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Subramaniam S, Ogoti Y, Hernandez I, Zogg M, Botros F, Burns R, DeRousse JT, Dockendorff C, Mackman N, Antoniak S, Fletcher C, Weiler H. A thrombin-PAR1/2 feedback loop amplifies thromboinflammatory endothelial responses to the viral RNA analogue poly(I:C). Blood Adv 2021; 5:2760-2774. [PMID: 34242391 PMCID: PMC8288670 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of blood coagulation and endothelial inflammation are hallmarks of respiratory infections with RNA viruses that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe disease. We investigated how signaling by coagulation proteases affects the quality and extent of the response to the TLR3-ligand poly(I:C) in human endothelial cells. Genome-wide RNA profiling documented additive and synergistic effects of thrombin and poly(I:C) on the expression level of many genes. The most significantly active genes exhibiting synergistic induction by costimulation with thrombin and poly(I:C) included the key mediators of 2 critical biological mechanisms known to promote endothelial thromboinflammatory functions: the initiation of blood coagulation by tissue factor and the control of leukocyte trafficking by the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion receptors E-selectin (gene symbol, SELE) and VCAM1, and the cytokines and chemokines CXCL8, IL-6, CXCL2, and CCL20. Mechanistic studies have indicated that synergistic costimulation with thrombin and poly(I:C) requires proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by thrombin and transactivation of PAR2 by the PAR1-tethered ligand. Accordingly, a small-molecule PAR2 inhibitor suppressed poly(I:C)/thrombin-induced leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, cytokine production, and endothelial tissue factor expression. In summary, this study describes a positive feedback mechanism by which thrombin sustains and amplifies the prothrombotic and proinflammatory function of endothelial cells exposed to the viral RNA analogue, poly(I:C) via activation of PAR1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamini Ogoti
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mark Zogg
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Fady Botros
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
- Function Therapeutics LLC, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Craig Fletcher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
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Kim HS, Asmis R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) in macrophage biology and cardiovascular disease. A redox-regulated master controller of monocyte function and macrophage phenotype. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:75-83. [PMID: 28330703 PMCID: PMC5462841 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MAPK pathways play a critical role in the activation of monocytes and macrophages by pathogens, signaling molecules and environmental cues and in the regulation of macrophage function and plasticity. MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) has emerged as the main counter-regulator of MAPK signaling in monocytes and macrophages. Loss of MKP-1 in monocytes and macrophages in response to metabolic stress leads to dysregulation of monocyte adhesion and migration, and gives rise to dysfunctional, proatherogenic monocyte-derived macrophages. Here we review the properties of this redox-regulated dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase and the role of MKP-1 in monocyte and macrophage biology and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Corti F, Simons M. Modulation of VEGF receptor 2 signaling by protein phosphatases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:107-123. [PMID: 27888154 PMCID: PMC5205541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serines, threonines, and tyrosines is a central event in signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells. The phosphorylation state of any particular protein reflects a balance of activity between kinases and phosphatases. Kinase biology has been exhaustively studied and is reasonably well understood, however, much less is known about phosphatases. A large body of evidence now shows that protein phosphatases do not behave as indiscriminate signal terminators, but can function both as negative or positive regulators of specific signaling pathways. Genetic models have also shown that different protein phosphatases play precise biological roles in health and disease. Finally, genome sequencing has unveiled the existence of many protein phosphatases and associated regulatory subunits comparable in number to kinases. A wide variety of roles for protein phosphatase roles have been recently described in the context of cancer, diabetes, hereditary disorders and other diseases. In particular, there have been several recent advances in our understanding of phosphatases involved in regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. The receptor is the principal signaling molecule mediating a wide spectrum of VEGF signal and, thus, is of paramount significance in a wide variety of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular to ophthalmic. This review focuses on the current knowledge about protein phosphatases' regulation of VEGFR2 signaling and how these enzymes can modulate its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Wang HJ, Chen SF, Lo WY. iTRAQ quantitative proteomics-based identification of cell adhesion as a dominant phenotypic modulation in thrombin-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2015; 135:944-50. [PMID: 25746365 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phenotypic changes in thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells include alterations in permeability, cell shape, vasomotor tone, leukocyte trafficking, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Previous studies regarding the pleotropic effects of thrombin on the endothelium used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-cells derived from fetal tissue that does not exist in adults. Only a few groups have used screening approaches such as microarrays to profile the global effects of thrombin on endothelial cells. Moreover, the proteomic changes of thrombin-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) have not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS HAECs were stimulated with 2 units/mL thrombin for 5h and their proteome was investigated using isobaric tags for the relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and the MetaCore(TM) software. RESULTS A total of 627 (experiment A) and 622 proteins (experiment B) were quantified in the duplicated iTRAQ analyses. MetaCore(TM) pathway analysis identified cell adhesion as a dominant phenotype in thrombin-stimulated HAECs. Replicated iTRAQ data revealed that "Cell adhesion_Chemokines and adhesion," "Cell adhesion_Histamine H1 receptor signaling in the interruption of cell barrier integrity," and "Cell adhesion_Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration" were among the top 10 statistically significant pathways. The cell adhesion phenotype was verified by increased THP-1 adhesion to thrombin-stimulated HAECs. In addition, the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE was significantly upregulated in thrombin-stimulated HAECs. CONCLUSIONS Several regulatory pathways are altered in thrombin-stimulated HAECs, with cell adhesion being the dominant altered phenotype. Our findings show the feasibility of the iTRAQ technique for evaluating cellular responses to acute stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Joe Wang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Lo
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Boerckel JD, Chandrasekharan UM, Waitkus MS, Tillmaand EG, Bartlett R, Dicorleto PE. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 promotes neovascularization and angiogenic gene expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1020-31. [PMID: 24578378 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels through endothelial cell sprouting. This process requires the mitogen-activated protein kinases, signaling molecules that are negatively regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of MKP-1 in neovascularization in vivo and identify associated mechanisms in endothelial cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used murine hindlimb ischemia as a model system to evaluate the role of MKP-1 in angiogenic growth, remodeling, and arteriogenesis in vivo. Genomic deletion of MKP-1 blunted angiogenesis in the distal hindlimb and microvascular arteriogenesis in the proximal hindlimb. In vitro, endothelial MKP-1 depletion/deletion abrogated vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration and tube formation, and reduced proliferation. These observations establish MKP-1 as a positive mediator of angiogenesis and contrast with the canonical function of MKP-1 as a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, implying an alternative mechanism for MKP-1-mediated angiogenesis. Cloning and sequencing of MKP-1-bound chromatin identified localization of MKP-1 to exonic DNA of the angiogenic chemokine fractalkine, and MKP-1 depletion reduced histone H3 serine 10 dephosphorylation on this DNA locus and blocked fractalkine expression. In vivo, MKP-1 deletion abrogated ischemia-induced fractalkine expression and macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration in distal hindlimbs, whereas fractalkine delivery to ischemic hindlimbs rescued the effect of MKP-1 deletion on neovascular hindlimb recovery. CONCLUSIONS MKP-1 promoted angiogenic and arteriogenic neovascular growth, potentially through dephosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 on coding-region DNA to control transcription of angiogenic genes, such as fractalkine. These observations reveal a novel function for MKP-1 and identify MKP-1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Boerckel
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (J.D.B., U.M.C., M.S.W., E.G.T., R.B., P.E.D.); and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN (J.D.B.)
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Chandrasekharan UM, Dechert L, Davidson UI, Waitkus M, Mavrakis L, Lyons K, Beach JR, Li X, Egelhoff TT, Fox PL, DiCorleto PE. Release of nonmuscle myosin II from the cytosolic domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 is required for target gene expression. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra60. [PMID: 23861542 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) elicits its biological activities through activation of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1, also known as p55) and TNFR2 (also known as p75). The activities of both receptors are required for the TNF-α-induced proinflammatory response. The adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is critical for either p55- or p75-mediated activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, as well as for target gene expression. We identified nonmuscle myosin II (myosin) as a binding partner of p75. TNF-α-dependent signaling by p75 and induction of target gene expression persisted substantially longer in cells deficient in myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC; a component of myosin) than in cells replete in myosin. In resting endothelial cells, myosin was bound constitutively to the intracellular region of p75, a region that overlaps with the TRAF2-binding domain, and TNF-α caused the rapid dissociation of myosin from p75. At early time points after exposure to TNF-α, p75 activated Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1). Inhibition of ROCK1 activity blocked TNF-α-dependent phosphorylation of MRLC and the dissociation of myosin from p75. ROCK1-dependent release of myosin was necessary for the TNF-α-dependent recruitment of TRAF2 to p75 and for p75-specific activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Thus, our findings have revealed a previously uncharacterized, noncanonical regulatory function of myosin in cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni M Chandrasekharan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Dai CL, Shi J, Chen Y, Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Inhibition of protein synthesis alters protein degradation through activation of protein kinase B (AKT). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23875-83. [PMID: 23843462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of protein metabolism is maintained and regulated by the rates of protein biosynthesis and degradation in living systems. Alterations of protein degradation may regulate protein biosynthesis through a feedback mechanism. Whether a change in protein biosynthesis modulates protein degradation has not been reported. In this study, we found that inhibition of protein biosynthesis induced phosphorylation/activation of AKT and led to phosphorylation of AKT target substrates, including FoxO1, GSK3α/β, p70S6K, AS160, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was also modulated by inhibition of protein biosynthesis. The AKT phosphorylation/activation was mediated mainly through the PI3K pathway because it was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. The activated AKT phosphorylated MDM2 at Ser(166) and promoted degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. These findings suggest that inhibition of protein biosynthesis can alter degradation of some proteins through activation of AKT. This study reveals a novel regulation of protein degradation and calls for caution in blocking protein biosynthesis to study the half-life of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Dai
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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Waitkus MS, Chandrasekharan UM, Willard B, Haque SJ, DiCorleto PE. STAT3-mediated coincidence detection regulates noncanonical immediate early gene induction. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11988-2003. [PMID: 23504318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.428516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways interact with one another to form dynamic networks in which the cellular response to one stimulus may depend on the presence, intensity, timing, or localization of other signals. In rare cases, two stimuli may be simultaneously required for cells to elicit a significant biological output. This phenomenon, generally termed "coincidence detection," requires a downstream signaling node that functions as a Boolean AND gate to restrict biological output from a network unless multiple stimuli are received within a specific window of time. Simultaneous activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) and a thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor-1, PAR-1) increases the expression of multiple immediate early genes (IEGs) associated with growth and angiogenesis. Using a bioinformatic comparison of IEG promoter regions, we identified STAT3 as a critical transcription factor for the detection of coincident EGFR/PAR-1 activation. EGFR activation induces classical STAT3 Tyr(705) phosphorylation but also initiates an inhibitory signal through the PI3K-AKT signaling axis that prevents STAT3 Ser(727) phosphorylation. Coincident PAR-1 signaling resolves these conflicting EGF-activated pathways by blocking AKT activation and permitting GSK-3α/β-dependent STAT3 Ser(727) phosphorylation and STAT3-dependent gene expression. Functionally, combinatorial EGFR/PAR-1 signaling suppresses EGF-induced proliferation and thrombin-induced leukocyte adhesion and triggers a STAT3-dependent increase in endothelial cell migration. This study reveals a novel signaling role for STAT3 in which the simultaneous presence of extracellular EGF and thrombin is detected at the level of STAT3 post-translational modifications. Collectively, our results describe a novel regulatory mechanism in which combinatorial EGFR/PAR-1 signaling regulates STAT3-dependent IEG induction and endothelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Waitkus
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ma Q, Huang B, Khatibi N, Rolland W, Suzuki H, Zhang JH, Tang J. PDGFR-α inhibition preserves blood-brain barrier after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:920-31. [PMID: 22190365 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perihematomal edema results from disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by key mediators, such as thrombin, following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-α), a tyrosine kinase receptor, was found in previous studies to play a role in orchestrating BBB impairment. In the present study, we investigated the role of PDGFR-α following ICH-induced brain injury in mice, specifically investigating its effect on BBB disruption. METHODS Brain injury was induced by autologous arterial blood (30 μl) or thrombin (5 U) injection into mice brains. A PDGFR antagonist (Gleevec) or agonist (PDGF-AA) was administered following ICH. PDGF-AA was injected with a thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, in ICH mice. Thrombin-injected mice were given Gleevec or PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, SB203580, was delivered with PDGF-AA in naïve animals. Postassessment included neurological function tests, brain edema measurement, Evans blue extravasation, immunoprecipitation, western blot, and immunohistology assay. RESULTS PDGFR-α suppression prevented neurological deficits, brain edema, and Evans blue extravasation at 24 to 72 hours following ICH. PDGFR-α activation led to BBB impairment and this was reversed by SB203580 in naïve mice. Thrombin inhibition suppressed PDGFR-α activation and exogenous PDGF-AA increased PDGFR-α activation, regardless of thrombin inhibition. Animals receiving a PDGF-AA-neutralizing antibody or Gleevec showed minimized thrombin injection-induced BBB impairment. INTERPRETATION PDGFR-α signaling may contribute to BBB impairment via p38 MAPK-mediated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation/expression following ICH, and thrombin may be the key upstream orchestrator. The therapeutic interventions targeting the PDGFR-α signaling may be a novel strategy to prevent thrombin-induced BBB impairment following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Chandrasekharan UM, Waitkus M, Kinney CM, Walters-Stewart A, DiCorleto PE. Synergistic induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 by thrombin and epidermal growth factor requires vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1983-9. [PMID: 20671228 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.212399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic response of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which is induced by thrombin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). METHODS AND RESULTS MKP-1 induction by thrombin (approximately 6-fold) was synergistically increased (approximately 18-fold) by cotreatment with EGF in cultured endothelial cells. EGF alone did not induce MKP-1 substantially (<2-fold). The synergistic induction of MKP-1 was not mediated by matrix metalloproteinases. The EGF receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478 blocked approximately 70% of MKP-1 induction by thrombin plus EGF (from 18- to 6-fold) but not the response to thrombin alone. An extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) signal was required for the thrombin alone effect; an ERK-independent PAR-1 signal was necessary for the approximately 12-fold MKP-1 induction by thrombin plus EGF. VEGF induction of MKP-1 was also approximately 12-fold and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) dependent. Inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and JNK activation blocked thrombin plus EGF-induced MKP-1 completely. Furthermore, VEGF receptor 2 depletion blocked the synergistic response without affecting the induction of MKP-1 by thrombin alone. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel signaling interaction between protease-activated receptor-1 and EGF receptor that is mediated by VEGF receptor 2 and results in synergistic MKP-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni M Chandrasekharan
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Shen J, Chandrasekharan UM, Ashraf MZ, Long E, Morton RE, Liu Y, Smith JD, DiCorleto PE. Lack of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 protects ApoE-null mice against atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2010; 106:902-10. [PMID: 20093631 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.198069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multiple protein kinases have been implicated in cardiovascular disease; however, little is known about the role of their counterparts: the protein phosphatases. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 is actively involved in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with homozygous deficiency in MKP-1 (MKP-1(-/-)) were bred with apolipoprotein (Apo)E-deficient mice (ApoE(-/-)) and the 3 MKP-1 genotypes (MKP-1(+/+)/ApoE(-/-) ; MKP-1(+/-)/ApoE(-/-) and MKP-1(-/-)/ApoE(-/-)) were maintained on a normal chow diet for 16 weeks. The 3 groups of mice exhibited similar body weight and serum lipid profiles; however, both MKP-1(+/-) and MKP-1(-/-) mice had significantly less aortic root atherosclerotic lesion formation than MKP-1(+/+) mice. Less en face lesion was observed in 8-month-old MKP-1(-/-) mice. The reduction in atherosclerosis was accompanied by decreased plasma levels of interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and preceded by increased antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. In addition, MKP-1-null mice had higher levels of plasma stromal cell-derived factor-1a, which negatively correlated with atherosclerotic lesion size. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MKP-1 expression was enriched in macrophage-rich areas versus smooth muscle cell regions of the atheroma. Furthermore, macrophages isolated from MKP-1-null mice showed dramatic defects in their spreading/migration and impairment in extracellular signal-regulated kinase, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, pathway activation. In line with this, MKP-1-null atheroma exhibited less macrophage content. Finally, transplantation of MKP-1-intact bone marrow into MKP-1-null mice fully rescued the wild-type atherosclerotic phenotype. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that chronic deficiency of MKP-1 leads to decreased atherosclerosis via mechanisms involving impaired macrophage migration and defective extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Zhu W, Chandrasekharan UM, Bandyopadhyay S, Morris SM, DiCorleto PE, Kashyap VS. Thrombin induces endothelial arginase through AP-1 activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C952-60. [PMID: 20032511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00466.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is a common disease leading to severe ischemia beyond the obstructing thrombus. Additionally, endothelial dysfunction at the site of thrombosis can be rescued by l-arginine supplementation or arginase blockade in several animal models. Exposure of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) to thrombin upregulates arginase I mRNA and protein levels. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of thrombin-induced arginase changes in endothelial cells. Thrombin strikingly increased arginase I promoter and enzyme activity in primary cultured RAECs. Using different deletion and point mutations of the promoter, we demonstrated that the activating protein-1 (AP-1) consensus site located at -3,157 bp in the arginase I promoter was a thrombin-responsive element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirmed that upon thrombin stimulation, c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) bound to the AP-1 site, which initiated the transactivation. Moreover, loss-of-function studies using small interfering RNA confirmed that recruitment of these two transcription factors to the AP-1 site was required for thrombin-induced arginase upregulation. In the course of defining the signaling pathway leading to the activation of AP-1 by thrombin, we found thrombin-induced phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK or JNK1/2/3) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which were followed by the phosphorylation of both c-Jun and ATF-2. These findings reveal the basis for thrombin induction of endothelial arginase I and indicate that arginase inhibition may be an attractive therapeutic alternative in the setting of arterial thrombosis and its associated endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Wadgaonkar R, Somnay K, Garcia JG. Thrombin induced secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its effect on nuclear signaling in endothelium. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:1279-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kinney CM, Chandrasekharan UM, Yang L, Shen J, Kinter M, McDermott MS, DiCorleto PE. Histone H3 as a novel substrate for MAP kinase phosphatase-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C242-9. [PMID: 19020052 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00492.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a nuclear, dual-specificity phosphatase that has been shown to dephosphorylate MAP kinases. We used a "substrate-trap" technique involving a mutation in MKP-1 of the catalytically critical cysteine to a serine residue ("CS" mutant) to capture novel MKP-1 substrates. We transfected the MKP-1 (CS) mutant and control (wild-type, WT) constructs into phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated COS-1 cells. MKP-1-substrate complexes were immunoprecipitated, which yielded four bands of 17, 15, 14, and 10 kDa with the CS MKP-1 mutant but not the WT MKP-1. The bands were identified by mass spectrometry as histones H3, H2B, H2A, and H4, respectively. Histone H3 was phosphorylated, and purified MKP-1 dephosphorylated histone H3 (phospho-Ser-10) in vitro; whereas, histone H3 (phospho-Thr-3) was unaffected. We have previously shown that thrombin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulated MKP-1 in human endothelial cells (EC). We now show that both thrombin and VEGF caused dephosphorylation of histone H3 (phospho-Ser-10) and histone H3 (phospho-Thr-3) in EC with kinetics consistent with MKP-1 induction. Furthermore, MKP-1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented VEGF- and thrombin-induced H3 (phospho-Ser-10) dephosphorylation but had no effect on H3 (phospho-Thr-3 or Thr-11) dephosphorylation. In summary, histone H3 is a novel substrate of MKP-1, and VEGF- and thrombin-induced H3 (phospho-Ser-10) dephosphorylation requires MKP-1. We propose that MKP-1-mediated H3 (phospho-Ser-10) dephosphorylation is a key regulatory step in EC activation by VEGF and thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corttrell M Kinney
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Clinic, NB-21, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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15
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Blackburn JS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and thrombin differentially activate gene expression in endothelial cells via PAR-1 and promote angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1736-46. [PMID: 18988801 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many tumor types express matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1); its collagenase activity facilitates both tumor cell invasion and metastasis. MMP-1 expression is also associated with increased angiogenesis; however, the exact mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. MMP-1 proteolytically activates protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a thrombin receptor that is highly expressed in endothelial cells. Thrombin is also present in the tumor microenvironment, and its activation of PAR-1 is pro-angiogenic. It is currently unknown whether MMP-1 activation of PAR-1 induces angiogenesis in a similar or different manner compared with thrombin. We sought to determine the mechanism by which MMP-1 promotes angiogenesis and to compare the effects of MMP-1 with those of thrombin. Our results demonstrate that via PAR-1, MMP-1 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades in microvessel endothelial cells. Although thrombin activation of PAR-1 also induces signaling through these pathways, the time-course of activation appears to vary. Gene expression analysis revealed a possible consequence of these signaling differences as MMP-1 and thrombin induce expression of different subsets of pro-angiogenic genes. Furthermore, the combination of thrombin and MMP-1 is more angiogenic than either protease alone. These data demonstrate that MMP-1 acts directly on endothelial cells as a pro-angiogenic signaling molecule and also suggest that the effects of MMP-1 may complement the activity of thrombin to better facilitate angiogenesis and promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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16
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Ralph JA, Morand EF. MAPK phosphatases as novel targets for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:795-808. [PMID: 18554149 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.7.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents a challenge for therapeutic interventions due to complex inflammatory signalling pathways underlying its pathogenesis. The MAPK signalling network, a major effector limb of the inflammatory lesion, is an attractive therapeutic target. MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), endogenous negative regulators of MAPK signalling, have received increasing recognition as modulators of inflammatory and immune responses, and hence as a potential therapeutic avenue for RA. OBJECTIVE To present the rationale for therapeutically targeting MAPK signalling and explore the case for addressing MKP1 as a novel therapeutic strategy for RA. METHODS We summarise literature describing the importance of MAPK signalling in RA and review reports describing the roles of MKPs in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally we expand on the role of MKP1 in RA pathogenesis and explore data defining MKP1 as a mediator of glucocorticoid action. CONCLUSION MKP1 constitutes an exciting, novel potential therapeutic target for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ralph
- Monash University, Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia
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17
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Shen J, DiCorleto PE. ADP stimulates human endothelial cell migration via P2Y1 nucleotide receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Circ Res 2008; 102:448-56. [PMID: 18174464 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.165795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research on the role of ADP in platelet activation led to the design of new anti-thrombotic drugs, such as clopidogrel (Plavix; sanofi-aventis); however, very little is known about the ADP-preferring nucleotide receptors (P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13) in endothelium. Here, we show that ADP stimulates migration of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in both Boyden chamber and in vitro wound repair assays. This promigratory effect was mimicked by 2-MeSADP, but not by AMP, and was inhibited by MRS2179 (P2Y1 receptor antagonist) but not by AR-C69931MX (P2Y12/13 receptor antagonist). RT-PCR revealed abundant P2Y1, barely detectable P2Y12, and absent P2Y13 receptor message in these cells. In addition, both ADP and 2-MeSADP, but not AMP, activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 kinase. ADP also stimulated phosphorylation of p90RSK, a downstream substrate of phosphorylated ERK1/2, and induced phosphorylation of such transcription factors downstream of the JNK and p38 pathways as c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2. These signaling events were inhibited by MRS2179 but not by AR-C69931MX. Furthermore, blockade of the ERK or JNK pathways by U0126 and SP600125, respectively, abolished ADP- and 2-MeSADP-stimulated HUVEC migration. However, inhibition of the p38 pathway by SB203580 partially suppressed ADP- and 2-MeSADP-induced HUVEC migration. We conclude that ADP promotes human endothelial cell migration by activating P2Y1 receptor-mediated MAPK pathways, possibly contributing to reendothelialization and angiogenesis after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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18
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Kinney CM, Chandrasekharan UM, Mavrakis L, DiCorleto PE. VEGF and thrombin induce MKP-1 through distinct signaling pathways: role for MKP-1 in endothelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C241-50. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00187.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1/CL100) is a thrombin-responsive gene in endothelial cells (ECs). We now show that VEGF is another efficacious activator of MKP-1 expression in human umbilical vein ECs. VEGF-A and VEGF-E maximally induced MKP-1 expression in ECs; however, the other VEGF subtypes had no effect. Using specific neutralizing antibodies, we determined that VEGF induced MKP-1 specifically through VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), leading to the downstream activation of JNK. The VEGF-A165isoform stimulated MKP-1 expression, whereas the VEGF-A162isoform induced the gene to a lesser extent, and the VEGF-A121isoform had no effect. Furthermore, specific blocking antibodies against neuropilins, VEGFR-2 coreceptors, blocked MKP-1 induction. A Src kinase inhibitor (PP1) completely blocked both VEGF- and thrombin-induced MKP-1 expression. A dominant negative approach revealed that Src kinase was required for VEGF-induced MKP-1 expression, whereas Fyn kinase was critical for thrombin-induced MKP-1 expression. Moreover, VEGF-induced MKP-1 expression required JNK, whereas ERK was critical for thrombin-induced MKP-1 expression. In ECs treated with short interfering (si)RNA targeting MKP-1, JNK, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation were prolonged following VEGF stimulation. An ex vivo aortic angiogenesis assay revealed a reduction in VEGF- and thrombin-induced sprout outgrowth in segments from MKP-1-null mice versus wild-type controls. MKP-1 siRNA also significantly reduced VEGF-induced EC migration using a transwell assay system. Overall, these results demonstrate distinct MAPK signaling pathways for thrombin versus VEGF induction of MKP-1 in ECs and point to the importance of MKP-1 induction in VEGF-stimulated EC migration.
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19
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Yang L, Lewis CM, Chandrasekharan UM, Kinney CM, Dicorleto PE, Kashyap VS. Arginase activity is increased by thrombin: a mechanism for endothelial dysfunction in arterial thrombosis. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:817-26. [PMID: 17116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier observations implicate arterial thrombosis causing endothelial dysfunction by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) levels. NO levels are restored by regional L-arginine supplementation in animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of thrombus components in NO generation. STUDY DESIGN Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were harvested and cultured. The thrombus components thrombin, thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP), and fibrin were added to a media of confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity was assayed by measuring conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Endothelial NOS mRNA levels were quantitated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cellular membrane transport of L-arginine through the y+ channel was assayed with (14)C-labeled L-arginine. Arginase activity was determined as the conversion of (14)C L-arginine to (14)C urea and trapped as Na(2)(14)CO(3) for scintillation counting. Arginase protein amounts were assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS Endothelial cells exposed to thrombin for 4 hours led to increased arginase activity. Thrombin (10 U/mL) caused a 1.6-fold increase compared with that in controls (320+/-29 microM urea/min versus 194+/-10 microM urea/min, p=0.03), and thrombin (30 U/mL) increased arginase activity 2.1-fold (398+/-27 microM urea/min, p < 0.001, versus controls); thrombin at 1 U/mL and fibrin had no effect. TRAP (50 microM) had an effect similar to that of thrombin 10 U/mL (316+/-21 microM urea/min, p < 0.01, versus controls). Protein amounts of arginase corresponded with activity levels. Neither eNOS nor inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities were affected by exposure to thrombin and TRAP for 4 hours. Similarly, quantification of eNOS, iNOS, and endothelin-1 mRNA did not change, although CL-100, a known thrombin-inducible gene, was upregulated. Finally, transport of L-arginine into endothelial cells was unaffected by thrombin, TRAP, and fibrin exposure. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial cells exposed to thrombin have increased arginase enzymatic activity, and the remainder of NO generation capability is unaffected. L-arginine supplementation or arginase blockade may counteract endothelial dysfunction in the setting of acute arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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20
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Sánchez-Tilló E, Comalada M, Farrera C, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Celada A. Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-induced proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-dependent activation of macrophages requires Raf-1 phosphorylation to induce mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6594-602. [PMID: 16709817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key regulators of immune responses. In the absence of an activating signal, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages undergo proliferation in response to their specific growth factor, namely M-CSF. The addition of bacterial LPS results in macrophage growth arrest and their engagement in a proinflammatory response. Although participation of ERKs is required for both macrophage proliferation and activation, ERK phosphorylation follows a more delayed pattern in response to activating agents. In primary macrophages, mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a key regulator of the time course of MAPK activity. Here we showed that MKP-1 expression is dependent on Raf-1 activation. The time course of Raf-1 activation correlated with that of ERK-1/2. However, whereas ERK phosphorylation in response to M-CSF is Raf-1 dependent, in response to LPS, an alternative pathway directs the activation of these kinases. Inhibition of Raf-1 activity increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and growth arrest. In contrast, no effect was observed in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible NO synthase following LPS stimulation. The data reported here reveal new insights into how signaling determines opposing macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sánchez-Tilló
- Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Research in Biomedicine-University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Kasai A, Shima T, Okada M. Role of Src family tyrosine kinases in the down-regulation of epidermal growth factor signaling in PC12 cells. Genes Cells 2006; 10:1175-87. [PMID: 16324154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) play pivotal roles as molecular switches for various intracellular signaling pathways. SFKs have been implicated in epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, although their precise mechanisms of action in this pathway remain elusive. To address this issue, we focused on a membrane microdomain, lipid rafts, where SFKs are enriched. In PC12 cells, the EGF receptor (EGFR) is constitutively concentrated in lipid rafts, and further accumulation takes place upon EGF stimulation, followed by activation of SFKs, especially Src and Yes. Inhibition of SFK or disruption of lipid raft function causes EGF-induced neurite extension of PC12 cells. These effects are accompanied by an extended duration of Erk1/2 activation and are suppressed by a MEK inhibitor. In Csk(-/-) fibroblasts, suppression of SFK results in prolonged EGF-induced activation of Erk1/2, with concomitant suppression of EGFR degradation. Furthermore, analysis of the behavior of labeled EGF in PC12 cells reveals that suppression of SFK activity attenuates the rate of clustering of activated EGFR on the membrane. These results suggest that SFK activity in lipid rafts is required to facilitate the down-regulation of EGF signaling, by regulating the clustering of activated EGFR on the membrane in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kasai
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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22
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Tsuzaka K, Nozaki K, Kumazawa C, Shiraishi K, Setoyama Y, Yoshimoto K, Suzuki K, Abe T, Takeuchi T. DNA microarray gene expression profile of T cells with the splice variants of TCRzeta mRNA observed in systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:949-56. [PMID: 16393980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that the TCRzeta mRNA with alternatively spliced 3' UTR (zeta mRNA/as-3'-untranslated region (UTR)) and zeta mRNA lacking exon 7 (zeta mRNA/exon 7-) observed in systemic lupus erythematosus patient T cells can lead to down-regulation of both zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes. To determine whether these T cells expressing decreased zeta exhibit differential transcription patterns, we transfected retrovirus vectors containing wild-type zeta cDNA, zeta cDNA/as-3' UTR, and zeta cDNA/exon 7- into murine T cell hybridoma MA5.8 cells which lack zeta expression to construct the MA5.8 mutants WT, AS3' UTR, and EX7-, respectively. FACS analyses demonstrated reduced cell surface expression of zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes on the AS3' UTR mutant and the EX7- mutant in comparison to that on the WT mutant. Total RNA was collected after stimulating the MA5.8 mutants with anti-CD3 Ab. Reverse-transcribed cDNA was applied to the mouse cDNA microarray containing 8691 genes, and the results were confirmed by real-time PCR. The results showed that 36 genes encoding cytokines and chemokines, including IL-2, IL-15, IL-18, and TGF-beta2, were down-regulated in both the AS3' UTR mutant and the EX7- mutant. Another 16 genes were up-regulated in both, and included genes associated with membranous proteins and cell damage granules, including the genes encoding poliovirus receptor-related 2, syndecan-1, and granzyme A. Increased protein expression of these genes was confirmed by Western blot and FACS analyses. Identification of these responsive genes in T cells in which the zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes were down-regulated may help to better understand the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Tsuzaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan.
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23
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Okada M, Suzuki K, Takada K, Nakashima M, Nakanishi T, Shinohara T. Detection of up-regulated genes in thrombin-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2006; 118:715-21. [PMID: 16356540 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombin, a serine protease, plays an important role in such actions as coagulation, cell proliferation and inflammation. It has been sporadically reported that endothelial cells, when stimulated by thrombin via protease-activated receptors (PAR), express various mediators and proteins including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules. However, the pleiotropic effect of thrombin on endothelial cells has not yet been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We newly searched for the up-regulated genes in the thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells by thorough screening using a microarray chip, printed with 22,575 human genes, followed by verification using real-time PCR (n=3). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Twelve genes, which were 4.8 times or more up-regulated in a microarray analysis, were selected and further analyzed. In real-time PCR, ICAM-1, IL-8, BIRC3, COL3A1, CXCL3, and CXCL1 were significantly up-regulated in the thrombin-stimulated cells: 16.0-, 8.81-, 5.92-, 3.74-, 1.74-, and 1.66-fold, respectively. VCAM-1, CXCL2, CCL20, CSF2, CD69, and CCL2 were up-regulated in the thrombin-stimulated cells: 12.2-, 2.44-, 1.90-, 1.82-, 1.62-, and 1.06-fold, respectively, without attaining statistical significance. We demonstrated, for the first time, that BIRC3 (anti-apoptotic protein), COL3A1 (matrix protein synthesis), and CXCL3 (chemokine) were up-regulated in the thrombin-stimulated HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okada
- Internal Medicine I, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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24
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Sood R, Kalloway S, Mast AE, Hillard CJ, Weiler H. Fetomaternal cross talk in the placental vascular bed: control of coagulation by trophoblast cells. Blood 2005; 107:3173-80. [PMID: 16380449 PMCID: PMC1895751 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and rodents exhibit a peculiar type of placentation in which zygote-derived trophoblast cells, rather than endothelial cells, line the terminal maternal vascular space. This peculiar aspect of the placental vasculature raises important questions about the relative contribution of fetal and maternal factors in the local control of hemostasis in the placenta and how these might determine the phenotypic expression of thrombophilia-associated complications of pregnancy. Using genomewide expression analysis, we identify a panel of genes that determine the ability of fetal trophoblast cells to regulate hemostasis at the fetomaternal interface. We show that spontaneous differentiation of trophoblast stem cells is associated with the acquisition of an endothelial cell-like thromboregulatory gene expression program. This program is developmentally regulated and conserved between mice and humans. We further show that trophoblast cells sense, via the expression of protease activated receptors, the presence of activated coagulation factors. Engagement of these receptors results in cell-type specific changes in gene expression. Our observations define candidate fetal genes that are potential risk modifiers of maternal thrombophilia-associated pregnancy complications and provide evidence that coagulation activation at the fetomaternal interface can affect trophoblast physiology altering placental function in the absence of frank thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sood
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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25
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Viemann D, Schulze-Osthoff K, Roth J. Potentials and pitfalls of DNA array analysis of the endothelial stress response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:73-84. [PMID: 16300842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to inflammatory stimuli with complex genetic alterations that determine the immune response and the outcome of the inflammatory process. An additional layer of complexity is added by the different phenotypes and functional heterogeneity of endothelial cells in the various tissues. To understand these complex gene response patterns and the regulatory pathways involved, many investigators increasingly use DNA microarray analysis. There are, however, many potential pitfalls in the use of microarrays that can result in false data and erroneous conclusions. This review surveys the principles of DNA microarray technology and its applications in endothelial cell research. We also attempt to outline some of the caveats and standard criteria that have to be considered in order to realize the full potential of microarrays in inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Viemann
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics and Integrated Functional Genomics, University of Münster, Röntgenstr. 21, Germany
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26
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Brown EJ. Leukocyte migration: dismantling inhibition. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:393-5. [PMID: 15982887 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new study demonstrates that the Src-family kinases Fgr and Hck inhibit chemokine signaling in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and dendritic cells by phosphorylation of PIR-B, an inhibitory receptor expressed on leukocytes. In resting cells, PIR-B phosphorylation is constitutive but is decreased transiently by addition of chemokines. In Fgr/Hck-deficient cells, constitutive PIR-B phosphorylation is markedly decreased. These Src-family kinases have a novel role in tonic inhibition of cell activation that must be overcome to allow the phenotypic effects of chemokine signaling through G-protein-coupled receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Brown
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California-San Francisco, Campus Box 2140, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA.
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27
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McLaughlin JN, Mazzoni MR, Cleator JH, Earls L, Perdigoto AL, Brooks JD, Muldowney JAS, Vaughan DE, Hamm HE. Thrombin modulates the expression of a set of genes including thrombospondin-1 in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22172-80. [PMID: 15817447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500721200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein that affects vasculature systems such as platelet activation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Increases in THBS1 expression have been liked to disease states including tumor progression, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. The present study focuses on the effects of thrombin activation of the G-protein-coupled, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) on THBS1 gene expression in the microvascular endothelium. Thrombin-induced changes in gene expression were characterized by microarray analysis of approximately 11,000 different human genes in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Thrombin induced the expression of a set of at least 65 genes including THBS1. Changes in THBS1 mRNA correlated with an increase in the extracellular THBS1 protein concentration. The PAR-1-specific agonist peptide (TFLLRNK-PDK) mimicked thrombin stimulation of THBS1 expression, suggesting that thrombin signaling is through PAR-1. Further studies showed THBS1 expression was sensitive to pertussis toxin and protein kinase C inhibition indicating G(i/o)- and G(q)-mediated pathways. THBS1 up-regulation was also confirmed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with thrombin. Analysis of the promoter region of THBS1 and other genes of similar expression profile identified from the microarray predicted an EBOX/EGRF transcription model. Expression of members of each family, MYC and EGR1, respectively, correlated with THBS1 expression. These results suggest thrombin formed at sites of vascular injury increases THBS1 expression into the extracellular matrix via activation of a PAR-1, G(i/o), G(q), EBOX/EGRF-signaling cascade, elucidating regulatory points that may play a role in increased THBS1 expression in disease states.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry
- Algorithms
- Amides/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Culture Media
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Impedance
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Thrombin/chemistry
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 444 Robinson Research Building, 23rd Avenue South at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232 , USA.
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28
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Schiller KR, Mauro LJ. Tyrosine phosphatases as regulators of skeletal development and metabolism. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:262-77. [PMID: 16052478 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes which play an integral role in tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascades. By catalyzing the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellular proteins, these enzymes direct the steady-state levels of specific phosphoproteins and ultimately dictate the functional state of all cells. The importance of this type of signaling in the skeleton is accepted but poorly understood. The contribution of the PTKs to signaling events in bone has been well studied but, in contrast, the regulation by PTPs is poorly defined. The recent identification of 107 genes within the human genome which encode members of the PTP superfamily emphasizes the need to consider the importance of these proteins in skeletal tissue. In this prospective, we will summarize the present state of our knowledge regarding the function of this enzyme superfamily, illustrating its relevance to the development and maintenance of the skeleton and highlighting future directions that should improve our understanding of these critical signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Schiller
- Department of Animal Science, Physiology & Growth Division, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55108, USA
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