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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Minet C, Chantal I, Berthier D. Recent advances in genome editing of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma congolense using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins: Proof of concept. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108589. [PMID: 37516291 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT or Nagana) is a vector-borne disease caused by Trypanosomatidae, genus Trypanosoma. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected hematophagous insects, mainly tsetse flies but also other blood-sucking insects including stomoxes and tabanids. Although many trypanosome species infect animals, the main agents responsible for this disease with a strong socio-economic and veterinary health impact are Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense or Tc), Trypanosoma vivax (T.vivax), and to a lesser extent, Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.brucei brucei or Tbb). These parasites mainly infect livestock, including cattle, in sub-Saharan Africa, with major repercussions in terms of animal productivity and poverty for populations which are often already very poor. As there is currently no vaccine, the fight against the disease is primarily based on diagnosis, treatment and vector control. To develop new tools (particularly therapeutic tools) to fight against the disease, we need to know both the biology and the genes involved in the pathogenicity and virulence of the parasites. To date, unlike for Trypanosoma brucei (T.brucei) or Trypanosoma cruzi (T.cruzi), genome editing tools has been relatively little used to study T. congolense. We present an efficient, reproducible and stable CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system for use in Tc bloodstream forms (Tc-BSF). This plasmid-free system is based on transient expression of Cas9 protein and the use of a ribonucleoprotein formed by the Cas9 and sgRNA complex. This is the first proof of concept of genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins on Tc-BSF. This adapted protocol enriches the "toolbox" for the functional study of genes of interest in blood forms of the Trypanosoma congolense. This proof of concept is an important step for the scientific community working on the study of trypanosomes and opens up new perspectives for the control of and fight against animal trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Minet
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Isabelle Chantal
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
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3
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Hulme J. COVID-19 and Diarylamidines: The Parasitic Connection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6583. [PMID: 37047556 PMCID: PMC10094973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (Omicron) continue to outpace and negate combinatorial vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the spike protein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD), the appetite for developing similar COVID-19 treatments has significantly diminished, with the attention of the scientific community switching to long COVID treatments. However, treatments that reduce the risk of "post-COVID-19 syndrome" and associated sequelae remain in their infancy, particularly as no established criteria for diagnosis currently exist. Thus, alternative therapies that reduce infection and prevent the broad range of symptoms associated with 'post-COVID-19 syndrome' require investigation. This review begins with an overview of the parasitic-diarylamidine connection, followed by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and associated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSSR2) involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Subsequently, the ability of diarylamidines to inhibit S-protein binding and various membrane serine proteases associated with SARS-CoV-2 and parasitic infections are discussed. Finally, the roles of diarylamidines (primarily DIZE) in vaccine efficacy, epigenetics, and the potential amelioration of long COVID sequelae are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Petrenko DE, Karlinsky DM, Gordeeva VD, Arapidi GP, Britikova EV, Britikov VV, Nikolaeva AY, Boyko KM, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP, Mikhailova AG, Bocharov EV, Rakitina TV. Crystal Structure of Inhibitor-Bound Bacterial Oligopeptidase B in the Closed State: Similarity and Difference between Protozoan and Bacterial Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032286. [PMID: 36768612 PMCID: PMC9917282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of bacterial oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans (SpOpB) in complex with a chloromethyl ketone inhibitor was determined at 2.2 Å resolution. SpOpB was crystallized in a closed (catalytically active) conformation. A single inhibitor molecule bound simultaneously to the catalytic residues S532 and H652 mimicked a tetrahedral intermediate of the catalytic reaction. A comparative analysis of the obtained structure and the structure of OpB from Trypanosoma brucei (TbOpB) in a closed conformation showed that in both enzymes, the stabilization of the D-loop (carrying the catalytic D) in a position favorable for the formation of a tetrahedral complex occurs due to interaction with the neighboring loop from the β-propeller. However, the modes of interdomain interactions were significantly different for bacterial and protozoan OpBs. Instead of a salt bridge (as in TbOpB), in SpOpB, a pair of polar residues following the catalytic D617 and a pair of neighboring arginine residues from the β-propeller domain formed complementary oppositely charged surfaces. Bioinformatics analysis and structural modeling show that all bacterial OpBs can be divided into two large groups according to these two modes of D-loop stabilization in closed conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Karlinsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika D. Gordeeva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgij P. Arapidi
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, 117303 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Britikova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir V. Britikov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Konstantin M. Boyko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Timofeev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna P. Kuranova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna G. Mikhailova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard V. Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, 117303 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Rakitina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Gene expression study to elucidate the anti-trypanosomal activity of quinapyramine methyl sulphate (QPS). Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102632. [PMID: 35870741 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastid protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma evansi causes a fatal disease condition known as Surra in equines throughout the globe. Disease condition being acute in nature, entrust a huge economic and health impact on the equine industry. Till date, quinapyramine methyl sulphate (QPS) is the first line of treatment and a panacea for the T. evansi infection in equines. Still after the >70 years of its discovery, there is no clue about the mode of action of QPS in T. evansi. The establishment of in vitro cultivation of T. evansi in HMI-9 media has provided opportunity to study the alteration in mRNA expression of parasite on exposure to the drug. With this research gap, the present study aimed to investigate the relative mRNA expression of 13 important drug target genes to elucidate the anti-trypanosomal activity of QPS against T. evansi. The IC50 of QPS against a pony isolate of T. evansi was determined as 276.4 nM(147.21 ng/ mL) in the growth inhibitory assay. The in vitro cultured T. evansi population were further exposed to IC50 of QPS and their relative mRNA expression was studied at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h interval.The mRNA expression of several genes such as hexokinase, trypanothione reductase, aurora kinase, oligopeptidase B and ribonucleotide reductase II were found refractory (non-significant, p > 0.1234) to the exposure of QPS. Significant up-regulation of trans-sialidase (p < 0.0001), ESAG8 (p < 0.0021), ribonucleotide reductase I (p < 0.0001), ornithine decarboxylase (p < 0.0001), topoisomerase II (p < 0.0021) and casein kinase I (p < 0.0021) were recorded after exposure with QPS. The arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I showed highly significant (p < 0.0001) down-regulation in the drug kinetics. Therefore, the arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I can be explored further to elucidate the trypanocidal activity of QPS. The preliminary data generated provide the potential of arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I mRNA mediated pathway of trypanocidal action of QPS. Further, transcriptomics approach is required to investigate the possible mechanism of action of drugs at molecular level against the targeted organism.
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Bhutia WD, Gupta S, Rani R, Batra K, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:473-485. [PMID: 35751782 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium. BAR, PAL and Z-PRO exhibited IC50 values of 13.52 µM, 0.6375 µM and 63.20 µM against T. evansi in terms of growth inhibition, in the contrary, LEU failed to exhibit a significant growth inhibition at any time interval. Furthermore, oligopeptidase B and aurora kinase genes of T. evansi were targeted to determine the effect of these drugs on quantitative mRNA expression, which showed significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of both genes in the BAR and PAL-exposed population at 12 h of exposure, whereas, Z-PRO showed only significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of aurora kinase gene at 12 h interval. In cytotoxicity assay, BAR exhibited 52% and 41% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration (about five folds the IC50 value) on equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of 25% and 24% were recorded at 10 μM concentration (about ten folds to the IC50 value) of PAL in equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Of these, BAR and PAL, which were found effective under in vitro trials, raised the longevity of mice at higher doses during in vivo trials. Data generated showed that kinase inhibitors have higher potential to explore therapeutic molecules against surra organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchuk Dorjee Bhutia
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Tettey MD, Rojas F, Matthews KR. Extracellular release of two peptidases dominates generation of the trypanosome quorum-sensing signal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3322. [PMID: 35680928 PMCID: PMC9184580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes causing African sleeping sickness use quorum-sensing (QS) to generate transmission-competent stumpy forms in mammalian hosts. This density-dependent process is signalled by oligopeptides that stimulate the signal transduction pathway leading to stumpy formation. Here, using mass spectrometry analysis, we identify peptidases released by trypanosomes and, for 12 peptidases, confirm their extracellular delivery. Thereafter, we determine the contribution of each peptidase to QS signal production using systematic inducible overexpression in vivo, and confirm this activity operates through the physiological QS signalling pathway. Gene knockout of the QS-active peptidases identifies two enzymes, oligopeptidase B and metallocarboxypeptidase 1, that significantly reduce QS when ablated individually. Further, combinatorial gene knockout of both peptidases confirms their dominance in the generation of the QS signal, with peptidase release of oligopeptidase B mediated via an unconventional protein secretion pathway. This work identifies how the QS signal driving trypanosome virulence and transmission is generated in mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Deladem Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FL, UK
| | - Federico Rojas
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FL, UK.
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK.
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FL, UK.
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Elucidation of the Conformational Transition of Oligopeptidase B by an Integrative Approach Based on the Combination of X-ray, SAXS, and Essential Dynamics Sampling Simulation. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is the least studied group from the prolyl oligopeptidase family. OPBs are found in bacteria and parasitic protozoa and represent pathogenesis factors of the corresponding infections. OPBs consist of two domains connected by a hinge region and have the characteristics of conformational dynamics, which include two types of movements: the bridging/separation of α/β-hydrolase catalytic and β-propeller-regulatory domains and the movement of a loop carrying catalytic histidine, which regulates an assembly/disassembly of the catalytic triad. In this work, an elucidation of the interdomain dynamics of OPB from Serratia proteamaculans (SpOPB) with and without modification of the hinge region was performed using a combination of X-ray diffraction analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering, which was complemented with an essential dynamics sampling (EDS) simulation. The first crystal structure of catalytically deficient SpOPB (SpOPBS532A) with an intact hinge sequence is reported. Similarly to SpOPB with modified hinges, SpOPBS532A was crystallized in the presence of spermine and adopted an intermediate conformation in the crystal lattice. Despite the similarity of the crystal structures, a difference in the catalytic triad residue arrangement was detected, which explained the inhibitory effect of the hinge modification. The SpOPBS532A structure reconstituted to the wild-type form was used as a starting point to the classical MD followed by EDS simulation, which allowed us to simulate the domain separation and the transition of the enzyme from the intermediate to open conformation. The obtained open state model was in good agreement with the experimental SAXS data.
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Petrenko DE, Timofeev VI, Britikov VV, Britikova EV, Kleymenov SY, Vlaskina AV, Kuranova IP, Mikhailova AG, Rakitina TV. First Crystal Structure of Bacterial Oligopeptidase B in an Intermediate State: The Roles of the Hinge Region Modification and Spermine. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101021. [PMID: 34681120 PMCID: PMC8533160 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oligopeptidase B is a two-domain, trypsin-like peptidase from parasitic protozoa and bacteria which belongs to the least studied group of prolyloligopeptidases. In this study, we describe for the first time a crystal structure of bacterial oligopeptidase B and compare it with those of protozoan oligopeptidases B and related prolyloligopeptidases. The enzyme was crystallized in the presence of spermine and contained a modified sequence of the interdomain linker. Both factors were key for crystallization. The structure showed an uncommon intermediate conformation with a domain arrangement intermediate between open and closed conformations found in the crystals of ligand-free and inhibitor-bound prolyloligopeptidases, respectively. To evaluate the impact of the modification and spermine in the obtained conformation, small-angle X-ray scattering was applied, which showed that in solution wild-type enzymes adopt the open conformation and spermine causes a transition to the intermediate state, while the modification is associated with a partial transition. We suggest that spermine-dependent conformational transition replicates the behavior of the enzyme in bacterial cells and the intermediate state, which is rarely detected in vitro, and might be widely distributed in vivo, and so should be considered during computational studies, including those aimed wanting to develop the small molecule inhibitors targeting prolyloligopeptidases. Abstract Oligopeptidase B (OpB) is a two-domain, trypsin-like serine peptidase belonging to the S9 prolyloligopeptidase (POP) family. Two domains are linked by a hinge region that participates in the transition of the enzyme between two major states—closed and open—in which domains and residues of the catalytic triad are located close to each other and separated, respectively. In this study, we described, for the first time, a structure of OpB from bacteria obtained for an enzyme from Serratia proteomaculans with a modified hinge region (PSPmod). PSPmod was crystallized in a conformation characterized by a disruption of the catalytic triad together with a domain arrangement intermediate between open and closed states found in crystals of ligand-free and inhibitor-bound POP, respectively. Two additional derivatives of PSPmod were crystallized in the same conformation. Neither wild-type PSP nor its corresponding mutated variants were susceptible to crystallization, indicating that the hinge region modification was key in the crystallization process. The second key factor was suggested to be polyamine spermine since all crystals were grown in its presence. The influences of the hinge region modification and spermine on the conformational state of PSP in solution were evaluated by small-angle X-ray scattering. SAXS showed that, in solution, wild-type PSP adopted the open state, spermine caused the conformational transition to the intermediate state, and spermine-free PSPmod contained molecules in the open and intermediate conformations in dynamic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E. Petrenko
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.P.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Vladimir I. Timofeev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.I.T.); (T.V.R.)
| | - Vladimir V. Britikov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (V.V.B.); (E.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Britikova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (V.V.B.); (E.V.B.)
| | - Sergey Y. Kleymenov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Vlaskina
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.P.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Inna P. Kuranova
- Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna G. Mikhailova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana V. Rakitina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.I.T.); (T.V.R.)
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Motta FN, Azevedo CDS, Neves BP, Araújo CND, Grellier P, Santana JMD, Bastos IMD. Oligopeptidase B, a missing enzyme in mammals and a potential drug target for trypanosomatid diseases. Biochimie 2019; 167:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Petrenko DE, Mikhailova AG, Timofeev VI, Agapova YК, Karlinsky DM, Komolov AS, Korzhenevskiy DA, Vlaskina AV, Rumsh LD, Rakitina TV. Molecular dynamics complemented by site-directed mutagenesis reveals significant difference between the interdomain salt bridge networks stabilizing oligopeptidases B from bacteria and protozoa in their active conformations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4868-4882. [PMID: 31724904 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1692694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases B (OpdBs) are trypsin-like peptidases from protozoa and bacteria that belong to the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family. All POPs consist of C-terminal catalytic domain and N-terminal β-propeller domain and exist in two major conformations: closed (active), where the domains and residues of the catalytic triad are positioned close to each other, and open (non-active), where two domains and residues of the catalytic triad are separated. The interdomain interface, particularly, one of its salt bridges (SB1), plays a role in the transition between these two conformations. However, due to double amino acid substitution (E/R and R/Q), this functionally important SB1 is absent in γ-proteobacterial OpdBs including peptidase from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP). In this study, molecular dynamics was used to analyze inter- and intradomain interactions stabilizing PSP in the closed conformation, in which catalytic H652 is located close to other residues of the catalytic triad. The 3D models of either wild-type PSP or of mutant PSPs carrying activating mutations E125A and D649A in complexes with peptide-substrates were subjected to the analysis. The mechanism that regulates transition of H652 from active to non-active conformation upon domain separation in PSP and other γ-proteobacterial OpdB was proposed. The complex network of polar interactions within H652-loop/C-terminal α-helix and between these areas and β-propeller domain, established in silico, was in a good agreement with both previously published results on the effects of single-residue mutations and new data on the effects of the activating mutations on each other and on the low active mutant PSP-K655A.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Petrenko
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna G Mikhailova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Timofeev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia К Agapova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David M Karlinsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr S Komolov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anna V Vlaskina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lev D Rumsh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Rakitina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Kiss-Szemán AJ, Harmat V, Menyhárd DK. Achieving Functionality Through Modular Build-up: Structure and Size Selection of Serine Oligopeptidases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:1089-1101. [PMID: 31553292 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190925103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of the prolyl oligopeptidase family (S9 family) recognize their substrates not only by the specificity motif to be cleaved but also by size - they hydrolyze oligopeptides smaller than 30 amino acids. They belong to the serine-protease family, but differ from classical serine-proteases in size (80 kDa), structure (two domains) and regulation system (size selection of substrates). This group of enzymes is an important target for drug design as they are linked to amnesia, schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, trypanosomiasis, periodontitis and cell growth. By comparing the structure of various members of the family we show that the most important features contributing to selectivity and efficiency are: (i) whether the interactions weaving the two domains together play a role in stabilizing the catalytic triad and thus their absence may provide for its deactivation: these oligopeptidases can screen their substrates by opening up, and (ii) whether the interaction-prone β-edge of the hydrolase domain is accessible and thus can guide a multimerization process that creates shielded entrance or intricate inner channels for the size-based selection of substrates. These cornerstones can be used to estimate the multimeric state and selection strategy of yet undetermined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Kiss-Szemán
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra K Menyhárd
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Tokai S, Bito T, Shimizu K, Arima J. Methionine residues lining the substrate pathway in prolyl oligopeptidase from Pleurotus eryngii play an important role in substrate recognition. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1107-1115. [PMID: 29623768 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1459177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Family S9 prolyl oligopeptidases (POPs) are of interest as pharmacological targets. We recently found that an S9 POP from Pleurotus eryngii showed altered substrate specificity following H2O2 treatment. Oxidation of Met203 on the non-catalytic β-propeller domain resulted in decreased activity toward non-aromatic aminoacyl-para-nitroanilides (pNAs) while maintaining its activity toward aromatic aminoacyl-pNAs. Given that the other Met residues should also be oxidized by H2O2 treatment, we constructed mutants in which all the Met residues were substituted with other amino acids. Analysis of the mutants showed that Met570 in the catalytic domain is another potent residue for the altered substrate specificity following oxidation. Met203 and Met570 lie on the surfaces of two different domains and form part of a funnel from the surface to the active center. Our findings indicate that the funnel forms the substrate pathway and plays a role in substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tokai
- a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- b Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- c Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation, Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Jiro Arima
- b Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
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Mikhailova AG, Rakitina TV, Timofeev VI, Karlinsky DM, Korzhenevskiy DA, Agapova YК, Vlaskina AV, Ovchinnikova MV, Gorlenko VA, Rumsh LD. Activity modulation of the oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans by site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues surrounding catalytic triad histidine. Biochimie 2017; 139:125-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Tokai S, Bito T, Shimizu K, Arima J. Effect of oxidation of the non-catalytic β-propeller domain on the substrate specificity of prolyl oligopeptidase from Pleurotus eryngii. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:356-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Mikhailova AG, Nekrasov AN, Zinchenko AA, Rakitina TV, Korzhenevsky DA, Lipkin AV, Razguljaeva OA, Ovchinnikova MV, Gorlenko VA, Rumsh LD. Truncated Variants of Serratia proteamaculans Oligopeptidase B Having Different Activities. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1331-43. [PMID: 26567578 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of native psychrophilic oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP, 78 kDa) with chymotrypsin (soluble or immobilized on modified porous glass MPG-PA) in the presence of 50% glycerol leads to production of a truncated enzyme form (PSP-Chtr, ~66 kDa), which retains activity toward the low molecular weight substrate of PSP, BAPNA, but in contrast to PSP, is active toward the protein substrate azocasein. It has been shown by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry that PSP-Chtr lacks the N-terminal region of the molecule that envelops the catalytic domain of PSP and supposedly prevents hydrolysis of high molecular weight substrates. It has also been established that the lacking fragment corresponds to the N-terminal highest rank element of the informational structure of PSP. This finding confirms the usefulness of the method of informational structure analysis for protein engineering of enzymes. A similar treatment of PSP with immobilized trypsin also led to production of a stable truncated enzyme form (PSP-Tr, ~75 kDa) which lacked 22 C-terminal amino acid residues and completely lost enzymatic activity, presumably because of changes in the nearest environment of His652 of the catalytic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Mikhailova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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Gaur RS, Sudan V, Jaiswal AK, Singh A, Shanker D. Classico-molecular targeting of oligopeptidase B, cysteine protease and variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes of Trypanosoma evansi. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:51-54. [PMID: 28316387 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis or Surra can rightly be attributed as the most economically important vector-borne haemoprotozoan disease encountering India. Surra infected chronic cases show almost similar types of signs and symptoms often confusing it with other haemoprotozoan infections, thereby, making it prerequisite for the development of aspecific and sensitive technique for its detection in susceptible animals. Blood microscopy and serology suffers from the hands of lack of sensitivity and specificity thereby leaving molecular detection techniques as one of the promising alternative. Alongside, there is utmost need for exploring of new molecular gene targets for the development of a putative alternative for diagnosis and immunoprophylaxsis. The present communication describes the identification and amplification of oligopeptidase B, cysteine protease and variable surface glycoprotein genes of T. evansi so as to exploit them in future as potential candidates for immune protection and/or molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh Gaur
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Daya Shanker
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
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Kariuki C, Kagira JM, Mwadime V, Ngotho M. Virulence and pathogenicity of three Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stabilates in a Swiss white mouse model. Afr J Lab Med 2015; 4:137. [PMID: 38440306 PMCID: PMC10911654 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v4i1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A key objective in basic research on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is developing a cheap and reliable experimental model of the disease for use in pathogenesis and drug studies. Objective With a view to improving current models, a study was undertaken to characterise the virulence and pathogenicity of three Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stabilates, labelled as International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)-2918, ILRI-3953, and Institute of Primate Research (IPR)-001, infected into Swiss white mice. Methods Swiss white mice were infected intraperitoneally with trypanosomes and observed for parasitaemia using wet blood smears obtained by tail snipping. Induction of late-stage disease was undertaken using diminazene aceturate (40 mg/kg, Berenil) with curative treatment done using melarsoprol (3.6 mg/kg, Arsobal). Results The prepatent period for the stabilates ranged from three to four days with mean peak parasitaemia ranging from Log10 6.40 to 8.36. First peak parasitaemia for all stabilates varied between six and seven days post infection (DPI) followed by secondary latency in ILRI-2918 (15-17 DPI) and IPR-001 (17-19 DPI). Survival times ranged from six DPI (ILRI-3953) to 86 DPI (IPR-001). Hindleg paresis was observed in both ILRI-3953 (at peak parasitaemia) and ILRI-2918 (after relapse parasitaemia). Mice infected with IPR-001 survived until 54 DPI when curative treatment was undertaken. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the stabilates ILRI-2918 and ILRI-3953 were unsuitable for modelling late-stage HAT in mice. The stabilate IPR-001 demonstrated the potential to induce chronic trypanosomiasis in Swiss white mice for use in development of a late-stage model of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Kagira
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
Kenya
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19
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An essential signal peptide peptidase identified in an RNAi screen of serine peptidases of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123241. [PMID: 25816352 PMCID: PMC4376731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine peptidases of Trypanosoma brucei have been viewed as potential drug targets. In particular, the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase subfamily is thought to be a good avenue for drug discovery. This is based on the finding that some S9 peptidases are secreted and active in the mammalian bloodstream, and that they are a class of enzyme against which drugs have successfully been developed. We collated a list of all serine peptidases in T. brucei, identifying 20 serine peptidase genes, of which nine are S9 peptidases. We screened all 20 serine peptidases by RNAi to determine which, if any, are essential for bloodstream form T. brucei survival. All S9 serine peptidases were dispensable for parasite survival in vitro, even when pairs of similar genes, coding for oligopeptidase B or prolyl oligopeptidase, were targeted simultaneously. We also found no effect on parasite survival in an animal host when the S9 peptidases oligopeptidase B, prolyl oligopeptidase or dipeptidyl peptidase 8 were targeted. The only serine peptidase to emerge from the RNAi screen as essential was a putative type-I signal peptide peptidase (SPP1). This gene was essential for parasite survival both in vitro and in vivo. The growth defect conferred by RNAi depletion of SPP1 was rescued by expression of a functional peptidase from an RNAi resistant SPP1 gene. However, expression of catalytically inactive SPP1 was unable to rescue cells from the SPP1 depleted phenotype, demonstrating that SPP1 serine peptidase activity is necessary for T. brucei survival.
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20
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Bastos IMD, Motta FN, Grellier P, Santana JM. Parasite prolyl oligopeptidases and the challenge of designing chemotherapeuticals for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:3103-15. [PMID: 23514419 PMCID: PMC3778648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320250006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 10 million people worldwide suffer from these neglected diseases, posing enormous social and economic problems in endemic areas. There are no vaccines to prevent these infections and chemotherapies are not adequate. This picture indicates that new chemotherapeutic agents must be developed to treat these illnesses. For this purpose, understanding the biology of the pathogenic trypanosomatid-host cell interface is fundamental for molecular and functional characterization of virulence factors that may be used as targets for the development of inhibitors to be used for effective chemotherapy. In this context, it is well known that proteases have crucial functions for both metabolism and infectivity of pathogens and are thus potential drug targets. In this regard, prolyl oligopeptidase and oligopeptidase B, both members of the S9 serine protease family, have been shown to play important roles in the interactions of pathogenic protozoa with their mammalian hosts and may thus be considered targets for drug design. This review aims to discuss structural and functional properties of these intriguing enzymes and their potential as targets for the development of drugs against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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21
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Rumsh LD. Cloning, sequencing, expression, and characterization of thermostability of oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans, a novel psychrophilic protease. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 93:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Canning P, Rea D, Morty RE, Fülöp V. Crystal structures of Trypanosoma brucei oligopeptidase B broaden the paradigm of catalytic regulation in prolyl oligopeptidase family enzymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79349. [PMID: 24265767 PMCID: PMC3827171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B cleaves after basic amino acids in peptides up to 30 residues. As a virulence factor in bacteria and trypanosomatid pathogens that is absent in higher eukaryotes, this is a promising drug target. Here we present ligand-free open state and inhibitor-bound closed state crystal structures of oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. These (and related) structures show the importance of structural dynamics, governed by a fine enthalpic and entropic balance, in substrate size selectivity and catalysis. Peptides over 30 residues cannot fit the enzyme cavity, preventing the complete domain closure required for a key propeller Asp/Glu to fix the catalytic His and Arg in the catalytically competent conformation. This size exclusion mechanism protects larger peptides and proteins from degradation. Similar bacterial prolyl endopeptidase and archael acylaminoacyl peptidase structures demonstrate this mechanism is conserved among oligopeptidase family enzymes across all three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bossard G, Cuny G, Geiger A. Secreted proteases of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: possible targets for sleeping sickness control? Biofactors 2013; 39:407-14. [PMID: 23553721 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by trypanosomes of the species Trypanosoma brucei and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. Presently, WHO has listed 36 countries as being endemic for sleeping sickness. No vaccine is available, and disease treatment is difficult and has life-threatening side effects. Therefore, there is a crucial need to search for new therapeutic targets against the parasite. Trypanosome excreted-secreted proteins could be promising targets, as the total secretome was shown to inhibit, in vitro, host dendritic cell maturation and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses. The secretome was found surprisingly rich in various proteins and unexpectedly rich in diverse peptidases, covering more than ten peptidase families or subfamilies. Given their abundance, one may speculate that they would play a genuine role not only in classical "housekeeping" tasks but also in pathogenesis. The paper reviews the deleterious role of proteases from trypanosomes, owing to their capacity to degrade host circulating or structural proteins, as well as proteic hormones, causing severe damage and preventing host immune response. In addition, proteases account for a number of drug targets, such drugs being used to treat severe diseases such AIDS. This review underlines the importance of secreted proteins and especially of secreted proteases as potential targets in HAT-fighting strategies. It points out the need to conduct further investigations on the specific role of each of these various proteases in order to identify those playing a central role in sleeping sickness and would be suitable for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Bossard
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Abrahão RQ, Franciosi AC, Andrade D, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Giorgi R, Dale CS. Oligopeptidases B from Trypanossoma cruzi and Trypanossoma brucei Inhibit Inflammatory Pain in Mice by Targeting Serotoninergic Receptors. Inflammation 2013; 36:705-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bruges G, Betancourt M, March M, Sanchez E, Mijares A. Apoptotic-like activity of staurosporine in axenic cultures of Trypanosoma evansi. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:103-8. [PMID: 22499424 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma which is responsible for surra (Trypanosomosis) in domestic and wild animals. This study addressed apoptotic-like features in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. The mechanism of parasite death was investigated using staurosporine as an inducing agent. We evaluated its effects through several cytoplasmic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential. For access to these features we have used the flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with cultures in the stationary phase and adjusted to a density of 10(6) cells/mL. The apoptotic effect of staurosporine in T. evansi was evaluated at 20 nM final concentration. There was an increase of phosphatidylserine exposure, whereas mitochondrial potential was decreased. Moreover, no evidence of cell permeability increasing with staurosporine was observed in this study, suggesting the absence of a necrotic process. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the possible pathways associated with this form of cell death in this hemoparasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bruges
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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26
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Kolomijtseva GY, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. III. Inhibition analysis. Specific interactions with metalloproteinase inhibitors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:300-6. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Kangethe RT, Boulangé AF, Coustou V, Baltz T, Coetzer TH. Trypanosoma brucei brucei oligopeptidase B null mutants display increased prolyl oligopeptidase-like activity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 182:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Motta FN, Bastos IMD, Faudry E, Ebel C, Lima MM, Neves D, Ragno M, Barbosa JARG, de Freitas SM, Santana JM. The Trypanosoma cruzi virulence factor oligopeptidase B (OPBTc) assembles into an active and stable dimer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30431. [PMID: 22276197 PMCID: PMC3261901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B, a processing enzyme of the prolyl oligopeptidase family, is considered as an important virulence factor in trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma cruzi oligopeptidase B (OPBTc) is involved in host cell invasion by generating a Ca(2+)-agonist necessary for recruitment and fusion of host lysosomes at the site of parasite attachment. The underlying mechanism remains unknown and further structural and functional characterization of OPBTc may help clarify its physiological function and lead to the development of new therapeutic molecules to treat Chagas disease. In the present work, size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments demonstrate that OPBTc is a dimer in solution, an association salt and pH-resistant and independent of intermolecular disulfide bonds. The enzyme retains its dimeric structure and is fully active up to 42°C. OPBTc is inactivated and its tertiary, but not secondary, structure is disrupted at higher temperatures, as monitored by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. It has a highly stable secondary structure over a broad range of pH, undergoes subtle tertiary structure changes at low pH and is less stable under moderate ionic strength conditions. These results bring new insights into the structural properties of OPBTc, contributing to future studies on the rational design of OPBTc inhibitors as a promising strategy for Chagas disease chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Nader Motta
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eric Faudry
- INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Meire M. Lima
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - David Neves
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Michel Ragno
- INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - João Alexandre R. G. Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sônia Maria de Freitas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary importance. It is well established that different species, subspecies and strains of trypanosome can cause very different disease in the mammalian host, exemplified by the two human-infective subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei that cause either acute or chronic disease. We are beginning to understand how the host response shapes the course of the disease and how genetic variation in the host can be a factor in disease severity, particularly in the mouse model, but until recently the role of parasite genetic variation that determines differential disease outcome has been a neglected area. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, covering both our current knowledge of the T. brucei genes involved and the approaches that are leading towards the identification of T. brucei virulence genes. Finally, the potential for using parasite genotype variation to examine the evolutionary context of virulence will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Morrison
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Gromova TY, Kostrov SV, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. II. Enzymatic characteristics: Substrate analysis, influence of calcium ions, pH and temperature dependences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:480-90. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification and characterization of cysteine proteinases of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:559-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McLuskey K, Paterson NG, Bland ND, Isaacs NW, Mottram JC. Crystal structure of Leishmania major oligopeptidase B gives insight into the enzymatic properties of a trypanosomatid virulence factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39249-59. [PMID: 20926390 PMCID: PMC2998157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.156679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase with dibasic substrate specificity. It is found in bacteria, plants, and trypanosomatid pathogens, where it has been identified as a virulence factor and potential drug target. In this study we expressed active recombinant Leishmania major OPB and provide the first structure of an oligopeptidase B at high resolution. The crystallographic study reveals that OPB comprises two domains, a catalytic and a propeller domain, linked together by a hinge region. The structure has been determined in complex with the oligopeptide, protease-inhibitor antipain, giving detailed information on the enzyme active site and extended substrate binding pockets. It shows that Glu-621 plays a critical role in the S1 binding pocket and, along with Phe-603, is largely responsible for the enzyme substrate specificity in P1. In the S2 binding pocket, Tyr-499 was shown to be important for substrate stability. The structure also allowed an investigation into the function of residues highlighted in other studies including Glu-623, which was predicted to be involved in the S1 binding pocket but is found forming an inter-domain hydrogen bond. Additional important salt bridges/hydrogen bonds between the two domains were observed, highlighting the significance of the domain interface in OPB. This work provides a foundation for the study of the role of OPBs as virulence factors in trypanosomatids. It could facilitate the development of specific OPB inhibitors with therapeutic potential by exploiting its unique substrate recognition properties as well as providing a model for OPBs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McLuskey
- Westchem School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Swenerton RK, Zhang S, Sajid M, Medzihradszky KF, Craik CS, Kelly BL, McKerrow JH. The oligopeptidase B of Leishmania regulates parasite enolase and immune evasion. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:429-40. [PMID: 20961853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that play key roles in the life cycle of parasites, in the host-parasite relationship, and in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. Furthermore, proteases are targets for the development of new anti-parasitic therapy. Protozoan parasites like Leishmania predominantly express Clan CA cysteine proteases for key life cycle functions. It was therefore unexpected to find a high level of serine protease activity expressed by Leishmania donovani. Purification of this activity followed by mass spectrometry identified oligopeptidase B (OPB; Clan SC, family S9A) as the responsible enzyme. This was confirmed by gene knock-out of OPB, which resulted in the disappearance of the detected serine protease activity of Leishmania extracts. To delineate the specific role of OPB in parasite physiology, proteomic analysis was carried out on OPB(-/-) versus wild type parasites. Four protein species were significantly elevated in OPB(-/-) parasites, and all four were identified by mass spectrometry as enolase. This increased enolase was enzymatically inactive and associated with the parasite membrane. Aside from its classic role in carbohydrate metabolism, enolase was recently found to localize to membranes, where it binds host plasminogen and functions as a virulence factor for several pathogens. As expected, there was a striking alteration in macrophage responses to Leishmania when OPB was deleted. Whereas wild type parasites elicited little, if any, response from infected macrophages, OPB(-/-) parasites induced a massive up-regulation in gene transcription. Additionally, these OPB(-/-) parasites displayed decreased virulence in the murine footpad infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Swenerton
- Department of Pathology, Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Munday JC, McLuskey K, Brown E, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Oligopeptidase B deficient mutants of Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:49-57. [PMID: 20883728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B is a clan SC, family S9 serine peptidase found in gram positive bacteria, plants and trypanosomatids. Evidence suggests it is a virulence factor and thus therapeutic target in both Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, but little is known about its function in Leishmania. In this study L. major OPB-deficient mutants (Δopb) were created. These grew normally as promastigotes, had a small deficiency in their ability to undergo differentiation to metacyclic promastigotes, were significantly less able to infect and survive within macrophages in vitro, but were virulent to mice. These data suggest that L. major OPB itself is not an important virulence factor, indicating functional differences between trypanosomes and Leishmania in their interaction with the mammalian host. The possibility that an OPB-like enzyme (designated OPB2) in L. major might compensate for the loss of OPB in Δopb was investigated via by mapping its sequence onto the 1.6Å structure of L. major OPB. This suggested that the residues involved in the S1 and S2 subsites of OPB2 are identical to OPB and hence the substrate specificity would be similar. Consequently there may be redundancy between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Munday
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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da Silva-López RE, dos Santos TR, Morgado-Díaz JA, Tanaka MN, de Simone SG. Serine protease activities in Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi promastigotes. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1151-62. [PMID: 20668879 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the isolation, biochemical characterization, and subcellular location of serine proteases from aqueous, detergent soluble, and culture supernatant of Leishmania chagasi promastigote extracts, respectively, LCSII, LCSI, and LCSIII. The active enzyme molecular masses of LCSII were about 105, 66, and 60 kDa; of LCSI, 60 and 58 kDa; and of LCSIII, approximately 76 and 68 kDa. Optimal pH for the enzymes was 7.0 for LCSI and LCSIII and 8.5 for LCSII, and the optimal temperature for all enzymes was 37°C, using α-N-ρ-tosyl-L: -arginine methyl ester as substrate. Assay of thermal stability indicated that LCSIII is the more stable enzyme. Hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin were hydrolyzed by LCSII and LCSI but not by LCSIII. Inhibition studies suggested that enzymes belong to the serine protease class modulated by divalent cations. Rabbit antiserum against 56-kDa serine protease of Leishmania amazonensis identified proteins in all extracts of L. chagasi. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry demonstrated that serine proteases are located in flagellar pocket region and cytoplasmic vesicles of L. chagasi promastigotes. These findings indicate that L. chagasi serine proteases differ from L. amazonensis proteases and all known flagellate proteases, but display some similarities with serine proteases from other Leishmania species, suggesting a conservation of this enzymatic activity in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Elisa da Silva-López
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Grisard EC, Stoco PH, Wagner G, Sincero TCM, Rotava G, Rodrigues JB, Snoeijer CQ, Koerich LB, Sperandio MM, Bayer-Santos E, Fragoso SP, Goldenberg S, Triana O, Vallejo GA, Tyler KM, Dávila AMR, Steindel M. Transcriptomic analyses of the avirulent protozoan parasite Trypanosoma rangeli. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 174:18-25. [PMID: 20600354 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two species of the genus Trypanosoma infective to humans have been extensively studied at a cell and molecular level, but study of the third, Trypanosoma rangeli, remains in relative infancy. T. rangeli is non-pathogenic, but is frequently mistaken for the related Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi with which it shares vectors, hosts, significant antigenicity and a sympatric distribution over a wide geographical area. In this study, we present the T. rangeli gene expression profile as determined by the generation of ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) and ORESTES (Open Reading Frame ESTs). A total of 4208 unique high quality sequences were analyzed, composed from epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of SC-58 and Choachí strains, representing the two major phylogenetic lineages of this species. Comparative analyses with T. cruzi and other parasitic kinetoplastid species allowed the assignment of putative biological functions to most of the sequences generated and the establishment of an annotated T. rangeli gene expression database. Even though T. rangeli is apathogenic to mammals, genes associated with virulence in other pathogenic kinetoplastids were found. Transposable elements and genes associated mitochondrial gene expression, specifically RNA editing components, are also described for the first time. Our studies confirm the close phylogenetic relationship between T. cruzi and T. rangeli and enable us to make an estimate for the size of the T. rangeli genome repertoire ( approximately 8500 genes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo C Grisard
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil.
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Prolyl oligopeptidase of Trypanosoma brucei hydrolyzes native collagen, peptide hormones and is active in the plasma of infected mice. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:457-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Evaluation of In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. J Parasitol Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20700425 PMCID: PMC2911591 DOI: 10.1155/2010/534601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Eucalyptus citriodora (EC), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (ED), and Citrus sinensis (CS) were obtained by hydrodistillation process. The EOs were evaluated in vitro for activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Tbb) and Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi). The EOs were found to possess antitrypanosomal activity in vitro in a dose-dependent pattern in a short period of time. The drop in number of parasite over time was achieved doses of 0.4 g/ml, 0.2 g/mL, and 0.1 g/mL for all the EOs. The concentration of 0.4 g/mL CC was more potent at 3 minutes and 2 minutes for Tbb and T. evansi, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the EOs revealed presence of Cyclobutane (96.09%) in CS, 6-octenal (77.11%) in EC, Eucalyptol (75%) in ED, and Citral (38.32%) in CC among several other organic compounds. The results are discussed in relation to trypanosome chemotherapy.
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Roy N, Nageshan RK, Pallavi R, Chakravarthy H, Chandran S, Kumar R, Gupta AK, Singh RK, Yadav SC, Tatu U. Proteomics of Trypanosoma evansi infection in rodents. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9796. [PMID: 20339546 PMCID: PMC2842431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma evansi infections, commonly called ‘surra’, cause significant economic losses to livestock industry. While this infection is mainly restricted to large animals such as camels, donkeys and equines, recent reports indicate their ability to infect humans. There are no World Animal Health Organization (WAHO) prescribed diagnostic tests or vaccines available against this disease and the available drugs show significant toxicity. There is an urgent need to develop improved methods of diagnosis and control measures for this disease. Unlike its related human parasites T. brucei and T. cruzi whose genomes have been fully sequenced T. evansi genome sequence remains unavailable and very little efforts are being made to develop improved methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. With a view to identify potential diagnostic markers and drug targets we have studied the clinical proteome of T. evansi infection using mass spectrometry (MS). Methodology/Principal Findings Using shot-gun proteomic approach involving nano-lc Quadrupole Time Of Flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry we have identified over 160 proteins expressed by T. evansi in mice infected with camel isolate. Homology driven searches for protein identification from MS/MS data led to most of the matches arising from related Trypanosoma species. Proteins identified belonged to various functional categories including metabolic enzymes; DNA metabolism; transcription; translation as well as cell-cell communication and signal transduction. TCA cycle enzymes were strikingly missing, possibly suggesting their low abundances. The clinical proteome revealed the presence of known and potential drug targets such as oligopeptidases, kinases, cysteine proteases and more. Conclusions/Significance Previous proteomic studies on Trypanosomal infections, including human parasites T. brucei and T. cruzi, have been carried out from lab grown cultures. For T. evansi infection this is indeed the first ever proteomic study reported thus far. In addition to providing a glimpse into the biology of this neglected disease, our study is the first step towards identification of diagnostic biomarkers, novel drug targets as well as potential vaccine candidates to fight against T. evansi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nainita Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rani Pallavi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Syama Chandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Khairullin RF, Mikhailova AG, Sebyakina TY, Lubenets NL, Ziganshin RH, Demidyuk IV, Gromova TY, Kostrov SV, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. I. Determination of primary structure, isolation, and purification of wild-type and recombinant enzyme variants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:1164-72. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohd Ismail NI, Yuasa T, Yuasa K, Nambu Y, Nisimoto M, Goto M, Matsuki H, Inoue M, Nagahama M, Tsuji A. A critical role for highly conserved Glu(610) residue of oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei in thermal stability. J Biochem 2009; 147:201-11. [PMID: 19819899 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei (Tb OPB) is a virulence factor and therapeutic target in African sleeping sickness. Three glutamic acid residues at positions 607, 609 and 610 of the catalytic domain are highly conserved in the OPB subfamily. In this study, the roles of Glu(607), Glu(609) and Glu(610) in Tb OPB were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. A striking effect on k(cat)/K(m) was obtained following mutation of Glu(607) to glutamine. In contrast, the heat stability of Tb OPB decreased markedly following the single mutation of Glu(610) to glutamine, although this mutation had significantly less effect on catalytic properties compared with the Glu(607) mutation. Although no differences were found in the tertiary and secondary structures between wild-type (WT) OPB and the E610Q mutant prior to heat treatment, the E610Q mutant is inactivated more rapidly than WT OPB following heat treatment in a manner correlating with its attendant structural changes. Trypsin digestion showed that the boundary regions between the beta-propeller and catalytic domain of the E610Q mutant are unfolded with heat treatment. It is concluded that Glu(607) is essential for the catalytic activity of Tb OPB and that Glu(610) plays a critical role in stabilization rather than catalytic activity despite their close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Ismaliza Mohd Ismail
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Usuki H, Uesugi Y, Iwabuchi M, Hatanaka T. Activation of oligopeptidase B from Streptomyces griseus by thiol-reacting reagents is independent of the single reactive cysteine residue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1673-83. [PMID: 19665591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B from Streptomyces griseus was cloned and characterized to clarify the substrate recognition mechanism and the role of a reactive cysteine residue in family S9 prolyl oligopeptidases (POPs). The cloned enzyme, SGR-OpdB, was annotated as a putative family S9 prolyl oligopeptidase based on its deduced amino acid sequence, in which a sole cysteine residue Cys(544) is present close to the catalytic Asp residue in the C-terminal region. The protein was identified as oligopeptidase B, a member of the subfamily S9a of the family S9 POPs, as judged by its substrate specificity and enzymatic characteristics. Its enzymatic activity was markedly enhanced by high NaCl concentration and the reducing reagents dithiothreitol (DTT) and reduced glutathione (GSH). It is particularly interesting that oxidized glutathione (GSSG) also enhanced SGR-OpdB activity. The SGR-OpdB C544A mutant was constructed and characterized to clarify the role of the putative reactive Cys residue, Cys(544). Surprisingly, the enzymatic activity of the Cys-free mutant was also markedly activated by the general thiol-reacting reagent DTT, GSH, and GSSG. To our knowledge, this is the first report of activity-enhancing effects of thiol-reacting reagents toward Cys-free enzymes. Results clarified the role of additives in inducing conformational change of SGR-OpdB into active peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Usuki
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Kibichuo-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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Usuki H, Uesugi Y, Iwabuchi M, Hatanaka T. Putative “acylaminoacyl” peptidases from Streptomyces griseus and S. coelicolor display “aminopeptidase” activities with distinct substrate specificities and sensitivities to reducing reagent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:468-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1276-84. [PMID: 19168735 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01185-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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da Silva-Lopez RE, Morgado-Díaz JA, dos Santos PT, Giovanni-De-Simone S. Purification and subcellular localization of a secreted 75 kDa Trypanosoma cruzi serine oligopeptidase. Acta Trop 2008; 107:159-67. [PMID: 18599007 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular serine peptidase was purified 460-fold from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes culture supernatant with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation followed by affinity chromatography aprotinin-agarose and continuous elution electrophoresis, yielding a total recovery of 65%. The molecular mass of the active enzyme estimated by reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE was about 75kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of this glycosylated peptidase were 8.0 and 37 degrees C using alpha-N-rho-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-TAME) as substrate. The enzyme did not hydrolyze polypeptide substrates but was active against short peptide substrates containing arginine at the P1 site, in both ester and amide bonds. The peptidase was inhibited by TPCK and TCLK but not by other protease inhibitors suggesting that the enzyme belongs to the serine peptidase class. Interestingly, the enzyme seems to demonstrate some metal dependence since its activity was reduced by 1,10-phenanthroline, calcium and zinc ions. Rabbit anti-T. cruzi extracellular serine peptidase antiserum was used to show that the enzyme was restricted to intracellular structures, including the flagellar pocket, plasma membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles resembling reservosomes. These results suggest that the serine oligopeptidase is secreted into the extracellular environment through the flagellar pocket and the intracellular location could suggest its participation in certain proteolysis events in reservosomes. These findings show that this peptidase is a novel T. cruzi serine oligopeptidase, which differs not only from other peptidases described in the same parasite but also in other species of Trypanosoma.
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46
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Oligopeptidase B: A processing peptidase involved in pathogenesis. Biochimie 2008; 90:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis: molecular cloning, gene expression analysis and molecular model. Parasitol Res 2008; 101:865-75. [PMID: 18074461 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine oligopeptidases of trypanosomatids are emerging as important virulence factors and therapeutic targets in trypanosome infections. A complete open reading frame of oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis was amplified with polymerase chain reaction with gradient annealing temperatures using primers designed for the oligopeptidase B gene from L. major. The 2,196-bp fragment coded for a protein of 731 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83.49 KDa. The encoded protein (La_OpB) shares a 90% identity with oligopeptidases of L. major and L. infantum, 84% with L. braziliensis, and approximately 62% identity with Trypanosoma peptidases. The oligopeptidase B gene is expressed in all cycle stages of L. amazonensis. The three dimensional model of La_OpB was obtained by homology modeling based on the structure of prolyl oligopeptidases. We mapped a La_OpB model that presents a greater negative charge than prolyl oligopeptidases; our results suggest a difference in the S2 subsite when compared to oligopeptidases B from Trypanosoma and bacterial oligopeptidases B. The La_OpB model serves as a starting point for its exploration as a potential target source for a rational chemotherapy.
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de Matos Guedes HL, Carneiro MPD, Gomes DCDO, Rossi-Bergmanmn B, Giovanni de Simone S. Oligopeptidase B from L. amazonensis: molecular cloning, gene expression analysis and molecular model. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:853-63. [PMID: 17530480 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serine oligopeptidases of trypanosomatids are emerging as important virulence factors and therapeutic targets in trypanosome infections. A complete open reading frame of oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis was amplified with polymerase chain reaction with gradient annealing temperatures using primers designed for the oligopeptidase B gene from L. major. The 2,196-bp fragment coded for a protein of 731 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83.49 KDa. The encoded protein (La_OpB) shares a 90% identity with oligopeptidases of L. major and L. infantum, 84% with L. braziliensis, and approximately 62 identity with Trypanosoma peptidases. The oligopeptidase B gene is expressed in all cycle stages of L. amazonensis. The three dimensional model of La_OpB was obtained by homology modeling based on the structure of prolyl oligopeptidases. We mapped a La_OpB model that presents a greater negative charge than prolyl oligopeptidases; our results suggest a difference in the S2 subsite when compared to oligopeptidases B from Trypanosoma and bacterial oligopeptidases B. The La_OpB model serves as a starting point for its exploration as a potential target source for a rational chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Besteiro S, Williams RA, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Protein turnover and differentiation in Leishmania. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1063-75. [PMID: 17493624 PMCID: PMC2244715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania occurs in several developmental forms and thus undergoes complex cell differentiation events during its life-cycle. Those are required to allow the parasite to adapt to the different environmental conditions. The sequencing of the genome of L. major has facilitated the identification of the parasite’s vast arsenal of proteolytic enzymes, a few of which have already been carefully studied and found to be important for the development and virulence of the parasite. This review focuses on these peptidases and their role in the cellular differentiation of Leishmania through their key involvement in a variety of degradative pathways in the lysosomal and autophagy networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Besteiro
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Roderick A.M. Williams
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Graham H. Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 141 330 3745; fax: +44 141 330 8269.
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Morty RE, Bulau P, Pellé R, Wilk S, Abe K. Pyroglutamyl peptidase type I from Trypanosoma brucei: a new virulence factor from African trypanosomes that de-blocks regulatory peptides in the plasma of infected hosts. Biochem J 2006; 394:635-45. [PMID: 16248854 PMCID: PMC1383713 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptidases of parasitic protozoans are emerging as novel virulence factors and therapeutic targets in parasitic infections. A trypanosome-derived aminopeptidase that exclusively hydrolysed substrates with Glp (pyroglutamic acid) in P1 was purified 9248-fold from the plasma of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The enzyme responsible was cloned from a T. brucei brucei genomic DNA library and identified as type I PGP (pyroglutamyl peptidase), belonging to the C15 family of cysteine peptidases. We showed that PGP is expressed in all life cycle stages of T. brucei brucei and is expressed in four other blood-stream-form African trypanosomes. Trypanosome PGP was optimally active and stable at bloodstream pH, and was insensitive to host plasma cysteine peptidase inhibitors. Native purified and recombinant hyper-expressed trypanosome PGP removed the N-terminal Glp blocking groups from TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone) and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) with a k(cat)/K(m) value of 0.5 and 0.1 s(-1) x microM(-1) respectively. The half-life of TRH and GnRH was dramatically reduced in the plasma of trypanosome-infected rats, both in vitro and in vivo. Employing an activity-neutralizing anti-trypanosome PGP antibody, and pyroglutamyl diazomethyl ketone, a specific inhibitor of type I PGP, we demonstrated that trypanosome PGP is entirely responsible for the reduced plasma half-life of TRH, and partially responsible for the reduced plasma half-life of GnRH in a rodent model of African trypanosomiasis. The abnormal degradation of TRH and GnRH, and perhaps other neuropeptides N-terminally blocked with a pyroglutamyl moiety, by trypanosome PGP, may contribute to some of the endocrine lesions observed in African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Aulweg 123, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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