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The Role of Membrane-Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase-Substrate Interactions in Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032183. [PMID: 36768503 PMCID: PMC9917210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A protease is an enzyme with a proteolytic activity that facilitates the digestion of its substrates. Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a member of the broader matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) family, is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular activities. MT1-MMP is a very well-known enzyme as an activator of pro-MMP-2 and two collagenases, MMP-8 and MMP-13, all of which are essential for cell migration. As an anchored membrane enzyme, MT1-MMP has the ability to interact with a diverse group of molecules, including proteins that are not part of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, MT1-MMP can regulate various cellular activities not only by changing the extra-cellular environment but also by regulating cell signaling. The presence of both intracellular and extra-cellular portions of MT1-MMP can allow it to interact with proteins on both sides of the cell membrane. Here, we reviewed the MT1-MMP substrates involved in disease pathogenesis.
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Kumar H, Mandal SK, Gogoi P, Kanaujia SP. Structural and functional role of invariant water molecules in matrix metalloproteinases: a data-mining approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10074-10085. [PMID: 34121627 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1938683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases known to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). Being involved in many biological and physiological processes of tissue remodeling, MMPs play a crucial role in many pathological conditions such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Typically, MMPs possess a propeptide, a zinc-containing catalytic domain, a hinge region and a hemopexin domain. Based on their structural domain organization and substrates, MMPs are classified into six different classes, viz. collagenases, stromelysins, gelatinases, matrilysins, membrane-type and other MMPs. As per previous studies, a set of invariant water (IW) molecules of MMP-1 (a collagenase) play a significant role in stabilizing their catalytic domain. However, a functional role of IW molecule in other classes of MMPs has not been reported yet. Thus, in this study, IW molecules of MMPs from different classes were located and their plausible role(s) have been assigned. The results suggest that IW molecules anchor the structurally and functionally essential metal ions present in the vicinity of the active site of MMPs. Further, they (in)directly interlink different structural features and bridge the active site metal ions of MMPs. This study provides the key IW molecules that are structurally and functionally relevant to MMPs and hence, in turn, might facilitate the development of potent generalized inhibitor(s) against different classes of MMPs. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering,Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering,Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Prerana Gogoi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering,Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Kanaujia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering,Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Sanyal S, Amin SA, Banerjee P, Gayen S, Jha T. A review of MMP-2 structures and binding mode analysis of its inhibitors to strategize structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Almeida LGN, Thode H, Eslambolchi Y, Chopra S, Young D, Gill S, Devel L, Dufour A. Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:712-768. [PMID: 35738680 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was discovered in 1962 from the tail of a tadpole by its ability to degrade collagen. As their name suggests, matrix metalloproteinases are proteases capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix. More recently, MMPs have been demonstrated to play numerous additional biologic roles in cell signaling, immune regulation, and transcriptional control, all of which are unrelated to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will present milestones and major discoveries of MMP research, including various clinical trials for the use of MMP inhibitors. We will discuss the reasons behind the failures of most MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There are still misconceptions about the pathophysiological roles of MMPs and the best strategies to inhibit their detrimental functions. This review aims to discuss MMPs in preclinical models and human pathologies. We will discuss new biochemical tools to track their proteolytic activity in vivo and ex vivo, in addition to future pharmacological alternatives to inhibit their detrimental functions in diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in most inflammatory, autoimmune, cancers, and pathogen-mediated diseases. Initially overlooked, MMP contributions can be both beneficial and detrimental in disease progression and resolution. Thousands of MMP substrates have been suggested, and a few hundred have been validated. After more than 60 years of MMP research, there remain intriguing enigmas to solve regarding their biological functions in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G N de Almeida
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Hayley Thode
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Yekta Eslambolchi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Daniel Young
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sean Gill
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
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5
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Reversible autoinhibitory regulation of Escherichia coli metallopeptidase BepA for selective β-barrel protein degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27989-27996. [PMID: 33093205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli periplasmic zinc-metallopeptidase BepA normally functions by promoting maturation of LptD, a β-barrel outer-membrane protein involved in biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides, but degrades it when its membrane assembly is hampered. These processes should be properly regulated to ensure normal biogenesis of LptD. The underlying mechanism of regulation, however, remains to be elucidated. A recently solved BepA structure has revealed unique features: In particular, the active site is buried in the protease domain and conceivably inaccessible for substrate degradation. Additionally, the His-246 residue in the loop region containing helix α9 (α9/H246 loop), which has potential flexibility and covers the active site, coordinates the zinc ion as the fourth ligand to exclude a catalytic water molecule, thereby suggesting that the crystal structure of BepA represents a latent form. To examine the roles of the α9/H246 loop in the regulation of BepA activity, we constructed BepA mutants with a His-246 mutation or a deletion of the α9/H246 loop and analyzed their activities in vivo and in vitro. These mutants exhibited an elevated protease activity and, unlike the wild-type BepA, degraded LptD that is in the normal assembly pathway. In contrast, tethering of the α9/H246 loop repressed the LptD degradation, which suggests that the flexibility of this loop is important to the exhibition of protease activity. Based on these results, we propose that the α9/H246 loop undergoes a reversible structural change that enables His-246-mediated switching (histidine switch) of its protease activity, which is important for regulated degradation of stalled/misassembled LptD.
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Manka SW, Brew K. Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Insights into Coupled Binding and Unwinding of Collagen by Matrix Metalloproteinase 1. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5985-5993. [PMID: 33058879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Local unwinding of the collagen triple helix is a necessary step for initiating the collagen degradation cascade in extracellular matrices. A few matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to support this key process, but its energetic aspects remain unknown. Here, we captured the thermodynamics of the triple helix unwinding by monitoring interactions between a collagen peptide and MMP-1(E200A) - an active-site mutant of an archetypal vertebrate collagenase - at increasing temperatures, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Coupled binding and unwinding manifests as a curved relationship between the total enthalpy change and temperature of the reaction, producing increasingly negative heat capacity change (ΔΔCp ≈ -36.3 kcal/molK2). A specially designed solid-phase binding and cleavage assay (SPBCA) reported strain in the catalytically relevant unwound state, suggesting that this state is distinct from the horizon of sampled conformations of the collagenase-susceptible site. MMP-1 appears to blend selected fit with induced fit mechanisms to catalyse collagen unwinding prior to cleavage of individual collagen chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Manka
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Keith Brew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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7
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Wen D, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Jia Q. The expression, purification, and substrate analysis of matrix metalloproteinases in Drosophila melanogaster. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105629. [PMID: 32201229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are evolutionarily conserved extracellular matrix proteinases. Genetic analysis of the Drosophila MMPs, Mmp1 and Mmp2, in vivo reveal that they play vital roles in tissue remodeling. Although the catalytic domain (CD) undertakes most MMP functions, few studies have sought to demonstrate the biochemical properties of the CDs of fly MMPs. Here, we identified the overexpression, purification, and refolding of the CDs of Drosophila Mmp1 and Mmp2 for biochemical studies. Zymography assays and substrate degradation analysis showed that both Mmp1-CD and Mmp2-CD were able to digest casein, gelatin, fibronectin, collagen (types I, IV, and V), while Mmp2-CD showed much higher degradation activity compared with Mmp1-CD. Moreover, human collagen III could be degraded by Mmp1-CD but not Mmp2-CD, and rat collagen I and laminin could be degraded by Mmp2-CD but not Mmp1-CD, suggesting that Drosophila Mmp1 and Mmp2 might have overlapping yet distinct substrate specificity. Using synthetic fluorescent substrates, we further demonstrated that the enzymatic activity of Mmp1-CD and Mmp2-CD could be inhibited by human tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). These results reveal the context of the cooperative yet distinct roles of Mmp1 and Mmp2 in tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Zeyan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China.
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9
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The past, present and future perspectives of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Lagarto JL, Nickdel MB, Kelly DJ, Price A, Nanchahal J, Dunsby C, French P, Itoh Y. Autofluorescence Lifetime Reports Cartilage Damage in Osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2154. [PMID: 32034262 PMCID: PMC7005742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis and its hallmark is degradation of articular cartilage by proteolytic enzymes leading to loss of joint function. It is challenging to monitor the status of cartilage in vivo and this study explores the use of autofluorescence lifetime (AFL) measurements to provide a label-free optical readout of cartilage degradation that could enable earlier detection and evaluation of potential therapies. We previously reported that treatment of ex vivo porcine cartilage with proteolytic enzymes resulted in decreased AFL. Here we report changes in AFL of ex vivo mouse knee joints, porcine metacarpophalangeal joints, normal human metatarsophalangeal articular tissue and human OA tibial plateau tissues measured with or without treatment using a compact single-point time resolved spectrofluorometer. Our data show that proteolytically damaged areas in porcine metacarpophalangeal joints present a reduced AFL and that inducing aggrecanases in mouse and human joints also significantly reduces AFL. Further, human cartilage from OA patients presents a significantly lower AFL compared to normal human cartilage. Our data suggest that AFL can detect areas of cartilage erosion and may potentially be utilised as a minimally-invasive diagnostic readout for early stage OA in combination with arthroscopy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Lagarto
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohammad B Nickdel
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Douglas J Kelly
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew Price
- Botner Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Jagdeep Nanchahal
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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Manka SW, Bihan D, Farndale RW. Structural studies of the MMP-3 interaction with triple-helical collagen introduce new roles for the enzyme in tissue remodelling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18785. [PMID: 31827179 PMCID: PMC6906530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) participates in normal extracellular matrix turnover during embryonic development, organ morphogenesis and wound healing, and in tissue-destruction associated with aneurysm, cancer, arthritis and heart failure. Despite its inability to cleave triple-helical collagens, MMP-3 can still bind to them, but the mechanism, location and role of binding are not known. We used the Collagen Toolkits, libraries of triple-helical peptides that embrace the entire helical domains of collagens II and III, to map MMP-3 interaction sites. The enzyme recognises five sites on collagen II and three sites on collagen III. They share a glycine-phenylalanine-hydroxyproline/alanine (GFO/A) motif that is recognised by the enzyme in a context-dependent manner. Neither MMP-3 zymogen (proMMP-3) nor the individual catalytic (Cat) and hemopexin (Hpx) domains of MMP-3 interact with the peptides, revealing cooperative binding of both domains to the triple helix. The Toolkit binding data combined with molecular modelling enabled us to deduce the putative collagen-binding mode of MMP-3, where all three collagen chains make contacts with the enzyme in the valley running across both Cat and Hpx domains. The observed binding pattern casts light on how MMP-3 could regulate collagen turnover and compete with various collagen-binding proteins regulating cell adhesion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Manka
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK.
| | - Dominique Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Cerofolini L, Fragai M, Luchinat C. Mechanism and Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2609-2633. [PMID: 29589527 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326163523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases hydrolyze proteins and glycoproteins forming the extracellular matrix, cytokines and growth factors released in the extracellular space, and membrane-bound receptors on the outer cell membrane. The pathological relevance of MMPs has prompted the structural and functional characterization of these enzymes and the development of synthetic inhibitors as possible drug candidates. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the substrate preference of the different members of the family, and structural data on the mechanism by which these enzymes hydrolyze the substrates. Here, we report the recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanism of collagenolysis and elastolysis, and we discuss the perspectives of new therapeutic strategies for targeting MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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13
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Hu B, Xiao J, Yi P, Hu C, Zhu M, Yin S, Wen C, Wu J. Cloning and characteristic of MMP1 gene from Hyriopsis cumingii and collagen hydrolytic activity of its recombinant protein. Gene 2019; 693:92-100. [PMID: 30716434 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including wound healing, inflammation, cell invasion, angiogenesis and immune defense. In this study, a putative MMP1 cDNA was cloned and characterized from Hyriopsis cumingii (designated as HcMMP1). The cDNA was 1822 bp in length and encoded a putative protein of 510 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 58.28 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.27. HcMMP1 contained all prototype MMPs family signatures, such as signal peptide, prodomain, catalytic center, hinge region, and hemopexin like domain. Quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that in mussels HcMMP1 mRNA was expressed in all tissues tested, and the transcriptional expression levels were significantly up-regulated in hepatopancreas and hemocytes after Aeromonas hydrophila, peptidoglycan stimulations and in mantle after wounding. Moreover, the recombination HcMMP1 protein, successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, was purified by affinity chromatography with the concentration of final yield at 0.3 mg/mL. The recombinase had an essentially hydrolytic activity toward rat type I collagen, mouse II and IV collagen after renaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Jiangxi Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Peipei Yi
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shuyuan Yin
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jielian Wu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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14
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Andrałojć W, Ravera E. Treating Biomacromolecular Conformational Variability. PARAMAGNETISM IN EXPERIMENTAL BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013291-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The function of a biomacromolecule is related not only to its structure but also to the different conformations that its structural elements can sample. It is therefore important to determine the extent of the structural fluctuations and to identify the states that are actually populated as a result of the rearrangement. However, this accomplishment is undermined by an intrinsic limitation: the amount of experimental data is by and large inferior to the number of the states that a biomacromolecule can actually sample. This means that additional, a priori information must be applied in order to derive the most from the available experimental data but not to run into overinterpretation. In this chapter we will give a summary of the experimental observables that can be used towards the reconstruction of structural ensembles, how the data can be profitably combined and to what extent the data are affected by error; finally we will give an overview of the computational methods that have been developed to model structural ensembles, highlighting their difference and similarities, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Andrałojć
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Noskowskiego 12/14 Poznan 61-704 Poland
| | - Enrico Ravera
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Center Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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15
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Arolas JL, Goulas T, Cuppari A, Gomis-Rüth FX. Multiple Architectures and Mechanisms of Latency in Metallopeptidase Zymogens. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5581-5597. [PMID: 29775286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metallopeptidases cleave polypeptides bound in the active-site cleft of catalytic domains through a general base/acid mechanism. This involves a solvent molecule bound to a catalytic zinc and general regulation of the mechanism through zymogen-based latency. Sixty reported structures from 11 metallopeptidase families reveal that prosegments, mostly N-terminal of the catalytic domain, block the cleft regardless of their size. Prosegments may be peptides (5-14 residues), which are only structured within the zymogens, or large moieties (<227 residues) of one or two folded domains. While some prosegments globally shield the catalytic domain through a few contacts, others specifically run across the cleft in the same or opposite direction as a substrate, making numerous interactions. Some prosegments block the zinc by replacing the solvent with particular side chains, while others use terminal α-amino or carboxylate groups. Overall, metallopeptidase zymogens employ disparate mechanisms that diverge even within families, which supports that latency is less conserved than catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Arolas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Anna Cuppari
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
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16
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Linder DP, Baker BE, Rodgers KR. [(H2O)Zn(Imidazole)n]2+: the vital roles of coordination number and geometry in Zn–OH2 acidity and catalytic hydrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24979-24991. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zn(ii)–(Imidazole(ate))n coordination motif occurs in numerous biochemical systems, including carbonic anhydrase and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University
- Weatherford
- USA
| | - Brett E. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University
- Weatherford
- USA
| | - Kenton R. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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17
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Marino-Puertas L, Goulas T, Gomis-Rüth FX. Matrix metalloproteinases outside vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2026-2035. [PMID: 28392403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family belongs to the metzincin clan of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Due to their enormous implications in physiology and disease, MMPs have mainly been studied in vertebrates. They are engaged in extracellular protein processing and degradation, and present extensive paralogy, with 23 forms in humans. One characteristic of MMPs is a ~165-residue catalytic domain (CD), which has been structurally studied for 14 MMPs from human, mouse, rat, pig and the oral-microbiome bacterium Tannerella forsythia. These studies revealed close overall coincidence and characteristic structural features, which distinguish MMPs from other metzincins and give rise to a sequence pattern for their identification. Here, we reviewed the literature available on MMPs outside vertebrates and performed database searches for potential MMP CDs in invertebrates, plants, fungi, viruses, protists, archaea and bacteria. These and previous results revealed that MMPs are widely present in several copies in Eumetazoa and higher plants (Tracheophyta), but have just token presence in eukaryotic algae. A few dozen sequences were found in Ascomycota (within fungi) and in double-stranded DNA viruses infecting invertebrates (within viruses). In contrast, a few hundred sequences were found in archaea and >1000 in bacteria, with several copies for some species. Most of the archaeal and bacterial phyla containing potential MMPs are present in human oral and gut microbiomes. Overall, MMP-like sequences are present across all kingdoms of life, but their asymmetric distribution contradicts the vertical descent model from a eubacterial or archaeal ancestor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marino-Puertas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
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18
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Using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) to Characterize the Solution Conformation and Flexibility of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28299734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6863-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides information about the conformation and flexibility of proteins in solution, and hence provides complementary structural information to that obtained from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this chapter, we describe the methods for the preparation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) samples for SAXS analyses, and for the acquisition, processing and interpretation of the SAXS data.
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19
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Chakrabarti B, Bairagya HR, Mukhopadhyay BP, Sekar K. New biochemical insight of conserved water molecules at catalytic and structural Zn 2+ ions in human matrix metalloproteinase-I: a study by MD-simulation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:57. [PMID: 28161785 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 or collagenase-1 plays a significant role in embryonic development, tissue remodeling, and is also involved in several diseases like arthritis, metastasis, etc. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on hMMP-1 X-ray structures (PDB Id. 1CGE, 1CGF, 1CGL, 1HFC, and 2TCL) suggest that the three conserved water molecules (WH/1, WI, WS) are coordinated with catalytic zinc (ZnC), and one water molecule (W) is associated at structural zinc ion (ZnS). Transition of the coordination geometry around ZnC from tetrahedral to octahedral and tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal at ZnS are also observed during the dynamics. Recognition of two zinc ions through water mediated bridges (ZnC - WH (W1)…W2….H183 - ZnS) and stabilization of secondary coordination zone around the metal ions indicates the possibility of ZnC…ZnS coupled catalytic mechanism in hMMP-I. This study not only reveals a functionally important role of conserved water molecules in hMMP-I but also highlights the involvement of other non catalytic residues, such as S172 and D170 in the catalytic mechanism. The results obtained in this study could be relevant for importance of conserved water mediated recognition site of the sequence residue id. 202(RWTNNFREY)210, interaction of W(tryptophan)203 to zinc bound histidine, their influence on the water molecules that are involved in bridging between ZnC and ZnS, and structure-based design of specific hMMP inhibitors. Graphical abstract Water mediated recognition of structural and catalytic zinc ions of hMMP-1 structure (MD simulatated conformation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornali Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Hridoy R Bairagya
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW, UK
| | - Bishnu P Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India.
| | - K Sekar
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences Indian Institute of Science, Laboratory for Structural Biology and Bio-computing, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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20
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Harnessing the natural inhibitory domain to control TNFα Converting Enzyme (TACE) activity in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35598. [PMID: 27982031 PMCID: PMC5159831 DOI: 10.1038/srep35598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated activity of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17)/TNFα Converting Enzyme (TACE) is associated with inflammatory disorders and cancer progression by releasing regulatory membrane-tethered proteins like TNFα, IL6R and EGFR ligands. Although specific inhibition of TACE is thought to be a viable strategy for inflammatory disorders and for malignancies treatment, the generation of effective inhibitors in vivo has been proven to be challenging. Here we report on the development of a protein inhibitor that leverages the endogenous modulator of TACE. We have generated a stable form of the auto-inhibitory TACE prodomain (TPD), which specifically inhibits in vitro and cell-surface TACE, but not the related ADAM10, and effectively modulated TNFα secretion in cells. TPD significantly attenuated TACE-mediated disease models of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and reduced TNFα in synovial fluids from RA patients. Our results demonstrate that intervening with endogenous ADAM sheddase modulatory mechanisms holds potential as a general strategy for the design of ADAM inhibitors.
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21
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Collagen interactions: Drug design and delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:69-84. [PMID: 26631222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a major component in a wide range of drug delivery systems and biomaterial applications. Its basic physical and structural properties, together with its low immunogenicity and natural turnover, are keys to its biocompatibility and effectiveness. In addition to its material properties, the collagen triple-helix interacts with a large number of molecules that trigger biological events. Collagen interactions with cell surface receptors regulate many cellular processes, while interactions with other ECM components are critical for matrix structure and remodeling. Collagen also interacts with enzymes involved in its biosynthesis and degradation, including matrix metalloproteinases. Over the past decade, much information has been gained about the nature and specificity of collagen interactions with its partners. These studies have defined collagen sequences responsible for binding and the high-resolution structures of triple-helical peptides bound to its natural binding partners. Strategies to target collagen interactions are already being developed, including the use of monoclonal antibodies to interfere with collagen fibril formation and the use of triple-helical peptides to direct liposomes to melanoma cells. The molecular information about collagen interactions will further serve as a foundation for computational studies to design small molecules that can interfere with specific interactions or target tumor cells. Intelligent control of collagen biological interactions within a material context will expand the effectiveness of collagen-based drug delivery.
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22
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Abstract
Since the identification of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, as being a driving factor for cancer progression and patient prognosis, MMPs have been studied extensively. Although early programs targeting MMPs were largely unsuccessful in clinical trials, they remain a viable and highly desirable therapeutic target based on preclinical studies and their role in disease progression. As information regarding the structure and function of these proteinases is compiled and biotechnology evolves, tools to develop better inhibitors is within our grasp. Improved methods for high throughput screening and in silico drug design programs have identified compounds which are highly potent, have high binding affinities, and exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. More recently, advances in drug delivery methods or compounds which bind outside the active site have brought new light to the field. In this review, we highlight the role of MMPs in cancer, clinical trials for MMP inhibitors, and novel approaches to targeting MMPs in cancer.
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23
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Matrix metalloproteinase interactions with collagen and elastin. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:224-31. [PMID: 25599938 PMCID: PMC4466143 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most abundant in the extracellular matrix are collagens, joined by elastin that confers elastic recoil to the lung, aorta, and skin. These fibrils are highly resistant to proteolysis but can succumb to a minority of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Considerable inroads to understanding how such MMPs move to the susceptible sites in collagen and then unwind the triple helix of collagen monomers have been gained. The essential role in unwinding of the hemopexin-like domain of interstitial collagenases or the collagen binding domain of gelatinases is highlighted. Elastolysis is also facilitated by the collagen binding domain in the cases of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and remote exosites of the catalytic domain in the case of MMP-12.
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24
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López-Pelegrín M, Ksiazek M, Karim AY, Guevara T, Arolas JL, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel mechanism of latency in matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4728-4740. [PMID: 25555916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of secreted soluble or membrane-anchored multimodular peptidases regularly found in several paralogous copies in animals and plants, where they have multiple functions. The minimal consensus domain architecture comprises a signal peptide, a 60-90-residue globular prodomain with a conserved sequence motif including a cysteine engaged in "cysteine-switch" or "Velcro" mediated latency, and a catalytic domain. Karilysin, from the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia, is the only bacterial MMP to have been characterized biochemically to date. It shares with eukaryotic forms the catalytic domain but none of the flanking domains. Instead of the consensus MMP prodomain, it features a 14-residue propeptide, the shortest reported for a metallopeptidase, which lacks cysteines. Here we determined the structure of a prokarilysin fragment encompassing the propeptide and the catalytic domain, and found that the former runs across the cleft in the opposite direction to a bound substrate and inhibits the latter through an "aspartate-switch" mechanism. This finding is reminiscent of latency maintenance in the otherwise unrelated astacin and fragilysin metallopeptidase families. In addition, in vivo and biochemical assays showed that the propeptide contributes to protein folding and stability. Our analysis of prokarilysin reveals a novel mechanism of latency and activation in MMPs. Finally, our findings support the view that the karilysin catalytic domain was co-opted by competent bacteria through horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryotic source, and later evolved in a specific bacterial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Abdulkarim Y Karim
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
| | - Jan Potempa
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and; the Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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25
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Foley CJ, Kuliopulos A. Mouse matrix metalloprotease-1a (Mmp1a) gives new insight into MMP function. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1875-80. [PMID: 24737602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) has been implicated in many human disease processes, however the lack of a well characterized murine homologue has significantly limited the study of MMP1 and the development of MMP-targeted therapeutics. The discovery of murine Mmp1a in 2001, the functional mouse homologue of MMP1, offers a valuable tool for modeling MMP1-mediated processes in mice. Variation in physiologic expression levels of Mmp1a in mice as compared to MMP1 in humans highlights the importance of understanding the similarities and differences between the homologues. Recent studies have demonstrated tumor growth-, invasion-, and angiogenesis-promoting functions of Mmp1a in lung cancer models, consistent with the analogous functions observed for human MMP1. Biochemical investigations have shown that point mutations in the pro-domain of mouse Mmp1a weaken docking between the pro- and catalytic domains, generating an unstable zymogen primed for activation. The difficulty to effectively maintain Mmp1a in the zymogen form may account for the tight control of Mmp1a expression and reduced expression in normal tissue as compared to inflammatory states or cancer. This discovery raises important questions about the activation mechanisms and regulation of the MMP family in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Foley
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Bordoli MR, Yum J, Breitkopf SB, Thon JN, Italiano JE, Xiao J, Worby C, Wong SK, Lin G, Edenius M, Keller TL, Asara JM, Dixon JE, Yeo CY, Whitman M. A secreted tyrosine kinase acts in the extracellular environment. Cell 2014; 158:1033-1044. [PMID: 25171405 PMCID: PMC4149754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins has been reported to occur extensively in vivo, no secreted protein tyrosine kinase has been identified. As a result, investigation of the potential role of extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation in physiological and pathological tissue regulation has not been possible. Here, we show that VLK, a putative protein kinase previously shown to be essential in embryonic development, is a secreted protein kinase, with preference for tyrosine, that phosphorylates a broad range of secreted and ER-resident substrate proteins. We find that VLK is rapidly and quantitatively secreted from platelets in response to stimuli and can tyrosine phosphorylate coreleased proteins utilizing endogenous as well as exogenous ATP sources. We propose that discovery of VLK activity provides an explanation for the extensive and conserved pattern of extracellular tyrosine phosphophorylation seen in vivo, and extends the importance of regulated tyrosine phosphorylation into the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia R Bordoli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jina Yum
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Susanne B Breitkopf
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Thon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph E Italiano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Carolyn Worby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Swee-Kee Wong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maja Edenius
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Keller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Howes JM, Bihan D, Slatter DA, Hamaia SW, Packman LC, Knauper V, Visse R, Farndale RW. The recognition of collagen and triple-helical toolkit peptides by MMP-13: sequence specificity for binding and cleavage. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24091-101. [PMID: 25008319 PMCID: PMC4148842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of collagen by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is crucial to tissue homeostasis and repair. MMP-13 is a collagenase with a substrate preference for collagen II over collagens I and III. It recognizes a specific, well-known site in the tropocollagen molecule where its binding locally perturbs the triple helix, allowing the catalytic domain of the active enzyme to cleave the collagen α chains sequentially, at Gly775–Leu776 in collagen II. However, the specific residues upon which collagen recognition depends within and surrounding this locus have not been systematically mapped. Using our triple-helical peptide Collagen Toolkit libraries in solid-phase binding assays, we found that MMP-13 shows little affinity for Collagen Toolkit III, but binds selectively to two triple-helical peptides of Toolkit II. We have identified the residues required for the adhesion of both proMMP-13 and MMP-13 to one of these, Toolkit peptide II-44, which contains the canonical collagenase cleavage site. MMP-13 was unable to bind to a linear peptide of the same sequence as II-44. We also discovered a second binding site near the N terminus of collagen II (starting at helix residue 127) in Toolkit peptide II-8. The pattern of binding of the free hemopexin domain of MMP-13 was similar to that of the full-length enzyme, but the free catalytic subunit bound none of our peptides. The susceptibility of Toolkit peptides to proteolysis in solution was independent of the very specific recognition of immobilized peptides by MMP-13; the enzyme proved able to cleave a range of dissolved collagen peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna-Marie Howes
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bihan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - David A Slatter
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Len C Packman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Knauper
- the Cardiff University Dental School, Dental Drive, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Robert Visse
- the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom,
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28
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Fragai M, Luchinat C, Parigi G, Ravera E. Conformational freedom of metalloproteins revealed by paramagnetism-assisted NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Cerofolini L, Fields GB, Fragai M, Geraldes CFGC, Luchinat C, Parigi G, Ravera E, Svergun DI, Teixeira JMC. Examination of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in solution: a preference for the pre-collagenolysis state. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30659-30671. [PMID: 24025334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) has been proposed to critically rely on flexibility between the catalytic (CAT) and hemopexin-like (HPX) domains. A rigorous assessment of the most readily accessed conformations in solution is required to explain the onset of substrate recognition and collagenolysis. The present study utilized paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to calculate the maximum occurrence (MO) of MMP-1 conformations. The MMP-1 conformations with large MO values (up to 47%) are restricted into a relatively small conformational region. All conformations with high MO values differ largely from the closed MMP-1 structures obtained by x-ray crystallography. The MO of the latter is ~20%, which represents the upper limit for the presence of this conformation in the ensemble sampled by the protein in solution. In all the high MO conformations, the CAT and HPX domains are not in tight contact, and the residues of the HPX domain reported to be responsible for the binding to the collagen triple-helix are solvent exposed. Thus, overall analysis of the highest MO conformations indicated that MMP-1 in solution was poised to interact with collagen and then could readily proceed along the steps of collagenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B Fields
- the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987,.
| | - Marco Fragai
- From the CERM and; the Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff," University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Carlos F G C Geraldes
- the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and; the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, P.O. Box 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- From the CERM and; the Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff," University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy,.
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- From the CERM and; the Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff," University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- From the CERM and; the Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff," University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- the EMBL, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Geb. 25 A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - João M C Teixeira
- From the CERM and; the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and; the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, P.O. Box 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and
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30
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Stura EA, Visse R, Cuniasse P, Dive V, Nagase H. Crystal structure of full-length human collagenase 3 (MMP-13) with peptides in the active site defines exosites in the catalytic domain. FASEB J 2013; 27:4395-405. [PMID: 23913860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 is one of the mammalian collagenases that play key roles in tissue remodelling and repair and in progression of diseases such as cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. For collagenase to cleave triple helical collagens, the triple helical structure has to be locally unwound before hydrolysis, but this process is not well understood. We report crystal structures of catalytically inactive full-length human MMP-13(E223A) in complex with peptides of 14-26 aa derived from the cleaved prodomain during activation. Peptides are bound to the active site of the enzyme by forming an extended β-strand with Glu(40) or Tyr(46) inserted into the S1' specificity pocket. The structure of the N-terminal part of the peptides is variable and interacts with different parts of the catalytic domain. Those areas are designated substrate-dependent exosites, in that they accommodate different peptide structures, whereas the precise positioning of the substrate backbone is maintained in the active site. These modes of peptide-MMP-13 interactions have led us to propose how triple helical collagen strands fit into the active site cleft of the collagenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico A Stura
- 2H.N., Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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31
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Foley CJ, Fanjul-Fernández M, Bohm A, Nguyen N, Agarwal A, Austin K, Koukos G, Covic L, López-Otín C, Kuliopulos A. Matrix metalloprotease 1a deficiency suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2264-72. [PMID: 23708660 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) is an important mediator of tumorigenesis, inflammation and tissue remodeling through its ability to degrade critical matrix components. Recent studies indicate that stromal-derived MMP1 may exert direct oncogenic activity by signaling through protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in carcinoma cells; however, this has not been established in vivo. We generated an Mmp1a knockout mouse to ascertain whether stromal-derived Mmp1a affects tumor growth. Mmp1a-deficient mice are grossly normal and born in Mendelian ratios; however, deficiency of Mmp1a results in significantly decreased growth and angiogenesis of lung tumors. Coimplantation of lung cancer cells with wild-type Mmp1a(+/+) fibroblasts completely restored tumor growth in Mmp1a-deficient animals, highlighting the critical role of stromal-derived Mmp1a. Silencing of PAR1 expression in the lung carcinoma cells phenocopied stromal Mmp1a-deficiency, thus validating tumor-derived PAR1 as an Mmp1a target. Mmp1a secretion is controlled by the ability of its prodomain to facilitate autocleavage, whereas human MMP1 is efficiently secreted because of stable pro- and catalytic domain interactions. Taken together, these data demonstrate that stromal Mmp1a drives in vivo tumorigenesis and provide proof of concept that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 axis may afford effective treatments of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Foley
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Fanjul-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Bohm
- Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Nguyen
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Agarwal
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Austin
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Koukos
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Covic
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Kuliopulos
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Wang J, Yang D, Li C, Shang S, Xiang J. Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer glycosylation and caveolin-1 in healthy and inflamed human gingiva. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:197-204. [PMID: 23647605 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST); Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - D. Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST); Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - C. Li
- Department of Periodontology; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - S. Shang
- Department of Periodontology; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - J. Xiang
- Department of Periodontology; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Matrix metalloproteinase and its drug targets therapy in solid and hematological malignancies: an overview. Mutat Res 2013; 753:7-23. [PMID: 23370482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) comprises a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane. MMPs are involved in solid and hematological malignancy through modification of cell growth, activation of cancer cells and modulation of immune functions. Several polymorphisms of different MMPs such as MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-3 (-1171 5A/6A) & MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) and their expression levels have been well documented in different types of solid cancer. These polymorphic variations were found to be associated with angiogenesis, cancer progression, invasion and metastasis. There is paucity of data available in the field of hematological malignancies. Hence the field of matrix biology of hematological malignancies is an area of active exploration. A number of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed for the cancer treatment. The most extensively studied classes of MMP inhibitors include Batimastat, Marismastat, Salimatat, Prinomastat and Tanomastat. However, their efficacy and action have not been confirmed and more data is required. The application of one or more selective targeted MMPIs in combination with conventional anti-leukemic treatment may represent a positive approach in combat against hematopoietic malignancies. Balance of MMPs and TIMPs is altered in different malignancies and biochemical pathways. These alternations will add another dimension in the matrix biology of both solid tumor and leukemia. MMP and TIMP singly and in combination are increasingly being recognized as an important player in basic cellular biology. Exploration and exploitation of MMP and TIMP balance in various malignant and nonmalignant lesions is going to be one of the most interesting facets of future use of this system for human health care.
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34
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Nguyen HM, Galea CA, Schmunk G, Smith BJ, Edwards RA, Norton RS, Chandy KG. Intracellular trafficking of the KV1.3 potassium channel is regulated by the prodomain of a matrix metalloprotease. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6451-64. [PMID: 23300077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that regulate diverse biological processes. Synthesized as zymogens, MMPs become active after removal of their prodomains. Much is known about the metalloprotease activity of these enzymes, but noncanonical functions are poorly defined, and functions of the prodomains have been largely ignored. Here we report a novel metalloprotease-independent, channel-modulating function for the prodomain of MMP23 (MMP23-PD). Whole-cell patch clamping and confocal microscopy, coupled with deletion analysis, demonstrate that MMP23-PD suppresses the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3, but not the closely related KV1.2 channel, by trapping the channel intracellularly. Studies with KV1.2-1.3 chimeras suggest that MMP23-PD requires the presence of the KV1.3 region from the S5 trans-membrane segment to the C terminus to modulate KV1.3 channel function. NMR studies of MMP23-PD reveal a single, kinked trans-membrane α-helix, joined by a short linker to a juxtamembrane α-helix, which is associated with the surface of the membrane and protected from exchange with the solvent. The topological similarity of MMP23-PD to KCNE1, KCNE2, and KCNE4 proteins that trap KV1.3, KV1.4, KV3.3, and KV3.4 channels early in the secretory pathway suggests a shared mechanism of channel regulation. MMP23 and KV1.3 expression is enhanced and overlapping in colorectal cancers where the interaction of the two proteins could affect cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, USA
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35
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Manning HB, Nickdel MB, Yamamoto K, Lagarto JL, Kelly DJ, Talbot CB, Kennedy G, Dudhia J, Lever J, Dunsby C, French P, Itoh Y. Detection of cartilage matrix degradation by autofluorescence lifetime. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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37
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Butterworth MB, Zhang L, Heidrich EM, Myerburg MM, Thibodeau PH. Activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by the alkaline protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32556-65. [PMID: 22859302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.369520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that significantly contributes to the mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis. Chronic infection by Pseudomonas induces sustained immune and inflammatory responses and damage to the airway. The ability of Pseudomonas to resist host defenses is aided, in part, by secreted proteases, which act as virulence factors in multiple modes of infection. Recent studies suggest that misregulation of protease activity in the cystic fibrosis lung may alter fluid secretion and pathogen clearance by proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). To evaluate the possibility that proteolytic activation of ENaC may contribute to the virulence of Pseudomonas, primary human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to P. aeruginosa and ENaC function was assessed by short circuit current measurements. Apical treatment with a strain known to express high levels of alkaline protease (AP) resulted in an increase in basal ENaC current and a loss of trypsin-inducible ENaC current, consistent with sustained activation of ENaC. To further characterize this AP-induced ENaC activation, AP was purified, and its folding, activity, and ability to activate ENaC were assessed. AP folding was efficient under pH and calcium conditions thought to exist in the airway surface liquid of normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs. Short circuit measurements of ENaC in polarized monolayers indicated that AP activated ENaC in immortalized cell lines as well as post-transplant, primary human bronchial epithelial cells from both CF and non-CF patients. This activation was mapped to the γ-subunit of ENaC. Based on these data, patho-mechanisms associated with AP in the CF lung are proposed wherein secretion of AP leads to decreased airway surface liquid volume and a corresponding decrease in mucocilliary clearance of pulmonary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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38
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Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12461-6. [PMID: 22761315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204991109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play major roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and human diseases, but how they recognize and cleave the collagen triple helix is not fully understood. Here, we report temperature-dependent binding of a catalytically inactive MMP-1 mutant (E200A) to collagen through the cooperative action of its catalytic and hemopexin domains. Contact between the two molecules was mapped by screening the Collagen Toolkit peptide library and by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The crystal structure of MMP-1(E200A) bound to a triple-helical collagen peptide revealed extensive interactions of the 115-Å-long triple helix with both MMP-1 domains. An exosite in the hemopexin domain, which binds the leucine 10 residues C-terminal to the scissile bond, is critical for collagenolysis and represents a unique target for inhibitor development. The scissile bond is not correctly positioned for hydrolysis in the crystallized complex. A productive binding mode is readily modeled, without altering the MMP-1 structure or the exosite interactions, by axial rotation of the collagen homotrimer. Interdomain flexing of the enzyme and a localized excursion of the collagen chain closest to the active site, facilitated by thermal loosening of the substrate, may lead to the first transition state of collagenolysis.
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39
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Spadaccio C, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Lusini M, Giorgi A, Schininà ME, Blarzino C, Covino E, Chello M, Coccia R. Serum proteomics in patients with diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 21:283-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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40
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Fasciglione GF, Gioia M, Tsukada H, Liang J, Iundusi R, Tarantino U, Coletta M, Pourmotabbed T, Marini S. The collagenolytic action of MMP-1 is regulated by the interaction between the catalytic domain and the hinge region. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:663-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Díaz N, Suárez D. Alternative interdomain configurations of the full-length MMP-2 enzyme explored by molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2677-86. [PMID: 22324833 DOI: 10.1021/jp211088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conformational freedom between the different domains of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes has been repeatedly invoked to explain the mechanism of hydrolysis of some of their most complex macromolecular substrates. This proposed interdomain motion has been experimentally confirmed to occur in solution for matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-9, and MMP-12. In this work, we computationally assess the likely conformational freedom in aqueous solution of the full-length form of the MMP-2 enzyme in the absence of its pro-peptide domain. To this end, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and approximate free energy analyses in four different arrangements of the protein domains that correspond to (a) the compact conformation observed in the X-ray structure; (b) an initially elongated structure in which the hemopexin (HPX) domain is separated from the catalytic (CAT) and fibronectin domains; and (c-d) two alternative conformations suggested by protein-protein docking calculations. Overall, our results indicate that the interdomain flexibility is very likely a general property of the MMP-2 enzyme in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Julián Clavería 8, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo (Asturias), 33006 Spain.
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42
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Bertini I, Fragai M, Luchinat C, Melikian M, Toccafondi M, Lauer JL, Fields GB. Structural basis for matrix metalloproteinase 1-catalyzed collagenolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2100-10. [PMID: 22239621 PMCID: PMC3298817 DOI: 10.1021/ja208338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proteolysis of collagen triple-helical structure (collagenolysis) is a poorly understood yet critical physiological process. Presently, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and collagen triple-helical peptide models have been utilized to characterize the events and calculate the energetics of collagenolysis via NMR spectroscopic analysis of 12 enzyme-substrate complexes. The triple-helix is bound initially by the MMP-1 hemopexin-like (HPX) domain via a four amino acid stretch (analogous to type I collagen residues 782-785). The triple-helix is then presented to the MMP-1 catalytic (CAT) domain in a distinct orientation. The HPX and CAT domains are rotated with respect to one another compared with the X-ray "closed" conformation of MMP-1. Back-rotation of the CAT and HPX domains to the X-ray closed conformation releases one chain out of the triple-helix, and this chain is properly positioned in the CAT domain active site for subsequent hydrolysis. The aforementioned steps provide a detailed, experimentally derived, and energetically favorable collagenolytic mechanism, as well as significant insight into the roles of distinct domains in extracellular protease function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Bertini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maxime Melikian
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Janelle L. Lauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
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43
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Yadav MR, Murumkar PR, Zambre VP. Advances in studies on collagenase inhibitors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:83-135. [PMID: 22642191 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Development of MMP inhibitors, in particular collagenase inhibitors, for the treatment of arthritis has been more challenging, undoubtedly. Small-molecular-weight collagenase inhibitors may be classified into several different arbitrary structural classes, depending on the catalytic zinc-binding function as well as other structural elements of the inhibitors. This chapter tries to make an attempt in providing the reader with an overall flavor of the type of scaffolds reported in the past few years along with the molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mange Ram Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India.
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44
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Arnold LH, Butt LE, Prior SH, Read CM, Fields GB, Pickford AR. The interface between catalytic and hemopexin domains in matrix metalloproteinase-1 conceals a collagen binding exosite. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:45073-82. [PMID: 22030392 PMCID: PMC3247971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is an instigator of collagenolysis, the catabolism of triple helical collagen. Previous studies have implicated its hemopexin (HPX) domain in binding and possibly destabilizing the collagen substrate in preparation for hydrolysis of the polypeptide backbone by the catalytic (CAT) domain. Here, we use biophysical methods to study the complex formed between the MMP-1 HPX domain and a synthetic triple helical peptide (THP) that encompasses the MMP-1 cleavage site of the collagen α1(I) chain. The two components interact with 1:1 stoichiometry and micromolar affinity via a binding site within blades 1 and 2 of the four-bladed HPX domain propeller. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis and assay implicates blade 1 residues Phe(301), Val(319), and Asp(338) in collagen binding. Intriguingly, Phe(301) is partially masked by the CAT domain in the crystal structure of full-length MMP-1 implying that transient separation of the domains is important in collagen recognition. However, mutation of this residue in the intact enzyme disrupts the CAT-HPX interface resulting in a drastic decrease in binding activity. Thus, a balanced equilibrium between these compact and dislocated states may be an essential feature of MMP-1 collagenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H. Arnold
- From the Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Butt
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Stephen H. Prior
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher M. Read
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987
| | - Andrew R. Pickford
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
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45
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Collier IE, Legant W, Marmer B, Lubman O, Saffarian S, Wakatsuki T, Elson E, Goldberg GI. Diffusion of MMPs on the surface of collagen fibrils: the mobile cell surface-collagen substratum interface. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24029. [PMID: 21912660 PMCID: PMC3164694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix catalyzed by MMPs is central to morphogenetic phenomena during development and wound healing as well as in numerous pathologic conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. We have previously demonstrated that secreted MMP-2 is tethered to the cell surface and activated by MT1-MMP/TIMP-2-dependent mechanism. The resulting cell-surface collagenolytic complex (MT1-MMP)(2)/TIMP-2/MMP-2 can initiate (MT1-MMP) and complete (MMP-2) degradation of an underlying collagen fibril. The following question remained: What is the mechanism of substrate recognition involving the two structures of relatively restricted mobility, the cell surface enzymatic complex and a collagen fibril embedded in the ECM? Here we demonstrate that all the components of the complex are capable of processive movement on a surface of the collagen fibril. The mechanism of MT1-MMP movement is a biased diffusion with the bias component dependent on the proteolysis of its substrate, not adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. It is similar to that of the MMP-1 Brownian ratchet we described earlier. In addition, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as their respective complexes with TIMP-1 and -2 are capable of Brownian diffusion on the surface of native collagen fibrils without noticeable dissociation while the dimerization of MMP-9 renders the enzyme immobile. Most instructive is the finding that the inactivation of the enzymatic activity of MT1-MMP has a detectable negative effect on the cell force developed in miniaturized 3D tissue constructs. We propose that the collagenolytic complex (MT1-MMP)(2)/TIMP-2/MMP-2 represents a Mobile Cell Surface-Collagen Substratum Interface. The biological implications of MT1-MMP acting as a molecular ratchet tethered to the cell surface in complex with MMP-2 suggest a new mechanism for the role of spatially regulated peri-cellular proteolysis in cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E. Collier
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wesley Legant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barry Marmer
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Olga Lubman
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Saveez Saffarian
- Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tetsuro Wakatsuki
- Department of Physiology, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elliot Elson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gregory I. Goldberg
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Remacle AG, Shiryaev SA, Radichev IA, Rozanov DV, Stec B, Strongin AY. Dynamic interdomain interactions contribute to the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21002-12. [PMID: 21518756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their important function, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are promising drug targets in multiple diseases, including malignancies. The structure of MMPs includes a catalytic domain, a hinge, and a hemopexin domain (PEX), which are followed by a transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains or by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linker in membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). TIMPs-1, -2, -3, and -4 are potent natural regulators of the MMP activity. These are the inhibitory N-terminal and the non-inhibitory C-terminal structural domains in TIMPs. Based on our structural modeling, we hypothesized that steric clashes exist between the non-inhibitory C-terminal domain of TIMPs and the PEX of MMPs. Conversely, a certain mobility of the PEX relative to the catalytic domain is required to avoid these obstacles. Because of its exceedingly poor association constant and, in contrast with TIMP-2, TIMP-1 is inefficient against MT1-MMP. We specifically selected an MT1-MMP·TIMP-1 pair to test our hypothesis, because any improvement of the inhibitory potency would be readily recorded. We characterized the domain-swapped MT1-MMP chimeras in which the PEX of MMP-2 (that forms a complex with TIMP-2) and of MMP-9 (that forms a complex with TIMP-1) replaced the original PEX in the MT1-MMP structure. In contrast with the wild-type MT1-MMP, the diverse proteolytic activities of the swapped-PEX chimeras were then inhibited by both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Overall, our studies suggest that the structural parameters of both domains of TIMPs have to be taken into account for their re-engineering to harness the therapeutic in vivo potential of the novel TIMP-based MMP antagonists with constrained selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Remacle
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Sela-Passwell N, Trahtenherts A, Krüger A, Sagi I. New opportunities in drug design of metalloproteinase inhibitors: combination between structure-function experimental approaches and systems biology. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:527-42. [PMID: 22646077 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.560936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) are endopeptidases central to the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These proteases also exhibit regulatory activity in cell signaling pathways and thus tissue homeostasis under normal conditions and in many diseases. Consequently, individual members of the MMP and ADAM protein families were identified as important therapeutic targets. However, designing effective inhibitors in vivo for this class of enzymes appears to be extremely challenging. This is attributed to the broad structural similarity of their active sites and to the dynamic functional interconnectivity of MMPs with other proteases, their inhibitors, and substrates (the so-called degradome) in healthy and disease tissues. AREAS COVERED The article covers the progress in designing metalloproteinase inhibitors, based on recent advancements in our understanding of enzyme structures and their function as master regulators. It also discusses the potential of utilizing structure-based drug design strategies in conjunction with systems biology experimental approaches for designing potent and therapeutically effective metalloproteinase inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION We highlight the use of protein-based drug design strategies, for example, antibodies and protein scaffolds, targeting extracatalytic domains, which are central to proteolytic and non-proteolytic enzyme functions. Such rationally designed function-blocking inhibitors may create new opportunities in disease management and in emerging therapies that require control of dysregulated MMP activity without causing severe side effects. Importantly, the lessons learned from studying these protein-based inhibitors can be implemented to design new and effective small or medium sized synthetic antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Sela-Passwell
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Regulation , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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Tochowicz A, Goettig P, Evans R, Visse R, Shitomi Y, Palmisano R, Ito N, Richter K, Maskos K, Franke D, Svergun D, Nagase H, Bode W, Itoh Y. The dimer interface of the membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase hemopexin domain: crystal structure and biological functions. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7587-600. [PMID: 21193411 PMCID: PMC3045013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homodimerization is an essential step for membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) to activate proMMP-2 and to degrade collagen on the cell surface. To uncover the molecular basis of the hemopexin (Hpx) domain-driven dimerization of MT1-MMP, a crystal structure of the Hpx domain was solved at 1.7 Å resolution. Two interactions were identified as potential biological dimer interfaces in the crystal structure, and mutagenesis studies revealed that the biological dimer possesses a symmetrical interaction where blades II and III of molecule A interact with blades III and II of molecule B. The mutations of amino acids involved in the interaction weakened the dimer interaction of Hpx domains in solution, and incorporation of these mutations into the full-length enzyme significantly inhibited dimer-dependent functions on the cell surface, including proMMP-2 activation, collagen degradation, and invasion into the three-dimensional collagen matrix, whereas dimer-independent functions, including gelatin film degradation and two-dimensional cell migration, were not affected. These results shed light on the structural basis of MT1-MMP dimerization that is crucial to promote cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tochowicz
- From the Arbeitsgruppe Proteinaseforschung, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Goettig
- From the Arbeitsgruppe Proteinaseforschung, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard Evans
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Visse
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuyuki Shitomi
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Noriko Ito
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Richter
- the Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 München, Germany, and
| | - Klaus Maskos
- From the Arbeitsgruppe Proteinaseforschung, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Franke
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Bode
- From the Arbeitsgruppe Proteinaseforschung, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- the Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 65 Aspenlea Rd., London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
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Gaur V, Chanana V, Jain A, Salunke DM. The structure of a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) suggests functional diversity of haemopexins in plants. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:193-200. [PMID: 21301085 PMCID: PMC3034607 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The haemopexin fold is present in almost all life forms and is utilized for carrying out diverse physiological functions. The structure of CP4, a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), was determined at 2.1 Å resolution. The protein exists as a monomer both in solution and in the crystal. The structure revealed a typical four-bladed β-propeller topology. The protein exhibits 42% sequence similarity to LS-24 from Lathyrus sativus, with substantial differences in the surface-charge distribution and in the oligomeric state. A structure-based sequence analysis of haemopexin-fold proteins of plant and mammalian origin established a sequence signature associated with the haemopexin motif. This signature sequence enabled the identification of other proteins with possible haemopexin-like topology of both plant and animal origin. Although CP4 shares a structural fold with LS-24 and other haemopexins, biochemical studies indicated possible functional differences between CP4 and LS-24. While both of these proteins exhibit spermine-binding potential, CP4 does not bind to haem, unlike LS-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Gaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Veenu Chanana
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Abha Jain
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Dinakar M. Salunke
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 180 Udyog Vihar Phase I, Gurgaon 122 016, India
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of structurally related proteolytic enzymes containing a zinc ion in the active site. They are secreted from cells or bound to the plasma membrane and hydrolyze extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surface-bound molecules. They therefore play key roles in morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue repair and remodeling in diseases such as cancer and arthritis. Although the cell anchored membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) function pericellularly, the secreted MMPs have been considered to act within the ECM, away from the cells from which they are synthesized. However, recent studies have shown that secreted MMPs bind to specific cell surface receptors, membrane-anchored proteins or cell-associated ECM molecules and function pericellularly at focussed locations. This minireview describes examples of cell surface and pericellular partners of MMPs, as well as how they alter enzyme function and cellular behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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