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de Franchis V, Petrungaro S, Pizzichini E, Camerini S, Casella M, Somma F, Mandolini E, Carpino G, Overi D, Cardinale V, Facchiano A, Filippini A, Gaudio E, Fabrizi C, Giampietri C. Cholangiocarcinoma Malignant Traits Are Promoted by Schwann Cells through TGFβ Signaling in a Model of Perineural Invasion. Cells 2024; 13:366. [PMID: 38474330 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The term cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) defines a class of epithelial malignancies originating from bile ducts. Although it has been demonstrated that CCA patients with perineural invasion (PNI) have a worse prognosis, the biological features of this phenomenon are yet unclear. Our data show that in human intrahepatic CCA specimens with documented PNI, nerve-infiltrating CCA cells display positivity of the epithelial marker cytokeratin 7, lower with respect to the rest of the tumor mass. In an in vitro 3D model, CCA cells move towards a peripheral nerve explant allowing contact with Schwann cells (SCs) emerging from the nerve. Here, we show that SCs produce soluble factors that favor the migration, invasion, survival and proliferation of CCA cells in vitro. This effect is accompanied by a cadherin switch, suggestive of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The influence of SCs in promoting the ability of CCA cells to migrate and invade the extracellular matrix is hampered by a specific TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFBR1) antagonist. Differential proteomic data indicate that the exposure of CCA cells to SC secreted factors induces the upregulation of key oncogenes and the concomitant downregulation of some tumor suppressors. Taken together, these data concur in identifying SCs as possible promoters of a more aggressive CCA phenotype, ascribing a central role to TGFβ signaling in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio de Franchis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Pizzichini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Somma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Mandolini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fabrizi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Grosshans HK, Fischer TT, Steinle JA, Brill AL, Ehrlich BE. Neuronal Calcium Sensor 1 is up-regulated in response to stress to promote cell survival and motility in cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1134-1151. [PMID: 32239615 PMCID: PMC7266285 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling can modulate cellular machinery required for cancer progression. Neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS1) is a ubiquitously expressed Ca2+‐binding protein that promotes tumor aggressiveness by enhancing cell survival and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism by which NCS1 contributes to increased tumor aggressiveness has yet to be identified. In this study, we aimed to determine (a) whether NCS1 expression changes in response to external stimuli, (b) the importance of NCS1 for cell survival and migration, and (c) the cellular mechanism(s) through which NSC1 modulates these outcomes. We found that NCS1 abundance increases under conditions of stress, most prominently after stimulation with the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α, in a manner dependent on nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB). We found that NFκB signaling is activated in human breast cancer tissue, which was accompanied by an increase in NCS1 mRNA expression. Further exploration into the relevance of NCS1 in breast cancer progression showed that knockout of NCS1 (NCS1 KO) caused decreased cell survival and motility, increased baseline intracellular Ca2+ levels, and decreased inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐mediated Ca2+ responses. Protein kinase B (Akt) activity was decreased in NCS1 KO cells, which could be rescued by buffering intracellular Ca2+. Conversely, Akt activity was increased in cells overexpressing NCS1 (NCS1 OE). We therefore conclude that NCS1 acts as cellular stress response protein up‐regulated by stress‐induced NFκB signaling and that NCS1 influences cell survival and motility through effects on Ca2+ signaling and Akt pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike K Grosshans
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tom T Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Julia A Steinle
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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4
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Zhang X, Shi G, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhao Y. Triterpenes derived from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins with anti-hepatic fibrosis and protective activity against H 2O 2-induced injury. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:226-232. [PMID: 28985570 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a popular functional food, and it is also used as a traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, five previously undescribed triterpenes, gypensapogenin M, gypensapogenin N, gypensapogenin O, gypensapogenin P, and gypensapogenin Q, together with five known compounds were isolated from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins. The bioassay data showed that all the triterpenes exhibited significant protective activity against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury and anti-hepatic fibrosis activity. Taken together, the discovery of these triterpenes from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins expands its use as a functional food for preventing myocardial injury and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Focal adhesion kinase signaling regulates anti-inflammatory function of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells induced by biomechanical force. Cell Signal 2017. [PMID: 28647573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have tremendous potential for use in regenerative medicine due to their multipotency and immune cell regulatory functions. Biomimetic physical forces have been shown to direct differentiation and maturation of MSCs in tissue engineering applications; however, the effect of force on immunomodulatory activity of MSCs has been largely overlooked. Here we show in human bone marrow-derived MSCs that wall shear stress (WSS) equivalent to the fluid frictional force present in the adult arterial vasculature significantly enhances expression of four genes that mediate MSC immune regulatory function, PTGS2, HMOX1, IL1RN, and TNFAIP6. Several mechanotransduction pathways are stimulated by WSS, including calcium ion (Ca2+) flux and activation of Akt, MAPK, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of PI3K-Akt by LY294002 or Ca2+ signaling with chelators, ion channel inhibitors, or Ca2+ free culture conditions failed to attenuate WSS-induced COX2 expression. In contrast, the FAK inhibitor PF-562271 blocked COX2 induction, implicating focal adhesions as critical sensory components upstream of this key immunomodulatory factor. In co-culture assays, WSS preconditioning stimulates MSC anti-inflammatory activity to more potently suppress TNF-α production by activated immune cells, and this improved potency depended upon the ability of FAK to stimulate COX2 induction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that biomechanical force potentiates the reparative and regenerative properties of MSCs through a FAK signaling cascade and highlights the potential for innovative force-based approaches for enhancement in MSC therapeutic efficacy.
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Three new triterpenoids isolated from the aerial parts of Ilex cornuta and protective effects against H 2O 2-induced myocardial cell injury. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:115-120. [PMID: 28284425 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, three new triterpenoids, 23-hydroxyurs-12, 18-dien-28-oic acid 3β-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (1), 23-hydroxyurs-12, 18-dien-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester (2), and urs-12, 18-dien-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester (3), and a known triterpenoid, 3β-hydroxy-urs-2, 18-dien-28-oic acid (4, randialic acid B), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ilex cornuta. Their structures were identified by the spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Compound 4 showed significant cell-protective effects against H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury. Compounds 1-4 did not show any significant DPPH radical scavenging activity.
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7
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Wu Q, Zhao Y, Duan W, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhu M. Propofol inhibits high glucose-induced PP2A expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 91:18-25. [PMID: 28188886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative hyperglycemia is a common clinical metabolic disorder. Hyperglycemia could induce endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and inflammation, resulting in endothelial injury. Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug in clinical settings. Our previous studies indicated that propofol, via inhibiting high glucose-induced phosphatase A2 (PP2A) expression, attenuated high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thus improving endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which propofol attenuated high glucose-induced PP2A expression is still obscure. In the present study, we examined how propofol attenuates high glucose-induced endothelial PP2A expression. Compared with 5mM glucose treatment, 15mM glucose up-regulated expression and activity of PP2A, increased cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), Ca2+-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMK II) phosphorylation and Ca2+ accumulation. More importantly, propofol decreased PP2A expression and activity, attenuated CREB, CaMK II phosphorylation and Ca2+ accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrated that the effect of propofol was similar to that of MK801, an inhibitor of NMDA receptor. In contrast, rapastinel, an activator of NMDA receptor, antagonized the effect of propofol. Also, the effect of KN93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, was similar to that of propofol, except KN93 had no effect on 15mM glucose-mediated Ca2+ accumulation. Our data indicated that propofol, via inhibiting NMDA receptor, attenuated 15mM glucose-induced Ca2+ accumulation, CaMK II and CREB phosphorylation, thus inhibiting PP2A expression and improving 15mM glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenming Duan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiangyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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8
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Divolis G, Mavroeidi P, Mavrofrydi O, Papazafiri P. Differential effects of calcium on PI3K-Akt and HIF-1α survival pathways. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:437-49. [PMID: 27344565 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling participates in the regulation of numberless cellular functions including cell cycle progression and cellular migration, important processes for cancer expansion. Cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion are typically supported by PI3K/Akt activation, while a hypoxic environment is critical in cancer development. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed at investigating whether perturbations in calcium homeostasis induce alterations of HIF-1α and activate Akt levels in epithelial A549 and A431 cells. Survival was drastically reduced in the presence of calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor inducing store-operated calcium entry, to a lesser extent. Calcium chelation provoked a transient but strong upregulation of HIF-1α protein levels and accumulation in the nucleus, whereas in the presence of thapsigargin, HIF-1α levels were rapidly abolished before reaching and exceeding control levels. Despite cell death, calcium chelation merely inhibited Akt, which was significantly activated in the presence of thapsigargin. Moreover, when store-operated calcium entry was simulated by reintroducing calcium ions in cell suspensions, Akt was rapidly activated in the absence of any growth factor. These data further underscore the growing importance of calcium entry and directly link this elementary event of calcium homeostasis to the Akt pathway, which is commonly deregulated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Divolis
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.,Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Mavroeidi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mavrofrydi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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Racine RR, Manalo NA, Hall JMF, Dibas A, Raffel GD, Mummert ME. CD44 induced enhancement of phosphatase activity and calcium influx: Modifications of EGR-1 expression and cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:172-178. [PMID: 28955875 PMCID: PMC5600419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how CD44 impaired Akt phosphorylation, EGR-1 expression and cell proliferation. E6.1 Jurkat cells, which lack endogenous CD44 expression, were engineered to express CD44. Previously we showed that Akt is hypophosphorylated, EGR-1 expression is reduced and proliferation is impaired in CD44 expressing E6.1 Jurkat cells. The cell cycle was studied using flow cytometry and the role of calcium (Ca2+) in Akt phosphorylation and EGR-1 expression was investigated using Western blotting. Phosphatase activity was assessed using a commercially available kit. CD44 expressing cells showed disruption at the G1 to S transition. Chelation of Ca2+ from the culture media impaired Akt phosphorylation and EGR-1 expression in both CD44 expressing cells and the open vector control. Moreover, Ni2+ disrupted cell proliferation in both cell types suggesting Ca2+ import through calcium release activated calcium channels (CRAC). Staining of cells with fura-2 AM showed significantly higher Ca2+ in CD44 expressing cells as compared with the vehicle control. Finally, non-calcium mediated phosphatase activity was significantly greater in CD44 expressing cells. We propose that the enhanced phosphatase activity in the CD44 cells increased the dephosphorylation rate of Akt; at the same time, the increased intracellular concentration of Ca2+ in the CD44 cells ensured that the phosphorylation of Akt remains intact albeit at lower concentrations as compared with the vector control. Reduced Akt phosphorylation resulted in lowered expression of EGR-1 and hence, reduced the cell proliferation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny R Racine
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500, Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth TX 76104, United States
| | - Nathan A Manalo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Jessica M F Hall
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500, Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth TX 76104, United States
| | - Adnan Dibas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500, Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth TX 76104, United States
| | - Glen D Raffel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Mark E Mummert
- Mental Sciences Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500, Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth TX 76104, United States.,Center for Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500, Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth TX 76104, United States
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10
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Fei Y, Zhao J, Liu Y, Li X, Xu Q, Wang T, Khan IA, Yang S. New monoterpene glycosides from sunflower seeds and their protective effects against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury. Food Chem 2015; 187:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Goetze JP, Johnsen AH, Kistorp C, Gustafsson F, Johnbeck CB, Rehfeld JF. Cardiomyocyte expression and cell-specific processing of procholecystokinin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6837-43. [PMID: 25627687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart muscle cells produce peptide hormones such as natriuretic peptides. Developing hearts also express the gene for the classic intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in amounts similar to those in the intestine and brain. However, cardiac expression of peptides other than natriuretic peptides has only been suggested using transcriptional measures or methods, with the post-translational phase of gene expression unaddressed. In this study, we examined the cardiac expression of the CCK gene in adult mammals and its expression at the protein level. Using quantitative PCR, a library of sequence-specific pro-CCK assays, peptide purification, and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that the mammalian heart expresses pro-CCK in amounts comparable to natriuretic prohormones and processes it to a unique, triple-sulfated, and N-terminally truncated product distinct from intestinal and cerebral CCK peptides. Isoprenaline rapidly stimulated cardiac CCK gene expression in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that the cardiac-specific truncated pro-CCK may have pathophysiological relevance as a new marker of heart failure. The suggestion is confirmed by measurement of plasma from heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
| | - Anders H Johnsen
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
| | - Camilla B Johnbeck
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, the Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, and
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12
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Mourouzis I, Mantzouratou P, Galanopoulos G, Kostakou E, Dhalla AK, Belardinelli L, Pantos C. The beneficial effects of ranolazine on cardiac function after myocardial infarction are greater in diabetic than in nondiabetic rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:457-69. [PMID: 24651516 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414524481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ranolazine (RAN) is known to exert both anti-ischemic and antidiabetic actions. Thus, this study has explored the hypothesis that RAN would have greater effect on the recovery of cardiac function in diabetic mellitus (DM) rat hearts following myocardial infarction (MI). Myocardial infarction was induced in nondiabetic (MI, n = 14) and diabetic (streptozotocin induced; DM-MI, n = 13) Wistar rats by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography (left ventricular ejection fraction %) and in isolated heart preparations by measuring left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and the positive and negative first derivative of LVDP (± dp/dt). Ranolazine (20 mg/kg, ip once a day) was administered 24 hours after surgical procedure for 4 weeks to nondiabetic (MI + RAN, n = 17) and diabetic rats (DM-MI + RAN, n = 15). The RAN improved the recovery of function in both the nondiabetic and the diabetic postinfarcted hearts but this effect was greater and achieved statistical significance only in the diabetic group. The RAN resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, a component of Akt signaling) in both nondiabetic and diabetic infarcted hearts without changes in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase). In addition, in diabetic hearts, RAN resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of sarcoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase/phospholamban (a target of Akt signaling, 2.0-fold increase) and increased levels of phosphorylated calcium-regulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK; 2.0-fold increase). In diabetic animals, RAN increased insulin and lowered glucose levels in serum. In conclusion, the beneficial effect of RAN on the recovery of cardiac function after MI was greater in DM rats. This response was associated with activation of Akt/mTOR and AMPK. These findings provide a plausible explanation for the results of the Type 2 Diabetes Evaluation of Ranolazine in Subjects With Chronic Stable Angina (TERISA) trial, which showed a greater antianginal effect of RAN in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erietta Kostakou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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De Marco G, Lomartire A, Mandili G, Lupino E, Buccinnà B, Ramondetti C, Moglia C, Novelli F, Piccinini M, Mostert M, Rinaudo MT, Chiò A, Calvo A. Reduced cellular Ca(2+) availability enhances TDP-43 cleavage by apoptotic caspases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:725-34. [PMID: 24440855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43) fragments in motor neurons is a post mortem hallmark of different neurodegenerative diseases. TDP-43 fragments are the products of the apoptotic caspases-3 and -7. Either excessive or insufficient cellular Ca(2+) availability is associated with activation of apoptotic caspases. However, as far as we know, it is not described whether activation of caspases, due to restricted intracellular Ca(2+), affects TDP-43 cleavage. Here we show that in various cell lineages with restricted Ca(2+) availability, TDP-43 is initially cleaved by caspases-3 and -7 and then, also by caspases-6 and -8 once activated by caspase-3. Furthermore, we disclose the existence of a TDP-43 caspase-mediated fragment of 15kDa, in addition to the well-known fragments of 35 and 25kDa. Interestingly, with respect to the other two fragments this novel fragment is the major product of caspase activity on murine TDP-43 whereas in human cell lines the opposite occurs. This outcome should be considered when murine models are used to investigate TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni De Marco
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Annarosa Lomartire
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Lupino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Michael Mostert
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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14
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Li S, Zhao J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Xu Q, Khan IA, Yang S. New triterpenoid saponins from Ilex cornuta and their protective effects against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:488-496. [PMID: 24372391 DOI: 10.1021/jf4046667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Five new triterpenoid saponins, 1-5, together with 10 known ones, 6-15 were isolated from the aerial parts of Ilex cornuta. The structures of compounds 1-5 were determined as 3β-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-19α,23-dihydroxy-20α-urs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 1; 3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-19-hydroxy-20α-urs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 2; 19α,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester, 3; 19α,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4; and 3β-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronic acid]-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 5, on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Protective effects of compounds 1-15 were tested against H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury, and the data showed that compounds 1, 4, 6, and 13 had significant cell-protective effects. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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15
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Shi M, He W, Liu Y, Li X, Yang S, Xu Q. Protective effect of total phenylethanoid glycosides from Monochasma savatieri Franch on myocardial ischemia injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1251-1255. [PMID: 23880328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of total phenylethanoid glycosides from Monochasma savatieri Franch (TPG). The data showed that there were mainly four phenylethanoid glycosides isolated and identified from TPG. TPG significantly increased cells viability and inhibited morphological changes on H9c2 cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2 or Na2S2O4. In addition, TPG significantly decreased T-wave elevation and histopathological changes of heart tissues in myocardial infracted rats induced by isoproterenol. It also significantly reduced the infarct size induced by ligating the coronary artery in rats, increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), the content of glutathione (GSH), and decreased the leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and the content of maleic dialdehyde (MDA). In conclusion, these results suggested that TPG from Monochasma savatieri Franch might be developed as new natural medicine or food additives with effects of prevention of coronary artery disease due to its significant antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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16
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Valerie NCK, Dziegielewska B, Hosing AS, Augustin E, Gray LS, Brautigan DL, Larner JM, Dziegielewski J. Inhibition of T-type calcium channels disrupts Akt signaling and promotes apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:888-97. [PMID: 23287412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are brain tumors that are exceptionally resistant to both radio- and chemotherapy regimens and novel approaches to treatment are needed. T-type calcium channels are one type of low voltage-gated channel (LVCC) involved in embryonic cell proliferation and differentiation; however they are often over-expressed in tumors, including GBM. In this study, we found that inhibition of T-type Ca(2+) channels in GBM cells significantly reduced their survival and resistance to therapy. Moreover, either T-type selective antagonists, such as mibefradil, or siRNA-mediated knockdown of the T-type channel alpha subunits not only reduced cell viability and clonogenic potential, but also induced apoptosis. In response to channel blockade or ablation, we observed reduced phosphorylation of Akt and Rictor, suggesting inhibition of the mTORC2/Akt pathway. This was followed by reduction in phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic Bad and caspases activation. The apoptotic response was specific for T-type Ca(2+) channels, as inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels did not induce similar effects. Our results implicate T-type Ca(2+) channels as distinct entities for survival signaling in GBM cells and suggest that they are a novel molecular target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C K Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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17
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Abstract
Levosimendan exerts cardioprotection through mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channels opening. In addition, intracoronary levosimendan was found to modulate programmed forms of cell death by nitric oxide (NO) involvement. The aim of this study was to examine the role of mitoK(ATP) channels and NO in the effects of levosimendan on apoptosis/autophagy. In H9c2 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide apoptosis/autophagy, survival signaling, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and permeability transition pore opening were analyzed through Western blot and colorimetric and fluorescence assays. Pretreatment of H9c2 cells with levosimendan was able to counteract the oxidative injuries caused by hydrogen peroxide. The effects of levosimendan were potentiated by diazoxide and were similar to those elicited by the autophagic activator rapamycin. The autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine reduced the effects of levosimendan, whereas after the pan-caspases inhibitor N-Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-al (Z-VAD.FMK), cell survival and autophagy in response to levosimendan increased. Both the mitoK(ATP) channels inhibition and the NO synthase blocking attenuated the cardioprotection elicited by levosimendan. The results have shown that levosimendan protects H9c2 cells against oxidative injuries through the modulation of the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and the activation of survival signaling. The mitoK(ATP) channels and NO may be involved in such cardioprotection through interference with mitochondrial functioning.
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18
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Shi J, Gu P, Zhu Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Sun X, Chen W, Gao X, Zhang Z. Protein phosphatase 2A effectively modulates basal L-type Ca2+ current by dephosphorylating Cav1.2 at serine 1866 in mouse cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:792-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Zhang Y, Ren J. RETRACTED: Thapsigargin triggers cardiac contractile dysfunction via NADPH oxidase-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction: Role of Akt dephosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2172-2184. [PMID: 21996563 PMCID: PMC3224204 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
ER stress triggers myocardial contractile dysfunction although the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Given that NADPH oxidase was recently implicated in ER stress-induced tissue injury, this study was designed to examine the role of NADPH oxidase in ER stress-induced cardiac mechanical defects and the impact of Akt activation on ER stress-induced cardiac anomalies. Wild-type and transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of an active mutant of Akt (MyAkt) were subjected to the ER stress inducer thapsigargin (1 and 3mg/kg, ip, for 48h). Thapsigargin compromised echocardiographic parameters, including elevating LVESD and reducing fractional shortening; suppressed cardiomyocyte contractile function, intracellular Ca(2+) handling, and cell survival; and enhanced carbonyl formation, apoptosis, superoxide production, NADPH oxidase expression, and mitochondrial damage. Interestingly, these anomalies were attenuated or mitigated by chronic Akt activation. Treatment with thapsigargin also dephosphorylated Akt and its downstream signal GSK3β (leading to activation of GSK3β), the effect of which was abrogated in MyAkt hearts. Knockdown of the cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase, p47(phox), using siRNA abrogated thapsigargin-induced apoptosis and cell death in H9C2 myoblasts. In vitro exposure to thapsigargin induced murine cardiomyocyte dysfunction reminiscent of the in vivo setting, the effects of which were ablated by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake inhibitor Ru360. In addition, apocynin abrogated thapsigargin-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability transition pore opening, similar to chronic Akt activation. In summary, these data suggest that ER stress interrupts cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, cell survival, and mitochondrial integrity through an Akt dephosphorylation- and NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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20
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Zhang Q, Huang WD, Lv XY, Yang YM. Ghrelin protects H9c2 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through NF-κB and mitochondria-mediated signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:142-9. [PMID: 21194528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Herein we investigate the protective effects of ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms involved. To study apoptosis, the cells were assessed by morphologic examination, MTS assay, Annexin V-propidium iodide dual staining and TUNEL analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential were also measured. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, active caspase-9 and NF-κB were assessed by Western blotting, and caspase-3 activity was determined by a colorimetric activity assay kit. After stimulation with H(2)O(2) for 18h, H9c2 cells viability decreased significantly; a large fraction of cells underwent apoptosis. We observed a dose-dependent rescue of H9c2 cells from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in the presence of different ghrelin concentrations. Preincubation with ghrelin also restored the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels that had been altered by H(2)O(2) treatment. Moreover, ghrelin decreased H(2)O(2)-induced Bax production and caspase-9 activation, and increased Bcl-2 levels. NF-κB phosphorylation was also significantly inhibited by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated cells. Caspase-3 activation was suppressed by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, ghrelin protects H9c2 cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through downregulation of Bax expression, caspase-9 activation and NF-κB phosphorylation, and upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Caspase-3 activation was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that ghrelin might protect against cardiovascular disease by protecting the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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21
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Cetrullo S, Tantini B, Facchini A, Pignatti C, Stefanelli C, Caldarera CM, Flamigni F. A pro-survival effect of polyamine depletion on norepinephrine-mediated apoptosis in cardiac cells: role of signaling enzymes. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1127-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Ban K, Kim KH, Cho CK, Sauvé M, Diamandis EP, Backx PH, Drucker DJ, Husain M. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1(9-36)amide-mediated cytoprotection is blocked by exendin(9-39) yet does not require the known GLP-1 receptor. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1520-31. [PMID: 20172966 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The widely expressed dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme rapidly cleaves the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1(7-36)amide] at the N terminus to generate GLP-1(9-36)amide. Both intact GLP-1(7-36)amide and GLP-1(9-36)amide exert cardioprotective actions in rodent hearts; however, the mechanisms underlying the actions of GLP-1(9-36)amide remain poorly understood. We used mass spectrometry of coronary effluents to demonstrate that isolated mouse hearts rapidly convert infused GLP-1(7-36)amide to GLP-1(9-36)amide. After ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of isolated mouse hearts, administration of GLP-1(9-36)amide or exendin-4 improved functional recovery and reduced infarct size. The direct actions of these peptides were studied in cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Both GLP-1(9-36)amide and exendin-4 increased levels of cAMP and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase target protein kinase B/Akt. In I/R injury models in vitro, both peptides improved mouse cardiomyocyte viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activation. These effects were attenuated by inhibitors of ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Unexpectedly, the cardioprotective actions of GLP-1(9-36)amide were blocked by exendin(9-39) yet preserved in Glp1r(-/-) cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, GLP-1(9-36)amide, but not exendin-4, improved the survival of human aortic endothelial cells undergoing I/R injury, actions sensitive to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In summary, our findings demonstrate separate actions for GLP-1(9-36)amide vs. the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 and reveal the existence of a GLP-1(9-36)amide-responsive, exendin(9-39)-sensitive, cardioprotective signaling pathway distinct from that associated with the classical GLP-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Ban
- TMDT 3-904, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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23
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Chuang JY, Wu CH, Lai MD, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Overexpression of Sp1 leads to p53-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2066-76. [PMID: 19588484 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that Sp1 expression level were elevated in various human cancers. However, the promoters of many pro-apoptotic genes have been found to contain the Sp1 binding elements and are activated by Sp1 overexpression. To better understand the role and the mechanism of increased Sp1 levels on apoptosis, we used adenovirus to ectopically express GFP-Sp1 protein in various cancer cell lines. First, in HeLa and A549 cells, we found that Sp1 overexpression suppressed the cell growth and increased the detection of sub-G1 fraction, caspase-3 cleavage, and annexin-V signal revealed that apoptosis occurred. Furthermore, when cells entered the mitotic stage, the cell apoptosis was induced by Sp1 overexpression through affecting mitotic chromatin packaging. We also verified that p53 protein was accumulated and activated the p53-dependent apoptotic pathways in the wild-type p53 cells but not in the p53-mutated or p53-deleted cell lines when these cells were infected with adeno-GFP-Sp1 virus. In addition, A549 (p53(+/+)) cells could be protected from apoptosis under Sp1 overexpression when p53 was knockdown by p53 shRNA. Finally, H1299 (p53(-/-)) cell viability was significantly inhibited by adeno-GFP-Sp1 virus infection in the expression of p53. In conclusion, p53 was an essential factor for Sp1 overexpression-induced apoptotic cell death in transforming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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24
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Marshall M, Anilkumar N, Layland J, Walker SJ, Kentish JC, Shah AM, Cave AC. Protein phosphatase 2A contributes to the cardiac dysfunction induced by endotoxemia. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:67-76. [PMID: 19201758 PMCID: PMC2652740 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction represents an intrinsic impairment of cardiomyocyte function due in part to a decrease in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity associated with a sustained increase in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) phosphorylation at Ser23/24. Dephosphorylation of cTnI is under regulatory control. Thus, muscarinic and adenosine A1-receptor agonists antagonize β-adrenergic stimulation via activation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The aim of this study was to determine whether modulation of PP2A and thus cTnI phosphorylation could improve sepsis-induced contractile dysfunction. Methods and results Cardiomyocytes were isolated from control or septic mice 16–18 h after an injection of vehicle or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 9 mg/kg ip) respectively. Protein expression and phosphatase activity were determined in homogenates of control and septic hearts. Our data showed that LPS significantly increased cTnI phosphorylation at Ser23/24 in cardiomyocytes and reduced contraction amplitude without affecting Ca2+-transients. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the A1 agonist cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) or the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 significantly attenuated the LPS-induced contractile dysfunction without effect on Ca2+-transients. Co-treatment with CPA and H89 completely reversed the contractile dysfunction. Increased cTnI phosphorylation in septic hearts was associated with a significant reduction in the protein expression of both the catalytic and regulatory subunits (B56α) of PP2A and a decrease in PP2A activity. CPA treatment of septic hearts increased PP2A activity. An increase in the protein expression of demethylated PP2A and a decrease in the PP2A-methyltransferase (PPMT; the methyltransferase that catalyses this reaction) were also observed. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that sustained cTnI phosphorylation underlies the contractile dysfunction seen in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Marshall
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Cardiology, King's College London, James Black Centre, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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25
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Eguchi M, Liu Y, Shin EJ, Sweeney G. Leptin protects H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis. FEBS J 2008; 275:3136-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Marasa BS, Xiao L, Rao JN, Zou T, Liu L, Wang J, Bellavance E, Turner DJ, Wang JY. Induced TRPC1 expression increases protein phosphatase 2A sensitizing intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C1277-87. [PMID: 18322138 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.90635.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical-1 (TRPC1) functions as a store-operated Ca2+ channel in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and induced TRPC1 expression sensitizes IECs to apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation. However, the exact mechanism by which increased TRPC1 results in NF-kappaB inactivation remains elusive. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely conserved protein serine/threonine phosphatase that is implicated in the regulation of a wide array of cellular functions including apoptosis. The present study tests the hypothesis that induced TRPC1 expression inhibits NF-kappaB activation by increasing PP2A activity through Ca2+ influx in IECs. The expression of TRPC1 induced by stable transfection with the wild-type TRPC1 gene increased PP2A activity as indicated by increases in levels of PP2A proteins and their phosphatase activity. Increased levels of PP2A activity in stable TRPC1-transfected IEC-6 cells (IEC-TRPC1) were associated with decreased nuclear levels of NF-kappaB proteins and a reduction in NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity, although there were no changes in total NF-kappaB protein levels. Inhibition of PP2A activity by treatment with okadaic acid or PP2A silencing with small interfering RNA not only enhanced NF-kappaB transactivation but also prevented the increased susceptibility of IEC-TRPC1 cells to apoptosis induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)/cycloheximide (CHX). Decreasing Ca2+ influx by exposure to the Ca2+-free medium reduced PP2A mRNA levels, destabilized PP2A proteins, and induced NF-kappaB activation, thus blocking the increased sensitivity of IEC-TRPC1 cells to TNF-alpha/CHX-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that induced TRPC1 expression increases PP2A activity through Ca2+ influx and that increased PP2A sensitizes IECs to apoptosis as a result of NF-kappaB inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard S Marasa
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Okunaga T, Urata Y, Goto S, Matsuo T, Mizota S, Tsutsumi K, Nagata I, Kondo T, Ihara Y. Calreticulin, a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, modulates radiosensitivity of human glioblastoma U251MG cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8662-71. [PMID: 16951181 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the primary and most important adjuvant therapy for malignant gliomas. Although the mechanism of radiation resistance in gliomas has been studied for decades, it is still not clear how the resistance is related with functions of molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin (CRT) is a Ca(2+)-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, it was reported that changes in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis play a role in the modulation of apoptosis. In the present study, we found that the level of CRT was higher in neuroglioma H4 cells than in glioblastoma cells (U251MG and T98G), and was well correlated with the sensitivity to gamma-irradiation. To examine the role of CRT in the radiosensitivity of malignant gliomas, the CRT gene was introduced into U251MG cells, which express low levels of CRT, and the effect of overexpression of CRT on the radiosensitivity was examined. The cells transfected with the CRT gene exhibited enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis compared with untransfected control cells. In CRT-overexpressing cells, cell survival signaling via Akt was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the gene expression of protein phosphatase 2Ac alpha (PP2Ac alpha), which is responsible for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of Akt, was up-regulated in CRT-overexpressing cells, and the regulation was dependent on Ca(2+). Thus, overexpression of CRT modulates radiation-induced apoptosis by suppressing Akt signaling through the up-regulation of PP2Ac alpha expression via altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. These results show the novel mechanism by which CRT is involved in the regulation of radiosensitivity and radiation-induced apoptosis in malignant glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okunaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
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28
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Christen V, Treves S, Duong FHT, Heim MH. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response by hepatitis viruses up-regulates protein phosphatase 2A. Hepatology 2007; 46:558-65. [PMID: 17526027 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The up-regulation of protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) is an important factor leading to an inhibition of IFNalpha signaling caused by viral protein expression. Here, we describe the molecular mechanism involved in PP2Ac up-regulation by HCV and HBV. HCV and HBV protein expression in cells induces an ER stress response leading to calcium release from the ER. HCV protein expression induces CREB activation, probably through calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. CREB binds to a CRE element in the promoter of PP2Ac and induces its transcriptional up-regulation. Because PP2Ac is involved in many important cellular processes including cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell morphology, development, signal transduction and translation, its up-regulation during ER stress has potentially important implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Choi SE, Kim HE, Shin HC, Jang HJ, Lee KW, Kim Y, Kang SS, Chun J, Kang Y. Involvement of Ca2+-mediated apoptotic signals in palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell death. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 272:50-62. [PMID: 17507155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EGTA and L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers, such as, nifedipine and nimodipine were found to have a protective effect on palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell apoptosis, whereas the Ca(2+) channel opener, Bay K8644, enhanced the apoptotic process. Moreover, the phospho-form of Bad, in conjunction with phospho-Akt, was reduced in response to palmitate and the palmitate-induced dephosphorylations of Akt and Bad were dependent on Ca(2+) influx. The transient expression of catalytically active Akt prevented MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. Deltamethrin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated phosphatase, delayed Akt and Bad dephosphorylations, and then protected MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, palmitate was found to induce CHOP, an apoptotic transcription factor in response to ER stress, and this induction was enhanced by Ca(2+) influx. Our studies suggested that Ca(2+) influx and subsequent Ca(2+)-mediated apoptotic signals are involved in palmitate-induced beta cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-E Choi
- Institute for Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 442-749 Suwon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Chin TY, Lin HC, Kuo JP, Chueh SH. Dual effect of thapsigargin on cell death in porcine aortic smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C383-95. [PMID: 17218371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sustained increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) can cause cell death. In this study, we found that, in cultured porcine aortic smooth muscle cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, triggered by depletion of Ca(2+) stores by thapsigargin (TG), induced an increase in the [Ca(2+)](i) and cell death. However, the TG-induced death was not related to the [Ca(2+)](i) increase but was mediated by targeting of activated Bax to mitochondria and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (PTPs). Once the mitochondrial PTPs had opened, several events, including collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation, occurred and the cells died. TG-induced cell death was completely inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk and was enhanced by the Ca(2+) chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), suggesting the existence of a Ca(2+)-dependent anti-apoptotic mechanism. After TG treatment, Ca(2+)-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was induced and acted as a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The protective effect of Z-VAD-fmk on TG-induced cell death was reversed by BAPTA, PD-098059 (an MAPK kinase inhibitor), or LY-294002 (a PI 3-kinase inhibitor). Taken together, our data indicate that ER stress simultaneously activate two pathways, the mitochondrial caspase-dependent death cascade and the Ca(2+)-dependent PI 3-kinase/MAPK anti-apoptotic machinery. The Bax activation and translocation, but not the [Ca(2+)](i) increase, may activate mitochondrial PTPs, which, in turn, causes activation of caspases and cell death, whereas Ca(2+)-dependent MAPK activation counteracts death signaling; removal of Ca(2+) activated a second caspase-independent death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Min-Chuan East Road Section 6, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Yun BG, Matts RL. Hsp90 functions to balance the phosphorylation state of Akt during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Cell Signal 2006; 17:1477-85. [PMID: 15935620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The function of the 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) is essential for the regulation of a myriad of signal transduction cascades that control all facets of a cell's physiology. Akt (PKB) is an Hsp90-dependent serine-threonine kinase that plays critical roles in the regulation of muscle cell physiology, including roles in the regulation of muscle differentiation and anti-apoptotic responses that modulate cell survival. In this report, we have examined the role of Hsp90 in regulating the activity of Akt in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. While long-term treatment of differentiating C2C12 cells with the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin led to the depletion of cellular Akt levels, pulse-chase analysis indicated that geldanamycin primarily enhanced the turnover rate of newly synthesized Akt. Hsp90 maintained an interaction with mature Akt, while Cdc37, Hsp90's kinase-specific co-chaperone, was lost from the chaperone complex upon Akt maturation. Geldanamycin partially disrupted the interaction of Cdc37 with Akt, but had a much less significant effect on the interaction of Hsp90 with Akt. Surprisingly, short-term treatment of differentiating C2C12 with geldanamycin increased the phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, an effect mimicked by treatment of C2C12 cells with okadaic acid or the Hsp90 inhibitor novobiocin. Furthermore, Akt was found to interact directly with catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) in C2C12 cells, and this interaction was not disrupted by geldanamycin. Thus, our findings indicate that Hsp90 functions to balance the phosphorylation state of Akt by modulating the ability of Akt to be dephosphorylated by PP2Ac during C2C12 myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Geon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, United States
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Hayashida Y, Urata Y, Muroi E, Kono T, Miyata Y, Nomata K, Kanetake H, Kondo T, Ihara Y. Calreticulin Represses E-cadherin Gene Expression in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells via Slug. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32469-84. [PMID: 16943193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607240200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional Ca(2+)-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. In mammals, the expression level of CRT differs markedly in a variety of organs and tissues, suggesting that CRT plays a specific role in each cell type. In the present study, we focused on CRT functions in the kidney, where overall expression of CRT is quite low, and established CRT-overexpressing kidney epithelial cell-derived Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by gene transfection. We demonstrated that, in CRT-overexpressing cells, the morphology was apparently changed, and the original polarized epithelial cell phenotype was destroyed. Furthermore, CRT-overexpressing cells showed enhanced migration through Matrigel-coated Boyden chamber wells, compared with controls. E-cadherin expression was significantly suppressed at the protein and transcriptional levels in CRT-overexpressing cells compared with controls. On the other hand, the expression of mesenchymal protein markers, such as N-cadherin and fibronectin, was up-regulated. We also found that the expression of Slug, a repressor of the E-cadherin promoter, was up-regulated by overexpression of CRT through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis, and this led to enhanced binding of Slug to the E-box element in the E-cadherin promoter. Thus, we conclude that CRT regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like change of cellular phenotype by modulating the Slug/E-cadherin pathway through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis in cells, suggesting a novel function of CRT in cell-cell interaction of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hayashida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, and Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Urata Y, Ihara Y, Murata H, Goto S, Koji T, Yodoi J, Inoue S, Kondo T. 17Beta-estradiol protects against oxidative stress-induced cell death through the glutathione/glutaredoxin-dependent redox regulation of Akt in myocardiac H9c2 cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13092-13102. [PMID: 16549430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601984200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The GSH/glutaredoxin (GRX) system is involved in the redox regulation of certain enzyme activities, and this system protects cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by regulating the redox state of Akt (Murata, H., Ihara, Y., Nakamura, H., Yodoi, J., Sumikawa, K., and Kondo, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 50226-50233). Estrogens, such as 17beta-estradiol (E2), play an important role in development, growth, and differentiation and appear to have protective effects on oxidative stress mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). However, the role of the ERbeta-mediated pathway in this cytoprotection and the involvement of E2 in the redox regulation are not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that E2 protected cardiac H9c2 cells, expressing ERbeta from H2O2-induced apoptosis concomitant with an increase in the activity of Akt. E2 induced the expression of glutaredoxin (GRX) as well as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of GSH. Inhibitors for both gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GRX and ICI182,780, a specific inhibitor of ERs, abolished the protective effect of E2 on cell survival as well as the activity of Akt, suggesting that ERbeta is involved in the cytoprotection and redox regulation by E2. Transcription of the GRX gene was enhanced by E2. The promoter activity of GRX was up-regulated by an ERbeta-dependent element. These results suggest that the GRX/GSH system is involved in the cytoprotective and genomic effects of E2 on the redox state of Akt, a pathway that is mediated, at least in part, by ERbeta. This mechanism may also play an antiapoptotic role in cancer cells during carcinogenesis or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Viral Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahito Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Ihara Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Kondo T. Role of calreticulin in the sensitivity of myocardiac H9c2 cells to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C208-21. [PMID: 16135540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00075.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), a Ca2+-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a vital role in cardiac physiology and pathology. Oxidative stress is a main cause of myocardiac apoptosis in the ischemic heart, but the function of CRT under oxidative stress is not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of overexpression of CRT on susceptibility to apoptosis under oxidative stress was examined using myocardiac H9c2 cells transfected with the CRT gene. Under oxidative stress due to H2O2, the CRT-overexpressing cells were highly susceptible to apoptosis compared with controls. In the overexpressing cells, the levels of cytoplasmic free Ca2+([Ca2+]i) were significantly increased by H2O2, whereas in controls, only a slight increase was observed. The H2O2-induced apoptosis was enhanced by the increase in [Ca2+]icaused by thapsigargin in control cells but was suppressed by BAPTA-AM, a cell-permeable Ca2+chelator in the CRT-overexpressing cells, indicating the importance of the level of [Ca2+]iin the sensitivity to H2O2-induced apoptosis. Suppression of CRT by the introduction of the antisense cDNA of CRT enhanced cytoprotection against oxidative stress compared with controls. Furthermore, we found that the levels of activity of calpain and caspase-12 were elevated through the regulation of [Ca2+]iin the CRT-overexpressing cells treated with H2O2compared with controls. Thus we conclude that the level of CRT regulates the sensitivity to apoptosis under oxidative stress due to H2O2through a change in Ca2+homeostasis and the regulation of the Ca2+-calpain-caspase-12 pathway in myocardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ihara
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki Univ. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Ihara Y, Kageyama K, Kondo T. Overexpression of calreticulin sensitizes SERCA2a to oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:1343-9. [PMID: 15766574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), a Ca(2+)-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a vital role in cardiac physiology and pathology. Oxidative stress is a main cause of myocardiac disorder in the ischemic heart, but the function of CRT under oxidative stress is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of overexpression of CRT on sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) 2a under oxidative stress was examined using myocardiac H9c2 cells transfected with the CRT gene. The in vitro activity of SERCA2a and uptake of (45)Ca(2+) into isolated microsomes were suppressed by H(2)O(2) in CRT-overexpressing cells compared with controls. Moreover, SERCA2a protein was degraded via a proteasome-dependent pathway following the formation of a complex with CRT under the stress with H(2)O(2). Thus, we conclude that overexpression of CRT enhances the inactivation and degradation of SERCA2a in the cells under oxidative stress, suggesting some pathophysiological functions of CRT in Ca(2+) homeostasis of myocardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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36
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Yun BG, Matts RL. Differential effects of Hsp90 inhibition on protein kinases regulating signal transduction pathways required for myoblast differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2005; 307:212-23. [PMID: 15922741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As derivatives of the Hsp90-inhibitor and tumoricidal agent geldanamycin move into phase II clinical trials, its potential for triggering adverse effects in non-tumor cell populations requires closer examination. In this report, the effect of geldanamycin on the differentiation and survival of C2C12 myoblasts was investigated. Treatment of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts with geldanamycin blocked myogenin expression, inhibited myotubule formation, and led to the depletion of three Hsp90-dependent protein kinases, ErbB2, Fyn, and Akt, and induction of apoptosis. ErbB2 levels declined rapidly, while Fyn and Akt levels decreased at a slower rate. Geldanamycin blocked the interaction of Hsp90 and its "kinase-specific" co-chaperone Cdc37 with Fyn, indicating that Fyn is an Hsp90-dependent kinase. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that geldanamycin caused newly synthesized Akt and Fyn to be degraded rapidly, but geldanamycin had little effect on the turnover rate of mature Fyn and Akt. Curiously, total cellular Src (c-Src) protein levels and the turnover rate of newly synthesized c-Src were unaffected by geldanamycin. While, geldanamycin had no effect on the levels of the putative Hsp90 client protein MyoD expressed in C2C12 cells, geldanamycin disrupted the interaction of Cdc37 with MyoD. Thus, inhibition of Hsp90 caused C2C12 cells to become depleted of multiple signal transduction proteins whose functions are essential for myoblast differentiation, and muscle cell survival, suggesting that geldanamycin derivatives may have the prospective of adversely affecting the physiology of certain sensitive muscle cell populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Geon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 246 NRC, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, USA
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