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Weiß J, Heib M, Korn T, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Adam D. Protease-independent control of parthanatos by HtrA2/Omi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:258. [PMID: 37594630 PMCID: PMC10439076 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease with ascribed pro-apoptotic as well as pro-necroptotic functions. Here, we establish that HtrA2/Omi also controls parthanatos, a third modality of regulated cell death. Deletion of HtrA2/Omi protects cells from parthanatos while reconstitution with the protease restores the parthanatic death response. The effects of HtrA2/Omi on parthanatos are specific and cannot be recapitulated by manipulating other mitochondrial proteases such as PARL, LONP1 or PMPCA. HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a manner mechanistically distinct from its action in apoptosis or necroptosis, i.e., not by cleaving cytosolic IAP proteins but rather exerting its effects without exiting mitochondria, and downstream of PARP-1, the first component of the parthanatic signaling cascade. Also, previously identified or candidate substrates of HtrA2/Omi such as PDXDC1, VPS4B or moesin are not cleaved and dispensable for parthanatos, whereas DBC-1 and stathmin are cleaved, and thus represent potential parthanatic downstream mediators of HtrA2/Omi. Moreover, mass-spectrometric screening for novel parthanatic substrates of HtrA2/Omi revealed that the induction of parthanatos does not cause a substantial proteolytic cleavage or major alterations in the abundance of mitochondrial proteins. Resolving these findings, reconstitution of HtrA2/Omi-deficient cells with a catalytically inactive HtrA2/Omi mutant restored their sensitivity against parthanatos to the same level as the protease-active HtrA2/Omi protein. Additionally, an inhibitor of HtrA2/Omi's protease activity did not confer protection against parthanatic cell death. Our results demonstrate that HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a protease-independent manner, likely via novel, unanticipated functions as a scaffolding protein and an interaction with so far unknown mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thiemo Korn
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johaiber Fuchslocher Chico
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Overexpression of the X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) in Neurons Improves Cell Survival and the Functional Outcome after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032791. [PMID: 36769152 PMCID: PMC9917926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical trauma to the spinal cord causes extensive neuronal death, contributing to the loss of sensory-motor and autonomic functions below the injury location. Apoptosis affects neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is associated with increased caspase activity. Cleavage of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) after SCI may contribute to this rise in caspase activity. Accordingly, we have shown that the elevation of XIAP resulted in increased neuronal survival after SCI and improved functional recovery. Therefore, we hypothesise that neuronal overexpression of XIAP can be neuroprotective after SCI with improved functional recovery. In line with this, studies of a transgenic mice with overexpression of XIAP in neurons revealed that higher levels of XIAP after spinal cord trauma favours neuronal survival, tissue preservation, and motor recovery after the spinal cord trauma. Using human SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing XIAP, we further showed that XIAP reduced caspase activity and apoptotic cell death after pro-apoptotic stimuli. In conclusion, this study shows that the levels of XIAP expression are an important factor for the outcome of spinal cord trauma and identifies XIAP as an important therapeutic target for alleviating the deleterious effects of SCI.
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Heib M, Weiß J, Saggau C, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Adam D. Ars moriendi: Proteases as sculptors of cellular suicide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119191. [PMID: 34973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Chakraborty A, Bose R, Bose K. Unraveling the Dichotomy of Enigmatic Serine Protease HtrA2. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:824846. [PMID: 35187085 PMCID: PMC8850690 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.824846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial high-temperature requirement protease A2 (HtrA2) is an integral member of the HtrA family of serine proteases that are evolutionarily conserved from prokaryotes to humans. Involvement in manifold intricate cellular networks and diverse pathophysiological functions make HtrA2 the most enigmatic moonlighting protease amongst the human HtrAs. Despite perpetuating the oligomeric architecture and overall structural fold of its homologs that comprises serine protease and regulatory PDZ domains, subtle conformational alterations and dynamic enzymatic regulation through the distinct allosteric mode of action lead to its functional diversity. This mitochondrial protease upon maturation, exposes its one-of-a-kind N-terminal tetrapeptide (AVPS) motif that binds and subsequently cleaves Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) thus promoting cell death, and posing as an important molecule for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, unlike its other human counterparts, HtrA2 has also been implicated in maintaining the mitochondrial integrity through a bi-functional chaperone-protease activity, the on-off switch of which is yet to be identified. Furthermore, its ability to activate a wide repertoire of substrates through both its N- and C-terminal regions presumably has calibrated its association with several cellular pathways and hence diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Therefore, the exclusive structural attributes of HtrA2 that involve multimodal activation, intermolecular PDZ-protease crosstalk, and an allosterically-modulated trimeric active-site ensemble have enabled the protease to evolve across species and partake functions that are fine-tuned for maintaining cellular homeostasis and mitochondrial proteome quality control in humans. These unique features along with its multitasking potential make HtrA2 a promising therapeutic target both in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chakraborty
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Roshnee Bose
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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Overview of Human HtrA Family Proteases and Their Distinctive Physiological Roles and Unique Involvement in Diseases, Especially Cancer and Pregnancy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910756. [PMID: 34639128 PMCID: PMC8509474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian high temperature requirement A (HtrA) proteins are a family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases, consisting of four homologs (HtrA1-4) that are involved in many cellular processes such as growth, unfolded protein stress response and programmed cell death. In humans, while HtrA1, 2 and 3 are widely expressed in multiple tissues with variable levels, HtrA4 expression is largely restricted to the placenta with the protein released into maternal circulation during pregnancy. This limited expression sets HtrA4 apart from the rest of the family. All four HtrAs are active proteases, and their specific cellular and physiological roles depend on tissue type. The dysregulation of HtrAs has been implicated in many human diseases such as cancer, arthritis, neurogenerative ailments and reproductive disorders. This review first discusses HtrAs broadly and then focuses on the current knowledge of key molecular characteristics of individual human HtrAs, their similarities and differences and their reported physiological functions. HtrAs in other species are also briefly mentioned in the context of understanding the human HtrAs. It then reviews the distinctive involvement of each HtrA in various human diseases, especially cancer and pregnancy complications. It is noteworthy that HtrA4 expression has not yet been reported in any primary tumour samples, suggesting an unlikely involvement of this HtrA in cancer. Collectively, we accentuate that a better understanding of tissue-specific regulation and distinctive physiological and pathological roles of each HtrA will improve our knowledge of many processes that are critical for human health.
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HtrA serine proteases in cancers: A target of interest for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111603. [PMID: 34243596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA protein family is composed by evolutionally-conserved serine proteases, which are homologous to the HtrA protein of the model bacterium Escherichia coli. They are widely distributed in organisms including humans, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Moreover, HtrA family proteins are important regulators of a variety of human physiological processes, which contains the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cellular signal transduction and apoptosis regulation. The HtrA family has been found to be associated with cancer and could be used as a target for future cancer treatments. The purpose of this article is to review the relationship between these HtrA and cancer and to summarize the latest researches on HtrA and cancer.
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Elucidating the role of GRIM-19 as a substrate and allosteric activator of pro-apoptotic serine protease HtrA2. Biochem J 2021; 478:1241-1259. [PMID: 33650635 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HtrA2 (high-temperature requirement A2) and GRIM-19 (gene associated with retinoic and interferon-induced mortality 19 protein) are involved in various biological functions with their deregulation leading to multiple diseases. Although it is known that the interaction between GRIM-19 with HtrA2 promotes the pro-apoptotic activity of the latter, the mechanistic details remained elusive till date. Moreover, designing allosteric modulators of HtrA2 remains obscure due to lack of adequate information on the mode of interaction with its natural substrates cum binding partners. Therefore, in this study, we have unfolded the interaction between HtrA2 and GRIM-19 so as to understand its subsequent functional repercussions. Using in silico analyses and biochemical assays, we identified the region in GRIM-19 that is involved in protein-protein interaction with HtrA2. Furthermore, we have presented a comprehensive illustration of HtrA2's cleavage site specificity. Quantitative analysis using enzyme kinetics underscored the role of GRIM-19 in significant allosteric activation of HtrA2. Overall, this is an extensive study that not only defines HtrA2-GRIM-19 interaction, but also creates a framework for developing strategies toward allosteric regulation of HtrA2 for future therapeutic interventions.
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Abdel Ghafar MT, Gharib F, Al-Ashmawy GM, Mariah RA. Serum high-temperature-required protein A2: A potential biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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A distinct concerted mechanism of structural dynamism defines activity of human serine protease HtrA3. Biochem J 2020; 477:407-429. [PMID: 31899476 PMCID: PMC6993860 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA3 (high-temperature requirement protease A3) is a trimeric multitasking propapoptotic serine protease associated with critical cellular functions and pathogenicity. Implicated in diseases including cancer and pre-eclampsia, its role as a tumor suppressor and potential therapeutic target cannot be ignored. Therefore, elucidating its mode of activation and regulatory switch becomes indispensable towards modulating its functions with desired effects for disease intervention. Using computational, biochemical and biophysical tools, we delineated the role of all domains, their combinations and the critical phenylalanine residues in regulating HtrA3 activity, oligomerization and specificity. Our findings underline the crucial roles of the N-terminus as well as the PDZ domain in oligomerization and formation of a catalytically competent enzyme, thus providing new insights into its structure–function coordination. Our study also reports an intricate ligand-induced allosteric switch, which redefines the existing hypothesis of HtrA3 activation besides opening up avenues for modulating protease activity favorably through suitable effector molecules.
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Zhang C, He A, Liu S, He Q, Luo Y, He Z, Chen Y, Tao A, Yan J. Inhibition of HtrA2 alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by preventing necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 31019191 PMCID: PMC6482197 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells has been indicated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The identification of dysregulated proteins that can regulate necroptosis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is the key to the rational design of therapeutic strategies for colitis. Through tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics, HtrA2 was found to be downregulated in the colon of DSS-treated mice. UCF-101, a specific serine protease inhibitor of HtrA2, significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis as indicated by prevention of body weight loss and decreased mortality. UCF-101 decreased DSS-induced colonic inflammation, prevented intestinal barrier function loss and inhibited necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro, UCF-101 or silencing of HtrA2 decreased necroptosis of HT-29 and L929 cells. UCF-101 decreased phosphorylation of RIPK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL during necroptosis. Upon necroptotic stimulation, HtrA2 translocated from mitochondria to cytosol. HtrA2 directly interacted with RIPK1 and promoted its degradation during a specific time phase of necroptosis. Our findings highlight the importance of HtrA2 in regulating colitis by modulation of necroptosis and suggest HtrA2 as an attractive target for anti-colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andong He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqin Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilan He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jie Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
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Increased Active OMI/HTRA2 Serine Protease Displays a Positive Correlation with Cholinergic Alterations in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4601-4619. [PMID: 30361890 PMCID: PMC6657433 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OMI/HTRA2 (high-temperature requirement serine protease A2) is a mitochondrial serine protease involved in several cellular processes, including autophagy, chaperone activity, and apoptosis. Few studies on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available, but none on its relationship with the cholinergic system and neurotrophic factors as well as other AD-related proteins. In this study, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that AD patients had a higher cytosolic distribution of OMI/HTRA2 protein compared to controls. Quantitative analyses on brain extracts indicated a significant increase in the active form of OMI/HTRA2 in the AD brain. Activated OMI/HTRA2 protein positively correlated with stress-associated read-through acetylcholinesterase activity. In addition, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene expression, a receptor also known to be localized on the outer membrane of mitochondria, showed a strong correlation with OMI/HTRA2 gene expression in three different brain regions. Interestingly, the activated OMI/HTRA2 levels also correlated with the activity of the acetylcholine-biosynthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT); with levels of the neurotrophic factors, NGF and BDNF; with levels of the soluble fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP); and with gene expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the examined brain regions. Overall, the results demonstrate increased levels of the mitochondrial serine protease OMI/HTRA2, and a coherent pattern of association between the activated form of OMI/HTRA2 and several key proteins involved in AD pathology. In this paper, we propose a new hypothetical model to highlight the importance and needs of further investigation on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in the mitochondrial function and AD.
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Fuchslocher Chico J, Saggau C, Adam D. Proteolytic control of regulated necrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2147-2161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Fiory F, Spinelli R, Raciti GA, Parrillo L, D'esposito V, Formisano P, Miele C, Beguinot F. Targetting PED/PEA-15 for diabetes treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:571-581. [PMID: 28395542 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1317749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PED/PEA-15 is an ubiquitously expressed protein, involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. It is commonly overexpressed in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and in different T2D-associated comorbidities, including cancer and certain neurodegenerative disorders. Areas covered: In mice, Ped/Pea-15 overexpression impairs glucose tolerance and, in combination with high fat diets, further promotes insulin resistance and T2D. It also controls β-cell mass, altering caspase-3 activation and the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes. These changes are mediated by PED/PEA-15-PLD1 binding. Overexpression of PLD1 D4 domain specifically blocks Ped/Pea-15-PLD1 interaction, reverting the effect of Ped/Pea-15 in vivo. D4α, a D4 N-terminal peptide, is able to displace Ped/Pea-15-PLD1 binding, but features greater stability in vivo compared to the entire D4 peptide. Here, we review early mechanistic studies on PED/PEA-15 relevance in apoptosis before focusing on its role in cancer and T2D. Finally, we describe potential therapeutic opportunities for T2D based on PED/PEA-15 targeting. Expert opinion: T2D is a major problem for public health and economy. Thus, the identification of new molecules with pharmacological activity for T2D represents an urgent need. Further studies with D4α will help to identify smaller pharmacologically active peptides and innovative molecules of potential pharmacological interest for T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Rosa Spinelli
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Luca Parrillo
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Vittoria D'esposito
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Liu X, Lei J, Wang K, Ma L, Liu D, Du Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wang W, Ma X, Liu H. Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 Promotes Caspase Activation Through Cleavage of HAX-1 in Aging Heart. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:183-192. [PMID: 27998213 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis is a key process involved in cellular destiny and organic function. When mitochondrial status is abnormal, it will become a "death motor." Impaired mitochondria lead to the release of cytochrome c, and then trigger mitochondria-induced caspase activation. Omi/HtrA2, a serine protease, locates in mitochondria and involves in mitochondrial homeostasis. Increased Omi/HtrA2 is observed in aging cardiac tissues, and whether this has effects on mitochondrial status has not been reported. In this study, natural Sprague-Dawley rats (22 months) were used. We detected markedly increased proteolytic activity of Omi/HtrA2 and obvious activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in their myocardium. Then, we constructed stably transfected mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 cells, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 (a probe for mitochondria) and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) dyeing and significant release of cytochrome c was observed after separation of mitochondrial fraction and cytosolic fraction. Furthermore, ucf-101 (a special inhibitor of Omi/HtrA2) and HAX-1 siRNA could ameliorate those phenomena above. In conclusion, excessive Omi/HtrA2 in mitochondria induced decreased mitochondrial membrane potential by its proteolytic activity, followed by cytochrome c released from mitochondria into cytosol where cytochrome c promoted caspase activation. Also, Omi/HtrA2-HAX-1 chain played a significant role in mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Du
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China .,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease , Beijing, China
| | - Suli Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China .,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease , Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Xinliang Ma
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease , Beijing, China .,3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Huirong Liu
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China .,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease , Beijing, China
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16
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Perruolo G, Viggiano D, Fiory F, Cassese A, Nigro C, Liotti A, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P. Parkinson-like phenotype in insulin-resistant PED/PEA-15 transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29967. [PMID: 27426254 PMCID: PMC4947959 DOI: 10.1038/srep29967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological abnormalities, such as Parkinson-like disorders (PlD), are often co-morbidities of Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients, although the epidemiological link between these two disorders remains controversial. The PED/PEA-15 protein represents a possible candidate linking T2D and PD, because it is increased in subjects with T2D and is highly expressed in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed the neurological and neurochemical phenotype of transgenic mice overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (tgPED). These mice develop impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, accompanied by neurological features resembling PlD: feet clasping, slow and delayed locomotor movements in different behavioral tests in absence of clear cognitive deficits, ataxia or anxiety. Morphological analysis of the brains showed selective modifications of metabolic activity in the striatal region. In the same region, we have observed 26% decrease of dopamine fibers, confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot for tyrosine hydroxylase. Moreover, they also showed 48% reduction of dopamine levels in the striatum. Thus the tgPED mice may represent a genetic animal model of neurological disease linked to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Perruolo
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Viggiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Dept Medicine and Health Sciences, Univ. Molise, Italy
| | - Francesca Fiory
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Cassese
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Liotti
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT- Genomica del Diabete, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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17
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Reigada D, Nieto-Díaz M, Navarro-Ruiz R, Caballero-López MJ, Del Águila A, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Maza RM. Acute administration of ucf-101 ameliorates the locomotor impairments induced by a traumatic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2015; 300:404-17. [PMID: 26004679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary death of neural cells plays a key role in the physiopathology and the functional consequences of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Pharmacological manipulation of cell death pathways leading to the preservation of neural cells is acknowledged as a main therapeutic goal in SCI. In the present work, we hypothesize that administration of the neuroprotective cell-permeable compound ucf-101 will reduce neural cell death during the secondary damage of SCI, increasing tissue preservation and reducing the functional deficits. To test this hypothesis, we treated mice with ucf-101 during the first week after a moderate contusive SCI. Our results reveal that ucf-101 administration protects neural cells from the deleterious secondary mechanisms triggered by the trauma, reducing the extension of tissue damage and improving motor function recovery. Our studies also suggest that the effects of ucf-101 may be mediated through the inhibition of HtrA2/OMI and the concomitant increase of inhibitor of apoptosis protein XIAP, as well as the induction of ERK1/2 activation and/or expression. In vitro assays confirm the effects of ucf-101 on both pathways as well as on the reduction of caspase cascade activation and apoptotic cell death in a neuroblastoma cell line. These results suggest that ucf-101 can be a promising therapeutic tool for SCI that deserves more detailed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reigada
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - M Nieto-Díaz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - R Navarro-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - M J Caballero-López
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - A Del Águila
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - T Muñoz-Galdeano
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - R M Maza
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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18
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Xu G, Peng C, Liu E, Li Y, Niu J, Li C. Omi/HtrA2 pro-apoptotic marker differs in various hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines owing to ped/pea-15 expression level. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:905-12. [PMID: 25484138 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 promotes cell apoptosis in human cancer cells. Early studies showed that primary hepatocellular carcinoma requires Omi/HtrA2 expression for cell apoptosis. Additionally, the Omi/HtrA2 pro-apoptotic marker demonstrated a difference in some cell types. However, how the Omi/HtrA2 pro-apoptotic marker reacts during the process of hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis remains to be determined. Thus, we investigated the role and possible mechanism of Omi/HtrA2 on hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis using various hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. The results were analyzed using RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis. In the present study, we found that Omi/HtrA2 was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. Additiionally, the only manner in which Omi/HtrA2 participated in cell death in PLC cells may be dependent on IAP-binding. Omi/HtrA2‑inducing HepG2 cell apoptosis may mainly depend on its serine protease activity while both IAP-binding and its serine protease activity participated in Hep3B cell apoptosis. This result suggested that Omi/HtrA2 pro-apoptotic marker differs in various hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. PLC cells were also devoid of the expression of ped/pea-15 as the substrate of Omi/HtrA2 serine protease while ped/pea-15 was overexpressed in HepG2 and Hep3B cells and ped/pea-15 expression was higher in HepG2 cells than that in Hep3B cells. These results showed that Omi/HtrA2 overexpression promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis and the ped/pea-15 expression level causes this difference of the Omi/HtrA2 pro-apoptotic marker in the various hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongquan Xu
- Deparment of Hepatic Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Deparment of Hepatic Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Deparment of Hepatic Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunguang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jun Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Changhai Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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19
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Fiory F, Parrillo L, Raciti GA, Zatterale F, Nigro C, Mirra P, Falco R, Ulianich L, Di Jeso B, Formisano P, Miele C, Beguinot F. PED/PEA-15 inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E pancreatic beta-cells via PLD-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113655. [PMID: 25489735 PMCID: PMC4260953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small scaffold protein PED/PEA-15 is involved in several different physiologic and pathologic processes, such as cell proliferation and survival, diabetes and cancer. PED/PEA-15 exerts an anti-apoptotic function due to its ability to interfere with both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in different cell types. Recent evidence shows that mice overexpressing PED/PEA-15 present larger pancreatic islets and increased beta-cells mass. In the present work we investigated PED/PEA-15 role in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E beta-cells. In pancreatic islets isolated from TgPED/PEA-15 mice hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA fragmentation was lower compared to WT islets. TUNEL analysis showed that PED/PEA-15 overexpression increases the viability of Ins-1E beta-cells and enhances their resistance to apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide exposure. The activity of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP-1 were markedly reduced in Ins-1E cells overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (Ins-1EPED/PEA-15). In parallel, we observed a decrease of the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes Bcl-xS and Bad. In contrast, the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL was enhanced. Accordingly, DNA fragmentation was higher in control cells compared to Ins-1EPED/PEA-15 cells. Interestingly, the preincubation with propranolol, an inhibitor of the pathway of PLD-1, a known interactor of PED/PEA-15, responsible for its deleterious effects on glucose tolerance, abolishes the antiapoptotic effects of PED/PEA-15 overexpression in Ins-1E beta-cells. The same results have been obtained by inhibiting PED/PEA-15 interaction with PLD-1 in Ins-1EPED/PEA-15. These results show that PED/PEA-15 overexpression is sufficient to block hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E cells through a PLD-1 mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Parrillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zatterale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Falco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (CM); (FB)
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali dell'Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (CM); (FB)
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20
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HtrA2/Omi influences the stability of LON protease 1 and prohibitin, proteins involved in mitochondrial homeostasis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:456-65. [PMID: 25094062 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2)/Omi is a serine protease localized in mitochondria. In response to apoptotic stimuli, HtrA2 is released to the cytoplasm and cleaves many proteins, including XIAP, Apollon/BRUCE, WT1, and Ped/Pea-15, to promote apoptosis. However, the function of HtrA2 in mitochondria under normal conditions remains unclear. Here, we show that the mitochondrial proteins, LON protease 1 (LONP1) and prohibitin (PHB), are overexpressed in HtrA2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and HtrA2 knock-down HEK293T cells. We also confirm the effect of the HtrA2 protease on the stability of the above mitochondrial quality control proteins in motor neuron degeneration 2 (mnd2) mice, which have a greatly reduced protease activity as a result of a Ser276Cys missense mutation of the HtrA2 gene. In addition, PHB interacts with and is directly cleaved by HtrA2. Luminescence assays demonstrate that the intracellular ATP level is decreased in HtrA2(-/-) cells compared to HtrA2(+/+) cells. HtrA2 deficiency causes a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is greater in HtrA2(-/-) cells than in HtrA2(+/+) cells. Our results implicate that HtrA2 might be an upstream regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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21
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Singh N, D'Souza A, Cholleti A, Sastry GM, Bose K. Dual regulatory switch confers tighter control on HtrA2 proteolytic activity. FEBS J 2014; 281:2456-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
| | - Areetha D'Souza
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
| | | | | | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
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22
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The role of PARL and HtrA2 in striatal neuronal injury after transient global cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1658-65. [PMID: 23921894 PMCID: PMC3824183 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin-associated rhomboid-like (PARL) protein and high temperature requirement factor A2 (HtrA2) are key regulators of mitochondrial integrity and play pivotal roles in apoptosis. However, their roles after cerebral ischemia have not been thoroughly elucidated. To clarify these roles, mice were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia, and striatal neuronal injury was assessed. Western blot and coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that PARL and processed HtrA2 localized to mitochondria, and that PARL was bound to HtrA2 in sham animals. Expression of PARL and processed HtrA2 in mitochondria significantly decreased 6 to 72 hours after ischemia, and the binding of PARL to HtrA2 disappeared after ischemia. In contrast, expression of processed HtrA2 increased 24 hours after ischemia in the cytosol, where HtrA2 was bound to X chromosome-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP). Administration of PARL small interfering RNA inhibited HtrA2 processing and worsened ischemic neuronal injury. Our results show that downregulation of PARL after ischemia is a key step in ischemic neuronal injury, and that it decreases HtrA2 processing and increases neuronal vulnerability. In addition, processed HtrA2 released into the cytosol after ischemia contributes to neuronal injury via inhibition of XIAP.
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23
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Pan X, Whitten DA, Wu M, Chan C, Wilkerson CG, Pestka JJ. Early phosphoproteomic changes in the mouse spleen during deoxynivalenol-induced ribotoxic stress. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:129-43. [PMID: 23811945 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) targets the innate immune system and is of public health significance because of its frequent presence in human and animal food. DON-induced proinflammatory gene expression and apoptosis in the lymphoid tissue have been associated with a ribotoxic stress response (RSR) that involves rapid phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). To better understand the relationship between protein phosphorylation and DON's immunotoxic effects, stable isotope dimethyl labeling-based proteomics in conjunction with titanium dioxide chromatography was employed to quantitatively profile the immediate (≤ 30min) phosphoproteome changes in the spleens of mice orally exposed to 5mg/kg body weight DON. A total of 90 phosphoproteins indicative of novel phosphorylation events were significantly modulated by DON. In addition to critical branches and scaffolds of MAPK signaling being affected, DON exposure also altered phosphorylation of proteins that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways. Gene ontology analysis revealed that DON exposure affected biological processes such as cytoskeleton organization, regulation of apoptosis, and lymphocyte activation and development, which likely contribute to immune dysregulation associated with DON-induced RSR. Consistent with these findings, DON impacted phosphorylation of proteins within diverse immune cell populations, including monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Fuzzy c-means clustering analysis further indicated that DON evoked several distinctive temporal profiles of regulated phosphopeptides. Overall, the findings from this investigation can serve as a template for future focused exploration and modeling of cellular responses associated with the immunotoxicity evoked by DON and other ribotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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24
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Bejugam PR, Kuppili RR, Singh N, Gadewal N, Chaganti LK, Sastry GM, Bose K. Allosteric regulation of serine protease HtrA2 through novel non-canonical substrate binding pocket. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55416. [PMID: 23457469 PMCID: PMC3573033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HtrA2, a trimeric proapoptotic serine protease is involved in several diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Its unique ability to mediate apoptosis via multiple pathways makes it an important therapeutic target. In HtrA2, C-terminal PDZ domain upon substrate binding regulates its functions through coordinated conformational changes the mechanism of which is yet to be elucidated. Although allostery has been found in some of its homologs, it has not been characterized in HtrA2 so far. Here, with an in silico and biochemical approach we have shown that allostery does regulate HtrA2 activity. Our studies identified a novel non-canonical selective binding pocket in HtrA2 which initiates signal propagation to the distal active site through a complex allosteric mechanism. This non-classical binding pocket is unique among HtrA family proteins and thus unfolds a novel mechanism of regulation of HtrA2 activity and hence apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi Raj Bejugam
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Raja R. Kuppili
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nitu Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nikhil Gadewal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Lalith K. Chaganti
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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Singh H, Li Y, Fuller PJ, Harrison C, Rao J, Stephens AN, Nie G. HtrA3 Is Downregulated in Cancer Cell Lines and Significantly Reduced in Primary Serous and Granulosa Cell Ovarian Tumors. J Cancer 2013; 4:152-64. [PMID: 23412729 PMCID: PMC3572407 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The high temperature requirement factor A3 (HtrA3) is a serine protease homologous to bacterial HtrA. Four human HtrAs have been identified. HtrA1 and HtrA3 share a high degree of domain organization and are downregulated in a number of cancers, suggesting a widespread loss of these proteases in cancer. This study examined how extensively the HtrA (HtrA1-3) proteins are downregulated in commonly used cancer cell lines and primary ovarian tumors. Methods. RT-PCR was applied to various cancer cell lines (n=17) derived from the ovary, endometrium, testes, breast, prostate, and colon, and different subtypes of primary ovarian tumors [granulosa cell tumors (n=19), mucinous cystadenocarcinomas (n=6), serous cystadenocarcinomas (n=8)] and normal ovary (n = 9). HtrA3 protein was localized by immunohistochemistry. Results. HtrA3 was extensively downregulated in the cancer cell lines examined including the granulosa cell tumor-derived cell lines. In primary ovarian tumors, the HtrA3 was significantly lower in serous cystadenocarcinoma and granulosa cell tumors. In contrast, HtrA1 and HtrA2 were expressed in all samples with no significant differences between the control and tumors. In normal postmenopausal ovary, HtrA3 protein was localized to lutenizing stromal cells and corpus albicans. In serous cystadenocarcinoma, HtrA3 protein was absent in the papillae but detected in the mesenchymal cyst wall. Conclusion. HtrA3 is more extensively downregulated than HtrA1-2 in cancer cell lines. HtrA3, but not HtrA1 or HtrA2, was decreased in primary ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and granulosa cell tumors. This study provides evidence that HtrA3 may be the most relevant HtrA associated with ovarian malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Singh
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Kobiela J, Galczynska N, Stefaniak T, Lipinska B, Lachinski A, Skorko-Glonek J, Narkiewicz J, Proczko-Markuszewska M, Sledzinski Z. Changes in expression of human serine protease HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 genes in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1838-44. [PMID: 22923201 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HtrA proteins are serine proteases involved in essential physiological processes. HtrA1 and HtrA3 function as tumor suppressors and inhibitors of the TGF-β signaling pathway. HtrA2 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and plays a pivotal role in the induction of apoptosis. The aim of the study was to determine whether the HtrA proteins are involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. We used the immunoblotting technique to estimate protein levels of HtrA1, HtrA2, long and short variants of HtrA3 (HtrA3-L and HtrA3-S) and TGF-β1 in tissues of benign and malignant thyroid lesions, and control groups. We found that the levels of HtrA2 and HtrA3-S were higher in thyroid malignant tumors compared to normal tissues and benign tumors. The HtrA3-L level was increased in malignant tumor tissues compared to benign tumor tissues and control tissues from patients with benign lesions, and elevated in normal tissues from patients with thyroid carcinoma compared to normal tissues from patients with benign lesions. We also compared levels of HtrA proteins in follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and found that these types of carcinoma differed in the expression of HtrA3-S and HtrA1. These results indicate the implication of HtrA proteins in thyroid carcinogenesis suggest that HtrA3 variants may play different roles in cancer development, and that the increased HtrA3-L levels in thyroid tissue could be correlated with the development of malignant lesions. The TGF-β1 levels in tumor tissues were not significantly altered compared to control tissues.
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Huang GS, Hong MY. Functional and Molecular Characterization for the Damp-Obstructed Rat Model in Chinese Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 34:323-40. [PMID: 16552842 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x06003862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional and molecular characterization was performed on the major organs of damp-obstructed rats by applying expression datasets of microarray experiments and real-time RT-PCR. Gene ontology repertoires, i.e. cellular component, molecular function, and biological process were used to classify differentially expressed genes in the major organs of rats upon treatment of dampness. As to the cellular component, over-expression of genes associated with the plasma membrane was observed in the stomach, spleen, kidney, heart, liver, and lung. Genes associated with translational machinery, endoplasmic recticulum membrane, Golgi apparatus, and nuclear envelope were down-regulated in the stomach. Concerning the molecular function, genes associated with oxidoreductase activity were up-regulated in the stomach, spleen, kidney, lung, and brain. Channel activity, membrane receptor, and electron transporter activity were up-regulated in stomach, kidney, and lung. Regarding the biological process, genes associated with signal transduction were up-regulated in the stomach, while genes associated with biosynthesis and ATP metabolism were down-regulated. In the spleen, melanin biosynthesis was up-regulated while hormone-related activities were down-regulated. In the kidney, genes associated with nucleotide biosynthesis and ATP metabolism were depressed. In the heart and liver, apoptosis was up-regulated while immune response and RAS signal transduction were down-regulated. Interestingly, genes associated with oncogenesis were up-regulated in the stomach and kidney. Functional fingerprints indicated that dampness weakened membrane structures, depressed metabolic activity (especially ATP metabolism), damaged matrix proteins, enhanced signal transduction, and revealed a positive association with oncogenesis. To quantify the functional impact at the molecular level, mRNA levels of key genes were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The results indicated that ATP storage in kidney, spleen, and stomach was depleted in damp-obstructed rats. We propose that oxidative stress, membrane integrity, melanin biosynthesis, ion channel activity, and ATP metabolism might be hallmarks for damp-obstructed rats. Our results also suggested dampness as a pathogenic factor in rats which is possibly associated with enhanced liabilities of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steven Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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Matrix metalloproteinase-3 is activated by HtrA2/Omi in dopaminergic cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:249-56. [PMID: 22265821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are particularly vulnerable, and their degeneration leads to Parkinson's disease. We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) activity is involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration by multiple mechanisms and that this requires activation of MMP-3 from proMMP-3 by an intracellular serine protease. HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease that has been shown in non-dopaminergic cells to translocate into the cytosol where it triggers apoptosis. In the present study we sought to determine whether HtrA2/Omi might cause activation of MMP-3 in dopaminergic neuronal cells using CATH.a cell line. Mitochondrial stress induced by rotenone led to MMP-3 activation and HtrA2/Omi translocation into the cytosol. The MMP-3 activation involved HtrA2/Omi, because both pharmacological inhibition and siRNA-induced knockdown of HtrA2/Omi attenuated the activation induced by rotenone or MPP+. Overexpression of mature HtrA2/Omi, but not mutant HtrA2/Omi, resulted in MMP-3 activity increase and cell death. Addition of recombinant and catalytically active HtrA2/Omi to lysate of untreated cells led to activation of the endogenous MMP-3, and incubation of the HtrA2/Omi with recombinant proMMP-3 caused cleavage of proMMP-3 to a 48kD protein, corresponding to the active form, which was accompanied by an increase in MMP-3 activity. Taken together, the data indicate that HtrA2/Omi, which normally exists in the mitochondria, can cause MMP-3 activation in the cytosol under a cell stress condition, which can ultimately lead to demise of dopaminergic neuronal cells.
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Mitochondrial hexokinase II (HKII) and phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA15) form a molecular switch governing cellular fate depending on the metabolic state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1518-23. [PMID: 22233811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108225109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic state of a cell is a key determinant in the decision to live and proliferate or to die. Consequently, balanced energy metabolism and the regulation of apoptosis are critical for the development and maintenance of differentiated organisms. Hypoxia occurs physiologically during development or exercise and pathologically in vascular disease, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, interfering with homeostatic metabolism. Here, we show that the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-regulated glycolytic enzyme hexokinase II (HKII) acts as a molecular switch that determines cellular fate by regulating both cytoprotection and induction of apoptosis based on the metabolic state. We provide evidence for a direct molecular interactor of HKII and show that, together with phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA15), HKII inhibits apoptosis after hypoxia. In contrast, HKII accelerates apoptosis in the absence of PEA15 and under glucose deprivation. HKII both protects cells from death during hypoxia and functions as a sensor of glucose availability during normoxia, inducing apoptosis in response to glucose depletion. Thus, HKII-mediated apoptosis may represent an evolutionarily conserved altruistic mechanism to eliminate cells during metabolic stress to the advantage of a multicellular organism.
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Singh N, Kuppili RR, Bose K. The structural basis of mode of activation and functional diversity: a case study with HtrA family of serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:85-96. [PMID: 22027029 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HtrA (High temperature requirement protease A) proteins that are primarily involved in protein quality control belong to a family of serine proteases conserved from bacteria to humans. HtrAs are oligomeric proteins that share a common trimeric pyramidal architecture where each monomer comprises a serine protease domain and one or two PDZ domains. Although the overall structural integrity is well maintained and they exhibit similar mechanism of activation, subtle conformational changes and structural plasticity especially in the flexible loop regions and domain interfaces lead to differences in their active site conformation and hence in their specificity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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31
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Abstract
Wilms' tumour is a paediatric malignancy of the kidneys and is one of the most common solid childhood cancers. The Wilms' tumour 1 protein (WT1) is a transcription factor that can either activate or repress genes involved in growth, apoptosis and differentiation. It is frequently mutated or aberrantly expressed in Wilms' tumour, where the wild type protein would normally act as a tumour suppressor. Several studies, however, have found that wild type WT1 acts as an oncogene in adult tumours, primarily through the inhibition of apoptosis. The expression of WT1 correlates with the aggressiveness of several adult cancers, and its continued expression following treatment is indicative of a poor outcome.We recently found that the treatment of tumour cell lines with cytotoxic drugs leads to the cleavage of WT1 by the serine protease HtrA2. HtrA2 binds to a specific region of WT1, the suppression domain, and then cleaves WT1 at multiple sites. The HtrA2-mediated proteolysis of WT1 leads to its removal from gene promoter regions and changes in gene expression. Cleavage of WT1 by HtrA2 enhances apoptosis. This event is advantageous to the treatment of adult tumours where WT1 acts as an oncogene. However, when WT1 is acting as a tumour suppressor in paediatric malignancies, proteolysis by HtrA2 would be antagonistic to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hartkamp
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Han F, Tao RR, Zhang GS, Lu YM, Liu LL, Chen YX, Lou YJ, Fukunaga K, Hong ZH. Melatonin ameliorates ischemic-like injury-evoked nitrosative stress: Involvement of HtrA2/PED pathways in endothelial cells. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:281-91. [PMID: 21198825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite contributes to diverse cellular stresses in the pathogenesis of ischemic complications. Here, we investigate the downstream effector signaling elements of nitrosative stress which regulate ischemia-like cell death in endothelial cells and protective effect of melatonin. When the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated cells was assessed using the fluorescent probe 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol -carbocyanine iodide, we observed spontaneous changes in peroxynitrite formation. Concomitantly, western blot and confocal microscopy analyses indicated that prolonged OGD exposure initiates the release of mitochondrial HtrA2 and dramatically decreases phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PED or PEA-15) protein levels. Consistently, cultured endothelial cells treated with peroxynitrite (1-50 μm) exhibited a concentration-dependent release of mitochondrial HtrA2 and concomitant PED degradation in vitro. Notably, HtrA2 activation coincided with increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in microvessels of rats following microsphere embolism. Additionally, the protective effect of PED overexpression in OGD-induced apoptosis was abolished by transfection with the PED(S104A/S116A) mutant. Furthermore, the effect of melatonin, an potential antioxidant, on endothelial apoptotic cascade was examined in OGD-evoked nitrosative stress. Our data showed that the application of melatonin provided significant protection against OGD-induced peroxynitrite formation and mitochondrial HtrA2 release, accompanied with a decrease in degradation PED and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which is associated with activation of the caspase cascade. Taken together, the protective effect of melatonin is likely mediated, in part, by inhibition of peroxynitrate-mediated nitrosative stress, which in turn relieves imbalance of mitochondrial HtrA2-PED signaling and endothelial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Choi SG, Ruf-Zamojski F, Pincas H, Roysam B, Sealfon SC. Characterization of a MAPK scaffolding protein logic gate in gonadotropes. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1027-39. [PMID: 21436256 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pituitary gonadotropes, both protein kinase C (PKC) and MAPK/ERK signaling cascades are activated by GnRH. Phosphoprotein-enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) is a cytosolic ERK scaffolding protein, which is expressed in LβT2 gonadotrope cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC and small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Gαq/11 revealed that GnRH induces accumulation of phosphorylated PEA-15 in a PKC-dependent manner. To investigate the potential role of PEA-15 in GnRH signaling, we examined the regulation of ERK subcellular localization and the activation of ribosomal S6 kinase, a substrate of ERK. Results obtained by cellular fractionation/Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that GnRH-induced accumulation of phosphorylated ERK in the nucleus was attenuated when PEA-15 expression was reduced. Conversely, in the absence of GnRH stimulation, PEA-15 anchors ERK in the cytosol. Our data suggest that GnRH-induced nuclear translocation of ERK requires its release from PEA-15, which occurs upon PEA-15 phosphorylation by PKC. Additional gene-silencing experiments in GnRH-stimulated cells demonstrated that ribosomal S6 kinase activation was dependent on both PEA-15 and PKC. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PEA-15 caused a reduction in GnRH-stimulated expression of early response genes Egr2 and c-Jun, as well as gonadotropin FSHβ-subunit gene expression. PEA-15 knockdown increased LHβ and common α-glycoprotein subunit mRNAs, suggesting a possible role in differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression. We propose that PEA-15 represents a novel point of convergence of the PKC and MAPK/ERK pathways under GnRH stimulation. PKC, ERK, and PEA-15 form an AND logic gate that shapes the response of the gonadotrope cell to GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Gang Choi
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Annenberg 14-94, Box 1137, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Ola MS, Nawaz M, Ahsan H. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases in the regulation of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 351:41-58. [PMID: 21210296 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in the elimination of unwanted, damaged, or infected cells in multicellular organisms and also in diverse biological processes, including development, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death, and dysregulation of apoptosis results in pathological conditions including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, which include both anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, and a slight change in the dynamic balance of these proteins may result either in inhibition or promotion of cell death. Execution of apoptosis by various stimuli is initiated by activating either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways which lead to a series of downstream cascade of events, releasing of various apoptotic mediators from mitochondria and activation of caspases, important for the cell fate. In view of recent research advances about underlying mechanism of apoptosis, this review highlights the basics concept of apoptosis and its regulation by Bcl-2 family of protein. Furthermore, this review discusses the interplay of various apoptotic mediators and caspases to decide the fate of the cell. We expect that this review will add to the pool of basic information necessary to understand the mechanism of apoptosis which may implicate in designing better strategy to develop biomedical therapy to control apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, KSA
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Bulteau AL, Bayot A. Mitochondrial proteases and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:595-601. [PMID: 21194520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the production of which increases with cancer. The deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species may be responsible for the impairment of mitochondrial function observed during various pathophysiological states associated with oxidative stress and cancer. These organelles are also targets of oxidative damage (oxidation of mitochondrial DNA, lipids, protein). An important factor for protein maintenance in the presence of oxidative stress is enzymatic reversal of oxidative modifications and/or protein degradation. Failure of these processes is likely a critical component of the cancer process. Mitochondrial proteases degrade misfolded and non-assemble polypeptides, thus performing quality control surveillance in the organelle. Mitochondrial proteases may be directly involved in cancer development as recently shown for HtrA2/Omi or may regulate crucial mitochondrial molecule such as cytochrome c oxidase 4 a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex degraded by the Lon protease. Thus, the role of mitochondrial proteases is further addressed in the context of oxidative stress and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bulteau
- CRICM-INSERM-UMRS975, CNRS UMR 7225-UPMC, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Bâtiment Pharmacie, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Skorko-Glonek J, Lipinska B. HtrA proteins as targets in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:665-79. [PMID: 20469960 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HtrA family proteins are serine proteases that are involved in important physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis and cell signaling. They are involved in the development and progression of several pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and arthritic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We present characteristics of the human HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 proteins, with the stress on their function in apoptosis and in the diseases. We describe regulation of the HtrAs' proteolytic activity, focusing on allosteric interactions of ligands/substrates with the PDZ domains, and make suggestions on how the HtrA proteolytic activity could be modified. Literature cited covers years 1996 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the HtrAs' function/regulation and involvement in diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis), and ideas how modulation of their proteolytic activity could be used in therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE HtrA2 is the best target for cancer drug development. An increase in the HtrAs' proteolytic activity could be beneficial in cancer treatment, by stimulation of apoptosis, anoikis or necrosis of cancer cells, or by modulation of the TGF-beta signaling cascade; modulation of HtrA activity could be helpful in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis.
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Vande Walle L, Wirawan E, Lamkanfi M, Festjens N, Verspurten J, Saelens X, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. The mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi cleaves RIP1 during apoptosis of Ba/F3 cells induced by growth factor withdrawal. Cell Res 2010; 20:421-33. [PMID: 20125124 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) deprivation of the mouse pro-B cell line Ba/F3 induces cell death that is abrogated by B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) overexpression, but remains unaffected by the pan-caspase inhibitor carbobenzoxy-valyl-analyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk). IL-3 withdrawal causes receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 cleavage into C-terminal fragments of 30 and 25 kDa, and only cleavage leading to the former was prevented by zVAD-fmk. siRNA experiments demonstrated that generation of the 25-kDa fragment was due to a Bcl-2-modulated release of the mitochondrial serine protease high temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2)/Omi. Accordingly, recombinant HtrA2/Omi efficiently cleaved mouse RIP1 in vitro, generating fragments matching those observed in IL-3-deprived Ba/F3 cells. The HtrA2/Omi cleavage site in mouse RIP1 was mapped to the intermediate domain and the corresponding N- and C-terminal fragments were impaired in their ability to activate nuclear factor-kappaB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Interestingly, knockdown of HtrA2/Omi afforded protection against IL-3 withdrawal-induced death in the presence of zVAD-fmk, demonstrating a role for HtrA2/Omi in caspase-independent cell death during growth factor withdrawal by cleaving RIP1.
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Fiory F, Formisano P, Perruolo G, Beguinot F. Frontiers: PED/PEA-15, a multifunctional protein controlling cell survival and glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E592-601. [PMID: 19531639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PED/PEA-15 is a 15-kDa ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in a number of fundamental cellular functions, including apoptosis, proliferation, and glucose metabolism. PED/PEA-15 lacks enzymatic function and serves mainly as a molecular adaptor. PED/PEA-15 is an endogenous substrate for protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAM kinase II), and Akt. In particular, PKC phosphorylates PED/PEA-15 at Ser(104) and CAM kinase II or Akt at Ser(116), modifying its stability. Evidence obtained over the past 10 years has indicated that PED/PEA-15 regulates cell survival by interfering with both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. In addition, it may also control cell proliferation by interfering with ERK1/2-mediated pathways. Indeed, PED/PEA-15 has been identified as an ERK1/2 interactor, which modifies its subcellular localization and targeting to a specific subset of substrates. Increased PED/PEA-15 levels may affect tumorigenesis and cancer progression as well as sensitivity to anticancer agents. Moreover, PED/PEA-15 affects astrocyte motility and increases susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis in vivo. PED/PEA-15 expression is regulated at the transcriptional and the posttranslational levels. Increased PED/PEA-15 expression has been identified in individuals with type 2 diabetes early during the natural history of the disease. Evidence generated over the past 10 years indicated that this defect contributes to altering glucose tolerance by impairing insulin action and insulin secretion and might play a role in the development of diabetes-associated neurological disorders. Strategies are being devised to target key signaling events in PED/PEA-15 action aimed at improving glucose tolerance and at facilitating cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Federico II Univ. of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Pinho MB, Costas F, Sellos J, Dienstmann R, Andrade PB, Herchenhorn D, Peixoto FA, Santos VO, Small IA, Guimarães DP, Ferreira CG. XAF1 mRNA expression improves progression-free and overall survival for patients with advanced bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Urol Oncol 2009; 27:382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Balakrishnan MP, Cilenti L, Mashak Z, Popat P, Alnemri ES, Zervos AS. THAP5 is a human cardiac-specific inhibitor of cell cycle that is cleaved by the proapoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease during cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H643-53. [PMID: 19502560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a mitochondrial serine protease that has a dual function: while confined in the mitochondria, it promotes cell survival, but when released into the cytoplasm, it participates in caspase-dependent as well as caspase-independent cell death. To investigate the mechanism of Omi/HtrA2's function, we set out to isolate and characterize novel substrates for this protease. We have identified Thanatos-associated protein 5 (THAP5) as a specific interactor and substrate of Omi/HtrA2 in cells undergoing apoptosis. This protein is an uncharacterized member of the THAP family of proteins. THAP5 has a unique pattern of expression and is found predominantly in the human heart, although a very low expression is also seen in the human brain and muscle. THAP5 protein is localized in the nucleus and, when ectopically expressed, induces cell cycle arrest. During apoptosis, THAP5 protein is degraded, and this process can be blocked using a specific Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor, leading to reduced cell death. In patients with coronary artery disease, THAP5 protein levels substantially decrease in the myocardial infarction area, suggesting a potential role of this protein in human heart disease. This work identifies human THAP5 as a cardiac-specific nuclear protein that controls cell cycle progression. Furthermore, during apoptosis, THAP5 is cleaved and removed by the proapoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease. Taken together, we provide evidence to support that THAP5 and its regulation by Omi/HtrA2 provide a new link between cell cycle control and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi P Balakrishnan
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
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Su D, Su Z, Wang J, Yang S, Ma J. UCF-101, A Novel Omi/HtrA2 Inhibitor, Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nomura J, Maruyama M, Katano M, Kato H, Zhang J, Masui S, Mizuno Y, Okazaki Y, Nishimoto M, Okuda A. Differential Requirement for Nucleostemin in Embryonic Stem Cell and Neural Stem Cell Viability. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1066-76. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bhuiyan MS, Fukunaga K. Activation of HtrA2, a Mitochondrial Serine Protease Mediates Apoptosis: Current Knowledge on HtrA2 Mediated Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 26:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Heikaus S, Kempf T, Mahotka C, Gabbert HE, Ramp U. Caspase-8 and its inhibitors in RCCs in vivo: the prominent role of ARC. Apoptosis 2008; 13:938-49. [PMID: 18516683 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the initiator-caspase, caspase-8 is under tight control of multiple antiapoptotic regulators including ARC, cFlip(S), cFlip(L) and PED/PEA-15. Since there is little data regarding the expression of caspase-8 and its antiapoptotic regulators in human tumours in vivo, we analysed their expression in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) to identify which of these genes might be crucial for the well known impaired apoptosis and--as a result--resistance towards chemotherapy and ionizing radiation of RCCs. Caspase-8, cFlip(S), cFlip(L) and PED/PEA-15 mRNA expression was significantly increased only in early stages of RCCs compared to non-neoplastic renal tissue. In contrast, ARC mRNA expression was significantly increased in RCCs of all stages without differences between the tumour stages and grades. Importantly, the relative mRNA expression ratio between ARC and caspase-8 was significantly increased during carcinogenesis and tumour progression. In contrast, the relative mRNA expression ratio between cFlip(S), cFlip(L) or PED/PEA-15 and caspase-8 remained constant during all tumour stages. In conclusion, our analysis revealed that ARC is the only caspase-8 inhibiting regulator being constantly overexpressed in RCCs. Furthermore, the balance between antiapoptotic ARC and proapoptotic caspase-8 is the only one to be disturbed during carcinogenesis and tumour progression of RCCs. This inhibition of Caspase-8 might therefore be one example for the multiple antiapoptotic functions of ARC in RCCs possibly contributing to the marked resistance of RCCs towards radio- and chemotherapy and reflects a shift of gene expression towards a more antiapoptotic context in RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heikaus
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany,
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Viparelli F, Cassese A, Doti N, Paturzo F, Marasco D, Dathan NA, Monti SM, Basile G, Ungaro P, Sabatella M, Miele C, Teperino R, Consiglio E, Pedone C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Ruvo M. Targeting of PED/PEA-15 molecular interaction with phospholipase D1 enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21769-78. [PMID: 18541525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803771200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PED/PEA-15) is overexpressed in several tissues of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. In intact cells and in transgenic animal models, PED/PEA-15 overexpression impairs insulin regulation of glucose transport, and this is mediated by its interaction with the C-terminal D4 domain of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and the consequent increase of protein kinase C-alpha activity. Here we show that interfering with the interaction of PED/PEA-15 with PLD1 in L6 skeletal muscle cells overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (L6(PED/PEA-15)) restores insulin sensitivity. Surface plasmon resonance and ELISA-like assays show that PED/PEA-15 binds in vitro the D4 domain with high affinity (K(D) = 0.37 +/- 0.13 mum), and a PED/PEA-15 peptide, spanning residues 1-24, PED-(1-24), is able to compete with the PED/PEA-15-D4 recognition. When loaded into L6(PED/PEA-15) cells and in myocytes derived from PED/PEA-15-overexpressing transgenic mice, PED-(1-24) abrogates the PED/PEA-15-PLD1 interaction and reduces protein kinase C-alpha activity to levels similar to controls. Importantly, the peptide restores insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by approximately 70%. Similar results are obtained by expression of D4 in L6(PED/PEA-15). All these findings suggest that disruption of the PED/PEA-15-PLD1 molecular interaction enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells and indicate that PED/PEA-15 as an important target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Viparelli
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M, Vandenabeele P. The mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi: an overview. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:453-60. [PMID: 18174901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA family refers to a group of related oligomeric serine proteases that combine a trypsin-like protease domain with at least one PDZ interaction domain. Mammals encode four HtrA proteases, named HtrA1-4. The protease activity of the HtrA member HtrA2/Omi is required for mitochondrial homeostasis in mice and humans and inactivating mutations associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Moreover, HtrA2/Omi is released in the cytosol, where it contributes to apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of HtrA2/Omi biology and discuss the signaling pathways that underlie its mitochondrial and apoptotic functions from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vande Walle
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Holohan C, Szegezdi E, Ritter T, O'Brien T, Samali A. Cytokine-induced beta-cell apoptosis is NO-dependent, mitochondria-mediated and inhibited by BCL-XL. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:591-606. [PMID: 18081694 PMCID: PMC3822546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are implicated as the main mediators of beta-cell death during type 1 diabetes but the exact mechanisms remain unknown. This study examined the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) on a rat insulinoma cell line (RIN-r) in order to identify the core mechanism of cytokine-induced beta-cell death. Treatment of cells with a combination of IL-1beta and IFNgamma (IL-1beta/IFNgamma)induced apoptotic cell death. TNFalpha neither induced beta-cell death nor did it potentiate the effects of IL-1beta, IFNgamma or IL-1beta/IFNgamma . The cytotoxic effect of IL-1beta/IFNgamma was associated with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of nitric oxide. Adenoviral-mediated expression of iNOS (AdiNOS) alone was sufficient to induce caspase activity and apoptosis. The broad range caspase inhibitor, Boc-D-fmk, blocked IL-1beta/IFNgamma -induced caspase activity, but not nitric oxide production nor cell death. However, pre-treatment with L-NIO, a NOS inhibitor, prevented nitric oxide production, caspase activity and reduced apoptosis. IL-1beta/IFNgamma -induced apoptosis was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and cleavage of pro-caspase-9, -7 and -3. Transduction of cells with Ad-Bcl-X(L) blocked both iNOS and cytokine-mediated mitochondrial changes and subsequent apoptosis, downstream of nitric oxide. We conclude that cytokine-induced nitric oxide production is both essential and sufficient for caspase activation and beta-cell death, and have identified Bcl-X(L) as a potential target to combat beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holohan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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50
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Yang L, Sun M, Sun XM, Cheng GZ, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ. Akt Attenuation of the Serine Protease Activity of HtrA2/Omi through Phosphorylation of Serine 212. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10981-7. [PMID: 17311912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700445200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease HtrA2/Omi is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol following apoptosis stimuli, leading to the programmed cell death in caspase-dependent and -independent manners. The function of HtrA2/Omi closely relates to its protease activity, which is required for cleavage of its substrate such as the members of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptotic protein family. However, the regulation of HtrA2/Omi by signaling molecule has not been documented. Here we report that serine/threonine kinases Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylate mitochondria-released HtrA2/Omi on serine 212 in vivo and in vitro, which results in attenuation of its serine protease activity and pro-apoptotic function. Abolishing HtrA2/Omi phosphorylation by Akt through mutation of serine 212 to alanine (HtrA2/Omi-S212A) retains its serine protease activity and induces more apoptosis as compared with wild-type HtrA2/Omi. Conversely, HtrA2/Omi-S212D, a mutant mimicking phosphorylation, lost the protease activity and failed to induce the programmed cell death. Furthermore, the phosphorylated HtrA2/Omi fails to cleave X-linked inhibitor of apoptotic protein without interfering with their complex formation. In addition, Akt inhibits the release of HtrA2/Omi from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm in response to cisplatin treatment. These data reveal for the first time that HtrA2/Omi is directly regulated by Akt and provide a mechanism by which Akt induces cell survival at post-mitochondrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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