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Yang W, Ramadan S, Zu Y, Sun M, Huang X, Yu B. Chemical synthesis and functional evaluation of glycopeptides and glycoproteins containing rare glycosyl amino acid linkages. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38888170 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1987 to 2023Naturally existing glycoproteins through post-translational protein glycosylation are highly heterogeneous, which not only impedes the structure-function studies, but also hinders the development of their potential medical usage. Chemical synthesis represents one of the most powerful tools to provide the structurally well-defined glycoforms. Being the key step of glycoprotein synthesis, glycosylation usually takes place at serine, threonine, and asparagine residues, leading to the predominant formation of the O- and N-glycans, respectively. However, other amino acid residues containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and nucleophilic carbon atoms have also been found to be glycosylated. These diverse glycoprotein linkages, occurring from microorganisms to plants and animals, play also pivotal biological roles, such as in cell-cell recognition and communication. The availability of these homogenous rare glycopeptides and glycoproteins can help decipher the glyco-code for developing therapeutic agents. This review highlights the chemical approaches for assembly of the functional glycopeptides and glycoproteins bearing these "rare" carbohydrate-amino acid linkages between saccharide and canonical amino acid residues and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Yan Zu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Mengxia Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Chen W, Chen J, Xu Y, Gong H, Shi S, Wang S, Wang H. Applications of the Yariv reagent in polysaccharide analysis and plant physiology from theory to practice. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121781. [PMID: 38286551 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan (AG), a biologically active substance found abundantly in plants, is of significant interest in plant physiology due to its unique physicochemical properties. Yariv reagent, widely utilized in AG-II related applications, forms insoluble precipitates when bound to AG-II. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and various dissociation methods of the Yariv reagent to enhance its utility in AG-II studies. Furthermore, the review explores the binding mechanisms and applications of the Yariv reagent, highlighting the advancements in studying the Yariv-AG complex in plant physiology. The aim of this review is to inspire new research ideas and foster novel applications of the Yariv reagent from synthesis to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongbin Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan Gong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Songshan Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shunchun Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Huijun Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Huang J, Tao H, Chen J, Shen Y, Lei J, Pan J, Yan C, Yan N. Structure-guided discovery of protein and glycan components in native mastigonemes. Cell 2024; 187:1733-1744.e12. [PMID: 38552612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Mastigonemes, the hair-like lateral appendages lining cilia or flagella, participate in mechanosensation and cellular motion, but their constituents and structure have remained unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of native mastigonemes isolated from Chlamydomonas at 3.0 Å resolution. The long stem assembles as a super spiral, with each helical turn comprising four pairs of anti-parallel mastigoneme-like protein 1 (Mst1). A large array of arabinoglycans, which represents a common class of glycosylation in plants and algae, is resolved surrounding the type II poly-hydroxyproline (Hyp) helix in Mst1. The EM map unveils a mastigoneme axial protein (Mstax) that is rich in heavily glycosylated Hyp and contains a PKD2-like transmembrane domain (TMD). Mstax, with nearly 8,000 residues spanning from the intracellular region to the distal end of the mastigoneme, provides the framework for Mst1 assembly. Our study provides insights into the complexity of protein and glycan interactions in native bio-architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jikun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Bio-Architecture and Bio-Interactions (IBABI), Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation (SMART), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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Uetz P, Göritzer K, Vergara E, Melnik S, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Deghmane AE, Groppelli E, Reljic R, Ma JKC, Stöger E, Strasser R. Implications of O-glycan modifications in the hinge region of a plant-produced SARS-CoV-2-IgA antibody on functionality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329018. [PMID: 38511130 PMCID: PMC10953500 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4H) catalyse the irreversible conversion of proline to hydroxyproline, constituting a common posttranslational modification of proteins found in humans, plants, and microbes. Hydroxyproline residues can be further modified in plants to yield glycoproteins containing characteristic O-glycans. It is currently unknown how these plant endogenous modifications impact protein functionality and they cause considerable concerns for the recombinant production of therapeutic proteins in plants. In this study, we carried out host engineering to generate a therapeutic glycoprotein largely devoid of plant-endogenous O-glycans for functional characterization. Methods: Genome editing was used to inactivate two genes coding for enzymes of the P4H10 subfamily in the widely used expression host Nicotiana benthamiana. Using glycoengineering in plants and expression in human HEK293 cells we generated four variants of a potent, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, COVA2-15 IgA1. The variants that differed in the number of modified proline residues and O-glycan compositions of their hinge region were assessed regarding their physicochemical properties and functionality. Results: We found that plant endogenous O-glycan formation was strongly reduced on IgA1 when transiently expressed in the P4H10 double mutant N. benthamiana plant line. The IgA1 glycoforms displayed differences in proteolytic stability and minor differences in receptor binding thus highlighting the importance of O-glycosylation in the hinge region of human IgA1. Discussion: This work reports the successful protein O-glycan engineering of an important plant host for recombinant protein expression. While the complete removal of endogenous hydroxyproline residues from the hinge region of plant-produced IgA1 is yet to be achieved, our engineered line is suitable for structure-function studies of O-glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins produced in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Uetz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Cosi V, Gadermaier G. The Role of Defensins as Pollen and Food Allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023:10.1007/s11882-023-01080-3. [PMID: 37178263 PMCID: PMC10281898 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Defensin-polyproline-linked proteins are relevant allergens in Asteraceae pollen. Depending on their prevalence and amount in the pollen source, they are potent allergens, as shown for the major mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1. Only a few allergenic defensins have been identified in plant foods, such as peanut and celery. This review provides an overview of structural and immunological features, IgE cross-reactivity, and diagnostic and therapeutic options regarding allergenic defensins. RECENT FINDINGS We present and critically review the allergenic relevance of pollen and food defensins. The recently identified Api g 7 from celeriac and other allergens potentially involved in Artemisia pollen-related food allergies are discussed and related to clinical severity and allergen stability. To specify Artemisia pollen-related food allergies, we propose the term "defensin-related food allergies" to account for defensin-polyproline-linked protein-associated food syndromes. There is increasing evidence that defensins are the causative molecules in several mugwort pollen-associated food allergies. A small number of studies have shown IgE cross-reactivity of Art v 1 with celeriac, horse chestnut, mango, and sunflower seed defensins, while the underlying allergenic molecule remains unknown in other mugwort pollen-associated food allergies. As these food allergies can cause severe allergic reactions, identification of allergenic food defensins and further clinical studies with larger patient cohorts are required. This will allow molecule-based allergy diagnosis and a better understanding of defensin-related food allergies to raise awareness of potentially severe food allergies due to primary sensitization to Artemisia pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cosi
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Tan L, Xu J, Held M, Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski M. Arabinogalactan Structures of Repetitive Serine-Hydroxyproline Glycomodule Expressed by Arabidopsis Cell Suspension Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1036. [PMID: 36903897 PMCID: PMC10005752 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily. They are heavily glycosylated with arabinogalactans, which are usually composed of a β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with 6-O-linked galactosyl, oligo-1,6-galactosyl, or 1,6-galactan side chains that are further decorated with arabinosyl, glucuronosyl, rhamnosyl, and/or fucosyl residues. Here, our work with Hyp-O-polysaccharides isolated from (Ser-Hyp)32-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion glycoproteins overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis suspension culture is consistent with the common structural features of AGPs isolated from tobacco. In addition, this work confirms the presence of β-1,6-linkage on the galactan backbone identified previously in AGP fusion glycoproteins expressed in tobacco suspension culture. Furthermore, the AGPs expressed in Arabidopsis suspension culture lack terminal-rhamnosyl residues and have a much lower level of glucuronosylation compared with those expressed in tobacco suspension culture. These differences not only suggest the presence of distinct glycosyl transferases for AGP glycosylation in the two systems, but also indicate the existence of minimum AG structures for type II AG functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Marcia Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Wang M, Gong L, Luo Y, He S, Zhang X, Xie X, Li X, Feng X. Transcriptomic analysis of asthma and allergic rhinitis reveals CST1 as a biomarker of unified airways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1048195. [PMID: 36733482 PMCID: PMC9888248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1048195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. The "unified airway" theory considers the upper and lower airways as a morphological and functional whole. However, studies exploring biomarkers linking the upper and lower airways in allergic disease are lacking, which may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying AR comorbid asthma. Purpose To integrate bioinformatics techniques to explore biomarkers in airway allergic diseases, and to provide a molecular etiology profile for preventing the development of asthma in AR patients. Methods Biomarkers were screened by identifying key genes common between AR and asthma through WGCNA and differential gene analysis. GO and KEGG analyses were performed using DAVID. Immuno-infiltration analysis was performed by CIBERSORTx. The predictive value of CST1 to distinguish Th2-high asthma was determined by ROC curves. GSEA was used to analyze the signaling pathways involved in CST1. TargetScan and miRNet were combined with GSE142237 to construct ceRNA network. CMap was used to explore potential therapeutic drugs. Results Validation of datasets showed that CST1 was the only gene that was up-regulated in both upper and lower airways in patients with AR and asthma, and correlation heatmaps showed that CST1 was the gene with the highest sum of correlation coefficients. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that the lower airways of AR patients were mainly involved in inflammatory and immune responses, similar to asthma. Immune infiltration showed that CST1 was mainly positively correlated with activated CD4 memory T cells. According to the ROC curve, CST1 showed excellent diagnostic efficiency for Th2-high asthma. GSEA indicated that CST1 was involved in the FcϵRI signaling pathway and O-glycan biosynthesis. A ceRNA network including the lncRNAs KCNQ1OT1 and NEAT1 was constructed. Four drugs, including verrucarin-A, had the potential to prevent the development of asthma in AR patients. In addition, corticosteroids were found to downregulate CST1 expression. Conclusion CST1 plays a key role in the development of AR comorbid asthma and may be a biomarker for airway allergic diseases. Targeted treatment of CST1 has the potential to prevent the development of asthma in AR patients and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Feng
- *Correspondence: Xin Feng, ; Xuezhong Li,
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Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrate molecules in the realm of biology, are present as biomedically important glycoconjugates and a characteristic aspect is that their structures in many instances are branched. In determining the primary structure of a glycan, the sugar components including the absolute configuration and ring form, anomeric configuration, linkage(s), sequence, and substituents should be elucidated. Solution state NMR spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to resolve all these aspects at atomic resolution. During the last two decades, advancement of both NMR experiments and spectrometer hardware have made it possible to unravel carbohydrate structure more efficiently. These developments applicable to glycans include, inter alia, NMR experiments that reduce spectral overlap, use selective excitations, record tilted projections of multidimensional spectra, acquire spectra by multiple receivers, utilize polarization by fast-pulsing techniques, concatenate pulse-sequence modules to acquire several spectra in a single measurement, acquire pure shift correlated spectra devoid of scalar couplings, employ stable isotope labeling to efficiently obtain homo- and/or heteronuclear correlations, as well as those that rely on dipolar cross-correlated interactions for sequential information. Refined computer programs for NMR spin simulation and chemical shift prediction aid the structural elucidation of glycans, which are notorious for their limited spectral dispersion. Hardware developments include cryogenically cold probes and dynamic nuclear polarization techniques, both resulting in enhanced sensitivity as well as ultrahigh field NMR spectrometers with a 1H NMR resonance frequency higher than 1 GHz, thus improving resolution of resonances. Taken together, the developments have made and will in the future make it possible to elucidate carbohydrate structure in great detail, thereby forming the basis for understanding of how glycans interact with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontana
- Departamento
de Química del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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Art v 1 IgE epitopes of patients and humanized mice are conformational. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:920-930. [PMID: 35738928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, pollen of the weed mugwort (Artemisiavulgaris) is a major cause of severe respiratory allergy, with its major allergen, Art v 1, being the key pathogenic molecule for millions of patients. Humanized mice transgenic for a human T-cell receptor specific for the major Art v 1 T-cell epitope and the corresponding HLA have been made. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize IgE epitopes of Art v 1-sensitized patients and humanized mice for molecular immunotherapy of mugwort allergy. METHODS Four overlapping peptides incorporating surface-exposed amino acids representing the full-length Art v 1 sequence were synthesized and used to search for IgE reactivity to sequential epitopes. For indirect mapping, peptide-specific rabbit antibodies were raised to block IgE against surface-exposed epitopes on folded Art v 1. IgE reactivity and basophil activation studies were performed in clinically defined mugwort-allergic patients. Secondary structure of recombinant (r) Art v 1 and peptides was determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. RESULTS Mugwort-allergic patients and humanized mice sensitized by allergen inhalation showed IgE reactivity and/or basophil activation mainly to folded, complete Art v 1 but not to unfolded, sequential peptide epitopes. Blocking of allergic patients' IgE with peptide-specific rabbit antisera identified a hitherto unknown major conformational IgE binding site in the C-terminal Art v 1 domain. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the new major conformational IgE binding site on Art v 1, which can be blocked with IgG raised against non-IgE reactive Art v 1 peptides, is an important basis for the development of a hypoallergenic peptide vaccine for mugwort allergy.
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van der Kaaij A, van Noort K, Nibbering P, Wilbers RHP, Schots A. Glyco-Engineering Plants to Produce Helminth Glycoproteins as Prospective Biopharmaceuticals: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882835. [PMID: 35574113 PMCID: PMC9100689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are the dominant category among approved biopharmaceuticals, indicating their importance as therapeutic proteins. Glycoproteins are decorated with carbohydrate structures (or glycans) in a process called glycosylation. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is present in all kingdoms of life, albeit with differences in core modifications, terminal glycan structures, and incorporation of different sugar residues. Glycans play pivotal roles in many biological processes and can impact the efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. The majority of biopharmaceuticals are based on human glycoproteins, but non-human glycoproteins, originating from for instance parasitic worms (helminths), form an untapped pool of potential therapeutics for immune-related diseases and vaccine candidates. The production of sufficient quantities of correctly glycosylated putative therapeutic helminth proteins is often challenging and requires extensive engineering of the glycosylation pathway. Therefore, a flexible glycoprotein production system is required that allows straightforward introduction of heterologous glycosylation machinery composed of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to obtain desired glycan structures. The glycome of plants creates an ideal starting point for N- and O-glyco-engineering of helminth glycans. Plants are also tolerant toward the introduction of heterologous glycosylation enzymes as well as the obtained glycans. Thus, a potent production platform emerges that enables the production of recombinant helminth proteins with unusual glycans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in plant glyco-engineering of potentially therapeutic helminth glycoproteins, challenges and their future prospects.
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Ruocco V, Strasser R. Transient Expression of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1093. [PMID: 35448821 PMCID: PMC9033091 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic very dramatically shows that the world lacks preparedness for novel viral diseases. In addition to newly emerging viruses, many known pathogenic viruses such as influenza are constantly evolving, leading to frequent outbreaks with severe diseases and deaths. Hence, infectious viruses are a recurrent burden to our daily life, and powerful strategies to stop the spread of human pathogens and disease progression are of utmost importance. Transient plant-based protein expression is a technology that allows fast and highly flexible manufacturing of recombinant viral proteins and, thus, can contribute to infectious disease detection and prevention. This review highlights recent progress in the transient production of viral glycoproteins in N. benthamiana with a focus on SARS-CoV-2-derived viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;
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12
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Bangert N, Rodríguez-Jahnke F, Reski R, Decker EL. Unexpected Arabinosylation after Humanization of Plant Protein N-Glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:838365. [PMID: 35252146 PMCID: PMC8894861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.838365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As biopharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins have become indispensable tools in medicine. An increasing demand, not only in quantity but also in diversity, drives the constant development and improvement of production platforms. The N-glycosylation pattern on biopharmaceuticals plays an important role in activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity. Therefore, production platforms with tailored protein N-glycosylation are of great interest. Plant-based systems have already demonstrated their potential to produce pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins, although their N-glycan patterns differ from those in humans. Plants have shown great plasticity towards the manipulation of their glycosylation machinery, and some have already been glyco-engineered in order to avoid the attachment of plant-typical, putatively immunogenic sugar residues. This resulted in complex-type N-glycans with a core structure identical to the human one. Compared to humans, plants lack the ability to elongate these N-glycans with β1,4-linked galactoses and terminal sialic acids. However, these modifications, which require the activity of several mammalian enzymes, have already been achieved for Nicotiana benthamiana and the moss Physcomitrella. Here, we present the first step towards sialylation of recombinant glycoproteins in Physcomitrella, human β1,4-linked terminal N-glycan galactosylation, which was achieved by the introduction of a chimeric β1,4-galactosyltransferase (FTGT). This chimeric enzyme consists of the moss α1,4-fucosyltransferase transmembrane domain, fused to the catalytic domain of the human β1,4-galactosyltransferase. Stable FTGT expression led to the desired β1,4-galactosylation. However, additional pentoses of unknown identity were also observed. The nature of these pentoses was subsequently determined by Western blot and enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis and resulted in their identification as α-linked arabinoses. Since a pentosylation of β1,4-galactosylated N-glycans was reported earlier, e.g., on recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glyco-engineered Nicotiana tabacum, this phenomenon is of a more general importance for plant-based production platforms. Arabinoses, which are absent in humans, may prevent the full humanization of plant-derived products. Therefore, the identification of these pentoses as arabinoses is important as it creates the basis for their abolishment to ensure the production of safe biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nina Bangert
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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Üzülmez Ö, Kalic T, Mayr V, Lengger N, Tscheppe A, Radauer C, Hafner C, Hemmer W, Breiteneder H. The Major Peanut Allergen Ara h 2 Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Contains Hydroxyprolines and Is a Viable Alternative to the E. Coli Product in Allergy Diagnosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:723363. [PMID: 34671372 PMCID: PMC8522509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a potentially life-threatening disease that is mediated by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. The major peanut allergen Ara h 2, a 2S albumin seed storage protein, is one of the most dangerous and potent plant allergens. Ara h 2 is posttranslationally modified to harbor four disulfide bridges and three hydroxyprolines. These hydroxyproline residues are required for optimal IgE-binding to the DPYSPOHS motifs representing an immunodominant IgE epitope. So far, recombinant Ara h 2 has been produced in Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Trichoplusia ni insect cell, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression systems, which were all incapable of proline hydroxylation. However, molecular diagnosis of peanut allergy is performed using either natural or E. coli-produced major peanut allergens. As IgE from the majority of patients is directed to Ara h 2, it is of great importance that the recombinant Ara h 2 harbors all of its eukaryotic posttranslational modifications. We produced hydroxyproline-containing and correctly folded Ara h 2 in the endoplasmic reticulum of leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using the plant virus-based magnICON® transient expression system with a yield of 200 mg/kg fresh biomass. To compare prokaryotic with eukaryotic expression methods, Ara h 2 was expressed in E. coli together with the disulfide-bond isomerase DsbC and thus harbored disulfide bridges but no hydroxyprolines. The recombinant allergens from N. benthamiana and E. coli were characterized and compared to the natural Ara h 2 isolated from roasted peanuts. Natural Ara h 2 outperformed both recombinant proteins in IgE-binding and activation of basophils via IgE cross-linking, the latter indicating the potency of the allergen. Interestingly, significantly more efficient IgE cross-linking by the N. benthamiana-produced allergen was observed in comparison to the one induced by the E. coli product. Ara h 2 from N. benthamiana plants displayed a higher similarity to the natural allergen in terms of basophil activation due to the presence of hydroxyproline residues, supporting so far published data on their contribution to the immunodominant IgE epitope. Our study advocates the use of N. benthamiana plants instead of prokaryotic expression hosts for the production of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öykü Üzülmez
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Lengger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Tscheppe
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Radauer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Dermatological Research, St. Pölten, Austria
| | | | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Platts‐Mills TA, Hilger C, Jappe U, van Hage M, Gadermaier G, Spillner E, Lidholm J, Keshavarz B, Aalberse RC, van Ree R, Goodman RE, Pomés A. Carbohydrate epitopes currently recognized as targets for IgE antibodies. Allergy 2021; 76:2383-2394. [PMID: 33655520 DOI: 10.1111/all.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycan epitopes have not been documented by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. This was in part due to scarce or incomplete information on these oligosaccharides, but also due to the widely held opinion that IgE to these epitopes had little or no relevance to allergic symptoms. Most IgE-binding glycans recognized up to 2008 were considered to be "classical" cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) that occur in insects, some helminths and throughout the plant kingdom. Since 2008, the prevailing opinion on lack of clinical relevance of IgE-binding glycans has been subject to a reevaluation. This was because IgE specific for the mammalian disaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) was identified as a cause of delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat in the United States, an observation that has been confirmed by allergists in many parts of the world. Several experimental studies have shown that oligosaccharides with one or more terminal alpha-gal epitopes can be attached as a hapten to many different mammalian proteins or lipids. The classical CCDs also behave like haptens since they can be expressed on proteins from multiple species. This is the explanation for extensive in vitro cross-reactivity related to CCDs. Because of these developments, the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee recently decided to include glycans as potentially allergenic epitopes in an adjunct section of its website (www.allergen.org). In this article, the features of the main glycan groups known to be involved in IgE recognition are revisited, and their characteristic structural, functional, and clinical features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Platts‐Mills
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Christiane Hilger
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Uta Jappe
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel AirwayResearch Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research Borstel Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine and Pneumology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Marianne van Hage
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Biosciences Paris Lodron University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Edzard Spillner
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Aarhus University Denmark
| | - Jonas Lidholm
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Uppsala Sweden
| | - Behnam Keshavarz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Rob C. Aalberse
- Department of Immunopathology Sanquin Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Richard E. Goodman
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Anna Pomés
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Basic Research, Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc. Charlottesville Virginia USA
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15
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Petersen BL, MacAlister CA, Ulvskov P. Plant Protein O-Arabinosylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645219. [PMID: 33815452 PMCID: PMC8012813 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of proteins with diverse functions in development, defense, and stress responses are O-arabinosylated at hydroxyprolines (Hyps) within distinct amino acid motifs of continuous stretches of Hyps, as found in the structural cell wall extensins, or at non-continuous Hyps as, for example, found in small peptide hormones and a variety of plasma membrane proteins involved in signaling. Plant O-glycosylation relies on hydroxylation of Prolines to Hyps in the protein backbone, mediated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) which is followed by O-glycosylation of the Hyp C4-OH group by either galactosyltransferases (GalTs) or arabinofuranosyltranferases (ArafTs) yielding either Hyp-galactosylation or Hyp-arabinosylation. A subset of the P4H enzymes with putative preference to hydroxylation of continuous prolines and presumably all ArafT enzymes needed for synthesis of the substituted arabinose chains of one to four arabinose units, have been identified and functionally characterized. Truncated root-hair phenotype is one common denominator of mutants of Hyp formation and Hyp-arabinosylation glycogenes, which act on diverse groups of O-glycosylated proteins, e.g., the small peptide hormones and cell wall extensins. Dissection of different substrate derived effects may not be regularly feasible and thus complicate translation from genotype to phenotype. Recently, lack of proper arabinosylation on arabinosylated proteins has been shown to influence their transport/fate in the secretory pathway, hinting to an additional layer of functionality of O-arabinosylation. Here, we provide an update on the prevalence and types of O-arabinosylated proteins and the enzymatic machinery responsible for their modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Mócsai R, Göritzer K, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Strasser R, Altmann F. Prolyl Hydroxylase Paralogs in Nicotiana benthamiana Show High Similarity With Regard to Substrate Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636597. [PMID: 33737944 PMCID: PMC7960765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant glycoproteins display a characteristic type of O-glycosylation where short arabinans or larger arabinogalactans are linked to hydroxyproline. The conversion of proline to 4-hydroxyproline is accomplished by prolyl-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Eleven putative Nicotiana benthamiana P4Hs, which fall in four homology groups, have been identified by homology searches using known Arabidopsis thaliana P4H sequences. One member of each of these groups has been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and applied to synthetic peptides representing the O-glycosylated region of erythropoietin (EPO), IgA1, Art v 1 and the Arabidopsis thaliana glycoprotein STRUBBELIG. Unlike the situation in the moss Physcomitrella patens, where one particular P4H was mainly responsible for the oxidation of erythropoietin, the tobacco P4Hs exhibited rather similar activities, albeit with biased substrate preferences and preferred sites of oxidation. From a biotechnological viewpoint, this result means that silencing/knockout of a single P4H in N. benthamiana cannot be expected to result in the abolishment of the plant-specific oxidation of prolyl residues in a recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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19
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Schiermeyer A. Optimizing product quality in molecular farming. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:15-20. [PMID: 31593785 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems had faced several challenges that hampered broader adoption of this technology. In recent years, various plant production hosts have been improved by genetic engineering approaches to overcome obstacles with regard to post-translational modifications and integrity of target proteins. Together with optimized extraction and purification processes, those advances have put plant molecular farming in a more competitive position compared to established production systems. Certain biopharmaceuticals can be derived from plant systems with unique desired properties, qualifying them as biobetters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Pablos I, Egger M, Vejvar E, Reichl V, Briza P, Zennaro D, Rafaiani C, Pickl W, Bohle B, Mari A, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. Similar Allergenicity to Different Artemisia Species Is a Consequence of Highly Cross-Reactive Art v 1-Like Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080504. [PMID: 31434264 PMCID: PMC6723817 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Pollens of weeds are relevant elicitors of type I allergies. While many Artemisia species occur worldwide, allergy research so far has only focused on Artemisia vulgaris. We aimed to characterize other prevalent Artemisia species regarding their allergen profiles. Materials and Methods: Aqueous extracts of pollen from seven Artemisia species were characterized by gel electrophoresis and ELISA using sera from mugwort pollen-allergic patients (n = 11). The cDNA sequences of defensin–proline-linked proteins (DPLPs) were obtained, and purified proteins were tested in a competition ELISA, in rat basophil mediator release assays, and for activation of Jurkat T cells transduced with an Art v 1-specific TCR. IgE cross-reactivity to other allergens was evaluated using ImmunoCAP and ISAC. Results: The protein patterns of Artemisia spp. pollen extracts were similar in gel electrophoresis, with a major band at 24 kDa corresponding to DPLPs, like the previously identified Art v 1. Natural Art v 1 potently inhibited IgE binding to immobilized pollen extracts. Six novel Art v 1 homologs with high sequence identity and equivalent IgE reactivity were identified and termed Art ab 1, Art an 1, Art c 1, Art f 1, Art l 1, and Art t 1. All proteins triggered mediator release and cross-reacted at the T cell level. The Artemisia extracts contained additional IgE cross-reactive molecules from the nonspecific lipid transfer protein, pectate lyase, profilin, and polcalcin family. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that DPLPs in various Artemisia species have high allergenic potential. Therefore, related Artemisia species need to be considered to be allergen elicitors, especially due to the consideration of potential geographic expansion due to climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pablos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Egger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Vejvar
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria Reichl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infection and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Danila Zennaro
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, 04100 Rome, Italy
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rafaiani
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, 04100 Rome, Italy
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Winfried Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infection and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriano Mari
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, 04100 Rome, Italy
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Gao Z, Fu WY, Sun Y, Gao B, Wang HY, Liu M, Luo FM, Zhou X, Jin J, Zhao L, Wu S, Liu Y, Wu L, Wang X, Tang NB, Guo BH, Feng Y, Zhou JY, Gadermaier G, Ferreira F, Versteeg SA, van Ree R. Artemisia pollen allergy in China: Component-resolved diagnosis reveals allergic asthma patients have significant multiple allergen sensitization. Allergy 2019; 74:284-293. [PMID: 30155917 PMCID: PMC6587742 DOI: 10.1111/all.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Artemisia pollen allergy is a major cause of asthma in Northern China. Possible associations between IgE responses to Artemisia allergen components and clinical phenotypes have not yet been evaluated. This study was to establish sensitization patterns of four Artemisia allergens and possible associations with demographic characteristics and clinical phenotypes in three areas of China. Methods Two hundred and forty patients allergic to Artemisia pollen were examined, 178 from Shanxi and 30 from Shandong Provinces in Northern China, and 32 from Yunnan Province in Southwestern China. Allergic asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and eczema symptoms were diagnosed. All patients’ sera were tested by ImmunoCAP with mugwort pollen extract and the natural components nArt v 1, nArt ar 2, nArt v 3, and nArt an 7. Results The frequency of sensitization and the IgE levels of the four components in Artemisia allergic patients from Southwestern China were significantly lower than in those from the North. Art v 1 and Art an 7 were the most frequently recognized allergens (84% and 87%, respectively), followed by Art v 3 (66%) and Art ar 2 (48%). Patients from Northern China were more likely to have allergic asthma (50%) than patients from Southwestern China (3%), and being sensitized to more than two allergens increased the risk of allergic asthma, in which co‐sensitization to three major allergens Art v 1, Art v 3, and Art an 7 is prominent. Conclusions Component‐resolved diagnosis of Chinese Artemisia pollen‐allergic patients helps assess the potential risk of mugwort‐associated allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Gao
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wan-Yi Fu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yuemei Sun
- Department of Allergy; Yu Huang Ding Hospital; Yantai China
| | - Biyuan Gao
- Hangzhou Aileji Biotech Ltd; Hangzhou China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- Department of Allergy; The Second Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - Fang-Mei Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Qujing Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital; Yunnan China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jing Jin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Shandong Wu
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yi Liu
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - Ning-Bo Tang
- Department of Allergy; Yu Huang Ding Hospital; Yantai China
| | - Bao-Hua Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Qujing Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital; Yunnan China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Jian Ying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Disease; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Serge A. Versteeg
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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22
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Andjelković U, Josić D. Mass spectrometry based proteomics as foodomics tool in research and assurance of food quality and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Rozov SM, Permyakova NV, Deineko EV. Main Strategies of Plant Expression System Glycoengineering for Producing Humanized Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:215-232. [PMID: 29625542 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most the pharmaceutical proteins are derived not from their natural sources, rather their recombinant analogs are synthesized in various expression systems. Plant expression systems, unlike mammalian cell cultures, combine simplicity and low cost of procaryotic systems and the ability for posttranslational modifications inherent in eucaryotes. More than 50% of all human proteins and more than 40% of the currently used pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated, that is, they are glycoproteins, and their biological activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity depend on the correct glycosylation pattern. This review examines in detail the similarities and differences between N- and O-glycosylation in plant and mammalian cells, as well as the effect of plant glycans on the activity, pharmacokinetics, immunity, and intensity of biosynthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. The main current strategies of glycoengineering of plant expression systems aimed at obtaining fully humanized proteins for pharmaceutical application are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rozov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Li HZ, Ding J, Cheng CR, Chen Y, Liang XY. β-L-Arabinofuranosylation Conducted by 5-O-(2-pyridinecarbonyl)-L-arabinofuranosyl Trichloroacetimidate. Carbohydr Res 2018; 460:1-7. [PMID: 29476991 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a β-L-arabinofuranosylation method by employing the 5-O-(2-pyridinecarbonyl)-L-arabinofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate 10 as a donor. This approach allows a wide range of acceptor substrates, especially amino acid acceptors, to be used. Stereoselective synthesis of β-(1,4)-L-arabinofuranosyl-(2S, 4R)-4-hydroxy-L-proline (β-L-Araf-L-Hyp4) and its dimer is achieved readily by this method. Both the stereoselectivities and yields of the reactions are excellent. To demonstrate the utility of this methodology, the preparation of a trisaccharide in a one-pot manner was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhan Li
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Jie Ding
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chun-Ru Cheng
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xing-Yong Liang
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
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25
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Fu W, Gao Z, Gao L, Jin J, Liu M, Sun Y, Wu S, Wu L, Ma H, Dong Y, Wang X, Gao B, Wang H, Akkerdaas JH, Versteeg SA, van Ree R. Identification of a 62-kDa major allergen from Artemisia pollen as a putative galactose oxidase. Allergy 2018; 73:1041-1052. [PMID: 29220102 DOI: 10.1111/all.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 20 years ago, a 60- to 70-kDa protein was reported as a major allergen of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen. This study was to identify and characterize its molecular properties. METHODS Sera from 113 Chinese and 20 Dutch Artemisia-allergic/sensitized subjects (and pools thereof) were used to identify the 60- to 70-kDa allergen. Pollen extracts of seven Artemisia species were compared by immunoblotting. Transcriptomics and proteomics (mass spectrometry) of A. annua pollen were used to identify the putative 60- to 70-kDa Artemisia allergen. Both the natural purified and recombinant allergens were evaluated for IgE reactivity by ImmunoCAP. Fourteen Chinese Artemisia-allergic patients were tested intradermally with purified natural allergen. RESULTS Immunoblots revealed two major bands at 12 and 25 kDa, and a weak band at 70 kDa for all seven Artemisia species. Using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach, the high molecular mass allergen in A. annua pollen was shown to be a 62-kDa putative galactose oxidase, with a putative N-glycosylation site. More than 94% of Artemisia pollen-allergic patients had IgE response to this allergen. Although recognition of a nonglycosylated recombinant version was only confirmed in a minority (16%) and at much lower IgE levels, this discrepancy cannot be explained simply by reactivity to the carbohydrate moiety on the natural allergen. Intradermal testing with the natural allergen was positive in five of nine sensitized patients. CONCLUSIONS The previously reported 60- to 70-kDa allergen of Artemisia pollen is most likely a 62-kDa putative galactose oxidase here designated Art an 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Fu
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Z. Gao
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - L. Gao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - J. Jin
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - M. Liu
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - Y. Sun
- Department of Allergy; Yu Huang Ding Hospital; Yantai Shandong China
| | - S. Wu
- Allergy Research Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - L. Wu
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - H. Ma
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - Y. Dong
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Allergy; The Third People's Hospital of Datong; Shanxi China
| | - B. Gao
- Research Department; Hangzhou Aileji Biotech Ltd; Hangzhou China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Allergy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - J. H. Akkerdaas
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S. A. Versteeg
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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26
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Pablos I, Eichhorn S, Machado Y, Briza P, Neunkirchner A, Jahn-Schmid B, Wildner S, Soh WT, Ebner C, Park JW, Pickl WF, Arora N, Vieths S, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. Distinct epitope structures of defensin-like proteins linked to proline-rich regions give rise to differences in their allergenic activity. Allergy 2018; 73:431-441. [PMID: 28960341 PMCID: PMC5771466 DOI: 10.1111/all.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Art v 1, Amb a 4, and Par h 1 are allergenic defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins present in mugwort, ragweed, and feverfew pollen, respectively. We aimed to investigate the physicochemical and immunological features underlying the different allergenic capacities of those allergens. Methods Recombinant defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins were expressed in E. coli and physicochemically characterized in detail regarding identity, secondary structure, and aggregation status. Allergenic activity was assessed by mediator releases assay, serum IgE reactivity, and IgE inhibition ELISA using sera of patients from Austria, Canada, and Korea. Endolysosomal protein degradation and T‐cell cross‐reactivity were studied in vitro. Results Despite variations in the proline‐rich region, similar secondary structure elements were observed in the defensin‐like domains. Seventy‐four percent and 52% of the Austrian and Canadian patients reacted to all three allergens, while Korean patients were almost exclusively sensitized to Art v 1. This was reflected by IgE inhibition assays demonstrating high cross‐reactivity for Austrian, medium for Canadian, and low for Korean sera. In a subgroup of patients, IgE reactivity toward structurally altered Amb a 4 and Par h 1 was not changed suggesting involvement of linear epitopes. Immunologically relevant endolysosomal stability of the defensin‐like domain was limited to Art v 1 and no T‐cell cross‐reactivity with Art v 125‐36 was observed. Conclusions Despite structural similarity, different IgE‐binding profiles and proteolytic processing impacted the allergenic capacity of defensin‐polyproline–linked molecules. Based on the fact that Amb a 4 demonstrated distinct IgE‐binding epitopes, we suggest inclusion in molecule‐based allergy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Pablos
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - S. Eichhorn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Y. Machado
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Briza
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Neunkirchner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Institute of Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - B. Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - S. Wildner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biosimilar Characterization; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - W. T. Soh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - C. Ebner
- Allergy Clinic Reumannplatz; Vienna Austria
| | - J.-W. Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - W. F. Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Institute of Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - N. Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section; CSIR-Institute of Genomic and Integrative Biology; Delhi India
| | - S. Vieths
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - F. Ferreira
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - G. Gadermaier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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van Teeseling MCF, Maresch D, Rath CB, Figl R, Altmann F, Jetten MSM, Messner P, Schäffer C, van Niftrik L. The S-Layer Protein of the Anammox Bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis Is Heavily O-Glycosylated. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1721. [PMID: 27847504 PMCID: PMC5088730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria are a distinct group of Planctomycetes that are characterized by their unique ability to perform anammox with nitrite to dinitrogen gas in a specialized organelle. The cell of anammox bacteria comprises three membrane-bound compartments and is surrounded by a two-dimensional crystalline S-layer representing the direct interaction zone of anammox bacteria with the environment. Previous results from studies with the model anammox organism Kuenenia stuttgartiensis suggested that the protein monomers building the S-layer lattice are glycosylated. In the present study, we focussed on the characterization of the S-layer protein glycosylation in order to increase our knowledge on the cell surface characteristics of anammox bacteria. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed an O-glycan attached to 13 sites distributed over the entire 1591-amino acid S-layer protein. This glycan is composed of six monosaccharide residues, of which five are N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) residues. Four of these HexNAc residues have been identified as GalNAc. The sixth monosaccharide in the glycan is a putative dimethylated deoxyhexose. Two of the HexNAc residues were also found to contain a methyl group, thereby leading to an extensive degree of methylation of the glycan. This study presents the first characterization of a glycoprotein in a planctomycete and shows that the S-layer protein Kustd1514 of K. stuttgartiensis is heavily glycosylated with an O-linked oligosaccharide which is additionally modified by methylation. S-layer glycosylation clearly contributes to the diversification of the K. stuttgartiensis cell surface and can be expected to influence the interaction of the bacterium with other cells or abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C. F. van Teeseling
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia B. Rath
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Mike S. M. Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Messner
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
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Canut H, Albenne C, Jamet E. Post-translational modifications of plant cell wall proteins and peptides: A survey from a proteomics point of view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:983-90. [PMID: 26945515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins (CWPs) and peptides are important players in cell walls contributing to their assembly and their remodeling during development and in response to environmental constraints. Since the rise of proteomics technologies at the beginning of the 2000's, the knowledge of CWPs has greatly increased leading to the discovery of new CWP families and to the description of the cell wall proteomes of different organs of many plants. Conversely, cell wall peptidomics data are still lacking. In addition to the identification of CWPs and peptides by mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics, proteomics has allowed to describe their post-translational modifications (PTMs). At present, the best known PTMs consist in proteolytic cleavage, N-glycosylation, hydroxylation of P residues into hydroxyproline residues (O), O-glycosylation and glypiation. In this review, the methods allowing the capture of the modified proteins based on the specific properties of their PTMs as well as the MS technologies used for their characterization are briefly described. A focus is done on proteolytic cleavage leading to protein maturation or release of signaling peptides and on O-glycosylation. Some new technologies, like top-down proteomics and terminomics, are described. They aim at a finer description of proteoforms resulting from PTMs or degradation mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Canut
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
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29
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Nguyen-Kim H, San Clemente H, Balliau T, Zivy M, Dunand C, Albenne C, Jamet E. Arabidopsis thaliana
root cell wall proteomics: Increasing the proteome coverage using a combinatorial peptide ligand library and description of unexpected Hyp in peroxidase amino acid sequences. Proteomics 2016; 16:491-503. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Nguyen-Kim
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- CNRS; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
- INRA; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Michel Zivy
- CNRS; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
- INRA; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Saha B, Sircar G, Pandey N, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Mining Novel Allergens from Coconut Pollen Employing Manual De Novo Sequencing and Homology-Driven Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4823-33. [PMID: 26426307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coconut pollen, one of the major palm pollen grains is an important constituent among vectors of inhalant allergens in India and a major sensitizer for respiratory allergy in susceptible patients. To gain insight into its allergenic components, pollen proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotted with coconut pollen sensitive patient sera, followed by mass spectrometry of IgE reactive proteins. Coconut being largely unsequenced, a proteomic workflow has been devised that combines the conventional database-dependent analysis of tandem mass spectral data and manual de novo sequencing followed by a homology-based search for identifying the allergenic proteins. N-terminal acetylation helped to distinguish "b" ions from others, facilitating reliable sequencing. This led to the identification of 12 allergenic proteins. Cluster analysis with individual patient sera recognized vicilin-like protein as a major allergen, which was purified to assess its in vitro allergenicity and then partially sequenced. Other IgE-sensitive spots showed significant homology with well-known allergenic proteins such as 11S globulin, enolase, and isoflavone reductase along with a few which are reported as novel allergens. The allergens identified can be used as potential candidates to develop hypoallergenic vaccines, to design specific immunotherapy trials, and to enrich the repertoire of existing IgE reactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodhisattwa Saha
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute , 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute , 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Naren Pandey
- Department of Allergy and Asthma, Belle View Clinic , 9, Dr U.N. Brahmachari Street, Kolkata 700017, West Bengal, India
| | - Swati Gupta Bhattacharya
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute , 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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Pomés A, Chruszcz M, Gustchina A, Wlodawer A. Interfaces between allergen structure and diagnosis: know your epitopes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:506. [PMID: 25750181 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Allergy diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical history and can be strengthened by tests that confirm the origin of sensitization. In the past 25 years, these tests have evolved from the exclusive in vivo or in vitro use of allergen extracts, to complementary molecular-based diagnostics that rely on in vitro measurements of IgE reactivity to individual allergens. For this to occur, an increase in our understanding of the molecular structure of allergens, largely due to the development of technologies such as molecular cloning and expression of recombinant allergens, X-ray crystallography, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), has been essential. New in vitro microarray or multiplex systems are now available to measure IgE against a selected panel of purified natural or recombinant allergens. The determination of the three-dimensional structure of allergens has facilitated detailed molecular studies, including the analysis of antigenic determinants for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Basic Research, Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA,
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Abstract
The literature supports the notion that carbohydrate epitopes, on their own, do not contribute significantly to the induction of allergic reactions. They bind weakly to IgE antibodies and have been termed as cross reactive carbohydrate determinants. These epitopes cause confusion in in vitro IgE testing through nonspecific cross-reactivity. Coincident with the rising trends in food allergy prevalence, there has recently been reports of anaphylaxis induced by carbohydrate epitopes. There are two distinct groups, each with unique characteristics and geographical distribution. Anaphylaxis and acute allergic reactions related to the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitope that are present in the monoclonal antibody, cetuximab and red meat have been described in the United States and Europe populations where tick bites have been found to be the primary sensitizer. Another carbohydrate inducing anaphylaxis is galacto-oligosaccharides in commercial milk formula which has been described in the several Asian populations including Singapore. The latter is unique in that the allergen is a pure carbohydrate. We summarize the current literature on carbohydrate-induced food allergy, and evaluate the two new groups of carbohydrate allergy that have defied previous findings on carbohydrates and their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Chiung Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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On the way to commercializing plant cell culture platform for biopharmaceuticals: present status and prospect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:499-518. [PMID: 25621170 DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell culture is emerging as an alternative bioproduction system for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Growing plant cells in vitro under controlled environmental conditions allows for precise control over cell growth and protein production, batch-to-batch product consistency and a production process aligned with current good manufacturing practices. With the recent US FDA approval and commercialization of the world's first plant cell-based recombinant pharmaceutical for human use, β-glucocerebrosidase for treatment of Gaucher's disease, a new era has come in which plant cell culture shows high potential to displace some established platform technologies in niche markets. This review updates the progress in plant cell culture processing technology, highlights recent commercial successes and discusses the challenges that must be overcome to make this platform commercially viable.
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Halim A, Carlsson MC, Madsen CB, Brand S, Møller SR, Olsen CE, Vakhrushev SY, Brimnes J, Wurtzen PA, Ipsen H, Petersen BL, Wandall HH. Glycoproteomic analysis of seven major allergenic proteins reveals novel post-translational modifications. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:191-204. [PMID: 25389185 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergenic proteins such as grass pollen and house dust mite (HDM) proteins are known to trigger hypersensitivity reactions of the immune system, leading to what is commonly known as allergy. Key allergenic proteins including sequence variants have been identified but characterization of their post-translational modifications (PTMs) is still limited. Here, we present a detailed PTM(1) characterization of a series of the main and clinically relevant allergens used in allergy tests and vaccines. We employ Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry with complementary fragmentation techniques (HCD/ETD) for site-specific PTM characterization by bottom-up analysis. In addition, top-down mass spectrometry is utilized for targeted analysis of individual proteins, revealing hitherto unknown PTMs of HDM allergens. We demonstrate the presence of lysine-linked polyhexose glycans and asparagine-linked N-acetylhexosamine glycans on HDM allergens. Moreover, we identified more complex glycan structures than previously reported on the major grass pollen group 1 and 5 allergens, implicating important roles for carbohydrates in allergen recognition and response by the immune system. The new findings are important for understanding basic disease-causing mechanisms at the cellular level, which ultimately may pave the way for instigating novel approaches for targeted desensitization strategies and improved allergy vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Halim
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael C Carlsson
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Caroline Benedicte Madsen
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Svenning Rune Møller
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; ¶Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, Glyco section, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- ¶Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, Glyco section, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Bent L Petersen
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; ¶Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, Glyco section, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
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Hijazi M, Velasquez SM, Jamet E, Estevez JM, Albenne C. An update on post-translational modifications of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins: toward a model highlighting their contribution to plant cell wall architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:395. [PMID: 25177325 PMCID: PMC4132260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composite structures mainly composed of polysaccharides, also containing a large set of proteins involved in diverse functions such as growth, environmental sensing, signaling, and defense. Research on cell wall proteins (CWPs) is a challenging field since present knowledge of their role into the structure and function of cell walls is very incomplete. Among CWPs, hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich O-glycoproteins (HRGPs) were classified into three categories: (i) moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs) able to form covalent scaffolds; (ii) hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs); and (iii) Hyp/proline (Pro)-Rich proteins (H/PRPs) that may be non-, weakly- or highly-glycosylated. In this review, we provide a description of the main features of their post-translational modifications (PTMs), biosynthesis, structure, and function. We propose a new model integrating HRGPs and their partners in cell walls. Altogether, they could form a continuous glyco-network with non-cellulosic polysaccharides via covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions, thus strongly contributing to cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hijazi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Silvia M. Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - José M. Estevez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Xie N, Taylor CM. Synthesis of Oligomers of β-l-Arabinofuranosides of (4R)-4-Hydroxy-l-proline Relevant to the Mugwort Pollen Allergen, Art v 1. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7459-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501191b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Carol M. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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A gene responsible for prolyl-hydroxylation of moss-produced recombinant human erythropoietin. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3019. [PMID: 24145658 PMCID: PMC3804855 DOI: 10.1038/srep03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant production of pharmaceutical proteins is crucial, not only for personalized medicine. While most biopharmaceuticals are currently produced in mammalian cell culture, plant-made pharmaceuticals gain momentum. Post-translational modifications in plants are similar to those in humans, however, existing differences may affect quality, safety and efficacy of the products. A frequent modification in higher eukaryotes is prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H)-catalysed prolyl-hydroxylation. P4H sequence recognition sites on target proteins differ between humans and plants leading to non-human posttranslational modifications of recombinant human proteins produced in plants. The resulting hydroxyprolines display the anchor for plant-specific O-glycosylation, which bears immunogenic potential for patients. Here we describe the identification of a plant gene responsible for non-human prolyl-hydroxylation of human erythropoietin (hEPO) recombinantly produced in plant (moss) bioreactors. Targeted ablation of this gene abolished undesired prolyl-hydroxylation of hEPO and thus paves the way for plant-made pharmaceuticals humanized via glyco-engineering in moss bioreactors.
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40
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Douladiris N, Savvatianos S, Roumpedaki I, Skevaki C, Mitsias D, Papadopoulos NG. A molecular diagnostic algorithm to guide pollen immunotherapy in southern Europe: towards component-resolved management of allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:163-72. [PMID: 23921568 DOI: 10.1159/000353113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of the culprit allergen is an essential part of diagnosis and treatment in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases. In recent years, molecular biology has made important advances facilitating such identification and overcoming some of the drawbacks of natural allergen extracts, which consist of mixtures of various proteins that may be allergenic or not, specific for the allergen source or widely distributed (panallergens). New technologies offer the opportunity for a more accurate component-resolved diagnosis, of benefit especially to polysensitized allergic patients. The basic elements of molecular diagnostics with potential relevance to immunotherapy prescription are reviewed here, with a focus on Southern European sensitization patterns to pollen allergens. We propose a basic algorithm regarding component-resolved diagnostic work-up for pollen allergen-specific immunotherapy candidates in Southern Europe; this and similar algorithms can form the basis of improved patient management, conceptually a 'Component-Resolved Allergy Management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Douladiris
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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41
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Strasser R. Engineering of human-type O-glycosylation in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Bioengineered 2013; 4:191-6. [PMID: 23147167 PMCID: PMC3728188 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic properties of recombinant proteins are very often affected by the composition and heterogeneity of their glycans. Conventional expression systems for recombinant pharmaceutical proteins typically do not address this problem and produce a mixture of glycoforms that are neither identical to human glycans nor optimized for enhanced efficacy. In terms of glycosylation, plants offer certain advantages over mammalian cells as the N-glycosylation pathway of plants is comparably simple and a typical mammalian O-glycosylation pathway is not present at all. During the last ten years we have developed a plant-based expression platform for the generation of recombinant glycoproteins with defined N-glycans. Now we have extended our tool-box for glyco-engineering in the tobacco related species Nicotiana benthamiana toward the production of tailored mucin-type O-glycans on recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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42
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The role of lectins in allergic sensitization and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gadermaier G, Hauser M, Ferreira F. Allergens of weed pollen: an overview on recombinant and natural molecules. Methods 2013; 66:55-66. [PMID: 23806644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds represent a botanically unrelated group of plants that usually lack commercial or aesthetical value. Pollen of allergenic weeds are able to trigger type I reactions in allergic patients and can be found in the plant families of Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Urticaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. To date, 34 weed pollen allergens are listed in the IUIS allergen nomenclature database, which were physicochemically and immunologically characterized to varying degrees. Relevant allergens of weeds belong to the pectate lyase family, defensin-like family, Ole e 1-like family, non-specific lipid transfer protein 1 family and the pan-allergens profilin and polcalcins. This review provides an overview on weed pollen allergens primarily focusing on the molecular level. In particular, the characteristics and properties of purified recombinant allergens and hypoallergenic derivatives are described and their potential use in diagnosis and therapy of weed pollen allergy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gadermaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Michael Hauser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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44
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Ruan WW, Cao MJ, Chen F, Cai QF, Su WJ, Wang YZ, Liu GM. Tropomyosin Contains IgE-Binding Epitopes Sensitive to Periodate but Not to Enzymatic Deglycosylation. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C1116-21. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ruan
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Feng Chen
- Dept. of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences; Clemson Univ.; Clemson; SC 29634; U.S.A
| | - Qiu-Feng Cai
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Wen-Jin Su
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - You-Zhao Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
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Kitazawa K, Tryfona T, Yoshimi Y, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Antonov L, Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Kaneko S, Dupree P, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. β-galactosyl Yariv reagent binds to the β-1,3-galactan of arabinogalactan proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1117-26. [PMID: 23296690 PMCID: PMC3585584 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Yariv phenylglycosides [1,3,5-tri(p-glycosyloxyphenylazo)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene] are a group of chemical compounds that selectively bind to arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a type of plant proteoglycan. Yariv phenylglycosides are widely used as cytochemical reagents to perturb the molecular functions of AGPs as well as for the detection, quantification, purification, and staining of AGPs. However, the target structure in AGPs to which Yariv phenylglycosides bind has not been determined. Here, we identify the structural element of AGPs required for the interaction with Yariv phenylglycosides by stepwise trimming of the arabinogalactan moieties using combinations of specific glycoside hydrolases. Whereas the precipitation with Yariv phenylglycosides (Yariv reactivity) of radish (Raphanus sativus) root AGP was not reduced after enzyme treatment to remove α-l-arabinofuranosyl and β-glucuronosyl residues and β-1,6-galactan side chains, it was completely lost after degradation of the β-1,3-galactan main chains. In addition, Yariv reactivity of gum arabic, a commercial product of acacia (Acacia senegal) AGPs, increased rather than decreased during the repeated degradation of β-1,6-galactan side chains by Smith degradation. Among various oligosaccharides corresponding to partial structures of AGPs, β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides longer than β-1,3-galactoheptaose exhibited significant precipitation with Yariv in a radial diffusion assay on agar. A pull-down assay using oligosaccharides cross linked to hydrazine beads detected an interaction of β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides longer than β-1,3-galactopentaose with Yariv phenylglycoside. To the contrary, no interaction with Yariv was detected for β-1,6-galactooligosaccharides of any length. Therefore, we conclude that Yariv phenylglycosides should be considered specific binding reagents for β-1,3-galactan chains longer than five residues, and seven residues are sufficient for cross linking, leading to precipitation of the Yariv phenylglycosides.
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Kaeothip S, Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Stereoselective synthesis of Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 (CLV3) glycopeptide, unique protein post-translational modifications of secreted peptide hormone in plant. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5892-907. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Daskalova S, Mason HS, Steinkellner H, Altmann F, Strasser R. Engineering of sialylated mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36518-26. [PMID: 22948156 PMCID: PMC3476317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper N- and O-glycosylation of recombinant proteins is important for their biological function. Although the N-glycan processing pathway of different expression hosts has been successfully modified in the past, comparatively little attention has been paid to the generation of customized O-linked glycans. Plants are attractive hosts for engineering of O-glycosylation steps, as they contain no endogenous glycosyltransferases that perform mammalian-type Ser/Thr glycosylation and could interfere with the production of defined O-glycans. Here, we produced mucin-type O-GalNAc and core 1 O-linked glycan structures on recombinant human erythropoietin fused to an IgG heavy chain fragment (EPO-Fc) by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Furthermore, for the generation of sialylated core 1 structures constructs encoding human polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2, Drosophila melanogaster core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase, human α2,3-sialyltransferase, and Mus musculus α2,6-sialyltransferase were transiently co-expressed in N. benthamiana together with EPO-Fc and the machinery for sialylation of N-glycans. The formation of significant amounts of mono- and disialylated O-linked glycans was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Analysis of the three EPO glycopeptides carrying N-glycans revealed the presence of biantennary structures with terminal sialic acid residues. Our data demonstrate that N. benthamiana plants are amenable to engineering of the O-glycosylation pathway and can produce well defined human-type O- and N-linked glycans on recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Sasha Daskalova
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Richard Strasser
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
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Sircar G, Chakrabarti HS, Saha B, Gupta-Bhattacharya S. Identification of aero-allergens from Rhizopus oryzae: an immunoproteomic approach. J Proteomics 2012; 77:455-68. [PMID: 23041133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Airborne fungal spores bearing allergens are the causative agent for inducing immediate hypersensitive reaction in sensitive individuals. In this study the potential aeroallergens have been reported for the first time from Rhizopus oryzae a common airborne mold. Clinical data based on SPT was further confirmed by ELISA. IgE reactive bands were revealed by one-dimensional immunoblotting. A 44 kDa major reactive band was found in all immunoblots. For precise identification of allergens, an immuno-proteomic approach was taken with a combination of 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis and Mass-spectrometry. 2D map of spore-mycelial protein was confronted with pooled sera and several IgE reactive spots were detected, most of which were glycoproteins and except for one, which has no antigenic determinacy after metaperiodate modification. Each of those spots was identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF. Some bioinformatic approaches were taken to predict the signal peptide and subcellular localization of each protein. Major 44 kDa allergen was identified as Aspartyl endopeptidase. Sequence information was extracted from MS/MS spectra of two tryptic peptides generated from the 44 kDa endopeptidase. Multiple alignments with other reported aspartyl protease allergens showed significant homology. Allergenicity assessment of this protein was performed in silico and identified as a potential putative allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main Campus), 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India
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Yang Z, Bennett EP, Jørgensen B, Drew DP, Arigi E, Mandel U, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Toward stable genetic engineering of human O-glycosylation in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:450-63. [PMID: 22791304 PMCID: PMC3440218 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant and complex posttranslational modification to be considered for recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. Mucin-type (N-acetylgalactosamine [GalNAc]-type) O-glycosylation is found in eumetazoan cells but absent in plants and yeast, making these cell types an obvious choice for de novo engineering of this O-glycosylation pathway. We previously showed that transient implementation of O-glycosylation capacity in plants requires introduction of the synthesis of the donor substrate UDP-GalNAc and one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases for incorporating GalNAc residues into proteins. Here, we have stably engineered O-glycosylation capacity in two plant cell systems, soil-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 suspension culture cells. Efficient GalNAc O-glycosylation of two stably coexpressed substrate O-glycoproteins was obtained, but a high degree of proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline-linked arabinosides, on a mucin (MUC1)-derived substrate, was also observed. Addition of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor 2,2-dipyridyl, however, effectively suppressed proline hydroxylation and arabinosylation of MUC1 in Bright Yellow-2 cells. In summary, stably engineered mammalian type O-glycosylation was established in transgenic plants, demonstrating that plants may serve as host cells for the production of recombinant O-glycoproteins. However, the present stable implementation further strengthens the notion that elimination of endogenous posttranslational modifications may be needed for the production of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | | | - Emma Arigi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Steven B. Levery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bent L. Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
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Al-Ghouleh A, Johal R, Sharquie IK, Emara M, Harrington H, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. The glycosylation pattern of common allergens: the recognition and uptake of Der p 1 by epithelial and dendritic cells is carbohydrate dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33929. [PMID: 22479478 PMCID: PMC3316510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergens are initiators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognised at the site of entry by epithelial and dendritic cells (DCs), both of which activate innate inflammatory circuits that can collectively induce Th2 immune responses. In an attempt to have a better understanding of the role of carbohydrates in the recognition and uptake of allergens by the innate immune system, we defined common glycosylation patterns in major allergens. This was done using labelled lectins and showed that allergens like Der p 1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1), Fel d 1 (Felis domisticus), Ara h 1 (Arachis hypogaea), Der p 2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2), Bla g 2 (Blattella germanica) and Can f 1 (Canis familiaris) are glycosylated and that the main dominant sugars on these allergens are 1-2, 1-3 and 1-6 mannose. These observations are in line with recent reports implicating the mannose receptor (MR) in allergen recognition and uptake by DCs and suggesting a major link between glycosylation and allergen recognition. We then looked at TSLP (Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin) cytokine secretion by lung epithelia upon encountering natural Der p 1 allergen. TSLP is suggested to drive DC maturation in support of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Our data showed an increase in TSLP secretion by lung epithelia upon stimulation with natural Der p 1 which was carbohydrate dependent. The deglycosylated preparation of Der p 1 exhibited minimal uptake by DCs compared to the natural and hyperglycosylated recombinant counterparts, with the latter being taken up more readily than the other preparations. Collectively, our data indicate that carbohydrate moieties on allergens play a vital role in their recognition by innate immune cells, implicating them in downstream deleterious Th2 cell activation and IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Al-Ghouleh
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Division of Immunology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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