proteins are induced by a variety of stresses, besides heat shock. The large and varied heat shock protein class is categorised into several subfamilies based on their sizes in kDa namely, small Hsps (HSPB), J domain proteins (Hsp40/DNAJ), Hsp60 (HSPD/E; Chaperonins), Hsp70 (HSPA), Hsp90 (HSPC), and Hsp100. Heat shock proteins are localised to different compartments in the cell to carry out tasks specific to their environment. Most heat shock proteins form large oligomeric structures, and their functions are usually regulated by a variety of cochaperones and cofactors. Heat shock proteins do not function in isolation but are rather part of the chaperone network in the cell. The general structural and functional features of the major heat shock protein families are discussed, including their roles in human disease. Their function is particularly important in disease due to increased stress in the cell. Vector-borne parasites affecting human health encounter stress during transmission between invertebrate vectors and mammalian hosts. Members of the main classes of heat shock proteins are all represented in Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of cerebral malaria, and they play specific functions in differentiation, cytoprotection, signal transduction, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
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11
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Bettaieb I, Hamdi J, Bouktila D. Genome-wide analysis of HSP90 gene family in the Mediterranean olive ( Olea europaea subsp. europaea) provides insight into structural patterns, evolution and functional diversity. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2301-2318. [PMID: 33268931 PMCID: PMC7688888 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants regularly experience multiple abiotic and biotic pressures affecting their normal development. The 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) plays a dynamic role in countering abiotic and biotic stresses via a plethora of functional mechanisms. The HSP90 has been investigated in many plant species. However, there is little information available about this gene family in the cultivated Mediterranean olive tree, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea. In the current study, we systematically performed genome-wide identification and characterization of the HSP90 gene family in O. europaea var. europaea (OeHSP90s). Twelve regular OeHSP90s were identified, which were phylogenetically grouped into two major clusters and four sub-clusters, showing five paralogous gene pairs evolving under purifying selection. All of the 12 proteins contained a Histidine kinase-like ATPase (HATPase_c) domain, justifying the role played by HSP90 proteins in ATP binding and hydrolysis. The predicted 3D structure of OeHSP90 proteins provided information to understand their functions at the biochemical level. Consistent with their phylogenetic relationships, OeHSP90 members were predicted to be localized in different cellular compartments, suggesting their involvement in various subcellular processes. In consonance with their spatial organization, olive HSP90 family members were found to share similar motif arrangements and similar number of exons. We found that OeHSP90 promoters contained various cis-acting elements associated with light responsiveness, hormone signaling pathways and reaction to various stress conditions. In addition, expression sequence tags (ESTs) analysis offered a view of OeHSP90 tissue- and developmental stage specific pattern of expression. Proteins interacting with OeHSP90s were predicted and their potential roles were discussed. Overall, our results offer premises for further investigation of the implication of HSP90 genes in the physiological processes of the olive and its adaptation to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchirah Bettaieb
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique, Biodiversité & Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Hamdi
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique, Biodiversité & Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Dhia Bouktila
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique, Biodiversité & Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
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12
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Biebl MM, Buchner J. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Hsp90 Machinery. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034017. [PMID: 30745292 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone involved in the maturation of a plethora of substrates ("clients"), including protein kinases, transcription factors, and E3 ubiquitin ligases, positioning Hsp90 as a central regulator of cellular proteostasis. Hsp90 undergoes large conformational changes during its ATPase cycle. The processing of clients by cytosolic Hsp90 is assisted by a cohort of cochaperones that affect client recruitment, Hsp90 ATPase function or conformational rearrangements in Hsp90. Because of the importance of Hsp90 in regulating central cellular pathways, strategies for the pharmacological inhibition of the Hsp90 machinery in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration are being developed. In this review, we summarize recent structural and mechanistic progress in defining the function of organelle-specific and cytosolic Hsp90, including the impact of individual cochaperones on the maturation of specific clients and complexes with clients as well as ways of exploiting Hsp90 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Biebl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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13
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Li S, Fu Y, Pang Y, Tong H, Li S, Yan Y. GRP94 promotes muscle differentiation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21211-21223. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Yuying Fu
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Yusheng Pang
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Huili Tong
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Shufeng Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Yunqin Yan
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development Northeast Agricultural University Harbin Heilongjiang China
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14
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Whitesell L, Robbins N, Huang DS, McLellan CA, Shekhar-Guturja T, LeBlanc EV, Nation CS, Hui R, Hutchinson A, Collins C, Chatterjee S, Trilles R, Xie JL, Krysan DJ, Lindquist S, Porco JA, Tatu U, Brown LE, Pizarro J, Cowen LE. Structural basis for species-selective targeting of Hsp90 in a pathogenic fungus. Nat Commun 2019; 10:402. [PMID: 30679438 PMCID: PMC6345968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are needed to counter the escalating threat posed by drug-resistant fungi. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 affords a promising target because it supports survival, virulence and drug-resistance across diverse pathogens. Inhibitors of human Hsp90 under development as anticancer therapeutics, however, exert host toxicities that preclude their use as antifungals. Seeking a route to species-selectivity, we investigate the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of Hsp90 from the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Here we report structures for this NBD alone, in complex with ADP or in complex with known Hsp90 inhibitors. Encouraged by the conformational flexibility revealed by these structures, we synthesize an inhibitor with >25-fold binding-selectivity for fungal Hsp90 NBD. Comparing co-crystals occupied by this probe vs. anticancer Hsp90 inhibitors revealed major, previously unreported conformational rearrangements. These insights and our probe's species-selectivity in culture support the feasibility of targeting Hsp90 as a promising antifungal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - David S Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Tanvi Shekhar-Guturja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle V LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Catherine S Nation
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ashley Hutchinson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cathy Collins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sharanya Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Richard Trilles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jinglin L Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Damian J Krysan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Juan Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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15
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Ribosome Profiling Reveals HSP90 Inhibitor Effects on Stage-Specific Protein Synthesis in Leishmania donovani. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00214-18. [PMID: 30505948 PMCID: PMC6247020 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00214-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause severe illness in humans and animals. They exist in two developmental stages, insect form and mammalian form, which differ in shape and gene expression. By mapping and quantifying RNA fragments protected by protein synthesis complexes, we determined the rates of protein synthesis for >90% of all Leishmania proteins in response to the inhibition of a key regulatory protein, the 90-kDa heat shock protein. We find that Leishmania depends on a regulation of protein synthesis for controlling its gene expression and that heat shock protein 90 inhibition can trigger the developmental program from insect form to mammalian form of the pathogen. The 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) of eukaryotes is a highly abundant and essential chaperone required for the maturation of regulatory and signal proteins. In the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, causative agent of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis, HSP90 activity is essential for cell proliferation and survival. Even more importantly, its inhibition causes life cycle progression from the insect stage to the pathogenic, mammalian stage. To unravel the molecular impact of HSP90 activity on the parasites’ gene expression, we performed a ribosome profiling analysis of L. donovani, comparing genome-wide protein synthesis patterns in the presence and absence of the HSP90-specific inhibitor radicicol and an ectopically expressed radicicol-resistant HSP90 variant. We find that ribosome-protected RNA faithfully maps open reading frames and represents 97% of the annotated protein-coding genes of L. donovani. Protein synthesis was found to correlate poorly with RNA steady-state levels, indicating a regulated translation as primary mechanism for HSP90-dependent gene expression. The results confirm inhibitory effects of HSP90 on the synthesis of Leishmania proteins that are associated with the pathogenic, intracellular stage of the parasite. Those include heat shock proteins, redox enzymes, virulence-enhancing surface proteins, proteolytic pathways, and a complete set of histones. Conversely, HSP90 promotes fatty acid synthesis enzymes. Complementing radicicol treatment with the radicicol-resistant HSP90rr variant revealed important off-target radicicol effects that control a large number of the above-listed proteins. Leishmania lacks gene-specific transcription regulation and relies on regulated translation instead. Our ribosome footprinting analysis demonstrates a controlling function of HSP90 in stage-specific protein synthesis but also significant, HSP90-independent effects of the inhibitor radicicol. IMPORTANCELeishmania parasites cause severe illness in humans and animals. They exist in two developmental stages, insect form and mammalian form, which differ in shape and gene expression. By mapping and quantifying RNA fragments protected by protein synthesis complexes, we determined the rates of protein synthesis for >90% of all Leishmania proteins in response to the inhibition of a key regulatory protein, the 90-kDa heat shock protein. We find that Leishmania depends on a regulation of protein synthesis for controlling its gene expression and that heat shock protein 90 inhibition can trigger the developmental program from insect form to mammalian form of the pathogen.
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16
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Morra G, Meli M, Colombo G. How the Ligand-Induced Reorganization of Protein Internal Energies Is Coupled to Conformational Events. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5992-6001. [PMID: 30281309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a novel computational method to identify the protein substructures most likely to support the functionally oriented structural deformations that occur upon ligand-binding. To this aim, we study the modulation of protein energetics along the trajectory of a molecular dynamics simulation of different proteins in the presence and in the absence of their respective ligands, namely, human FGF, human second PDZ from human PTP1E/PTPL1, and the N terminal domain of human Hsp90. The method is based on the idea that a subset of protein residues (hotspots) may initiate the global response via the disassembly and reassembly of interactions, which is reflected in the modulation of the overall protein energetics. To identify structural hotspots and dynamic states linked to the onset of functionally relevant conformational transitions, we define an energy profile to monitor the protein energetics, based on a previously introduced approach that highlights the essential nonbonded couplings among all residues. The energy profiles are calculated along the trajectory to yield a time-dependent evolution, and their relative population in the presence and absence of the ligand is evaluated by means of a clustering procedure. It is found that interconversion between clusters, as well as their population and the density of specific energy profiles in the vicinity of structural transitions, provides specific information on the impact of the ligand in driving the protein conformational response. This analysis also highlights the hotspot residues that are most responsive to the presence of the ligand. Importantly, identified hotspots are in agreement with experimental evidence in the three considered systems. We propose that this approach can be generally used in the prediction of "allosteric hotspots" and ligand-induced conformational responses, as well as to select conformations more likely to support functional transitions (e.g., in the framework of adaptive sampling approaches).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Morra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mario Bianco 9 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Meli
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mario Bianco 9 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mario Bianco 9 , 20131 Milano , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
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17
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Hoter A, El-Sabban ME, Naim HY. The HSP90 Family: Structure, Regulation, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2560. [PMID: 30158430 PMCID: PMC6164434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian HSP90 family of proteins is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that are involved in myriad cellular processes. Their distribution in various cellular compartments underlines their essential roles in cellular homeostasis. HSP90 and its co-chaperones orchestrate crucial physiological processes such as cell survival, cell cycle control, hormone signaling, and apoptosis. Conversely, HSP90, and its secreted forms, contribute to the development and progress of serious pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting HSP90 is an attractive strategy for the treatment of neoplasms and other diseases. This manuscript will review the general structure, regulation and function of HSP90 family and their potential role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hoter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| | - Marwan E El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
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18
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Structural and Functional Analysis of GRP94 in the Closed State Reveals an Essential Role for the Pre-N Domain and a Potential Client-Binding Site. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2800-2809. [PMID: 28930677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 chaperones undergo ATP-driven conformational changes during the maturation of client proteins, populating a closed state upon ATP binding in which the N-terminal domains of the homodimer form a second inter-protomer dimer interface. A structure of GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum hsp90, in a closed conformation has not been described, and the determinants that regulate closure are not well understood. Here, we determined the 2.6-Å structure of AMPPNP-bound GRP94 in the closed dimer conformation. The structure includes the pre-N domain, a region preceding the N-terminal domain that is highly conserved in GRP94, but not in other hsp90s. We show that the GRP94 pre-N domain is essential for client maturation, and we identify the pre-N domain as an important regulator of ATPase rates and dimer closure. The structure also reveals a GRP94:polypeptide interaction that partially mimics a client-bound state. The results provide structural insight into the ATP-dependent client maturation process of GRP94.
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19
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Que NLS, Crowley VM, Duerfeldt AS, Zhao J, Kent CN, Blagg BSJ, Gewirth DT. Structure Based Design of a Grp94-Selective Inhibitor: Exploiting a Key Residue in Grp94 To Optimize Paralog-Selective Binding. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29528635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Grp94 and Hsp90, the ER and cytoplasmic hsp90 paralogs, share a conserved ATP-binding pocket that has been targeted for therapeutics. Paralog-selective inhibitors may lead to drugs with fewer side effects. Here, we analyzed 1 (BnIm), a benzyl imidazole resorcinylic inhibitor, for its mode of binding. The structures of 1 bound to Hsp90 and Grp94 reveal large conformational changes in Grp94 but not Hsp90 that expose site 2, a binding pocket adjacent to the central ATP cavity that is ordinarily blocked. The Grp94:1 structure reveals a flipped pose of the resorcinylic scaffold that inserts into the exposed site 2. We exploited this flipped binding pose to develop a Grp94-selective derivative of 1. Our structural analysis shows that the ability of the ligand to insert its benzyl imidazole substituent into site 1, a different side pocket off the ATP binding cavity, is the key to exposing site 2 in Grp94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette L S Que
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Caitlin N Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
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20
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Regulation of the Hsp90 system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:889-897. [PMID: 29563055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a highly conserved and abundant chaperone. It participates in essential cellular activities by supporting the maturation process of its client proteins, many of which are protein kinases and steroid receptors. Client processing is achieved via extensive conformational changes within the dimeric chaperone. This requires an ATP hydrolysis activity that is controlled by auto-inhibitory mechanisms and several structurally diverse cofactors. Especially the client-specificity of Hsp90 depends on client-specific cofactors, which can adapt Hsp90's activities to the client requirements at different conditions and in different cell types. Additionally, post-translational modifications can influence almost every aspect of Hsp90's interactions and activities. In this review, we present these regulatory principles, discuss the factors that have an impact on Hsp90's function and elaborate the mechanisms that are responsible for regulating the Hsp90 machinery.
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21
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Vincenz-Donnelly L, Hipp MS. The endoplasmic reticulum: A hub of protein quality control in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:383-393. [PMID: 28363604 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One third of the eukaryotic proteome is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whose unique properties provide a folding environment substantially different from the cytosol. A healthy, balanced proteome in the ER is maintained by a network of factors referred to as the ER quality control (ERQC) machinery. This network consists of various protein folding chaperones and modifying enzymes, and is regulated by stress response pathways that prevent the build-up as well as the secretion of potentially toxic and aggregation-prone misfolded protein species. Here, we describe the components of the ERQC machinery, investigate their response to different forms of stress, and discuss the consequences of ERQC break-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vincenz-Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Tarique M, Ahmad M, Chauhan M, Tuteja R. Genome Wide In silico Analysis of the Mismatch Repair Components of Plasmodium falciparum and Their Comparison with Human Host. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:130. [PMID: 28232818 PMCID: PMC5298969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria a major parasitic infection globally particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world is responsible for about 198 million cases and estimated deaths due to this disease are about 0.6 million. The emergence of drug resistance in the malaria parasite is alarming and it is necessary to understand its underlying cause and molecular mechanisms. It has been established that drug resistant malaria parasites have defective mismatch repair (MMR) therefore it is essential to study this pathway and its components in detail. Recently a number of non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms have been reported in genes involved in MMR pathways. PfMLH is an endonuclease essential to restore the MMR in drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Considering all these facts about the role of MMR in emergence of drug resistant parasite, in this manuscript we report a genome wide analysis of the components of the MMR pathway such as MLH, Pms1, MSH2-1, MSH2-2, MSH6, and UvrD using in silico bioinformatics based approaches. The phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary closeness with the MMR components of various organisms. It is noteworthy that P. falciparum contains two homologs of MSH2, which are located on different chromosomes. The structural modeling of these components showed their similarity with the human/yeast MMR components. The docking studies reveal that PfUvrD and PfMLH interact with each other. The in silico identification of interacting partners of the major MMR components identified numerous P. falciparum specific proteins. In line with our previous studies the present study will also contribute significantly to understand the MMR pathway of malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tarique
- Parasite Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Moaz Ahmad
- Parasite Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Chauhan
- Parasite Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Tuteja
- Parasite Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
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23
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Maharaj KA, Que NLS, Hong F, Huck JD, Gill SK, Wu S, Li Z, Gewirth DT. Exploring the Functional Complementation between Grp94 and Hsp90. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166271. [PMID: 27824935 PMCID: PMC5100913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grp94 and Hsp90 are the ER and cytoplasmic paralog members, respectively, of the hsp90 family of molecular chaperones. The structural and biochemical differences between Hsp90 and Grp94 that allow each paralog to efficiently chaperone its particular set of clients are poorly understood. The two paralogs exhibit a high degree of sequence similarity, yet also display significant differences in their quaternary conformations and ATPase activity. In order to identify the structural elements that distinguish Grp94 from Hsp90, we characterized the similarities and differences between the two proteins by testing the ability of Hsp90/Grp94 chimeras to functionally substitute for the wild-type chaperones in vivo. We show that the N-terminal domain or the combination of the second lobe of the Middle domain plus the C-terminal domain of Grp94 can functionally substitute for their yeast Hsp90 counterparts but that the equivalent Hsp90 domains cannot functionally replace their counterparts in Grp94. These results also identify the interface between the Middle and C-terminal domains as an important structural unit within the Hsp90 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Maharaj
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Nanette L. S. Que
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John D. Huck
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sabrina K. Gill
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Gewirth
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Wang J, Grishin AV, Ford HR. Experimental Anti-Inflammatory Drug Semapimod Inhibits TLR Signaling by Targeting the TLR Chaperone gp96. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5130-7. [PMID: 27194788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Semapimod, a tetravalent guanylhydrazone, suppresses inflammatory cytokine production and has potential in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The mechanism of action of Semapimod is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelioid cells, Semapimod inhibits activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by TLR ligands, but not by IL-1β or stresses. Semapimod inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50 ≈0.3 μmol) and acts by desensitizing cells to LPS; it fails to block responses to LPS concentrations of ≥5 μg/ml. Inhibition of TLR signaling by Semapimod is almost instantaneous: the drug is effective when applied simultaneously with LPS. Semapimod blocks cell-surface recruitment of the MyD88 adapter, one of the earliest events in TLR signaling. gp96, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized chaperone of the HSP90 family critically involved in the biogenesis of TLRs, was identified as a target of Semapimod using ATP-desthiobiotin pulldown and mass spectroscopy. Semapimod inhibits ATP-binding and ATPase activities of gp96 in vitro (IC50 ≈0.2-0.4 μmol). On prolonged exposure, Semapimod causes accumulation of TLR4 and TLR9 in perinuclear space, consistent with endoplasmic reticulum retention, an anticipated consequence of impaired gp96 chaperone function. Our data indicate that Semapimod desensitizes TLR signaling via its effect on the TLR chaperone gp96. Fast inhibition by Semapimod is consistent with gp96 participating in high-affinity sensing of TLR ligands in addition to its role as a TLR chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and
| | - Anatoly V Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Henri R Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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25
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Crowley VM, Khandelwal A, Mishra S, Stothert AR, Huard DJE, Zhao J, Muth A, Duerfeldt AS, Kizziah JL, Lieberman RL, Dickey CA, Blagg BSJ. Development of Glucose Regulated Protein 94-Selective Inhibitors Based on the BnIm and Radamide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3471-88. [PMID: 27003516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum resident of the heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones. Grp94 associates with many proteins involved in cell adhesion and signaling, including integrins, Toll-like receptors, immunoglobulins, and mutant myocilin. Grp94 has been implicated as a target for several therapeutic areas including glaucoma, cancer metastasis, and multiple myeloma. While 85% identical to other Hsp90 isoforms, the N-terminal ATP-binding site of Grp94 possesses a unique hydrophobic pocket that was used to design isoform-selective inhibitors. Incorporation of a cis-amide bioisostere into the radamide scaffold led to development of the original Grp94-selective inhibitor, BnIm. Structure-activity relationship studies have now been performed on the aryl side chain of BnIm, which resulted in improved analogues that exhibit better potency and selectivity for Grp94. These analogues also manifest superior antimigratory activity in a metastasis model as well as enhanced mutant myocilin degradation in a glaucoma model compared to BnIm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Anuj Khandelwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Sanket Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Dustin J E Huard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - James L Kizziah
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
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Mitochondrial Hsp90 is a ligand-activated molecular chaperone coupling ATP binding to dimer closure through a coiled-coil intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2952-7. [PMID: 26929380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516167113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein of 90 kDa (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone that adopts different 3D structures associated with distinct nucleotide states: a wide-open, V-shaped dimer in the apo state and a twisted, N-terminally closed dimer with ATP. Although the N domain is known to mediate ATP binding, how Hsp90 senses the bound nucleotide and facilitates dimer closure remains unclear. Here we present atomic structures of human mitochondrial Hsp90N (TRAP1N) and a composite model of intact TRAP1 revealing a previously unobserved coiled-coil dimer conformation that may precede dimer closure and is conserved in intact TRAP1 in solution. Our structure suggests that TRAP1 normally exists in an autoinhibited state with the ATP lid bound to the nucleotide-binding pocket. ATP binding displaces the ATP lid that signals the cis-bound ATP status to the neighboring subunit in a highly cooperative manner compatible with the coiled-coil intermediate state. We propose that TRAP1 is a ligand-activated molecular chaperone, which couples ATP binding to dramatic changes in local structure required for protein folding.
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Lo HF, Chen BE, Lin MG, Chi MC, Wang TF, Lin LL. Gene expression and molecular characterization of a chaperone protein HtpG from Bacillus licheniformis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 85:179-91. [PMID: 26743745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90/HtpG) is a highly abundant and ubiquitous ATP-dependent molecular chaperone consisting of three flexibly linked regions, an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain, middle domain, and a C-terminal domain. Here the putative htpG gene of Bacillus licheniformis was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli M15 cells. Native-gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and cross-linking analysis revealed that the recombinant protein probably exists as a mixture of monomer, dimer and other oligomers in solution. The optimal conditions for the ATPase activity of B. licheniformis HtpG (BlHtpG) were 45°C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.5mM Mg(2+) ions. The molecular architecture of this protein was stable at higher temperatures with a transition point (Tm) of 45°C at neutral pH, whereas the Tm value was reduced to 40.8°C at pH 10.5. Acrylamide quenching experiment further indicated that the dynamic quenching constant (Ksv) of BlHtpG became larger at higher pH values. BlHtpG also experienced a significant change in the protein conformation upon the addition of ATP and organic solvents. Collectively, our experiment data may provide insights into the molecular properties of BlHtpG and identify the alteration of protein structure to forfeit the ATPase activity at alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Lo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Bo-En Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Min-Guan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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Kawaguchi K, Saito H, Nagao H. Decomposition analysis of free energy profile for Hsp90-ADP association. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutomo Kawaguchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nagao
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Liu Q, Huang S, Deng C, Xiong L, Gao X, Chen Y, Niu C, Liu Y. Molecular characterization of heat-shock protein 90 gene and its expression in Gobiocypris rarus juveniles exposed to pentachlorophenol. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1279-1291. [PMID: 26119907 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an abundant and highly conserved molecular chaperone, and it fulfills a housekeeping function in contributing to the folding, maintenance of structural integrity, and proper regulation of a subset of cytosolic proteins. In this study, the full-length 2693-bp cDNA of HSP90 was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique from the liver of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) for the first time, designated as GrHSP90. The complete coding sequence of GrHSP90 is 2181 bp in length, which encodes a polypeptide of 726 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83.4 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.90. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that deduced protein GrHSP90 had extensive sequence similarities to other fish HSP90s. Tissue distribution showed that GrHSP90 was constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues including gill, blood, brain, fin, gonad, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, skin, and swim bladder. The highest expression was found in the gonad. Furthermore, significant increase in GrHSP90 mRNA in the liver was observed after exposure to pentachlorophenol ≥8 µg/L (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that GrHSP90 is indeed an ortholog of the HSP90 family and may be act as a biomarker to assess the effect of environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chunqing Niu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Kumalo HM, Bhakat S, Soliman ME. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as anticancer target for drug discovery: an ample computational perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1131-60. [PMID: 25958815 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified based on the type of cell that is initially affected. If left untreated, cancer can result in serious health problems and eventually death. Recently, the paradigm of cancer chemotherapy has evolved to use a combination approach, which involves the use of multiple drugs each of which targets an individual protein. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the novel key cancer targets. Because of its ability to target several signaling pathways, Hsp90 inhibition emerged as a useful strategy to treat a wide variety of cancers. Molecular modeling approaches and methodologies have become 'close counterparts' to experiments in drug design and discovery workflows. A wide range of molecular modeling approaches have been developed, each of which has different objectives and outcomes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date systematic overview on the different computational models implemented toward the design of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Although this is the main emphasis of this review, different topics such as background and current statistics of cancer, different anticancer targets including Hsp90, and the structure and function of Hsp90 from an experimental perspective, for example, X-ray and NMR, are also addressed in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first account, which comprehensively outlines various molecular modeling efforts directed toward identification of anticancer drugs targeting Hsp90. We believe that the information, methods, and perspectives highlighted in this report would assist researchers in the discovery of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezekiel M Kumalo
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Soumendranath Bhakat
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Patel HJ, Patel PD, Ochiana SO, Yan P, Sun W, Patel MR, Shah SK, Tramentozzi E, Brooks J, Bolaender A, Shrestha L, Stephani R, Finotti P, Leifer C, Li Z, Gewirth DT, Taldone T, Chiosis G. Structure-activity relationship in a purine-scaffold compound series with selectivity for the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 paralog Grp94. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3922-43. [PMID: 25901531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Grp94 is involved in the regulation of a restricted number of proteins and represents a potential target in a host of diseases, including cancer, septic shock, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, diabetes, coronary thrombosis, and stroke. We have recently identified a novel allosteric pocket located in the Grp94 N-terminal binding site that can be used to design ligands with a 2-log selectivity over the other Hsp90 paralogs. Here we perform extensive SAR investigations in this ligand series and rationalize the affinity and paralog selectivity of choice derivatives by molecular modeling. We then use this to design 18c, a derivative with good potency for Grp94 (IC50 = 0.22 μM) and selectivity over other paralogs (>100- and 33-fold for Hsp90α/β and Trap-1, respectively). The paralog selectivity and target-mediated activity of 18c was confirmed in cells through several functional readouts. Compound 18c was also inert when tested against a large panel of kinases. We show that 18c has biological activity in several cellular models of inflammation and cancer and also present here for the first time the in vivo profile of a Grp94 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pallav D Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, United States
| | - Stefan O Ochiana
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pengrong Yan
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Weilin Sun
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Maulik R Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Smit K Shah
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Elisa Tramentozzi
- §Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - James Brooks
- ∥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Alexander Bolaender
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Liza Shrestha
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ralph Stephani
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, United States
| | - Paola Finotti
- §Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Cynthia Leifer
- ∥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- ⊥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina United States
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- #Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Tony Taldone
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
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Strbo N, Garcia-Soto A, Schreiber TH, Podack ER. Secreted heat shock protein gp96-Ig: next-generation vaccines for cancer and infectious diseases. Immunol Res 2014; 57:311-25. [PMID: 24254084 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our laboratory has developed a secreted heat shock protein (HSP), chaperone gp96, cell-based vaccine that generates effective anti-tumor and anti-infectious immunity in vivo. Gp96-peptide complexes were identified as an extremely efficient stimulator of MHC I-mediated antigen cross-presentation, generating CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses detectable in blood, spleen, gut and reproductive tract to femto-molar concentrations of antigen. These studies provided the first evidence that cell-based gp96-Ig-secreting vaccines may serve as a potent modality to induce both systemic and mucosal immunity. This approach takes advantage of the combined adjuvant and antigen delivery capacity of gp96 for the generation of cytotoxic immunity against a wide range of antigens in both anti-vial and anti-cancer vaccination. Here, we review the vaccine design that utilizes the unique property/ability of endoplasmic HSP gp96 to bind antigenic peptides and deliver them to antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3008, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
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Erie DA, Weninger KR. Single molecule studies of DNA mismatch repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 20:71-81. [PMID: 24746644 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair, which involves is a widely conserved set of proteins, is essential to limit genetic drift in all organisms. The same system of proteins plays key roles in many cancer related cellular transactions in humans. Although the basic process has been reconstituted in vitro using purified components, many fundamental aspects of DNA mismatch repair remain hidden due in part to the complexity and transient nature of the interactions between the mismatch repair proteins and DNA substrates. Single molecule methods offer the capability to uncover these transient but complex interactions and allow novel insights into mechanisms that underlie DNA mismatch repair. In this review, we discuss applications of single molecule methodology including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, particle tracking, FRET, and optical trapping to studies of DNA mismatch repair. These studies have led to formulation of mechanistic models of how proteins identify single base mismatches in the vast background of matched DNA and signal for their repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Erie
- Department of Chemistry and Curriculum in Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Keith R Weninger
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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Arin RM, Rueda Y, Casis O, Gallego M, Vallejo AI, Ochoa B. Basolateral expression of GRP94 in parietal cells of gastric mucosa. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:8-15. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Farnaes L, La Clair JJ, Fenical W. Napyradiomycins CNQ525.510B and A80915C target the Hsp90 paralogue Grp94. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:418-23. [PMID: 24292715 PMCID: PMC3893886 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular localization and target of the napyradiomycin congeners CNQ525.510B and A80815C were explored using an immunoaffinity fluorescence (IAF) approach. Semi-synthetic methods were used to prepare probes from napyradiomycin CNQ525.510B and derivative A80815C. The results of confocal microscopy indicated that probes from both natural products localized predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells. Parallel immunoaffinity precipitation efforts using a monoclonal antibody designed against the IAF tag, resulted in the isolation of an Hsp90 family member. This protein was identified as human Grp94 (hGrp94), by its specific mass spectral signature. This observation was validated by Western blot analyses and by the result of an in vitro Grp94 binding assay. The fact that the napyradiomycins CNQ525.510B and A80815C bind to hGrp94, and their associated probes localize within the ER, suggest the use of these materials as molecular probes for monitoring ER-based chaperone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauge Farnaes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - James J. La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093- 0378, USA
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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Kawaguchi K, Saito H, Okazaki S, Nagao H. Molecular dynamics study on the free energy profile for dissociation of ADP from N-terminal domain of Hsp90. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Shahinas D, Folefoc A, Taldone T, Chiosis G, Crandall I, Pillai DR. A purine analog synergizes with chloroquine (CQ) by targeting Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 (PfHsp90). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75446. [PMID: 24098696 PMCID: PMC3787104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance, absence of an effective vaccine, and inadequate public health measures are major impediments to controlling Plasmodium falciparum malaria worldwide. The development of antimalarials to which resistance is less likely is paramount. To this end, we have exploited the chaperone function of P. falciparum Hsp90 (PfHsp90) that serves to facilitate the expression of resistance determinants. Methods The affinity and activity of a purine analogue Hsp90 inhibitor (PU-H71) on PfHsp90 was determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies and an ATPase activity assay, respectively. In vitro, antimalarial activity was quantified using flow cytometry. Interactors of PfHsp90 were determined by LC-MS/MS. In vivo studies were conducted using the Plasmodium berghei infection mouse model. Results PU-H71 exhibited antimalarial activity in the nanomolar range, displayed synergistic activity with chloroquine in vitro. Affinity studies reveal that the PfHsp90 interacts either directly or indirectly with the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) responsible for chloroquine resistance. PU-H71 synergized with chloroquine in the P.berghei mouse model of malaria to reduce parasitemia and improve survival. Conclusions We propose that the interaction of PfHsp90 with PfCRT may account for the observed antimalarial synergy and that PU-H71 is an effective adjunct for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Shahinas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asongna Folefoc
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tony Taldone
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian Crandall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan R. Pillai
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Taldone T, Patel PD, Patel M, Patel HJ, Evans CE, Rodina A, Ochiana S, Shah SK, Uddin M, Gewirth D, Chiosis G. Experimental and structural testing module to analyze paralogue-specificity and affinity in the Hsp90 inhibitors series. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6803-18. [PMID: 23965125 DOI: 10.1021/jm400619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the first reported comprehensive analysis of Hsp90 paralogue affinity and selectivity in the clinical Hsp90 inhibitor chemotypes. This has been possible through the development of a versatile experimental assay based on a new FP-probe (16a) that we both describe here. The assay can test rapidly and accurately the binding affinity of all major Hsp90 chemotypes and has a testing range that spans low nanomolar to millimolar binding affinities. We couple this assay with a computational analysis that allows for rationalization of paralogue selectivity and defines not only the major binding modes that relay pan-paralogue binding or, conversely, paralogue selectivity, but also identifies molecular characteristics that impart such features. The methods developed here provide a blueprint for parsing out the contribution of the four Hsp90 paralogues to the perceived biological activity with the current Hsp90 chemotypes and set the ground for the development of paralogue selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10021, United States
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Shahinas D, Folefoc A, Pillai DR. Targeting Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90: Towards Reversing Antimalarial Resistance. Pathogens 2013; 2:33-54. [PMID: 25436880 PMCID: PMC4235713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to exact a great human toll in tropical settings. Antimalarial resistance is rife and the parasite inexorably develops mechanisms to outwit our best drugs, including the now first-line choice, artesunate. Novel strategies to circumvent resistance are needed. Here we detail drug development focusing on heat shock protein 90 and its central role as a chaperone. A growing body of evidence supports the role for Hsp90 inhibitors as adjunctive drugs able to restore susceptibility to traditionally efficacious compounds like chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Shahinas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Asongna Folefoc
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Duerfeldt AS, Peterson LB, Maynard JC, Ng CL, Eletto D, Ostrovsky O, Shinogle HE, Moore DS, Argon Y, Nicchitta CV, Blagg BSJ. Development of a Grp94 inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9796-804. [PMID: 22642269 DOI: 10.1021/ja303477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Unfortunately, results from clinical trials have been disappointing as off-target effects and toxicities have been observed. These detriments may be a consequence of pan-Hsp90 inhibition, as all clinically evaluated Hsp90 inhibitors simultaneously disrupt all four human Hsp90 isoforms. Using a structure-based approach, we designed an inhibitor of Grp94, the ER-resident Hsp90. The effect manifested by compound 2 on several Grp94 and Hsp90α/β (cytosolic isoforms) clients were investigated. Compound 2 prevented intracellular trafficking of the Toll receptor, inhibited the secretion of IGF-II, affected the conformation of Grp94, and suppressed Drosophila larval growth, all Grp94-dependent processes. In contrast, compound 2 had no effect on cell viability or cytosolic Hsp90α/β client proteins at similar concentrations. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2 are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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41
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Dixit A, Verkhivker GM. Probing molecular mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone: biophysical modeling identifies key regulators of functional dynamics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37605. [PMID: 22624053 PMCID: PMC3356286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering functional mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is an important objective in cancer biology aiming to facilitate discovery of targeted anti-cancer therapies. Despite significant advances in understanding structure and function of molecular chaperones, organizing molecular principles that control the relationship between conformational diversity and functional mechanisms of the Hsp90 activity lack a sufficient quantitative characterization. We combined molecular dynamics simulations, principal component analysis, the energy landscape model and structure-functional analysis of Hsp90 regulatory interactions to systematically investigate functional dynamics of the molecular chaperone. This approach has identified a network of conserved regions common to the Hsp90 chaperones that could play a universal role in coordinating functional dynamics, principal collective motions and allosteric signaling of Hsp90. We have found that these functional motifs may be utilized by the molecular chaperone machinery to act collectively as central regulators of Hsp90 dynamics and activity, including the inter-domain communications, control of ATP hydrolysis, and protein client binding. These findings have provided support to a long-standing assertion that allosteric regulation and catalysis may have emerged via common evolutionary routes. The interaction networks regulating functional motions of Hsp90 may be determined by the inherent structural architecture of the molecular chaperone. At the same time, the thermodynamics-based "conformational selection" of functional states is likely to be activated based on the nature of the binding partner. This mechanistic model of Hsp90 dynamics and function is consistent with the notion that allosteric networks orchestrating cooperative protein motions can be formed by evolutionary conserved and sparsely connected residue clusters. Hence, allosteric signaling through a small network of distantly connected residue clusters may be a rather general functional requirement encoded across molecular chaperones. The obtained insights may be useful in guiding discovery of allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors targeting protein interfaces with co-chaperones and protein binding clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Gennady M. Verkhivker
- School of Computational Sciences and Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Sun L, Xu C, Yu F, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Cai J, Mao C, Tang L, Xu Y, He J. Structure insights into mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis and the activation of human heat-shock protein 90. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:300-6. [PMID: 22318716 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is dependent on ATP binding and hydrolysis, which occurs in the N-terminal domains of protein. Here, we have determined three crystal structures of the N-terminal domain of human Hsp90 in native and in complex with ATP and ATP analog, providing a clear view of the catalytic mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90. Additionally, the binding of ATP leads the N-terminal domains to be an intermediate state that could be used to partially explain why the isolated N-terminal domain of Hsp90 has very weak ATP hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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43
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Abstract
Hsp90 is a highly abundant and ubiquitous molecular chaperone which plays an essential role in many cellular processes including cell cycle control, cell survival, hormone and other signalling pathways. It is important for the cell's response to stress and is a key player in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the last ten years, it has become a major therapeutic target for cancer, and there has also been increasing interest in it as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders, and in the development of anti-virals and anti-protozoan infections. The focus of this review is the structural and mechanistic studies which have been performed in order to understand how this important chaperone acts on a wide variety of different proteins (its client proteins) and cellular processes. As with many of the other classes of molecular chaperone, Hsp90 has a critical ATPase activity, and ATP binding and hydrolysis known to modulate the conformational dynamics of the protein. It also uses a host of cochaperones which not only regulate the ATPase activity and conformational dynamics but which also mediate interactions with Hsp90 client proteins. The system is also regulated by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and acetylation. This review discusses all these aspects of Hsp90 structure and function.
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Marzec M, Eletto D, Argon Y. GRP94: An HSP90-like protein specialized for protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:774-87. [PMID: 22079671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 is the HSP90-like protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and therefore it chaperones secreted and membrane proteins. It has essential functions in development and physiology of multicellular organisms, at least in part because of this unique clientele. GRP94 shares many biochemical features with other HSP90 proteins, in particular its domain structure and ATPase activity, but also displays distinct activities, such as calcium binding, necessitated by the conditions in the endoplasmic reticulum. GRP94's mode of action varies from the general HSP90 theme in the conformational changes induced by nucleotide binding, and in its interactions with co-chaperones, which are very different from known cytosolic co-chaperones. GRP94 is more selective than many of the ER chaperones and the basis for this selectivity remains obscure. Recent development of molecular tools and functional assays has expanded the spectrum of clients that rely on GRP94 activity, but it is still not clear how the chaperone binds them, or what aspect of folding it impacts. These mechanistic questions and the regulation of GRP94 activity by other proteins and by post-translational modification differences pose new questions and present future research avenues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marzec
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The ubiquitous molecular chaperone Hsp90 makes up 1-2% of cytosolic proteins and is required for viability in eukaryotes. Hsp90 affects the folding and activation of a wide variety of substrate proteins including many involved in signaling and regulatory processes. Some of these substrates are implicated in cancer and other diseases, making Hsp90 an attractive drug target. Structural analyses have shown that Hsp90 is a highly dynamic and flexible molecule that can adopt a wide variety of structurally distinct states. One driving force for these rearrangements is the intrinsic ATPase activity of Hsp90, as seen with other chaperones. However, unlike other chaperones, studies have shown that the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 is not conformationally deterministic. That is, rather than dictating the conformational state, ATP binding and hydrolysis only shift the equilibria between a pre-existing set of conformational states. For bacterial, yeast and human Hsp90, there is a conserved three-state (apo-ATP-ADP) conformational cycle; however; the equilibria between states are species specific. In eukaryotes, cytosolic co-chaperones regulate the in vivo dynamic behavior of Hsp90 by shifting conformational equilibria and affecting the kinetics of structural changes and ATP hydrolysis. In this review, we discuss the structural and biochemical studies leading to our current understanding of the conformational dynamics of Hsp90, as well as the roles that nucleotide, co-chaperones, post-translational modification and substrates play. This view of Hsp90's conformational dynamics was enabled by the use of multiple complementary structural methods including, crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), electron microscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and NMR. Finally, we discuss the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on conformation and the potential for developing small molecules that inhibit Hsp90 by disrupting the conformational dynamics.
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46
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Corbett KD, Berger JM. Structure of the ATP-binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90. Proteins 2011; 78:2738-44. [PMID: 20635416 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is an important cellular chaperone and attractive target for therapeutics against both cancer and infectious organisms. The Hsp90 protein from the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, is critical for this organism's survival; the anti-Hsp90 drug geldanamycin is toxic to P. falciparum growth. We have solved the structure of the N-terminal ATP-binding domain of P. falciparum Hsp90, which contains a principal drug-binding pocket, in both apo and ADP-bound states at 2.3 A resolution. The structure shows that P. falciparum Hsp90 is highly similar to human Hsp90, and likely binds agents such as geldanamycin in an identical manner. Our results should aid in the structural understanding of Hsp90-drug interactions in P. falciparum, and provide a scaffold for future drug-discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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47
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Abstract
Ca(2+) is an important intracellular messenger affecting many diverse processes. In eukaryotic cells, Ca(2+) storage is achieved within specific intracellular organelles, especially the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum, in which Ca(2+) is buffered by specific proteins known as Ca(2+) buffers. Ca(2+) buffers are a diverse group of proteins, varying in their affinities and capacities for Ca(2+), but they typically also carry out other functions within the cell. The wide range of organelles containing Ca(2+) and the evidence supporting cross-talk between these organelles suggest the existence of a dynamic network of organellar Ca(2+) signaling, mediated by a variety of organellar Ca(2+) buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prins
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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48
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Polosina YY, Cupples CG. Wot the 'L-Does MutL do? Mutat Res 2010; 705:228-38. [PMID: 20667509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In model DNA, A pairs with T, and C with G. However, in vivo, the complementarity of the DNA strands may be disrupted by errors in DNA replication, biochemical modification of bases and recombination. In prokaryotic organisms, mispaired bases are recognized by MutS homologs which, together with MutL homologs, initiate mismatch repair. These same proteins also participate in base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair. In eukaryotes they regulate not just DNA repair but also meiotic recombination, cell-cycle delay and/or apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes. Significantly, the same DNA mismatches that trigger repair in some circumstances trigger non-repair pathways in others. In this review, we argue that mismatch recognition by the MutS proteins is linked to these disparate biological outcomes through regulated interaction of MutL proteins with a wide variety of effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Y Polosina
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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49
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Shahinas D, Liang M, Datti A, Pillai DR. A repurposing strategy identifies novel synergistic inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 90. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3552-7. [PMID: 20349996 DOI: 10.1021/jm901796s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is responsible for 3 million deaths annually. Antimalarial drug resistance is widespread, and few novel, well-defined targets exist. A robotic high throughput screen (HTS) was performed using 4000 small molecules from a natural compound (Spectrum), pharmacologically active (Lopac), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug library (Prestwick) for competitive inhibition of the ATP-binding (GHKL) domain of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) Hsp90, a highly conserved chaperone. Hits were further screened for specificity based on differential inhibition of PfHsp90 in comparison to human (Hs) Hsp90. PfHsp90-specific inhibitors showed 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) in the nanomolar range when tested using a cell-based antimalarial validation assay. Three hits, identified as selective PfHsp90 inhibitors in the HTS, also demonstrated synergistic activity in the presence of the known antimalarial drug chloroquine. These data support PfHsp90 as a specific antimalarial target with potential for synergy with known antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Shahinas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Mao C, Wang M, Luo B, Wey S, Dong D, Wesselschmidt R, Rawlings S, Lee AS. Targeted mutation of the mouse Grp94 gene disrupts development and perturbs endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10852. [PMID: 20520781 PMCID: PMC2877114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is one of the most abundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins and is the ER counterpart of the cytoplasmic heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). GRP94, a component of the GRP78 chaperone system in protein processing, has pro-survival properties with implicated function in cancer progression and autoimmune disease. Previous studies on the loss of GRP94 function showed that it is required for embryonic development, regulation of toll-like receptors and innate immunity of macrophages. Here we report the creation of mouse models targeting exon 2 of the Grp94 allele that allows both traditional and conditional knockout (KO) of Grp94. In this study, we utilized the viable Grp94+/+ and +/− mice, as well as primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts generated from them as experimental tools to study its role in ER chaperone balance and ER stress signaling. Our studies reveal that while Grp94 heterozygosity reduces GRP94 level it does not alter ER chaperone levels or the ER stress response. To study the effect of complete loss of GRP94 function, since homozygous GRP94 KO leads to embryonic lethality, we generated Grp94−/− embryonic stem cells. In contrast to Grp94 heterozygosity, complete knockout of GRP94 leads to compensatory upregulation of the ER chaperones GRP78, calnexin and calreticulin but not protein disulphide isomerase. Unexpectedly, loss of GRP94 leads to significant decrease in the level of ER-stress induced spliced form of XBP-1 protein, a downstream target of the IRE1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, from analysis of microarray database and immunohistochemical staining, we present predictions where GRP94 may play an important role in specific adult organ homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Biquan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shiuan Wey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dezheng Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robin Wesselschmidt
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen Rawlings
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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