1
|
Sanchez-Moral L, Paul T, Martori C, Font-Díaz J, Sanjurjo L, Aran G, Téllez É, Blanco J, Carrillo J, Ito M, Tuttolomondo M, Ditzel HJ, Fumagalli C, Tapia G, Sidorova J, Masnou H, Fernández-Sanmartín MA, Lozano JJ, Vilaplana C, Rodriguez-Cortés A, Armengol C, Valledor AF, Kremer L, Sarrias MR. Macrophage CD5L is a target for cancer immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104555. [PMID: 37054630 PMCID: PMC10139961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogramming of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) presents an attractive therapeutic strategy in cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the role of macrophage CD5L protein in TAM activity and assess its potential as a therapeutic target. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant CD5L were raised by subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and stimulated with IFN/LPS, IL4, IL10, and conditioned medium (CM) from different cancer cell lines in the presence of anti-CD5L mAb or controls. Subsequently, phenotypic markers, including CD5L, were quantified by flow cytometry, IF and RT-qPCR. Macrophage CD5L protein expression was studied in 55 human papillary lung adenocarcinoma (PAC) samples by IHC and IF. Anti-CD5L mAb and isotype control were administered intraperitoneally into a syngeneic Lewis Lung Carcinoma mouse model and tumor growth was measured. Tumor microenvironment (TME) changes were determined by flow cytometry, IHC, IF, Luminex, RNAseq and RT-qPCR. FINDINGS Cancer cell lines CM induced an immunosuppressive phenotype (increase in CD163, CD206, MERTK, VEGF and CD5L) in cultured macrophages. Accordingly, high TAM expression of CD5L in PAC was associated with poor patient outcome (Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test p = 0.02). We raised a new anti-CD5L mAb that blocked the immunosuppressive phenotype of macrophages in vitro. Its administration in vivo inhibited tumor progression of lung cancer by altering the intratumoral myeloid cell population profile and CD4+ T-cell exhaustion phenotype, thereby significantly modifying the TME and increasing the inflammatory milieu. INTERPRETATION CD5L protein plays a key function in modulating the activity of macrophages and their interactions within the TME, which supports its role as a therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy. FUNDING For a full list of funding bodies, please see the Acknowledgements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sanchez-Moral
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Tony Paul
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Clara Martori
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- Virology and Cellular Immunology (VIC), IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Virology and Cellular Immunology (VIC), IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Masaoki Ito
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 739-8527 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Martina Tuttolomondo
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, 5220 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caterina Fumagalli
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Pathology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTiP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia Sidorova
- Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Masnou
- Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTiP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodriguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC), IGTP, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Protein Tools Unit and Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carbó JM, León TE, Font-Díaz J, De la Rosa JV, Castrillo A, Picard FR, Staudenraus D, Huber M, Cedó L, Escolà-Gil JC, Campos L, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Caelles C, Stratmann T, Van Ginderachter JA, Valledor AF. Pharmacologic Activation of LXR Alters the Expression Profile of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and the Abundance of Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 81:968-985. [PMID: 33361391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that are activated by oxysterols and synthetic high-affinity agonists. In this study, we assessed the antitumor effects of synthetic LXR agonist TO901317 in a murine model of syngeneic Lewis Lung carcinoma. Treatment with TO901317 inhibited tumor growth in wild-type, but not in LXR-deficient mice, indicating that the antitumor effects of the agonist depends on functional LXR activity in host cells. Pharmacologic activation of the LXR pathway reduced the intratumoral abundance of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the expression of the Treg-attracting chemokine Ccl17 by MHCIIhigh tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Moreover, gene expression profiling indicated a broad negative impact of the LXR agonist on other mechanisms used by TAM for the maintenance of an immunosuppressive environment. In studies exploring the macrophage response to GM-CSF or IL4, activated LXR repressed IRF4 expression, resulting in subsequent downregulation of IRF4-dependent genes including Ccl17. Taken together, this work reveals the combined actions of the LXR pathway in the control of TAM responses that contribute to the antitumoral effects of pharmacologic LXR activation. Moreover, these data provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals unrecognized roles of LXR in the transcriptional control of the tumor microenvironment and suggests use of a synthetic LXR agonist as a novel therapeutic strategy to stimulate antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Carbó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Leukaemia Stem Cell Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir De la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix R Picard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Staudenraus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Campos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Font-Díaz J, Jiménez-Panizo A, Caelles C, Vivanco MDM, Pérez P, Aranda A, Estébanez-Perpiñá E, Castrillo A, Ricote M, Valledor AF. Nuclear receptors: Lipid and hormone sensors with essential roles in the control of cancer development. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:58-75. [PMID: 33309851 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that act as biological sensors and use a combination of mechanisms to modulate positively and negatively gene expression in a spatial and temporal manner. The highly orchestrated biological actions of several NRs influence the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of many different cell types. Synthetic ligands for several NRs have been the focus of extensive drug discovery efforts for cancer intervention. This review summarizes the roles in tumour growth and metastasis of several relevant NR family members, namely androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors (RXRs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). These studies are key to develop improved therapeutic agents based on novel modes of action with reduced side effects and overcoming resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Alba Jiménez-Panizo
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - María dM Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 35001, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glaría E, Letelier NA, Valledor AF. Integrating the roles of liver X receptors in inflammation and infection: mechanisms and outcomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:55-65. [PMID: 32599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that can be pharmacologically activated by high-affinity agonists. LXR activation exerts a combination of metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions that result in the modulation of immune responses and in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders. In addition, LXR agonists modulate the metabolism of infected cells and limit the infectivity and/or growth of several pathogens. This review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the complexity of the mechanisms through which the LXR pathway controls inflammation and host-cell pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Glaría
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole A Letelier
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional protein widely expressed in cells from the immune system and as a soluble form in biological fluids. CD38 expression is up-regulated by an array of inflammatory mediators, and it is frequently used as a cell activation marker. Studies in animal models indicate that CD38 functional expression confers protection against infection by several bacterial and parasitic pathogens. In addition, infectious complications are associated with anti-CD38 immunotherapy. Although CD38 displays receptor and enzymatic activities that contribute to the establishment of an effective immune response, recent work raises the possibility that CD38 might also enhance the immunosuppressive potential of regulatory leukocytes. This review integrates the current knowledge on the diversity of functions mediated by CD38 in the host defense to infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hüttener M, Prieto A, Aznar S, Bernabeu M, Glaría E, Valledor AF, Paytubi S, Merino S, Tomás J, Juárez A. Expression of a novel class of bacterial Ig-like proteins is required for IncHI plasmid conjugation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008399. [PMID: 31527905 PMCID: PMC6764697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the most important challenges to the treatment of bacterial infections. A critical issue to combat AMR is to restrict its spread. In several instances, bacterial plasmids are involved in the global spread of AMR. Plasmids belonging to the incompatibility group (Inc)HI are widespread in Enterobacteriaceae and most of them express multiple antibiotic resistance determinants. They play a relevant role in the recent spread of colistin resistance. We present in this report novel findings regarding IncHI plasmid conjugation. Conjugative transfer in liquid medium of an IncHI plasmid requires expression of a plasmid-encoded, large-molecular-mass protein that contains an Ig-like domain. The protein, termed RSP, is encoded by a gene (ORF R0009) that maps in the Tra2 region of the IncHI1 R27 plasmid. The RSP protein is exported outside the cell by using the plasmid-encoded type IV secretion system that is also used for its transmission to new cells. Expression of the protein reduces cell motility and enables plasmid conjugation. Flagella are one of the cellular targets of the RSP protein. The RSP protein is required for a high rate of plasmid transfer in both flagellated and nonflagellated Salmonella cells. This effect suggests that RSP interacts with other cellular structures as well as with flagella. These unidentified interactions must facilitate mating pair formation and, hence, facilitate IncHI plasmid conjugation. Due to its location on the outer surfaces of the bacterial cell, targeting the RSP protein could be a means of controlling IncHI plasmid conjugation in natural environments or of combatting infections caused by AMR enterobacteria that harbor IncHI plasmids. Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among different bacterial populations occurs due to mainly the presence of plasmids that encode AMR determinants. IncHI plasmids are one of the groups of bacterial plasmids that confer AMR to several enterobacteria. Recently, resistance to one of the last-resort antibiotics (colistin) for some multidrug-resistant infections has spread very rapidly. IncHI plasmids represent 20% of all plasmids transmitting colistin resistance worldwide and 40% in Europe. When analyzing the interactions of the IncHI1 plasmid R27 with Salmonella, we identified a large-molecular-mass protein that is encoded by this plasmid and is exported to the external medium. The R27 plasmid gene coding for that protein (R0009) is widespread among IncHI plasmids. In this report, we characterize the protein, termed RSP. The presented data show that RSP plays a relevant role in IncHI plasmid conjugation and suggest that the protein is retained on the outer surface of the bacterial cells and facilitates cell-to-cell contact before plasmid DNA transfer. Considering that IncHI plasmids significantly contribute to AMR dissemination within enterobacteria, the findings reported in this paper suggest that the identified protein can be a target to control both IncHI-mediated AMR dissemination and infections caused by AMR enterobacteria that harbor these plasmids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Hüttener
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Aznar
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Bernabeu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Glaría
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Paytubi
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Merino
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Tomás
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Juárez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dorhoi A, Glaría E, Garcia-Tellez T, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Zelinskyy G, Favier B, Singh A, Ehrchen J, Gujer C, Münz C, Saraiva M, Sohrabi Y, Sousa AE, Delputte P, Müller-Trutwin M, Valledor AF. MDSCs in infectious diseases: regulation, roles, and readjustment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:673-685. [PMID: 30569204 PMCID: PMC11028159 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogens, ranging from viruses to multicellular parasites, promote expansion of MDSCs, which are myeloid cells that exhibit immunosuppressive features. The roles of MDSCs in infection depend on the class and virulence mechanisms of the pathogen, the stage of the disease, and the pathology associated with the infection. This work compiles evidence supported by functional assays on the roles of different subsets of MDSCs in acute and chronic infections, including pathogen-associated malignancies, and discusses strategies to modulate MDSC dynamics to benefit the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Estibaliz Glaría
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 3rd floor, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benoit Favier
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, IBJF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anurag Singh
- University Children's Hospital and Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Ehrchen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gujer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 3rd floor, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Velasco E, Wang S, Sanet M, Fernández-Vázquez J, Jové D, Glaría E, Valledor AF, O'Halloran TV, Balsalobre C. A new role for Zinc limitation in bacterial pathogenicity: modulation of α-hemolysin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6535. [PMID: 29695842 PMCID: PMC5916954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal limitation is a common situation during infection and can have profound effects on the pathogen’s success. In this report, we examine the role of zinc limitation in the expression of a virulence factor in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The pyelonephritis isolate J96 carries two hlyCABD operons that encode the RTX toxin α-hemolysin. While the coding regions of both operons are largely conserved, the upstream sequences, including the promoters, are unrelated. We show here that the two hlyCABD operons are differently regulated. The hlyII operon is efficiently silenced in the presence of zinc and highly expressed when zinc is limited. In contrast, the hlyI operon does not respond to zinc limitation. Genetic studies reveal that zinc-responsive regulation of the hlyII operon is controlled by the Zur metalloregulatory protein. A Zur binding site was identified in the promoter sequence of the hlyII operon, and we observe direct binding of Zur to this promoter region. Moreover, we find that Zur regulation of the hlyII operon modulates the ability of E. coli J96 to induce a cytotoxic response in host cell lines in culture. Our report constitutes the first description of the involvement of the zinc-sensing protein Zur in directly modulating the expression of a virulence factor in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Velasco
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Suning Wang
- Chemistry of Life Process Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, United States of America
| | - Marianna Sanet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jorge Fernández-Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Daniel Jové
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Glaría
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Process Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, United States of America
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matalonga J, Glaria E, Bresque M, Escande C, Carbó JM, Kiefer K, Vicente R, León TE, Beceiro S, Pascual-García M, Serret J, Sanjurjo L, Morón-Ros S, Riera A, Paytubi S, Juarez A, Sotillo F, Lindbom L, Caelles C, Sarrias MR, Sancho J, Castrillo A, Chini EN, Valledor AF. The Nuclear Receptor LXR Limits Bacterial Infection of Host Macrophages through a Mechanism that Impacts Cellular NAD Metabolism. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1241-1255. [PMID: 28147278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exert potent effector functions against invading microorganisms but constitute, paradoxically, a preferential niche for many bacterial strains to replicate. Using a model of infection by Salmonella Typhimurium, we have identified a molecular mechanism regulated by the nuclear receptor LXR that limits infection of host macrophages through transcriptional activation of the multifunctional enzyme CD38. LXR agonists reduced the intracellular levels of NAD+ in a CD38-dependent manner, counteracting pathogen-induced changes in macrophage morphology and the distribution of the F-actin cytoskeleton and reducing the capability of non-opsonized Salmonella to infect macrophages. Remarkably, pharmacological treatment with an LXR agonist ameliorated clinical signs associated with Salmonella infection in vivo, and these effects were dependent on CD38 expression in bone-marrow-derived cells. Altogether, this work reveals an unappreciated role for CD38 in bacterial-host cell interaction that can be pharmacologically exploited by activation of the LXR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Matalonga
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Glaria
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mariana Bresque
- Metabolic Diseases and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Escande
- Metabolic Diseases and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - José María Carbó
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Kerstin Kiefer
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ruben Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Susana Beceiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" de Madrid and Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina CSIC-Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CSIC-ULPGC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mónica Pascual-García
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Joan Serret
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Samantha Morón-Ros
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sonia Paytubi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio Juarez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Fernando Sotillo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lennart Lindbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Carme Caelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Jaime Sancho
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" de Madrid and Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina CSIC-Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CSIC-ULPGC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cedó L, Santos D, Silvennoinen R, Kaipiainen L, Valledor AF, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M, Gylling H, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption is independent of liver X receptor. Atherosclerosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Cedó L, Santos D, Ludwig IA, Silvennoinen R, García-León A, Kaipiainen L, Carbó JM, Valledor AF, Gylling H, Motilva MJ, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice is independent of liver X receptor. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
| | - Iziar A. Ludwig
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | | | - Annabel García-León
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Leena Kaipiainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; Helsinki Finland
| | - José M. Carbó
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; School of Biology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; School of Biology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cedó L, García-León A, Baila-Rueda L, Santos D, Grijalva V, Martínez-Cignoni MR, Carbó JM, Metso J, López-Vilaró L, Zorzano A, Valledor AF, Cenarro A, Jauhiainen M, Lerma E, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. ApoA-I mimetic administration, but not increased apoA-I-containing HDL, inhibits tumour growth in a mouse model of inherited breast cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36387. [PMID: 27808249 PMCID: PMC5093413 DOI: 10.1038/srep36387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) have been associated with breast cancer risk, but several epidemiologic studies have reported contradictory results with regard to the relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and breast cancer. We aimed to determine the effects of human apoA-I overexpression and administration of specific apoA-I mimetic peptide (D-4F) on tumour progression by using mammary tumour virus-polyoma middle T-antigen transgenic (PyMT) mice as a model of inherited breast cancer. Expression of human apoA-I in the mice did not affect tumour onset and growth in PyMT transgenic mice, despite an increase in the HDLc level. In contrast, D-4F treatment significantly increased tumour latency and inhibited the development of tumours. The effects of D-4F on tumour development were independent of 27-hydroxycholesterol. However, D-4F treatment reduced the plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels in mice and prevented oxLDL-mediated proliferative response in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, our study shows that D-4F, but not apoA-I-containing HDL, hinders tumour growth in mice with inherited breast cancer in association with a higher protection against LDL oxidative modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Raquel Martínez-Cignoni
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Carbó
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura López-Vilaró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pourcet B, Gage MC, León TE, Waddington KE, Pello OM, Steffensen KR, Castrillo A, Valledor AF, Pineda-Torra I. The nuclear receptor LXR modulates interleukin-18 levels in macrophages through multiple mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25481. [PMID: 27149934 PMCID: PMC4858669 DOI: 10.1038/srep25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family involved in innate immunity and inflammation. Deregulated levels of IL-18 are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders including inflammatory and metabolic diseases, yet relatively little is known regarding its regulation. Liver X receptors or LXRs are key modulators of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and immune responses. Here we show that LXR ligands negatively regulate LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-18 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Consistent with this being an LXR-mediated process, inhibition is abolished in the presence of a specific LXR antagonist and in LXR-deficient macrophages. Additionally, IL-18 processing of its precursor inactive form to its bioactive state is inhibited by LXR through negative regulation of both pro-caspase 1 expression and activation. Finally, LXR ligands further modulate IL-18 levels by inducing the expression of IL-18BP, a potent endogenous inhibitor of IL-18. This regulation occurs via the transcription factor IRF8, thus identifying IL-18BP as a novel LXR and IRF8 target gene. In conclusion, LXR activation inhibits IL-18 production through regulation of its transcription and maturation into an active pro-inflammatory cytokine. This novel regulation of IL-18 by LXR could be applied to modulate the severity of IL-18 driven metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pourcet
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa E León
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Waddington
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar M Pello
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institut, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) de Madrid, Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Planta 3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanjurjo L, Aran G, Roher N, Valledor AF, Sarrias MR. AIM/CD5L: a key protein in the control of immune homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:173-84. [PMID: 26048980 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0215-074r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD5L, a soluble protein belonging to the SRCR superfamily, is expressed mostly by macrophages in lymphoid and inflamed tissues. The expression of this protein is transcriptionally controlled by LXRs, members of the nuclear receptor family that play major roles in lipid homeostasis. Research undertaken over the last decade has uncovered critical roles of CD5L as a PRR of bacterial and fungal components and in the control of key mechanisms in inflammatory responses, with involvement in processes, such as infection, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CD5L, its roles at the intersection between lipid homeostasis and immune response, and its potential use as a diagnostic biomarker in a variety of diseases, such as TB and liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sanjurjo
- *Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Evolutive Immunology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- *Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Evolutive Immunology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- *Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Evolutive Immunology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- *Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Evolutive Immunology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- *Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Evolutive Immunology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Rőszer T, Fuentes L, Núñez V, Escolano A, Redondo JM, De Clerck N, Metzger D, Valledor AF, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptors orchestrate osteoclast differentiation and postnatal bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:809-23. [PMID: 25574839 DOI: 10.1172/jci77186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are important for maintenance of bone remodeling and mineral homeostasis. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation and activity is important for the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases associated with bone loss. Here, we demonstrate that retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are key elements of the transcriptional program of differentiating osteoclasts. Loss of RXR function in hematopoietic cells resulted in formation of giant, nonresorbing osteoclasts and increased bone mass in male mice and protected female mice from bone loss following ovariectomy, which induces osteoporosis in WT females. The increase in bone mass associated with RXR deficiency was due to lack of expression of the RXR-dependent transcription factor v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein B (MAFB) in osteoclast progenitors. Evaluation of osteoclast progenitor cells revealed that RXR homodimers directly target and bind to the Mafb promoter, and this interaction is required for proper osteoclast proliferation, differentiation, and activity. Pharmacological activation of RXRs inhibited osteoclast differentiation due to the formation of RXR/liver X receptor (LXR) heterodimers, which induced expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), resulting in indirect MAFB upregulation. Our study reveals that RXR signaling mediates bone homeostasis and suggests that RXRs have potential as targets for the treatment of bone pathologies such as osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Amézaga N, Sanjurjo L, Julve J, Aran G, Pérez-Cabezas B, Bastos-Amador P, Armengol C, Vilella R, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Borràs FE, Valledor AF, Sarrias MR. Human scavenger protein AIM increases foam cell formation and CD36-mediated oxLDL uptake. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:509-20. [PMID: 24295828 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM is expressed by macrophages in response to agonists of the nuclear receptors LXR/RXR. In mice, it acts as an atherogenic factor by protecting macrophages from the apoptotic effects of oxidized lipids. In humans, it is detected in atherosclerotic lesions, but no role related to atherosclerosis has been reported. This study aimed to investigate whether the role of hAIM extends beyond inhibiting oxidized lipid-induced apoptosis. To accomplish this goal, functional analysis with human monocytic THP1 cells and macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes were performed. It was found that hAIM reduced oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis and increased macrophage adhesion to endothelial ICAM-1 by enhancing LFA-1 expression. Furthermore, hAIM increased foam cell formation, as shown by Oil Red O and Nile Red staining, as well as quantification of cholesterol content. This was not a result of decreased reverse cholesterol transport, as hAIM did not affect the efflux significantly from [(3)H] Cholesterol-laden macrophages driven by plasma, apoA-I, or HDL2 acceptors. Rather, flow cytometry studies indicated that hAIM increased macrophage endocytosis of fluorescent oxLDL, which correlated with an increase in the expression of the oxLDLR CD36. Moreover, hAIM bound to oxLDL in ELISA and enhanced the capacity of HEK-293 cells expressing CD36 to endocytose oxLDL, as studied using immunofluorescence microscopy, suggesting that hAIM serves to facilitate CD36-mediated uptake of oxLDL. Our data represent the first evidence that hAIM is involved in macrophage survival, adhesion, and foam cell formation and suggest a significant contribution to atherosclerosis-related mechanisms in the macrophage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Amézaga
- 1.Ctra Can Ruti, camí de les escoles s/n, Edifici de Recerca, Planta 1, 08916 Badalona, Spain. ; Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/mrsarrias
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pascual-García M, Rué L, León T, Julve J, Carbó JM, Matalonga J, Auer H, Celada A, Escolà-Gil JC, Steffensen KR, Pérez-Navarro E, Valledor AF. Reciprocal negative cross-talk between liver X receptors (LXRs) and STAT1: effects on IFN-γ-induced inflammatory responses and LXR-dependent gene expression. J Immunol 2013; 190:6520-32. [PMID: 23686490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) exert key functions in lipid homeostasis and in control of inflammation. In this study we have explored the impact of LXR activation on the macrophage response to the endogenous inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. Transcriptional profiling studies demonstrate that ∼38% of the IFN-γ-induced transcriptional response is repressed by LXR activation in macrophages. LXRs also mediated inhibitory effects on selected IFN-γ-induced genes in primary microglia and in a model of IFN-γ-induced neuroinflammation in vivo. LXR activation resulted in reduced STAT1 recruitment to the promoters tested in this study without affecting STAT1 phosphorylation. A closer look into the mechanism revealed that SUMOylation of LXRs, but not the presence of nuclear receptor corepressor 1, was required for repression of the NO synthase 2 promoter. We have also analyzed whether IFN-γ signaling exerts reciprocal effects on LXR targets. Treatment with IFN-γ inhibited, in a STAT1-dependent manner, the LXR-dependent upregulation of selective targets, including ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and sterol response element binding protein 1c. Downregulation of ABCA1 expression correlated with decreased cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 in macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ. The inhibitory effects of IFN-γ on LXR signaling did not involve reduced binding of LXR/retinoid X receptor heterodimers to target gene promoters. However, overexpression of the coactivator CREB-binding protein/p300 reduced the inhibitory actions of IFN-γ on the Abca1 promoter, suggesting that competition for CREB-binding protein may contribute to STAT1-dependent downregulation of LXR targets. The results from this study suggest an important level of bidirectional negative cross-talk between IFN-γ/STAT1 and LXRs with implications both in the control of IFN-γ-mediated immune responses and in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pascual-García
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Silvennoinen R, Escola-Gil JC, Julve J, Rotllan N, Llaverias G, Metso J, Valledor AF, He J, Yu L, Jauhiainen M, Blanco-Vaca F, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Acute Psychological Stress Accelerates Reverse Cholesterol Transport via Corticosterone-Dependent Inhibition of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption. Circ Res 2012; 111:1459-69. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Psychological stress is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the connecting mechanisms of the stress-inducing activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with atherosclerosis are not well-understood.
Objective:
To study the effect of acute psychological stress on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which transfers peripheral cholesterol to the liver for its ultimate fecal excretion.
Methods and Results:
C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to restraint stress for 3 hours to induce acute psychological stress. RCT in vivo was quantified by measuring the transfer of [
3
H]cholesterol from intraperitoneally injected mouse macrophages to the lumen of the small intestine within the stress period. Surprisingly, stress markedly increased the contents of macrophage-derived [
3
H]cholesterol in the intestinal lumen. In the stressed mice, intestinal absorption of [
14
C]cholesterol was significantly impaired, the intestinal mRNA expression level of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α increased, and that of the sterol influx transporter Niemann-Pick C1–like 1 decreased. The stress-dependent effects on RCT rate and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α gene expression were fully mimicked by administration of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) to nonstressed mice, and they were blocked by the inhibition of CORT synthesis in stressed mice. Moreover, the intestinal expression of Niemann-Pick C1–like 1 protein decreased when circulating levels of CORT increased. Of note, when either peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α or liver X receptor α knockout mice were exposed to stress, the RCT rate remained unchanged, although plasma CORT increased. This indicates that activities of both transcription factors were required for the RCT-accelerating effect of stress.
Conclusions:
Acute psychological stress accelerated RCT by compromising intestinal cholesterol absorption. The present results uncover a novel functional connection between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and RCT that can be triggered by a stress-induced increase in circulating CORT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reija Silvennoinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Josep Julve
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Gemma Llaverias
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Jianming He
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Liqing Yu
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pascual-García M, Carbó JM, León T, Matalonga J, Out R, Van Berkel T, Sarrias MR, Lozano F, Celada A, Valledor AF. Liver X receptors inhibit macrophage proliferation through downregulation of cyclins D1 and B1 and cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4. J Immunol 2011; 186:4656-67. [PMID: 21398609 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages serve essential functions as regulators of immunity and homeostasis, and their proliferation contributes to pathogenesis of certain disorders. In this report, we show that induction of macrophage proliferation by the growth factor M-CSF is negatively modulated by agonists that activate the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR), both in vitro and in vivo. Both isoforms LXR α and β are involved in the antiproliferative actions of LXR ligands in macrophages. In contrast, M-CSF does not exert negative effects on LXR-mediated gene expression. Treatment with LXR agonists results in the accumulation of macrophages in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle without affecting ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. The use of small interfering RNA or genetically modified mice revealed that, in contrast to other cellular models, functional expression of either the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1 or the cholesterol transporters ATP-binding cassette A1 or ATP-binding cassette G1 was not required for the antiproliferative effects of LXR agonists in macrophages. Western blot analysis revealed that protein expression of key molecules that regulate progression through the cell cycle, such as cyclins D1 and B1 and cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4, was downregulated upon LXR activation. These observations suggest a role for LXR agonists in limiting macrophage proliferative responses associated to pathogenic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pascual-García
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Arpa L, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Celada A. IL-4 blocks M-CSF-dependent macrophage proliferation by inducing p21Waf1 in a STAT6-dependent way. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:514-26. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
22
|
Valledor AF, Sánchez-Tilló E, Arpa L, Park JM, Caelles C, Lloberas J, Celada A. Selective roles of MAPKs during the macrophage response to IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2008; 180:4523-9. [PMID: 18354174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages perform essential functions in the infection and resolution of inflammation. IFN-gamma is the main endogenous macrophage Th1 type activator. The classical IFN-gamma signaling pathway involves activation of Stat-1. However, IFN-gamma has also the capability to activate members of the MAPK family. In primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, we have observed strong activation of p38 at early time points of IFN-gamma stimulation, whereas weak activation of ERK-1/2 and JNK-1 was detected at a more delayed stage. In parallel, IFN-gamma exerted repressive effects on the expression of a number of MAPK phosphatases. By using selective inhibitors and knockout models, we have explored the contributions of MAPK activation to the macrophage response to IFN-gamma. Our findings indicate that these kinases regulate IFN-gamma-mediated gene expression in a rather selective way: p38 participates mainly in the regulation of the expression of genes required for the innate immune response, including chemokines such as CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10; cytokines such as TNF-alpha; and inducible NO synthase, whereas JNK-1 acts on genes involved in Ag presentation, including CIITA and genes encoding MHC class II molecules. Modest effects were observed for ERK-1/2 in these studies. Interestingly, some of the MAPK-dependent changes in gene expression observed in these studies are based on posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptors Group, Department of Physiology, School of Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sánchez-Tilló E, Comalada M, Xaus J, Farrera C, Valledor AF, Caelles C, Lloberas J, Celada A. JNK1 Is Required for the Induction of Mkp1 Expression in Macrophages during Proliferation and Lipopolysaccharide-dependent Activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12566-73. [PMID: 17337450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609662200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages proliferate in the presence of their growth factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in a process that is dependent on early and short ERK activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces macrophage activation, stops proliferation, and delays ERK phosphorylation, thereby triggering an inflammatory response. Proliferating or activating responses are balanced by the kinetics of ERK phosphorylation, the inactivation of which correlates with Mkp1 induction. Here we show that the transcriptional induction of this phosphatase by M-CSF or LPS depends on JNK but not on the other MAPKs, ERK and p38. The lack of Mkp1 induction caused by JNK inhibition prolonged ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. The two JNK genes, jnk1 and jnk2, are constitutively expressed in macrophages. However, only the JNK1 isoform was phosphorylated and, as determined in single knock-out mice, was necessary for Mkp1 induction by M-CSF or LPS. JNK1 was also required for pro-inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6) and LPS-induced NO production. This requirement is independent of Mkp1 expression, as shown in Mkp1 knock-out mice. Our results demonstrate a critical role for JNK1 in the regulation of Mkp1 induction and in LPS-dependent macrophage activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sánchez-Tilló
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sánchez-Tilló E, Comalada M, Farrera C, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Celada A. Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-induced proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-dependent activation of macrophages requires Raf-1 phosphorylation to induce mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 expression. J Immunol 2006; 176:6594-602. [PMID: 16709817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key regulators of immune responses. In the absence of an activating signal, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages undergo proliferation in response to their specific growth factor, namely M-CSF. The addition of bacterial LPS results in macrophage growth arrest and their engagement in a proinflammatory response. Although participation of ERKs is required for both macrophage proliferation and activation, ERK phosphorylation follows a more delayed pattern in response to activating agents. In primary macrophages, mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a key regulator of the time course of MAPK activity. Here we showed that MKP-1 expression is dependent on Raf-1 activation. The time course of Raf-1 activation correlated with that of ERK-1/2. However, whereas ERK phosphorylation in response to M-CSF is Raf-1 dependent, in response to LPS, an alternative pathway directs the activation of these kinases. Inhibition of Raf-1 activity increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and growth arrest. In contrast, no effect was observed in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible NO synthase following LPS stimulation. The data reported here reveal new insights into how signaling determines opposing macrophage functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sánchez-Tilló
- Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Research in Biomedicine-University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Macrophages play essential roles in infection and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes recent findings that suggest a relevant role for the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) in the evolution of immune responses. By exerting both positive and negative regulation of specific macrophage gene expression networks, LXRs display anti-inflammatory activities and promote macrophage survival in bacterial infection settings. Agonists that activate the LXR pathway may be used to enhance innate immunity to highly virulent pathogens that otherwise induce macrophage apoptosis as a means to subvert host immune defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F Valledor
- Macrophage Biology Unit, Parc Científic de Barcelona-Institut Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li AC, Binder CJ, Gutierrez A, Brown KK, Plotkin CR, Pattison JW, Valledor AF, Davis RA, Willson TM, Witztum JL, Palinski W, Glass CK. Differential inhibition of macrophage foam-cell formation and atherosclerosis in mice by PPARalpha, beta/delta, and gamma. J Clin Invest 2005; 114:1564-76. [PMID: 15578089 PMCID: PMC529277 DOI: 10.1172/jci18730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARalpha, beta/delta, and gamma regulate genes involved in the control of lipid metabolism and inflammation and are expressed in all major cell types of atherosclerotic lesions. In vitro studies have suggested that PPARs exert antiatherogenic effects by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory genes and enhancing cholesterol efflux via activation of the liver X receptor-ABCA1 (LXR-ABCA1) pathway. To investigate the potential importance of these activities in vivo, we performed a systematic analysis of the effects of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma agonists on foam-cell formation and atherosclerosis in male LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice. Like the PPARgamma agonist, a PPARalpha-specific agonist strongly inhibited atherosclerosis, whereas a PPARbeta-specific agonist failed to inhibit lesion formation. In concert with their effects on atherosclerosis, PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists, but not the PPARbeta agonist, inhibited the formation of macrophage foam cells in the peritoneal cavity. Unexpectedly, PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists inhibited foam-cell formation in vivo through distinct ABCA1-independent pathways. While inhibition of foam-cell formation by PPARalpha required LXRs, activation of PPARgamma reduced cholesterol esterification, induced expression of ABCG1, and stimulated HDL-dependent cholesterol efflux in an LXR-independent manner. In concert, these findings reveal receptor-specific mechanisms by which PPARs influence macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. In the future, these mechanisms may be exploited pharmacologically to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0682, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Valledor AF, Hsu LC, Ogawa S, Sawka-Verhelle D, Karin M, Glass CK. Activation of liver X receptors and retinoid X receptors prevents bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004. [PMID: 15601766 DOI: 10.1071/pnas.0407749101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-macrophage interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of many infections. The ability of some bacterial pathogens to induce macrophage apoptosis has been suggested to contribute to their ability to elude innate immune responses and successfully colonize the host. Here, we provide evidence that activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) inhibits apoptotic responses of macrophages to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) withdrawal and several inducers of apoptosis. In addition, combined activation of LXR and RXR protected macrophages from apoptosis caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Expression-profiling studies demonstrated that LXR and RXR agonists induced the expression of antiapoptotic regulators, including AIM/CT2, Bcl-X(L), and Birc1a. Conversely, LXR and RXR agonists inhibited expression of proapoptotic regulators and effectors, including caspases 1, 4/11, 7, and 12; Fas ligand; and Dnase1l3. The combination of LXR and RXR agonists was more effective than either agonist alone at inhibiting apoptosis in response to various inducers of apoptosis, and it acted synergistically to induce expression of AIM/CT2. Inhibition of AIM/CT2 expression in response to LXR/RXR agonists partially reversed their antiapoptotic effects. These findings reveal unexpected roles of LXRs and RXRs in the control of macrophage survival and raise the possibility that LXR/RXR agonists may be exploited to enhance innate immunity to bacterial pathogens that induce apoptotic programs as a strategy for evading host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Valledor AF, Hsu LC, Ogawa S, Sawka-Verhelle D, Karin M, Glass CK. Activation of liver X receptors and retinoid X receptors prevents bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17813-8. [PMID: 15601766 PMCID: PMC539759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407749101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-macrophage interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of many infections. The ability of some bacterial pathogens to induce macrophage apoptosis has been suggested to contribute to their ability to elude innate immune responses and successfully colonize the host. Here, we provide evidence that activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) inhibits apoptotic responses of macrophages to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) withdrawal and several inducers of apoptosis. In addition, combined activation of LXR and RXR protected macrophages from apoptosis caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Expression-profiling studies demonstrated that LXR and RXR agonists induced the expression of antiapoptotic regulators, including AIM/CT2, Bcl-X(L), and Birc1a. Conversely, LXR and RXR agonists inhibited expression of proapoptotic regulators and effectors, including caspases 1, 4/11, 7, and 12; Fas ligand; and Dnase1l3. The combination of LXR and RXR agonists was more effective than either agonist alone at inhibiting apoptosis in response to various inducers of apoptosis, and it acted synergistically to induce expression of AIM/CT2. Inhibition of AIM/CT2 expression in response to LXR/RXR agonists partially reversed their antiapoptotic effects. These findings reveal unexpected roles of LXRs and RXRs in the control of macrophage survival and raise the possibility that LXR/RXR agonists may be exploited to enhance innate immunity to bacterial pathogens that induce apoptotic programs as a strategy for evading host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comalada M, Xaus J, Sánchez E, Valledor AF, Celada A. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, or IL-3-dependent survival of macrophages, but not proliferation, requires the expression of p21Waf1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2257-67. [PMID: 15259023 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages proliferate in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or IL-3, but undergo apoptosis in their absence. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)-1/2 blocks growth factor-dependent proliferation but not survival, indicating that the two processes require independent signaling pathways. Although M-CSF induces the activation of other kinase pathways, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K), these pathways are not required for proliferation. However, PI-3K is the only one necessary for the induction of survival, as demonstrated using the inhibitors LY294002 and Wortmannin. Growth factors also activate Akt kinase and a transient expression of the cdk inhibitor p21(Waf1), which inhibits apoptosis but is not required for proliferation. PI-3K inhibitors also block growth factor-dependent expression of p21(Waf1) and the activation of Akt. Moreover, the survival induced by cyclosporin A or decorin is also dependent on the PI-3K/Akt kinases and p21(Waf1). These findings demonstrate that the induction of p21(Waf1) through the PI-3K/Akt pathway is a general survival response of macrophages. Our results show that growth factors in macrophages use two pathways: one for proliferation, mediated by ERK, and the other for survival, which requires the PI-3K/Akt kinases and p21(Waf1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Group of Macrophage Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Macrophages play diverse roles in host defense and in maintenance of homeostasis. Based on their ability to promote inflammatory responses, inappropriate macrophage function also contributes to numerous pathological processes, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcriptions factors have emerged as key regulators of inflammation and lipid homeostasis in macrophages. These include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which inhibits inflammatory programs of gene expression in response to natural corticosteroids and synthetic anti-inflammatory ligands such as dexamethasone. Also, in response to endogenous eicosanoids and oxysterols, respectively, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs) regulate transcriptional programs involved in inflammatory responses and lipid homeostasis. Identification of their mechanisms of action should help guide the development of new therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of diseases in which macrophages play critical pathogenic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Macrophages play essential roles in immunity and homeostasis. As professional scavengers, macrophages phagocytose microbes and apoptotic and necrotic cells and take up modified lipoprotein particles. These functions require tightly regulated mechanisms for the processing and disposal of cellular lipids. Under pathological conditions, arterial wall macrophages become foam cells by accumulating large amounts of cholesterol, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that have emerged as key regulators of macrophage homeostasis. PPARs and LXRs control transcriptional programs involved in processes of lipid uptake and efflux, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein metabolism. In addition, PPARs and LXRs negatively regulate transcriptional programs involved in the development of inflammatory responses. This review summarizes recent efforts to decode the differential and overlapping roles of PPARs and LXRs in the context of macrophage lipid homeostasis and the control of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Ricote
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, Calif 92093-0651, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Comalada M, Valledor AF, Sanchez-Tilló E, Umbert I, Xaus J, Celada A. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent macrophage proliferation is mediated through a calcineurin-independent but immunophilin-dependent mechanism that mediates the activation of external regulated kinases. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:3091-100. [PMID: 14579277 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is constitutively expressed in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, macrophage response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was not impaired by the use of either calcineurin inhibitors (W-13, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine), calcium chelators (BAPTA-AM) or Ca2+ channel antagonists (verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem). Inhibition of calcineurin expression by inhibitory antisense RNA treatment did not result in an inhibition of M-CSF-dependent proliferation. Only very high doses of cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibited macrophage proliferation induced by growth factors, such as M-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF or IL-3. This inhibitory action is mediated by the peptidylprolyl isomerase activity of the immunophilins, as demonstrated bythe use of specific inhibitors (rapamycin and sanglifehrin A). These isomerase inhibitors exerted a negative effect on a key element involved in macrophage proliferation, namely the M-CSF-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). In summary, the data presented here provide new insights in the mechanism of macrophage proliferation, which may have relevant consequences. First, we showed that in M-CSF-dependent proliferation calcineurin is not involved, and second, that immunophilins play a key role and their activation blocks ERK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Comalada
- Group of Macrophage Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Comalada M, Xaus J, Valledor AF, López-López C, Pennington DJ, Celada A. PKC epsilon is involved in JNK activation that mediates LPS-induced TNF-alpha, which induces apoptosis in macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C1235-45. [PMID: 12867362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00228.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a powerful stimulator of macrophages and induces apoptosis in these cells. Using primary cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages, we found that the autocrine production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has a major function in LPS-induced apoptosis. LPS activates PKC and regulates the different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). We aimed to determine its involvement either in the secretion of TNF-alpha or in the induction of apoptosis. Using specific inhibitors and mice with the gene for PKCepsilon disrupted, we found that LPS-induced TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis is mostly mediated by PKCepsilon, which is not directly involved in the signaling mechanism of apoptosis but rather in the process of TNF-alpha secretion. In our cell model, all three MAPKs were involved in the regulation of TNF-alpha secretion, but at different levels. JNK mainly regulates TNF-alpha transcription and apoptosis, whereas ERK and p38 contribute to the regulation of TNF-alpha production, probably through posttranscriptional mechanisms. Only JNK activity is mediated by PKCepsilon in response to LPS and so plays a major role in TNF-alpha secretion and LPS-induced apoptosis. We demonstrated in macrophages that LPS involving PKCepsilon regulates JNK activity and produces TNF-alpha, which induces apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Macrophage Biology Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona-Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wagner BL, Valledor AF, Shao G, Daige CL, Bischoff ED, Petrowski M, Jepsen K, Baek SH, Heyman RA, Rosenfeld MG, Schulman IG, Glass CK. Promoter-specific roles for liver X receptor/corepressor complexes in the regulation of ABCA1 and SREBP1 gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:5780-9. [PMID: 12897148 PMCID: PMC166346 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.16.5780-5789.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) regulate the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis, including the genes for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Loss of LXR leads to derepression of the ABCA1 gene in macrophages and the intestine, while the SREBP1c gene remains transcriptionally silent. Here we report that high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are increased in LXR-deficient mice, suggesting that derepression of ABCA1 and possibly other LXR target genes in selected tissues is sufficient to result in enhanced HDL biogenesis at the whole-body level. We provide several independent lines of evidence indicating that the repressive actions of LXRs are dependent on interactions with the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT). While dissociation of NCoR and SMRT results in derepression of the ABCA1 gene in macrophages, it is not sufficient for derepression of the SREBP1c gene. These findings reveal differential requirements for corepressors in the regulation of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis and raise the possibility that these interactions may be exploited to develop synthetic ligands that selectively modulate LXR actions in vivo.
Collapse
|
35
|
Comalada M, Cardó M, Xaus J, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Ventura F, Celada A. Decorin reverses the repressive effect of autocrine-produced TGF-beta on mouse macrophage activation. J Immunol 2003; 170:4450-6. [PMID: 12707320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several cytokines or growth factors induce macrophages to proliferate, become activated, differentiate, or die through apoptosis. Like the major macrophage activator IFN-gamma, the extracellular matrix protein decorin inhibits proliferation and protects macrophages from the induction of apoptosis. Decorin enhances the IFN-gamma-induced expression of the IAalpha and IAbeta MHC class II genes. Moreover, it increases the IFN-gamma- or LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 genes and the secretion of these cytokines. Using a number of extracellular matrix proteins, we found a negative correlation between adhesion and proliferation. However, the effects of decorin on macrophage activation do not seem to be mediated through its effect on adhesion or proliferation. Instead, this proteoglycan abolishes the binding of TGF-beta to macrophages, as shown by Scatchard analysis of (125)I-labeled TGF-beta, which, in the absence of decorin, showed a K(d) of 0.11 +/- 0.03 nM and approximately 5000 receptors/cell. This was confirmed when we treated macrophages with Abs to block the endogenously produced TGF-beta, which enhanced macrophage activation in a way similar to decorin. The increase in activation mediated by decorin demonstrates that macrophages are under negative regulation that can be reversed by proteins of the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Group of Macrophage Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona-Sciences Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Herrero C, Sebastián C, Marqués L, Comalada M, Xaus J, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Celada A. Immunosenescence of macrophages: reduced MHC class II gene expression. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37:389-94. [PMID: 11772525 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(01)00205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the effect of aging on macrophages, we produced bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro from young and aged mice. We analyzed the effect of aging on the genomic expression of macrophages in these conditions, without the influence of other cell types that may be affected by aging. Macrophages from young and aged mice were present in similar numbers and showed an identical degree of differentiation, cell size, DNA content and cell surface markers. After incubation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the expression at the cell surface of the MHC class II gene IA complex product and the levels of intracellular IAbeta protein and mRNA were lower in aged macrophages. Moreover, the transcription of IAbeta gene was impaired in aged macrophages. The amount of transcription factors that bound to the W and X boxes, but not to the Y box of the IAbeta promoter gene were lower in aged macrophages. Similar levels of CIITA mRNA were found after IFN-gamma treatment of both young and aged macrophages. This shows that neither the initial cascade that starts after the interaction of IFN-gamma with the receptor, nor the second signals involved in the expression of CIITA, are impaired in aged macrophages. These data could explain, at least in part, the impaired immune response associated to senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Herrero
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrofag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xaus J, Comalada M, Valledor AF, Cardó M, Herrero C, Soler C, Lloberas J, Celada A. Molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage survival, proliferation, activation or apoptosis. Immunobiology 2001; 204:543-50. [PMID: 11846217 DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role during the immune response. Like other cells of the immune system, macrophages are produced in large amounts and most of them die through apoptosis. Macrophages survive in the presence of soluble factors, such as IFN-gamma, or extracellular matrix proteins like decorin. The mechanism toward survival requires the blocking of proliferation at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle that is mediated by the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, p27kip and the induction of a cdk inhibitor, p21waf1. At the inflammatory loci, macrophages need to proliferate or become activated in order to perform their specialized activities. Although the stimuli inducing proliferation and activation follow different intracellular pathways, both require the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. However, the kinetics of ERK-1/2 activation is different and is determined by the induction of the MAP-kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) that dephosphorilates ERK-1/2. This phosphatase plays a critical role in the process of proliferation versus activation of the macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xaus
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xaus J, Comalada M, Cardó M, Valledor AF, Celada A. Decorin inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor proliferation of macrophages and enhances cell survival through induction of p27(Kip1) and p21(Waf1). Blood 2001; 98:2124-33. [PMID: 11567999 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is a small proteoglycan that is ubiquitous in the extracellular matrix of mammalian tissues. It has been extensively demonstrated that decorin inhibits tumor cell growth; however, no data have been reported on the effects of decorin in normal cells. Using nontransformed macrophages from bone marrow, results of this study showed that decorin inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent proliferation by inducing blockage at the G(1) phase of the cell cycle without affecting cell viability. In addition, decorin rescues macrophages from the induction of apoptosis after growth factor withdrawal. Decorin induces the expression of the cdk inhibitors p21(Waf1) and p27(Kip1). Using macrophages from mice where these genes have been disrupted, inhibition of proliferation mediated by decorin is related to p27(Kip1) expression, whereas p21(Waf1) expression is necessary to protect macrophages from apoptosis. Decorin also inhibits M-CSF-dependent expression of MKP-1 and extends the kinetics of ERK activity, which is characteristic when macrophages become activated instead of proliferating. The effect of decorin on macrophages is not due to its interaction with epidermal growth factor or interferon-gamma receptors. Furthermore, decorin increases macrophage adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and this may be partially responsible for the expression of p27(Kip1) and the modification of ERK activity, but not for the increased cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xaus
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xaus J, Comalada M, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, López-Soriano F, Argilés JM, Bogdan C, Celada A. LPS induces apoptosis in macrophages mostly through the autocrine production of TNF-alpha. Blood 2000; 95:3823-31. [PMID: 10845916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during endotoxic shock are associated with the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the production of nitric oxide (NO), both predominantly released by tissue macrophages. We analyzed the mechanism by which LPS induces apoptosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). LPS-induced apoptosis reached a plateau at about 6 hours of stimulation, whereas the production of NO by the inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) required between 12 and 24 hours. Furthermore, LPS-induced early apoptosis was only moderately reduced in the presence of an inhibitor of iNOS or when using macrophages from iNOS -/-mice. In contrast, early apoptosis was paralleled by the rapid secretion of TNF and was almost absent in macrophages from mice deficient for one (p55) or both (p55 and p75) TNF-receptors. During the late phase of apoptosis (12-24 hours) NO significantly contributed to the death of macrophages even in the absence of TNF-receptor signaling. NO-mediated cell death, but not apoptosis induced by TNF, correlated with the induction of p53 and Bax genes. Thus, LPS-induced apoptosis results from 2 independent mechanisms: first and predominantly, through the autocrine secretion of TNF-alpha (early apoptotic events), and second, through the production of NO (late phase of apoptosis). (Blood. 2000;95:3823-3831)
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- DNA Fragmentation
- Genes, p53
- Kinetics
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Penicillamine/analogs & derivatives
- Penicillamine/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xaus
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag) and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Valledor AF, Comalada M, Xaus J, Celada A. The differential time-course of extracellular-regulated kinase activity correlates with the macrophage response toward proliferation or activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7403-9. [PMID: 10702314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived macrophages proliferate in response to specific growth factors, including macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). When stimulated with activating factors, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages stop proliferating and produce proinflammatory cytokines. Although triggering opposed responses, both M-CSF and LPS induce the activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. However, the time-course of ERK activation is different; maximal activation by M-CSF and LPS occurred after 5 and 15 min of stimulation, respectively. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3, and TPA, all of which induced macrophage proliferation, also induced ERK activity, which was maximal at 5 min poststimulation. The use of PD98059, which specifically blocks ERK 1 and 2 activation, demonstrated that ERK activity was necessary for macrophage proliferation in response to these factors. The treatment with phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) inhibited macrophage proliferation, induced the expression of cytokines, and triggered a pattern of ERK activation equivalent to that induced by LPS. Moreover, PD98059 inhibited the expression of cytokines induced by LPS or PC-PLC, thus suggesting that ERK activity is also required for macrophage activation by these two agents. Activation of the JNK pathway did not discriminate between proliferative and activating stimuli. In conclusion, our results allow to correlate the differences in the time-course of ERK activity with the macrophagic response toward proliferation or activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Valledor
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia, and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Valledor AF, Xaus J, Comalada M, Soler C, Celada A. Protein kinase C epsilon is required for the induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J Immunol 2000; 164:29-37. [PMID: 10604989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS induces in bone marrow macrophages the transient expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Because MKP-1 plays a crucial role in the attenuation of different MAPK cascades, we were interested in the characterization of the signaling mechanisms involved in the control of MKP-1 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The induction of MKP-1 was blocked by genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and by two different protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (GF109203X and calphostin C). We had previously shown that bone marrow macrophages express the isoforms PKC beta I, epsilon, and zeta. Of all these, only PKC beta I and epsilon are inhibited by GF109203X. The following arguments suggest that PKC epsilon is required selectively for the induction of MKP-1 by LPS. First, in macrophages exposed to prolonged treatment with PMA, MKP-1 induction by LPS correlates with the levels of expression of PKC epsilon but not with that of PKC beta I. Second, Gö6976, an inhibitor selective for conventional PKCs, including PKC beta I, does not alter MKP-1 induction by LPS. Last, antisense oligonucleotides that block the expression of PKC epsilon, but not those selective for PKC beta I or PKC zeta, inhibit MKP-1 induction and lead to an increase of extracellular-signal regulated kinase activity during the macrophage response to LPS. Finally, in macrophages stimulated with LPS we observed significant activation of PKC epsilon. In conclusion, our results demonstrate an important role for PKC epsilon in the induction of MKP-1 and the subsequent negative control of MAPK activity in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Valledor
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia, Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xaus J, Valledor AF, Cardó M, Marquès L, Beleta J, Palacios JM, Celada A. Adenosine inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent proliferation of macrophages through the induction of p27kip-1 expression. J Immunol 1999; 163:4140-9. [PMID: 10510349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is produced during inflammation and modulates different functional activities in macrophages. In murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, adenosine inhibits M-CSF-dependent proliferation with an IC50 of 45 microM. Only specific agonists that can activate A2B adenosine receptors such as 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, but not those active on A1 (N6-(R)-phenylisopropyladenosine), A2A ([p-(2-carbonylethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine), or A3 (N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide) receptors, induce the generation of cAMP and modulate macrophage proliferation. This suggests that adenosine regulates macrophage proliferation by interacting with the A2B receptor and subsequently inducing the production of cAMP. In fact, both 8-Br-cAMP (IC50 85 microM) and forskolin (IC50 7 microM) inhibit macrophage proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A blocks the inhibitory effect of adenosine and its analogues on macrophage proliferation. Adenosine causes an arrest of macrophages at the G1 phase of the cell cycle without altering the activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase pathway. The treatment of macrophages with adenosine induces the expression of p27kip-1, a G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in a protein kinase A-dependent way. Moreover, the involvement of p27kip-1 in the adenosine inhibition of macrophage proliferation was confirmed using macrophages from mice with a disrupted p27kip-1 gene. These results demonstrate that adenosine inhibits macrophage proliferation through a mechanism that involves binding to A2B adenosine receptor, the generation of cAMP, and the induction of p27kip-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xaus
- Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xaus J, Valledor AF, Cardó M, Marquès L, Beleta J, Palacios JM, Celada A. Adenosine Inhibits Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Dependent Proliferation of Macrophages Through the Induction of p27 kip-1 Expression. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Adenosine is produced during inflammation and modulates different functional activities in macrophages. In murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, adenosine inhibits M-CSF-dependent proliferation with an IC50 of 45 μM. Only specific agonists that can activate A2B adenosine receptors such as 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, but not those active on A1 (N6-(R)-phenylisopropyladenosine), A2A ([p-(2-carbonylethyl)phenylethylamino]-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine), or A3 (N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide) receptors, induce the generation of cAMP and modulate macrophage proliferation. This suggests that adenosine regulates macrophage proliferation by interacting with the A2B receptor and subsequently inducing the production of cAMP. In fact, both 8-Br-cAMP (IC50 85 μM) and forskolin (IC50 7 μM) inhibit macrophage proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A blocks the inhibitory effect of adenosine and its analogues on macrophage proliferation. Adenosine causes an arrest of macrophages at the G1 phase of the cell cycle without altering the activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase pathway. The treatment of macrophages with adenosine induces the expression of p27kip-1, a G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in a protein kinase A-dependent way. Moreover, the involvement of p27kip-1 in the adenosine inhibition of macrophage proliferation was confirmed using macrophages from mice with a disrupted p27kip-1 gene. These results demonstrate that adenosine inhibits macrophage proliferation through a mechanism that involves binding to A2B adenosine receptor, the generation of cAMP, and the induction of p27kip-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Xaus
- *Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- *Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Marina Cardó
- *Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Laura Marquès
- *Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Jorge Beleta
- †Laboratorios Almirall Prodesfarma SA, Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Palacios
- †Laboratorios Almirall Prodesfarma SA, Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Celada
- *Departamento de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macrófag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Valledor AF, Xaus J, Marquès L, Celada A. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. J Immunol 1999; 163:2452-62. [PMID: 10452980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
M-CSF triggers the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK)-1/2. We show that inhibition of this pathway leads to the arrest of bone marrow macrophages at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis. M-CSF induces the transient expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which correlates with the inactivation of ERK-1/2. Because the time course of ERK activation must be finely controlled to induce cell proliferation, we studied the mechanisms involved in the induction of MKP-1 by M-CSF. Activation of ERK-1/2 is not required for this event. Therefore, M-CSF activates ERK-1/2 and induces MKP-1 expression through different pathways. The use of two protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (GF109203X and calphostin C) revealed that M-CSF induces MKP-1 expression through a PKC-dependent pathway. We analyzed the expression of different PKC isoforms in bone marrow macrophages, and we only detected PKCbetaI, PKCepsilon, and PKCzeta. PKCzeta is not inhibited by GF109203X/calphostin C. Of the other two isoforms, PKCepsilon is the best candidate to mediate MKP-1 induction. Prolonged exposure to PMA slightly inhibits MKP-1 expression in response to M-CSF. In bone marrow macrophages, this treatment leads to a complete depletion of PKCbetaI, but only a partial down-regulation of PKCepsilon. Moreover, no translocation of PKCbetaI or PKCzeta from the cytosol to particulate fractions was detected in response to M-CSF, whereas PKCepsilon was constitutively present at the membrane and underwent significant activation in M-CSF-stimulated macrophages. In conclusion, we remark the role of PKC, probably isoform epsilon, in the negative control of ERK-1/2 through the induction of their specific phosphatase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Valledor
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Valledor AF, Xaus J, Marquès L, Celada A. Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Induces the Expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 Through a Protein Kinase C-Dependent Pathway. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
M-CSF triggers the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK)-1/2. We show that inhibition of this pathway leads to the arrest of bone marrow macrophages at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis. M-CSF induces the transient expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which correlates with the inactivation of ERK-1/2. Because the time course of ERK activation must be finely controlled to induce cell proliferation, we studied the mechanisms involved in the induction of MKP-1 by M-CSF. Activation of ERK-1/2 is not required for this event. Therefore, M-CSF activates ERK-1/2 and induces MKP-1 expression through different pathways. The use of two protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (GF109203X and calphostin C) revealed that M-CSF induces MKP-1 expression through a PKC-dependent pathway. We analyzed the expression of different PKC isoforms in bone marrow macrophages, and we only detected PKCβI, PKCε, and PKCζ. PKCζ is not inhibited by GF109203X/calphostin C. Of the other two isoforms, PKCε is the best candidate to mediate MKP-1 induction. Prolonged exposure to PMA slightly inhibits MKP-1 expression in response to M-CSF. In bone marrow macrophages, this treatment leads to a complete depletion of PKCβI, but only a partial down-regulation of PKCε. Moreover, no translocation of PKCβI or PKCζ from the cytosol to particulate fractions was detected in response to M-CSF, whereas PKCε was constitutively present at the membrane and underwent significant activation in M-CSF-stimulated macrophages. In conclusion, we remark the role of PKC, probably isoform ε, in the negative control of ERK-1/2 through the induction of their specific phosphatase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F. Valledor
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Xaus
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Marquès
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Celada
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del Macròfag), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xaus J, Cardó M, Valledor AF, Soler C, Lloberas J, Celada A. Interferon gamma induces the expression of p21waf-1 and arrests macrophage cell cycle, preventing induction of apoptosis. Immunity 1999; 11:103-13. [PMID: 10435583 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of bone marrow macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon gamma (IFN gamma) blocks macrophage proliferation. LPS treatment or M-CSF withdrawal arrests the cell cycle at early G1 and induces apoptosis. Treatment of macrophages with IFN gamma stops the cell cycle later, at the G1/S boundary, induces p21Waf1, and does not induce apoptosis. Moreover, pretreatment of macrophages with IFN gamma protects from apoptosis induced by several stimuli. Inhibition of p21Waf1 with antisense oligonucleotides or using KO mice shows that the induction of p21Waf1 by IFN gamma mediates this protection. Thus, IFN gamma makes macrophages unresponsive to apoptotic stimuli by inducing p21Waf1 and arresting the cell cycle at the G1/S boundary. Therefore, the cells of the innate immune system could only survive while they were functionally active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xaus
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia del macròfag), and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Although all the cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, differences in the cell phenotype arise from the expression of lineage-specific genes. During myelopoiesis, external differentiating signals regulate the expression of a set of transcription factors. The combined action of these transcription factors subsequently determines the expression of myeloid-specific genes and the generation of monocytes and macrophages. In particular, the transcription factor PU.1 has a critical role in this process. We review the contribution of several transcription factors to the control of macrophage development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Valledor
- Departament de Fisiologia (Immunologia), Facultat de Biologia and Fundació August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|