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Mondal N, Dykstra B, Lee J, Ashline DJ, Reinhold VN, Rossi DJ, Sackstein R. Distinct human α(1,3)-fucosyltransferases drive Lewis-X/sialyl Lewis-X assembly in human cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7300-7314. [PMID: 29593094 PMCID: PMC5950021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, six α(1,3)-fucosyltransferases (α(1,3)-FTs: FT3/FT4/FT5/FT6/FT7/FT9) reportedly fucosylate terminal lactosaminyl glycans yielding Lewis-X (LeX; CD15) and/or sialyl Lewis-X (sLeX; CD15s), structures that play key functions in cell migration, development, and immunity. Prior studies analyzing α(1,3)-FT specificities utilized either purified and/or recombinant enzymes to modify synthetic substrates under nonphysiological reaction conditions or molecular biology approaches wherein α(1,3)-FTs were expressed in mammalian cell lines, notably excluding investigations using primary human cells. Accordingly, although significant insights into α(1,3)-FT catalytic properties have been obtained, uncertainty persists regarding their human LeX/sLeX biosynthetic range across various glycoconjugates. Here, we undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the lactosaminyl product specificities of intracellularly expressed α(1,3)-FTs using a clinically relevant primary human cell type, mesenchymal stem cells. Cells were transfected with modified mRNA encoding each human α(1,3)-FT, and the resultant α(1,3)-fucosylated lactosaminyl glycoconjugates were analyzed using a combination of flow cytometry and MS. The data show that biosynthesis of sLeX is driven by FTs-3, -5, -6, and -7, with FT6 and FT7 having highest potency. FT4 and FT9 dominantly biosynthesize LeX, and, among all FTs, FT6 holds a unique capacity in creating sLeX and LeX determinants across protein and lipid glycoconjugates. Surprisingly, FT4 does not generate sLeX on glycolipids, and neither FT4, FT6, nor FT9 synthesizes the internally fucosylated sialyllactosamine VIM-2 (CD65s). These results unveil the relevant human lactosaminyl glycans created by human α(1,3)-FTs, providing novel insights on how these isoenzymes stereoselectively shape biosynthesis of vital glycoconjugates, thereby biochemically programming human cell migration and tuning human immunologic and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mondal
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Brad Dykstra
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - David J Ashline
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, The Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03828
| | - Vernon N Reinhold
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, The Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03828
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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García-Vallejo JJ, Ilarregui JM, Kalay H, Chamorro S, Koning N, Unger WW, Ambrosini M, Montserrat V, Fernandes RJ, Bruijns SCM, van Weering JRT, Paauw NJ, O'Toole T, van Horssen J, van der Valk P, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Bajramovic J, Dijkstra CD, 't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y. CNS myelin induces regulatory functions of DC-SIGN-expressing, antigen-presenting cells via cognate interaction with MOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1465-83. [PMID: 24935259 PMCID: PMC4076586 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that are recognized by DC-SIGN+ DCs and microglia that control immune homeostasis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a constituent of central nervous system myelin, is an important autoantigen in the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its function remains unknown. Here, we show that, in healthy human myelin, MOG is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that support recognition by the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on microglia and DCs. The interaction of MOG with DC-SIGN in the context of simultaneous TLR4 activation resulted in enhanced IL-10 secretion and decreased T cell proliferation in a DC-SIGN-, glycosylation-, and Raf1-dependent manner. Exposure of oligodendrocytes to proinflammatory factors resulted in the down-regulation of fucosyltransferase expression, reflected by altered glycosylation at the MS lesion site. Indeed, removal of fucose on myelin reduced DC-SIGN–dependent homeostatic control, and resulted in inflammasome activation, increased T cell proliferation, and differentiation toward a Th17-prone phenotype. These data demonstrate a new role for myelin glycosylation in the control of immune homeostasis in the healthy human brain through the MOG–DC-SIGN homeostatic regulatory axis, which is comprised by inflammatory insults that affect glycosylation. This phenomenon should be considered as a basis to restore immune tolerance in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Ilarregui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Chamorro
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - V Montserrat
- Division of Cell Biology, Dutch Cancer Institute, 1066X Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R J Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N J Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - C D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A 't Hart
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Y van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Stanley P, Sundaram S. Rapid assays for lectin toxicity and binding changes that reflect altered glycosylation in mammalian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:117-133. [PMID: 24903886 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation engineering is used to generate glycoproteins, glycolipids, or proteoglycans with a more defined complement of glycans on their glycoconjugates. For example, a mammalian cell glycosylation mutant lacking a specific glycosyltransferase generates glycoproteins, and/or glycolipids, and/or proteoglycans with truncated glycans missing the sugar transferred by that glycosyltransferase, as well as those sugars that would be added subsequently. In some cases, an alternative glycosyltransferase may then use the truncated glycans as acceptors, thereby generating a new or different glycan subset in the mutant cell. Another type of glycosylation mutant arises from gain-of-function mutations that, for example, activate a silent glycosyltransferase gene. In this case, glycoconjugates will have glycans with additional sugar(s) that are more elaborate than the glycans of wild type cells. Mutations in other genes that affect glycosylation, such as nucleotide sugar synthases or transporters, will alter the glycan complement in more general ways that usually affect several types of glycoconjugates. There are now many strategies for generating a precise mutation in a glycosylation gene in a mammalian cell. Large-volume cultures of mammalian cells may also generate spontaneous mutants in glycosylation pathways. This article will focus on how to rapidly characterize mammalian cells with an altered glycosylation activity. The key reagents for the protocols described are plant lectins that bind mammalian glycans with varying avidities, depending on the specific structure of those glycans. Cells with altered glycosylation generally become resistant or hypersensitive to lectin toxicity, and have reduced or increased lectin or antibody binding. Here we describe rapid assays to compare the cytotoxicity of lectins in a lectin resistance test, and the binding of lectins or antibodies by flow cytometry in a glycan-binding assay. Based on these tests, glycosylation changes expressed by a cell can be revealed, and glycosylation mutants classified into phenotypic groups that may reflect a loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutation in a specific gene involved in glycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Subha Sundaram
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
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Buffone A, Mondal N, Gupta R, McHugh KP, Lau JTY, Neelamegham S. Silencing α1,3-fucosyltransferases in human leukocytes reveals a role for FUT9 enzyme during E-selectin-mediated cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23192350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion during inflammation is initiated by the binding of sialofucosylated carbohydrates expressed on leukocytes to endothelial E/P-selectin. Although the glycosyltransferases (glycoTs) constructing selectin-ligands have largely been identified using knock-out mice, important differences may exist between humans and mice. To address this, we developed a systematic lentivirus-based shRNA delivery workflow to create human leukocytic HL-60 cell lines that lack up to three glycoTs. Using this, the contributions of all three myeloid α1,3-fucosyltransferases (FUT4, FUT7, and FUT9) to selectin-ligand biosynthesis were evaluated. The cell adhesion properties of these modified cells to L-, E-, and P-selectin under hydrodynamic shear were compared with bone marrow-derived neutrophils from Fut4(-/-)Fut7(-/-) dual knock-out mice. Results demonstrate that predominantly FUT7, and to a lesser extent FUT4, forms the selectin-ligand at the N terminus of leukocyte P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in humans and mice. Here, 85% reduction in leukocyte interaction was observed in human FUT4(-)7(-) dual knockdowns on P/L-selectin substrates. Unlike Fut4(-/-)Fut7(-/-) mouse neutrophils, however, human knockdowns lacking FUT4 and FUT7 only exhibited partial reduction in rolling interaction on E-selectin. In this case, the third α1,3-fucosyltransferase FUT9 played an important role because leukocyte adhesion was reduced by 50-60% in FUT9-HL-60, 70-80% in dual knockdown FUT7(-)9(-) cells, and ∼85% in FUT4(-)7(-)9(-) triple knockdowns. Gene silencing results are in agreement with gain-of-function experiments where all three fucosyltransferases conferred E-selectin-mediated rolling in HEK293T cells. This study advances new tools to study human glycoT function. It suggests a species-specific role for FUT9 during the biosynthesis of human E-selectin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Buffone
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Lu L, Hou X, Shi S, Körner C, Stanley P. Slc35c2 promotes Notch1 fucosylation and is required for optimal Notch signaling in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36245-54. [PMID: 20837470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Notch receptors require modification by fucose on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats of their extracellular domain to respond optimally to signal induction by canonical Notch ligands. Inactivation of the Golgi GDP-fucose transporter Slc35c1 in mouse or human does not cause marked defects in Notch signaling during development, and shows milder fucosylation defects than those observed in mice unable to synthesize GDP-fucose, indicating the existence of another mechanism for GDP-fucose transport into the secretory pathway. We show here that fibroblasts from mice or humans lacking Slc35c1 exhibit robust Notch signaling in co-culture signaling assays. A potential candidate for a second GDP-fucose transporter is the related gene Slc35c2. Overexpression of Slc35c2 reduces expression of the fucosylated epitopes Lewis X and sialylated Lewis X in CHO cells, indicating competition with Slc35c1. The fucosylation of a Notch1 EGF repeat fragment that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum was increased in CHO transfectants overexpressing Slc35c2. In CHO cells with low levels of Slc35c2, both Delta1- and Jagged1-induced Notch signaling were reduced, and the fucosylation of a Notch1 fragment was also decreased. Immunofluorescence microscopy of rat intestinal epithelial cells and HeLa cells, and analysis of rat liver membrane fractions showed that Slc35c2 is primarily colocalized with markers of the cis-Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). The combined results suggest that Slc35c2 is either a GDP-fucose transporter that competes with Slc35c1 for GDP-fucose, or a factor that otherwise enhances the fucosylation of Notch and is required for optimal Notch signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Brito C, Gouveia R, Costa J. Stable expression of an active soluble recombinant form of human fucosyltransferase IX in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1623-30. [PMID: 17636386 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A secretory form of human alpha3-fucosyltransferase IX (sFUT9) was overexpressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells using the stable expression vector pIB/V5-His-TOPO and the signal sequence of human interleukin 2 for efficient secretion. sFUT9 was active and its three potential N-glycosylation sites were occupied. sFUT9 efficiently fucosylated the type II acceptors Galbeta4GlcNAC-R and Fucalpha2Galbeta4GlcNAc-R (R = (CH2)3NHCO(CH2)5-NH-biotin) but not the corresponding sialylated acceptor, and only very poorly the type I (Galbeta3GlcNAc-R) related acceptors. sFUT9 showed a clear preference for glycoproteins containing type II acceptors, with values of 121, 113 and 110 microU/million cell for asialofetuin, erythropoietin and asialoerythropoietin, respectively, values approximately 11-fold higher than those obtained for the small acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Avenida da República, Oeiras, Portugal
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Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant cells with a wide variety of alterations in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids have been isolated by selection for resistance to the cytotoxicity of plant lectins. These CHO mutants have been used to characterize glycosylation pathways, to identify genes that code for glycosylation activities, to elucidate functional roles of glycans that mediate biological processes, and for glycosylation engineering. In this chapter, we briefly describe the available panel of lectin-resistant CHO mutants and summarize their glycan alterations and the biochemical and genetic bases of mutation.
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Patnaik SK, Potvin B, Carlsson S, Sturm D, Leffler H, Stanley P. Complex N-glycans are the major ligands for galectin-1, -3, and -8 on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Glycobiology 2005; 16:305-17. [PMID: 16319083 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are implicated in a large variety of biological functions, many of which depend on their carbohydrate-binding ability. Fifteen members of the family have been identified in vertebrates based on binding to galactose (Gal) that is mediated by one or two, evolutionarily conserved, carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). Variations in glycan structures expressed on glycoconjugates at the cell surface may, therefore, affect galectin binding and functions. To identify roles for different glycans in the binding of the three types of mammalian galectins to cells, we performed fluorescence cytometry at 4 degrees C with recombinant rat galectin-1, human galectin-3, and three forms of human galectin-8, to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and 12 different CHO glycosylation mutants. All galectin species bound to parent CHO cells and binding was inhibited >90% by 0.2 M lactose. Galectin-8 isoforms with either a long or a short inter-CRD linker bound similarly to CHO cells. However, a truncated form of galectin-8 containing only the N-terminal CRD bound only weakly to CHO cells and the C-terminal galectin-8 CRD exhibited extremely low binding. Binding of the galectins to the different CHO glycosylation mutants revealed that complex N-glycans are the major ligands for each galectin except the N-terminal CRD of galectins-8, and also identified some fine differences in glycan recognition. Interestingly, increased binding of galectin-1 at 4 degrees C correlated with increased propidium iodide (PI) uptake, whereas galectin-3 or -8 binding did not induce permeability to PI. The CHO glycosylation mutants with various repertoires of cell surface glycans are a useful tool for investigating galectin-cell interactions as they present complex and simple glycans in a natural mixture of multivalent protein and lipid glycoconjugates anchored in a cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Patnaik
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein Collegeof Medicine, New York, NY 10461 USA
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