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Corral-Pujol M, Arpa B, Rosell-Mases E, Egia-Mendikute L, Mora C, Stratmann T, Sanchez A, Casanovas A, Esquerda JE, Mauricio D, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. NOD mouse dorsal root ganglia display morphological and gene expression defects before and during autoimmune diabetes development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1176566. [PMID: 37334284 PMCID: PMC10272810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1176566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the development of Autoimmune Diabetes (AD) an autoimmune attack against the Peripheral Nervous System occurs. To gain insight into this topic, analyses of Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) from Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice were carried out. Methods Histopathological analysis by electron and optical microscopy in DRG samples, and mRNA expression analyzes by the microarray technique in DRG and blood leukocyte samples from NOD and C57BL/6 mice were performed. Results The results showed the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in DRG cells early in life that could be related to a neurodegenerative process. In view of these results, mRNA expression analyses were conducted to determine the cause and/or the molecules involved in this suspected disorder. The results showed that DRG cells from NOD mice have alterations in the transcription of a wide range of genes, which explain the previously observed alterations. In addition, differences in the transcription genes in white blood cells were also detected. Discussion Taken together, these results indicate that functional defects are not only seen in beta cells but also in DRG in NOD mice. These results also indicate that these defects are not a consequence of the autoimmune process that takes place in NOD mice and suggest that they may be involved as triggers for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Corral-Pujol
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Estela Rosell-Mases
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Leire Egia-Mendikute
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Enric Esquerda
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yang YT, Stratmann T, Pillai D. Effects of State Preemption of Local Smoke-Free Restrictions on US Adult Cigarette Smoking Prevalence, 1997 to 2017. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:2591-2593. [PMID: 34495465 PMCID: PMC9360284 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tony Yang
- Center for Health Policy and Media Engagement, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Drishti Pillai
- Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Mora C, Sala E, Vived C, Luna J, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sengupta U, Haba L, Pizarro J, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T, Vázquez-Carrera M, Lahti JM. Inflammation targets CDK11 in autoimmune diabetes as a protective mechanism against beta cell apoptosis. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.61.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes (T1D) is caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas leading to hyperglycemia. Apoptosis is the main mechanism responsible for beta cell demise, including Fas-receptor engagement and Perforin release as essential death executers. However, the chronic inflammatory milieu pervading pancreatic islets prior to diabetes onset, alters beta cells function and primes beta cells for apoptosis long before the debut of the disease. To identify those genes that are targeted by inflammation and are causally related to beta cell fitness and viability we have used the microarray technology. We have identified several candidate genes being downregulated by inflammation, one of this genes is Cdk11, a cyclin-dependent kinase which is involved in transcription (CDK11p130), mitosis and apoptosis (CDK11p58). L-type cyclins are the partners for Cdk11p130, and Cyclin D3 is the partner of CDK11p58. The Cdk11 gene, when is transcribed, generates a single mRNA form, that can be translated either into CDK11p130 or CDK11p58 by a differential IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site) usage, being CDK11p58 only expressed during mitosis, while CDK11p130is expressed during all cell cycle phases. We have addressed the role of CDK11 in autoimmune diabetes using the T1D-prone NOD mouse model hemideficient in CDK11, since the CDK11 null mutation is embryonically lethal. First of all, we have confirmed the effect of inflammation on Cdk11 mRNA expression in islet cells by submitting NODSCID mice to adoptive transfer of increasing amounts of diabetogenic NOD splenocytes, and, observed that Cdk11 expression in islet endocrine cells is downregulated by inflammation in a dose-response dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Haba
- 2August Pi i Sunyer Biomed. Res. Inst. (IDIBAPS), Spain
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Sala E, Vived C, Luna J, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sengupta U, Castaño AR, Villar-Pazos S, Haba L, Verdaguer J, Ropero AB, Stratmann T, Pizarro J, Vázquez-Carrera M, Nadal A, Lahti JM, Mora C. CDK11 Promotes Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in Pancreatic Beta Cells Independently of Glucose Concentration and Is Regulated by Inflammation in the NOD Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634797. [PMID: 33664748 PMCID: PMC7923961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic islets are exposed to strong pro-apoptotic stimuli: inflammation and hyperglycemia, during the progression of the autoimmune diabetes (T1D). We found that the Cdk11(Cyclin Dependent Kinase 11) is downregulated by inflammation in the T1D prone NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse model. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CDK11 in the pathogenesis of T1D and to assess the hierarchical relationship between CDK11 and Cyclin D3 in beta cell viability, since Cyclin D3, a natural ligand for CDK11, promotes beta cell viability and fitness in front of glucose. Methods We studied T1D pathogenesis in NOD mice hemideficient for CDK11 (N-HTZ), and, in N-HTZ deficient for Cyclin D3 (K11HTZ-D3KO), in comparison to their respective controls (N-WT and K11WT-D3KO). Moreover, we exposed pancreatic islets to either pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence of increasing glucose concentrations, or Thapsigargin, an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-stress inducing agent, and assessed apoptotic events. The expression of key ER-stress markers (Chop, Atf4 and Bip) was also determined. Results N-HTZ mice were significantly protected against T1D, and NS-HTZ pancreatic islets exhibited an impaired sensitivity to cytokine-induced apoptosis, regardless of glucose concentration. However, thapsigargin-induced apoptosis was not altered. Furthermore, CDK11 hemideficiency did not attenuate the exacerbation of T1D caused by Cyclin D3 deficiency. Conclusions This study is the first to report that CDK11 is repressed in T1D as a protection mechanism against inflammation-induced apoptosis and suggests that CDK11 lies upstream Cyclin D3 signaling. We unveil the CDK11/Cyclin D3 tandem as a new potential intervention target in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sala
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Celia Vived
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Júlia Luna
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Noemí Alejandra Saavedra-Ávila
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Upasana Sengupta
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - A. Raúl Castaño
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabrina Villar-Pazos
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, IDiBE, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Laura Haba
- Experimental Diabetes Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ana B. Ropero
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pizarro
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, IDiBE, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
- Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Jill M. Lahti
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
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Carbó JM, León TE, Font-Díaz J, De la Rosa JV, Castrillo A, Picard FR, Staudenraus D, Huber M, Cedó L, Escolà-Gil JC, Campos L, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Caelles C, Stratmann T, Van Ginderachter JA, Valledor AF. Pharmacologic Activation of LXR Alters the Expression Profile of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and the Abundance of Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 81:968-985. [PMID: 33361391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that are activated by oxysterols and synthetic high-affinity agonists. In this study, we assessed the antitumor effects of synthetic LXR agonist TO901317 in a murine model of syngeneic Lewis Lung carcinoma. Treatment with TO901317 inhibited tumor growth in wild-type, but not in LXR-deficient mice, indicating that the antitumor effects of the agonist depends on functional LXR activity in host cells. Pharmacologic activation of the LXR pathway reduced the intratumoral abundance of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the expression of the Treg-attracting chemokine Ccl17 by MHCIIhigh tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Moreover, gene expression profiling indicated a broad negative impact of the LXR agonist on other mechanisms used by TAM for the maintenance of an immunosuppressive environment. In studies exploring the macrophage response to GM-CSF or IL4, activated LXR repressed IRF4 expression, resulting in subsequent downregulation of IRF4-dependent genes including Ccl17. Taken together, this work reveals the combined actions of the LXR pathway in the control of TAM responses that contribute to the antitumoral effects of pharmacologic LXR activation. Moreover, these data provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals unrecognized roles of LXR in the transcriptional control of the tumor microenvironment and suggests use of a synthetic LXR agonist as a novel therapeutic strategy to stimulate antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Carbó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Leukaemia Stem Cell Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir De la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix R Picard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Staudenraus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Campos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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Egia-Mendikute L, Arpa B, Rosell-Mases E, Corral-Pujol M, Carrascal J, Carrillo J, Mora C, Chapman H, Panosa A, Vives-Pi M, Stratmann T, Serreze D, Verdaguer J. B-Lymphocyte Phenotype Determines T-Lymphocyte Subset Differentiation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1732. [PMID: 31428087 PMCID: PMC6689997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that B-lymphocytes play a key role activating diabetogenic T-lymphocytes during the development of autoimmune diabetes. Recently, two transgenic NOD mouse models were generated: the NOD-PerIg and the 116C-NOD mice. In NOD-PerIg mice, B-lymphocytes acquire an activated proliferative phenotype and support accelerated autoimmune diabetes development. In contrast, in 116C-NOD mice, B-lymphocytes display an anergic-like phenotype delaying autoimmune diabetes onset and decreasing disease incidence. The present study further evaluates the T- and B-lymphocyte phenotype in both models. In islet-infiltrating B-lymphocytes (IIBLs) from 116C-NOD mice, the expression of H2-Kd and H2-Ag7 is decreased, whereas that of BAFF, BAFF-R, and TACI is increased. In contrast, IIBLs from NOD-PerIg show an increase in CD86 and FAS expression. In addition, islet-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (IITLs) from NOD-PerIg mice exhibit an increase in PD-1 expression. Moreover, proliferation assays indicate a high capacity of B-lymphocytes from NOD-PerIg mice to secrete high amounts of cytokines and induce T-lymphocyte activation compared to 116C B-lymphocytes. This functional variability between 116C and PerIg B-lymphocytes ultimately results in differences in the ability to shape T-lymphocyte phenotype. These results support the role of B-lymphocytes as key regulators of T-lymphocytes in autoimmune diabetes and provide essential information on the phenotypic characteristics of the T- and B-lymphocytes involved in the autoimmune response in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Egia-Mendikute
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Estela Rosell-Mases
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Corral-Pujol
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Anaïs Panosa
- Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Facility, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Mora C, Sala E, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sengupta U, Vived C, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T, Lahti J. Molecular Targets of inflammation in pancreatic endocrine cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.180.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T1D (Type 1 Diabetes) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. There are direct mechanisms that have been demonstrated to cause final beta cell demise, such as the pathways triggered by Fas engagement and Perforin release. However, focus should be placed on other indirect mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines present in the beta cell niche early on, that progressively debilitate and alter beta cells from earlier phases of T1D progression, rendering them as helpless targets of the immune system at the end. Though beta cells may resist adverse stimuli in early phases of the autoimmune process, the complicity of both, direct and indirect deleterious mechanisms, leads to beta cell death. In an effort to identify those indirect mechanisms that chronically besiege beta cells from the T1D-prone NOD mouse model, we used the microarray technology. We have identified several candidate genes the expression of which is altered in the NOD islet prior to T1D onset. Several of these genes are related to cell cycle progression and are downregulated due to the insulitic attack to the islet. One of these genes is cyclin D-3, a Dtype cyclin that interacts with either Cdk4 or Cdk6 to promote G1/S cycle progression. We have reported that cyclin D3 protects beta cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis and is required for proper beta cell function in a cell-cycle independent fashion. Cdk11 is also affected by inflammation in islet cells and is a cyclin-dependent kinase which is involved in transcription, mitosis and apoptosis. The natural partners of Cdk11 are L-type cyclins. We have examined whether the immune function is affected in the relative absence of Cdk11.
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Sisteré-Oró M, Vergara-Alert J, Stratmann T, López-Serrano S, Pina-Pedrero S, Córdoba L, Pérez-Maillo M, Pleguezuelos P, Vidal E, Veljkovic V, Segalés J, Nielsen J, Fomsgaard A, Darji A. Conserved HA-peptide NG34 formulated in pCMV-CTLA4-Ig reduces viral shedding in pigs after a heterosubtypic influenza virus SwH3N2 challenge. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212431. [PMID: 30822308 PMCID: PMC6396909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs), the causal agents of swine influenza, are not only important to control due to the economic losses in the swine industry, but also can be pandemic pathogens. Vaccination is one of the most relevant strategies to control and prevent influenza infection. Current human vaccines against influenza induce strain-specific immunity and annual update is required due to the virus antigenic shift phenomena. Previously, our group has reported the use of conserved hemagglutinin peptides (HA-peptides) derived from H1-influenza virus as a potential multivalent vaccine candidate. Immunization of swine with these HA-peptides elicited antibodies that recognized and neutralized heterologous influenza viruses in vitro and demonstrated strong hemagglutination-inhibiting activity. In the present work, we cloned one HA-peptide (named NG34) into a plasmid fused with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA4) which is a molecule that modifies T cell activation and with an adjuvant activity interfering with the adaptive immune response. The resulting plasmid, named pCMV-CTLA4-Ig-NG34, was administered twice to animals employing a needle-free delivery approach. Two studies were carried out to test the efficacy of pCMV-CTLA4-Ig-NG34 as a potential swine influenza vaccine, one in seronegative and another in seropositive pigs against SIV. The second one was aimed to evaluate whether pCMV-CTLA4-Ig-NG34 vaccination would overcome maternally derived antibodies (MDA). After immunization, all animals were intranasally challenged with an H3N2 influenza strain. A complete elimination or significant reduction in the viral shedding was observed within the first week after the challenge in the vaccinated animals from both studies. In addition, no challenged heterologous virus load was detected in the airways of vaccinated pigs. Overall, it is suggested that the pCMV-CTLA4-Ig-NG34 vaccine formulation could potentially be used as a multivalent vaccine against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sisteré-Oró
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Córdoba
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez-Maillo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Pleguezuelos
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veljko Veljkovic
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ayub Darji
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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9
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Izquierdo C, Ortiz AZ, Presa M, Malo S, Montoya A, Garabatos N, Mora C, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T. Treatment of T1D via optimized expansion of antigen-specific Tregs induced by IL-2/anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody complexes and peptide/MHC tetramers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8106. [PMID: 29802270 PMCID: PMC5970271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes can be overcome by regulatory T cells (Treg) in NOD mice yet an efficient method to generate and maintain antigen-specific Treg is difficult to come by. Here, we devised a combination therapy of peptide/MHC tetramers and IL-2/anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody complexes to generate antigen-specific Treg and maintain them over extended time periods. We first optimized treatment protocols conceived to obtain an improved islet-specific Treg/effector T cell ratio that led to the in vivo expansion and activation of these Treg as well as to an improved suppressor function. Optimized protocols were applied to treatment for testing diabetes prevention in NOD mice as well as in an accelerated T cell transfer model of T1D. The combined treatment led to robust protection against diabetes, and in the NOD model, to a close to complete prevention of insulitis. Treatment was accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, detectable in total splenocytes and in Foxp3− CD4 T cells. Our data suggest that a dual protection mechanism takes place by the collaboration of Foxp3+ and Foxp3− regulatory cells. We conclude that antigen-specific Treg are an important target to improve current clinical interventions against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Izquierdo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Zarama Ortiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Otsuka Pharmaceutical, S.A, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Presa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, USA
| | - Sara Malo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Montoya
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Danone Nutricia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nahir Garabatos
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRB Lleida, 25008, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida and IRB Lleida, 25008, Lleida, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Mora C, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sala E, Sengupta U, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T, Sicinski P, Lahti J. Inflammation targets cell-cycle actors at the onset of autoimmune diabetes (T1D) in pancreatic endocrine cells from the NOD mouse model. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.100.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Prior to the massive beta cell demise that leads to autoimmune diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes or T1D), profound profiling changes are imprinted onto the beta cell by an aggressive pro-inflammatory environment that interferes negatively with cell functionality and viability. Ourgoal is to determine key signaling pathways altered in beta cells by the autoimmune assault that are responsible for T1D progression. To this end we have used the T1D-prone NOD (Non Obese Diabetic) mouse model. We have identified several candidate genes the expression of which is altered in the NOD isletendocrine cells prior to the diabetes onset. Interestingly, several of these genes are related to cell cycle progression and are downregulated due to the insulitic attack to the islet. One of these genes is cyclin D3, a D-type cyclin that complexes with either Cdk4 or Cdk6 topromote G1/S cycle progression. The cyclin D3 promoter has binding sequences to NF-kB. However, we have reported that cyclin D3 protects beta cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis and is required for proper beta cell function in a cell-cycle independent fashion. Cdk11 is also affected by inflammation in islet cells and is a cyclin-dependent kinase which is involved in transcription, mitosis and apoptosis. The natural partners of Cdk11 are L-type cyclins, but cyclin D3 has been reported to interact with Cdk11 too. We have addressed whether cdk11 downregulationis responsible for beta cell death.
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11
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Espinosa-Carrasco G, Le Saout C, Fontanaud P, Stratmann T, Mollard P, Schaeffer M, Hernandez J. CD4 + T Helper Cells Play a Key Role in Maintaining Diabetogenic CD8 + T Cell Function in the Pancreas. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2001. [PMID: 29403481 PMCID: PMC5778106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells have been assigned independent key roles in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells resulting in type 1 diabetes. Although CD4 help for the generation of efficient CD8+ T cell responses in lymphoid tissue has been extensively described, whether these two cell populations cooperate in islet destruction in situ remains unclear. By using intravital 2-photon microscopy in a mouse model of diabetes, we visualized both effector T cell populations in the pancreas during disease onset. CD4+ T helper cells displayed a much higher arrest in the exocrine tissue than islet-specific CD8+ T cells. This increased arrest was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-dependent and locally correlated with antigen-presenting cell recruitment. CD8+ T cells deprived of continued CD4 help specifically in the pancreas, through blocking MHC class II recognition, failed to maintain optimal effector functions, which contributed to hamper diabetes progression. Thus, we provide novel insight in the cellular mechanisms regulating effector T cell functionality in peripheral tissues with important implications for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Espinosa-Carrasco
- INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Le Saout
- INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Schaeffer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Hernandez
- INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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12
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Mora C, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sala E, Sengupta U, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T, Sicinski P, Lahti J. Assessment of endocrine molecular entities targeted by inflammation that are involved in the onset of autoimmune diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.207.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by pancreatic beta cells demise due to the attack of self-lymphocyte repertoire. We aim to identify molecular entities targeted by the autoimmune assault to pancreatic beta cells that are causally related to T1D progression. The proinflammatory biological niche in which beta cells are immersed during the autoimmune insult promotes deep phenotypical changes crucial for the pathogenic process. These changes lead mainly to beta cell fitness impairment, cell cycle intervention and apoptosis triggering.
By using the Microarray technology we identified a series of genes the expression of which is altered in the islet endocrine cells prior to diabetes onset in the NOD (Non Obese Diabetic) mice. One of those genes encodes for cyclin D3 that triggers cell cycle progression through G1 phase towards the S phase. Cyclin D3 can also bind certain transcription factors and activate inflammation process and development of the T cells (NFκB, GATA). The cyclin D3 promoter has binding sequences to NFκB a transcription factor linked to the action of T1D-related proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNFalpha. We found that cyclin D3 is the only D-type cyclin the expression of which is regulated by inflammation in NOD endocrine islet cells. Moreover we found that cyclin D3 protects beta cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis and is required for proper beta cell function. Moreoever, we observed that CDK11, another cell-cycle related gene that interacts with cyclin D3, is also regulated by inflammation in endocrine islet cells. We have assessed whether there is a causal relationship between the coordinated differential expression of both genes during the insulitic assault and diabetes onset
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13
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Leeth CM, Racine J, Chapman HD, Arpa B, Carrillo J, Carrascal J, Wang Q, Ratiu J, Egia-Mendikute L, Rosell-Mases E, Stratmann T, Verdaguer J, Serreze DV. B-lymphocytes expressing an Ig specificity recognizing the pancreatic ß-cell autoantigen peripherin are potent contributors to type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1977-1987. [PMID: 26961115 PMCID: PMC4915583 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ß-cells underlying type 1 diabetes (1D) development is ultimately mediated by T-cells in NOD mice and also likely humans, B-lymphocytes play an additional key pathogenic role. It appears expression of plasma membrane bound immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules that efficiently capture ß-cell antigens allows autoreactive B-lymphocytes bypassing normal tolerance induction processes to be the subset of antigen presenting cells most efficiently activating diabetogenic T-cells. NOD mice transgenically expressing Ig molecules recognizing antigens that are (insulin) or not (hen egg lysozyme; HEL) expressed by ß-cells have proven useful in dissecting the developmental basis of diabetogenic B-lymphocytes. However, these transgenic Ig specificities were originally selected for their ability to recognize insulin or HEL as foreign, rather than autoantigens. Thus, we generated and characterized NOD mice transgenically expressing an Ig molecule representative of a large proportion of naturally occurring islet-infiltrating B-lymphocytes in NOD mice recognizing the neuronal antigen peripherin. Transgenic peripherin autoreactive B-lymphocytes infiltrate NOD pancreatic islets, acquire an activated proliferative phenotype, and potently support accelerated T1D development. These results support the concept of neuronal autoimmunity as a pathogenic feature of T1D, and targeting such responses could ultimately provide an effective disease intervention approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Leeth
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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14
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Clemente-Casares X, Blanco J, Ambalavanan P, Yamanouchi J, Singha S, Fandos C, Tsai S, Wang J, Garabatos N, Izquierdo C, Agrawal S, Keough MB, Yong VW, James E, Moore A, Yang Y, Stratmann T, Serra P, Santamaria P. Expanding antigen-specific regulatory networks to treat autoimmunity. Nature 2016; 530:434-40. [PMID: 26886799 DOI: 10.1038/nature16962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells hold promise as targets for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunity, but approaches capable of expanding antigen-specific regulatory T cells in vivo are currently not available. Here we show that systemic delivery of nanoparticles coated with autoimmune-disease-relevant peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) molecules triggers the generation and expansion of antigen-specific regulatory CD4(+) T cell type 1 (TR1)-like cells in different mouse models, including mice humanized with lymphocytes from patients, leading to resolution of established autoimmune phenomena. Ten pMHCII-based nanomedicines show similar biological effects, regardless of genetic background, prevalence of the cognate T-cell population or MHC restriction. These nanomedicines promote the differentiation of disease-primed autoreactive T cells into TR1-like cells, which in turn suppress autoantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells and drive the differentiation of cognate B cells into disease-suppressing regulatory B cells, without compromising systemic immunity. pMHCII-based nanomedicines thus represent a new class of drugs, potentially useful for treating a broad spectrum of autoimmune conditions in a disease-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesus Blanco
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Poornima Ambalavanan
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cesar Fandos
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jinguo Wang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nahir Garabatos
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Cristina Izquierdo
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Smriti Agrawal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael B Keough
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eddie James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101-2795, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
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15
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Paul S, Rochereau N, Martinez P, Stratmann T, Delputte P, Delprat C, Poland GA. Answering the call for educating the new generation of vaccinologists--A new European Erasmus+ Joint Master degree in vaccinology. Vaccine 2015; 33:6135-6. [PMID: 26458795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP/EA3064, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Rochereau
- GIMAP/EA3064, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Paz Martinez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Delprat
- Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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16
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Garabatos N, Alvarez R, Carrillo J, Carrascal J, Izquierdo C, Chapman HD, Presa M, Mora C, Serreze DV, Verdaguer J, Stratmann T. In vivo detection of peripherin-specific autoreactive B cells during type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. J Immunol 2014; 192:3080-90. [PMID: 24610011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are essential for the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The genesis and dynamics of autoreactive B cells remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed the immune response in the NOD mouse model to the neuronal protein peripherin (PRPH), a target Ag of islet-infiltrating B cells. PRPH autoreactive B cells recognized a single linear epitope of this protein, in contrast to the multiple epitope recognition commonly observed during autoreactive B cell responses. Autoantibodies to this epitope were also detected in the disease-resistant NOR and C57BL/6 strains. To specifically detect the accumulation of these B cells, we developed a novel approach, octameric peptide display, to follow the dynamics and localization of anti-PRPH B cells during disease progression. Before extended insulitis was established, anti-PRPH B cells preferentially accumulated in the peritoneum. Anti-PRPH B cells were likewise detected in C57BL/6 mice, albeit at lower frequencies. As disease unfolded in NOD mice, anti-PRPH B cells invaded the islets and increased in number at the peritoneum of diabetic but not prediabetic mice. Isotype-switched B cells were only detected in the peritoneum. Anti-PRPH B cells represent a heterogeneous population composed of both B1 and B2 subsets. In the spleen, anti-PRPH B cell were predominantly in the follicular subset. Therefore, anti-PRPH B cells represent a heterogeneous population that is generated early in life but proliferates as diabetes is established. These findings on the temporal and spatial progression of autoreactive B cells should be relevant for our understanding of B cell function in diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahir Garabatos
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Presa M, Ortiz AZ, Garabatos N, Izquierdo C, Rivas EI, Teyton L, Mora C, Serreze D, Stratmann T. Cholera toxin subunit B peptide fusion proteins reveal impaired oral tolerance induction in diabetes-prone but not in diabetes-resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2969-79. [PMID: 23925934 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been used as adjuvant to improve oral vaccine delivery in type 1 diabetes. The effect of CTB/peptide formulations on Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells has remained largely unexplored. Here, using tetramer analysis, we investigated how oral delivery of CTB fused to two CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, the BDC-2.5 T-cell 2.5 mi mimotope and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 286-300, affected diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. When administered i.p., CTB-2.5 mi activated 2.5 mi(+) T cells and following intragastric delivery generated Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg and Th2 cells. While 2.5 mi(+) and GAD-specific T cells were tolerized in diabetes-resistant NODxB6.Foxp3(EGFP) F1 and nonobese resistant (NOR) mice, this did not occur in NOD mice. This indicated that NOD mice had a recessive genetic resistance to induce oral tolerance to both CTB-fused epitopes. In contrast to NODxB6.Foxp3(EGFP) F1 mice, oral treatment in NOD mice lead to strong 2.5 mi(+) T-cell activation and the sequestration of these cells to the effector-memory pool. Oral treatment of NOD mice with CTB-2.5 mi failed to prevent diabetes. These findings underline the importance of investigating the effect of oral vaccine formulations on diabetogenic T cells as in selected cases they may have counterproductive consequences in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Presa
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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18
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Arslan Z, Stratmann T, Wurm R, Wagner R, Schnetz K, Pul Ü. RcsB-BglJ-mediated activation of Cascade operon does not induce the maturation of CRISPR RNAs in E. coli K12. RNA Biol 2013; 10:708-15. [PMID: 23392250 PMCID: PMC3737329 DOI: 10.4161/rna.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic immunity against foreign nucleic acids mediated by clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) depends on the expression of the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins and the formation of small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). The crRNA-loaded Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes convey the specific recognition and inactivation of target nucleic acids. In E. coli K12, the maturation of crRNAs and the interference with target DNA is performed by the Cascade complex. The transcription of the Cascade operon is tightly repressed through H-NS-dependent inhibition of the Pcas promoter. Elevated levels of the LysR-type regulator LeuO induce the Pcas promoter and concomitantly activate the CRISPR-mediated immunity against phages. Here, we show that the Pcas promoter can also be induced by constitutive expression of the regulator BglJ. This activation is LeuO-dependent as heterodimers of BglJ and RcsB activate leuO transcription. Each transcription factor, LeuO or BglJ, induced the transcription of the Cascade genes to comparable amounts. However, the maturation of the crRNAs was activated in LeuO but not in BglJ-expressing cells. Studies on CRISPR promoter activities, transcript stabilities, crRNA processing and Cascade protein levels were performed to answer the question why crRNA maturation is defective in BglJ-expressing cells. Our results demonstrate that the activation of Cascade gene transcription is necessary but not sufficient to turn on the CRISPR-mediated immunity and suggest a more complex regulation of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihni Arslan
- Molecular Biology of Bacteria; Heinrich-Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Reinhild Wurm
- Molecular Biology of Bacteria; Heinrich-Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rolf Wagner
- Molecular Biology of Bacteria; Heinrich-Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Schnetz
- Institute for Genetics; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Ümit Pul
- Molecular Biology of Bacteria; Heinrich-Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Stratmann T, Pul Ü, Wurm R, Wagner R, Schnetz K. RcsB-BglJ activates the Escherichia coli leuO gene, encoding an H-NS antagonist and pleiotropic regulator of virulence determinants. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:1109-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Altirriba J, García A, Sánchez B, Haba L, Altekruse S, Stratmann T, Bombí JA, Mezquita C, Gomis R, Mora C. The sole presence of CDK4 is not a solid criterion for discriminating between tumor and healthy pancreatic tissues. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2743-5. [PMID: 21792898 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Neelsen S, Stratmann T. Effects of prenatal and early life malnutrition: evidence from the Greek famine. J Health Econ 2011; 30:479-488. [PMID: 21546107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the long run education and labor market effects from early-life exposure to the Greek 1941-1942 famine. Given the short duration of the famine, we can separately identify the famine effects for cohorts exposed in utero, during infancy and at 1 year of age. We find that adverse outcomes due to the famine are largest for infants. Further, in our regression analysis we exploit the fact that the famine was more severe in urban than in rural areas. Consistent with our prediction, we find that urban-born cohorts show larger negative impacts on educational outcomes than rural-born cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Neelsen
- ifo-Institute for Economic Research, Poschingerstrasse 5, 81679 Munich, Germany
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22
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Wen L, Green EA, Stratmann T, Panosa A, Gomis R, Eynon EE, Flavell RA, Mezquita JA, Mora C. In vivo diabetogenic action of CD4+ T lymphocytes requires Fas expression and is independent of IL-1 and IL-18. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1344-51. [PMID: 21469125 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T lymphocytes are required to induce spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Since pancreatic β cells upregulate Fas expression upon exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, we studied whether the diabetogenic action of CD4(+) T lymphocytes depends on Fas expression on target cells. We assayed the diabetogenic capacity of NOD spleen CD4(+) T lymphocytes when adoptively transferred into a NOD mouse model combining: (i) Fas-deficiency, (ii) FasL-deficiency, and (iii) SCID mutation. We found that CD4(+) T lymphocytes require Fas expression in the recipients' target cells to induce diabetes. IL-1β has been described as a key cytokine involved in Fas upregulation on mouse β cells. We addressed whether CD4(+) T cells require IL-1β to induce diabetes. We also studied spontaneous diabetes onset in NOD/IL-1 converting enzyme-deficient mice, in NOD/IL-1β-deficient mice, and CD4(+) T-cell adoptively transferred diabetes into NOD/SCID IL-1β-deficient mice. Neither IL-1β nor IL-18 are required for either spontaneous or CD4(+) T-cell adoptively transferred diabetes. We conclude that CD4(+) T-cell-mediated β-cell damage in autoimmune diabetes depends on Fas expression, but not on IL-1β unveiling the existing redundancy regarding the cytokines involved in Fas upregulation on NOD β cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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23
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Rivas EI, Driver JP, Garabatos N, Presa M, Mora C, Rodriguez F, Serreze DV, Stratmann T. Targeting of a T cell agonist peptide to lysosomes by DNA vaccination induces tolerance in the nonobese diabetic mouse. J Immunol 2011; 186:4078-87. [PMID: 21346228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are crucial effectors in the pathology of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Successful therapeutic interventions for prevention and cure of T1D in humans are still elusive. Recent research efforts have focused on the manipulation of T cells by treatment with DNA. In this paper, we studied the effects of a DNA treatment strategy designed to target antigenic peptides to the lysosomal compartment on a monospecific T cell population termed 2.5mi(+) T cells that shares reactivity with the diabetogenic T cell clone BDC-2.5 in the NOD mouse. MHC class II tetramer analysis showed that repeated administrations were necessary to expand 2.5mi(+) T cells in vivo. This expansion was independent of Ag presentation by B cells. A single peptide epitope was sufficient to induce protection against T1D, which was not due to Ag-specific T cell anergy. Typical Th2 cytokines such as IL-10 or IL-4 were undetectable in 2.5mi(+) T cells, arguing against a mechanism of immune deviation. Instead, the expanded 2.5mi(+) T cell population produced IFN-γ similar to 2.5mi(+) T cells from naive mice. Protection against T1D by DNA treatment was completely lost in NOD.CD28(-/-) mice which are largely deficient of natural regulatory T cells (Treg). Although Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg did not expand in response to DNA treatment, diabetes onset was delayed in Treg-reconstituted and DNA-treated NOD.SCID mice. These observations provide evidence for a Treg-mediated protective mechanism that is independent of the expansion or de novo generation of Ag-specific Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I Rivas
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Guitart T, Leon Bernardo T, Sagalés J, Stratmann T, Bernués J, Ribas de Pouplana L. New aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-like protein in insecta with an essential mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38157-66. [PMID: 20870726 PMCID: PMC2992249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS) are modular enzymes that aminoacylate transfer RNAs (tRNA) for their use by the ribosome during protein synthesis. ARS are essential and universal components of the genetic code that were almost completely established before the appearance of the last common ancestor of all living species. This long evolutionary history explains the growing number of functions being discovered for ARS, and for ARS homologues, beyond their canonical role in gene translation. Here we present a previously uncharacterized paralogue of seryl-tRNA synthetase named SLIMP (seryl-tRNA synthetase-like insect mitochondrial protein). SLIMP is the result of a duplication of a mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase (SRS) gene that took place in early metazoans and was fixed in Insecta. Here we show that SLIMP is localized in the mitochondria, where it carries out an essential function that is unrelated to the aminoacylation of tRNA. The knockdown of SLIMP by RNA interference (RNAi) causes a decrease in respiration capacity and an increase in mitochondrial mass in the form of aberrant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanit Guitart
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), C/ Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Teresa Leon Bernardo
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), C/ Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Jessica Sagalés
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), C/ Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- the Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona (Biology), Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Jordi Bernués
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), C/ Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
- the Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Carrer Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, and
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), C/ Baldiri Reixac 12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
- the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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25
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Westra ER, Pul U, Heidrich N, Jore MM, Lundgren M, Stratmann T, Wurm R, Raine A, Mescher M, Van Heereveld L, Mastop M, Wagner EGH, Schnetz K, Van Der Oost J, Wagner R, Brouns SJJ. H-NS-mediated repression of CRISPR-based immunity in Escherichia coli K12 can be relieved by the transcription activator LeuO. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:1380-93. [PMID: 20659289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas defence system provides immunity against viral infections and plasmid conjugation. It has been demonstrated that in Escherichia coli transcription of the Cascade genes (casABCDE) and to some extent the CRISPR array is repressed by heat-stable nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein, a global transcriptional repressor. Here we elaborate on the control of the E. coli CRISPR/Cas system, and study the effect on CRISPR-based anti-viral immunity. Transformation of wild-type E. coli K12 with CRISPR spacers that are complementary to phage Lambda does not lead to detectable protection against Lambda infection. However, when an H-NS mutant of E. coli K12 is transformed with the same anti-Lambda CRISPR, this does result in reduced sensitivity to phage infection. In addition, it is demonstrated that LeuO, a LysR-type transcription factor, binds to two sites flanking the casA promoter and the H-NS nucleation site, resulting in derepression of casABCDE12 transcription. Overexpression of LeuO in E. coli K12 containing an anti-Lambda CRISPR leads to an enhanced protection against phage infection. This study demonstrates that in E. coli H-NS and LeuO are antagonistic regulators of CRISPR-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edze R Westra
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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26
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Carrillo J, Puertas MC, Planas R, Pastor X, Alba A, Stratmann T, Pujol-Borrell R, Ampudia RM, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected during diabetogenesis. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3152-62. [PMID: 18433871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement analysis of immunoglobulin genes is an exceptional opportunity to look back at the B lymphocyte differentiation during ontogeny and the subsequent immune response, and thus to study the selective pressures involved in autoimmune disorders. In a recent study to characterize the antigenic specificity of B lymphocytes during T1D progression, we generated hybridomas of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes from NOD mice and other related strains developing insulitis, but with different degrees of susceptibility to T1D. We found that a sizable proportion of hybridomas produced monoclonal antibodies reactive to peripherin, an intermediate filament protein mainly found in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, we found that anti-peripherin antibody-producing hybridomas originated from B lymphocytes that had undergone immunoglobulin class switch recombination, a characteristic of secondary immune response. Therefore, in the present study we performed immunoglobulin VL and VH analysis of these hybridomas to ascertain whether they were derived from B lymphocytes that had undergone antigen-driven selection. The results indicated that whereas some anti-peripherin hybridomas showed signs of oligoclonality, somatic hypermutation and/or secondary rearrangements (receptor edition and receptor revision), others seemed to directly derive from the preimmune repertoire. In view of these results, we conclude that anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected and primed in the course of T1D development in NOD mice, and reinforce the idea that peripherin is a relevant autoantigen targeted during T1D development in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis & Center for Transfusion and Tissue Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigacio Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Marzo N, Ortega S, Stratmann T, García A, Ríos M, Giménez A, Gomis R, Mora C. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 hyperactivity promotes autoreactivity in the immune system but protects pancreatic cell mass from autoimmune destruction in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. J Immunol 2008; 180:1189-98. [PMID: 18178859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) plays a central role in perinatal pancreatic beta cell replication, thus becoming a potential target for therapeutics in autoimmune diabetes. Its hyperactive form, Cdk4R24C, causes beta cell hyperplasia without promoting hypoglycemia in a nonautoimmune-prone mouse strain. In this study, we explore whether beta cell hyperproliferation induced by the Cdk4R24C mutation balances the autoimmune attack against beta cells inherent to the NOD genetic background. To this end, we backcrossed the Cdk4R24C knockin mice, which have the Cdk4 gene replaced by the Cdk4R24C mutated form, onto the NOD genetic background. In this study, we show that NOD/Cdk4R24C knockin mice exhibit exacerbated diabetes and insulitis, and that this exacerbated diabetic phenotype is solely due to the hyperactivity of the NOD/Cdk4R24C immune repertoire. Thus, NOD/Cdk4R24C splenocytes confer exacerbated diabetes when adoptively transferred into NOD/SCID recipients, compared with NOD/wild-type (WT) donor splenocytes. Accordingly, NOD/Cdk4R24C splenocytes show increased basal proliferation and higher activation markers expression compared with NOD/WT splenocytes. However, to eliminate the effect of the Cdk4R24C mutation specifically in the lymphocyte compartment, we introduced this mutation into NOD/SCID mice. NOD/SCID/Cdk4R24C knockin mice develop beta cell hyperplasia spontaneously. Furthermore, NOD/SCID/Cdk4R24C knockin females that have been adoptively transferred with NOD/WT splenocytes are more resistant to autoimmunity than NOD/SCID WT female. Thus, the Cdk4R24C mutation opens two avenues in the NOD model: when expressed specifically in beta cells, it provides a new potential strategy for beta cell regeneration in autoimmune diabetes, but its expression in the immune repertoire exacerbates autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Marzo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Abstract
Background A rapid phage display method for the elucidation of cognate peptide specific ligand for receptors is described. The approach may be readily integrated into the interface of genomic and proteomic studies to identify biologically relevant ligands. Methods A gene fragment library from influenza coat protein haemagglutinin (HA) gene was constructed by treating HA cDNA with DNAse I to create 50 – 100 bp fragments. These fragments were cloned into plasmid pORFES IV and in-frame inserts were selected. These in-frame fragment inserts were subsequently cloned into a filamentous phage display vector JC-M13-88 for surface display as fusions to a synthetic copy of gene VIII. Two well characterized antibodies, mAb 12CA5 and pAb 07431, directed against distinct known regions of HA were used to pan the library. Results Two linear epitopes, HA peptide 112 – 126 and 162–173, recognized by mAb 12CA5 and pAb 07431, respectively, were identified as the cognate epitopes. Conclusion This approach is a useful alternative to conventional methods such as screening of overlapping synthetic peptide libraries or gene fragment expression libraries when searching for precise peptide protein interactions, and may be applied to functional proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Universidad de Barcelona, Departamento de Fisiologia, Diagonal 645, 3°, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angray S Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Robey IF, Peterson M, Horwitz MS, Kono DH, Stratmann T, Theofilopoulos AN, Sarvetnick N, Teyton L, Feeney AJ. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase deficiency decreases autoimmune disease in diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic mice and lupus-prone MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Immunol 2004; 172:4624-9. [PMID: 15034081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wide diversity of the T and B Ag receptor repertoires becomes even more extensive postneonatally due to the activity of TdT, which adds nontemplated N nucleotides to Ig and TCR coding ends during V(D)J recombination. In addition, complementarity-determining region 3 sequences formed in the absence of TdT are more uniform due to the use of short sequence homologies between the V, D, and J genes. Thus, the action of TdT produces an adult repertoire that is both different from, and much larger than, the repertoire of the neonate. We have generated TdT-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD) and MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, and observed a decrease in the incidence of autoimmune disease, including absence of diabetes and decreased pancreatic infiltration in NOD TdT(-/-) mice, and reduced glomerulonephritis and increased life span in MRL-Fas(lpr) TdT(-/-) mice. Using tetramer staining, TdT(-/-) and TdT(+/+) NOD mice showed similar frequencies of the diabetogenic BDC 2.5 CD4(+) T cells. We found no increase in CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in NOD TdT(-/-) mice. Thus, TdT deficiency ameliorates the severity of disease in both lupus and diabetes, two very disparate autoimmune diseases that affect different organs, with damage conducted by different effector cell types. The neonatal repertoire appears to be deficient in autoreactive T and/or B cells with high enough affinities to induce end-stage disease. We suggest that the paucity of autoreactive specificities created in the N region-lacking repertoire, and the resultant protection afforded to the newborn, may be the reason that TdT expression is delayed in ontogeny.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/mortality
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clone Cells
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/deficiency
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/genetics
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/mortality
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- fas Receptor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Robey
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Stratmann T, Teyton L. Getting a grip on antigen-specific CD4 T cells: Tracking autoimmune T cells in vivo. Discov Med 2003; 3:42-43. [PMID: 20704862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Extract: Autoreactive T cells are part of the normal immune system and are kept under control by mechanisms known as anergy. Autoimmune diseases are caused by the breakdown of this tolerance, and T cell activation leads to severe inflammation and tissue damage. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, synovial joints will be destroyed whereas in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1 diabetes), insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans will be the focus of the attack. The genetic makeup of susceptible individuals and the environmental factors leading to autoimmunity are complex and largely unknown. In many instances, the main genetic locus that has been determined is the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II locus. In the case of IDDM this locus encodes alleles such as HLA-DR4, -DR3, and -DQ8 in humans and I-Ag7 in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Since MHC class II molecules present peptides to CD4 positive T cells, it is tempting to link genes and function and to study closely CD4+ T cells in the context of autoimmunity. It is now well established that, indeed, these cells are essential for the initiation and development of autoimmunity, however, in-depth investigation of them has been impeded by two major roadblocks. First, potential antigens, and therefore relevant peptides, are scarce and difficult to isolate. Secondly, reagents able to detect T cells in an antigen-specific fashion have remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Stratmann T, Martin-Orozco N, Mallet-Designe V, Poirot L, McGavern D, Losyev G, Dobbs CM, Oldstone MBA, Yoshida K, Kikutani H, Mathis D, Benoist C, Haskins K, Teyton L. Susceptible MHC alleles, not background genes, select an autoimmune T cell reactivity. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:902-14. [PMID: 12975475 PMCID: PMC193666 DOI: 10.1172/jci18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect and characterize autoreactive T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice, we have developed a multimeric MHC reagent with high affinity for the BDC-2.5 T cell receptor, which is reactive against a pancreatic autoantigen. A distinct population of T cells is detected in NOD mice that recognizes the same MHC/peptide target. These T cells are positively selected in the thymus at a surprisingly high frequency and exported to the periphery. They are activated specifically in the pancreatic LNs, demonstrating an autoimmune specificity that recapitulates that of the BDC-2.5 cell. These phenomena are also observed in mouse lines that share with NOD the H-2g7 MHC haplotype but carry diabetes-resistance background genes. Thus, a susceptible haplotype at the MHC seems to be the only element required for the selection and emergence of autoreactive T cells, without requiring other diabetogenic loci from the NOD genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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32
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Abstract
Unwanted pregnancy represents a major cost of sexual activity. When abortion was legalized in a number of states in 1969 and 1970 (and nationally in 1973), this cost was reduced. We predict that abortion legalization generated incentives leading to an increase in sexual activity, accompanied by an increase in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Using Centers for Disease Control data on the incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis by state, we test the hypothesis that abortion legalization led to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. We find that gonorrhea and syphilis incidences are significantly and positively correlated with abortion legalization. Further, we find a divergence in STD rates among early legalizing states and late legalizing states starting in 1970 and a subsequent convergence after the Roe v. Wade decision, indicating that the relation between STDs and abortion is casual. Abortion legalization accounts for about one-fourth of the average disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Klick
- George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, VA, USA
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33
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Mallet-Designe VI, Stratmann T, Homann D, Carbone F, Oldstone MBA, Teyton L. Detection of low-avidity CD4+ T cells using recombinant artificial APC: following the antiovalbumin immune response. J Immunol 2003; 170:123-31. [PMID: 12496391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subtle differences oppose CD4+ to CD8+ T cell physiologies that lead to different arrays of effector functions. Interestingly, this dichotomy has also unexpected practical consequences such as the inefficacy of many MHC class II tetramers in detecting specific CD4+ T cells. As a mean to study the CD4+ anti-OVA response in H-2(d) and H-2(b) genetic backgrounds, we developed I-A(d)- and I-A(b)-OVA recombinant MHC monomers and tetramers. We were able to show that in this particular system, despite normal biological activity, MHC class II tetramers failed to stain specific T cells. This failure was shown to be associated with a lack of cooperation between binding sites within the tetramer as measured by surface plasmon resonance. This limited cooperativeness translated into a low "functional avidity" and very transient binding of the tetramers to T cells. To overcome this biophysical barrier, recombinant artificial APC that display MHC molecules in a lipid bilayer were developed. The plasticity and size of the MHC-bearing fluorescent liposomes allowed binding to Ag-specific T cells and the detection of low numbers of anti-OVA T cells following immunization. The same liposomes were able, at 37 degrees C, to induce the full reorganization of the T cell signaling molecules and the formation of an immunological synapse. Artificial APC will allow T cell detection and the dissection of the molecular events of T cell activation and will help us understand the fundamental differences between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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34
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Stratmann T, Apostolopoulos V, Mallet-Designe V, Corper AL, Scott CA, Wilson IA, Kang AS, Teyton L. The I-Ag7 MHC class II molecule linked to murine diabetes is a promiscuous peptide binder. J Immunol 2000; 165:3214-25. [PMID: 10975837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is linked to MHC class II genes. The only MHC class II molecule expressed by nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, I-Ag7, shares a common alpha-chain with I-Ad but has a peculiar beta-chain. As with most beta-chain alleles linked to diabetes susceptibility, I-Ag7 contains a nonaspartic residue at position beta57. We have produced large amounts of empty I-Ag7 molecules using a fly expression system to characterize its biochemical properties and peptide binding by phage-displayed peptide libraries. The identification of a specific binding peptide derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) has allowed us to crystallize and obtain the three-dimensional structure of I-Ag7. Structural information was critical in evaluating the binding studies. I-Ag7, like I-Ad, appears to be very promiscuous in terms of peptide binding. Their binding motifs are degenerate and contain small and/or small hydrophobic residues at P4 and P6 of the peptide, a motif frequently found in most globular proteins. The degree of promiscuity is increased for I-Ag7 over I-Ad as a consequence of a larger P9 pocket that can specifically accommodate negatively charged residues, as well as possibly residues with bulky side chains. So, although I-Ad and I-Ag7 are structurally closely related, stable molecules and good peptide binders, they differ functionally in their ability to bind significantly different peptide repertoires that are heavily influenced by the presence or the absence of a negatively charged residue at position 57 of the beta-chain. These characteristics link I-Ag7 with autoimmune diseases, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stratmann
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Corper AL, Stratmann T, Apostolopoulos V, Scott CA, Garcia KC, Kang AS, Wilson IA, Teyton L. A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes. Science 2000; 288:505-11. [PMID: 10775108 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to murine and human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus correlates strongly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II I-A or HLA-DQ alleles that lack an aspartic acid at position beta57. I-Ag7 lacks this aspartate and is the only class II allele expressed by the nonobese diabetic mouse. The crystal structure of I-Ag7 was determined at 2.6 angstrom resolution as a complex with a high-affinity peptide from the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. I-Ag7 has a substantially wider peptide-binding groove around beta57, which accounts for distinct peptide preferences compared with other MHC class II alleles. Loss of Asp(beta57) leads to an oxyanion hole in I-Ag7 that can be filled by peptide carboxyl residues or, perhaps, through interaction with the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Corper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Stratmann T, Schmid SR, Harper JF, Kang AS. Bacterial expression and purification of recombinant Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein. Protein Expr Purif 1997; 11:72-8. [PMID: 9325141 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the expression and purification of recombinant rodent malarial Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite surface protein (PyCSP) in Escherichia coli. To facilitate purification of the recombinant protein, the PyCSP was expressed as an amino-terminal fusion protein to glutathione S-transferase and as a carboxy-terminal fusion protein to a hexahistidyl tag. The expression of the fusion protein was controlled by the inducible tac promoter. Under optimal conditions the immunoreactive PyCSP represented approximately 0.04% of the total cell lysate. Western blot analysis probing with an anti-PyCSP antibody revealed a wide array of immunoreactive bands. Material isolated by affinity purification on glutathione-Sepharose 4B resin also contained multiple bands indicative of premature termination or carboxyl-terminal degradation. Analysis of protein retained on a nickel nitrilotriacetic acid resin revealed evidence of amino-terminal deleted material. Combining the two mild affinity purifications resulted in isolation of a single immunoreactive protein of approximate molecular weight of 96 kDa. We anticipate that the approach described in this study will facilitate the production of highly purified recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stratmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Spieker C, Heck D, Zidek W, Stratmann T, von Bassewitz DP, Losse H, Vetter H, Zumkley H. Elemental and trace element distribution in medical samples: analysis by proton-induced X-ray emission. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1986; 8:363-6. [PMID: 3016432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of trace elements is performed by proton-induced X-ray emission. The process is most effective if the velocity of the exciting particles--protons--is similar to the velocity of the electron on its orbit in the simple atomic model of Bohr. For K-shell electrons of the elements with 15 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 40 this requires proton energies of a few MeV, available from electrostatic van de Graaf accelerator machines. After knocking out the K-shell electron, the empty place is filled up by electrons jumping from higher orbits with simultaneous emission of characteristic X-rays, which are registered with a cooled Si (Li) detector. By a set of electrodes the beam can be swept across the specimen surface. Therefore this method yields an excellent correlation of trace element distribution within the morphological structure of organic tissue. In the present study the sweep went along a line perpendicular to the arterial wall layers (aortic, renal artery and heart muscle) of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Along this line all elements and trace elements are recorded simultaneously. These are P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Sr. The trace element content of the aortic wall and the renal artery, of 22 spontaneously hypertensive and 11 normotensive rats and of human heart muscle was investigated. The results demonstrate that Zn was only detected in the muscle-containing layers of the arteries. There was no different distribution between hypertensive and normotensive rats. However, Ca2+ was mainly detected in the smooth muscle-containing tunica media of hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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